B.
Epistasis
Modes of inheritance
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Codominance (complete dominance)
Definition: Both genes are fully expressed.
Examples: AB blood type.
A person with the fourth blood group (genotype
IAIB) has in erythrocytes both antigen A
controlled by allele IA and antigen B controlled
by allele IB. This phenomenon is an example
of the following gene interaction:
A. Codominance
B. Complementarity
C. Semidominance
D. Polymery
E. Epistasis
Semi-dominance (Incomplete dominance)
Definition: Both genes are partially expressed.
Examples: curvy hair form straight and curly
hair or Cystinuria.
Cystinuria manifests itself in a human as
cystine stones in the kidneys (homozygous
individuals) or increased cystine content in the
urine (heterozygous individuals). Cystinuria is
a monogenic disorder. Determine the type of
interaction between the genes of cystinuria and
normal urine cystine excretion:
A. Semidominance
C. Complete dominance
D. Complementarity
E. Codominance
Cystinuria in humans shows itself in form of
cystine stones in kidneys (homozygotes) or
else an increased rate of cystine in urine
(heterozygotes). Cystinuria is a monogenic
disease. Specify the type of interaction
between cystinuria genes and normal rate of
cystine in urine:
A. Semidominance
B. Epistasis
C. Complete dominance
D. Complementarity
E. Codomination
Pleiotropy / Polymerism )‫( بلوة‬
Definition: One gene affects two or more other
genes.
Examples: Marfan syndrome & Hartnup
disease
An 18-year-old male has been diagnosed with
Marfan syndrome. Examination revealed a
developmental disorder of connective tissue
and eye lens structure, abnormalities of the
cardiovascular system, arachnodactylia. What
genetic phenomenon has caused the
development of this disease?
A. Pleiotropy
B. Complementarity
C. Codominance
D. Multiple allelism
E. Incomplete dominance
Hartnup disease is caused by point mutation of
only one gene which results in disturbance of
tryptophane absorption in the bowels and its
resorption in the renal tubules. It is the reason
for disorder of both digestive and urination
systems. What genetic phenomenon is
observed in this case?
A. Pleiotropy
B. Complementary interaction
C. Polymery
D. Codominance
E. Semidominance
Polymery (Multiple allelism)
Definition: increase number of the genes
increase the effect. The bigger the number, the
bigger the effect.
Examples: Pigmentation & height of a person
Pigmentation intensity of human skin is
controlled by a few independent dominant
genes. It is known that pigmentation is the more
intensive, the bigger quantity of these genes.
What is the type of interaction between these
genes?
A. Polymery
B. Pleiotropy
C. Epistasis
D. Codominance
E. Complementarity
The height of a person is controlled by several
non-allelic dominant genes. If the number of
this genes is increased, the height of a person
increases as well. What type of interaction
occurs between these genes?
A. Polymery
B. Pleiotropy
C. Epistasis
D. Codominance
E. Complementarity
Recessive epistasis
Definition: a recessive gene covers or masks a
dominant gene.
Examples: Blood type AB from 0.
- Deaf parents (DDee and ddEE)
- Human X chromosome
Deaf parents with genotypes DDee and ddEE
gave birth to a girl with normal hearing.
Specify the form of D and E genes interaction:
A. Complementary interaction
B. Complete dominance
C. Epistasis
D. Polymery
E. Overdominance
Human X chromosome contains a dominant
gene that is responsible for normal blood
clotting. An autosomal dominant gene plays a
similar role. Lack of any of these genes leads to
the coagulation disorder. The form of
interaction between these genes is called:
A. Complementarity
B. Epistasis
C. Polymerism
D. Codominance
E. Pleiotropy
Useful recourse:
Telegram group
1. Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin.
2. Introduction to Heredity.
3. Complementary gene action.

A woman with 0 (I) blood group has born a

child with AB blood group. This woman’s
husband has A blood group. What genetic
interaction explains this phenomenon?
A. Recessive epistasis
B. Codominance
C. Polymery
D. Incomplete dominance
E. Complementation
Complementary
Examples: