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ELECTRICITY ELECTRICAL CURRENT (I)

- is the set of physical phenomena associated - is the movement of charge through a


with the presence and flow of electric charge. conductor. Electrons carry the charge.
Including: - unit of measurement: Amperes (A)
• Lightning and Static electricity - analogous to gallons or liter per second when
• Electromagnetic induction measuring the flow of water
• Current
• Electromagnetic radiation and radio waves TYPES OF CURRENT
DIRECT CURRENT (DC) - flows in only one
direction.
MATTER Uses: Batteries, LED lights, electronic circuits,
- has weight and occupies space excitation system and rotor, DC transmission
- composed of atoms lines
- electrons (-), protons (+) and neutrons (no ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) - continuously
charge) make up an atom changes in magnitude and direction.
- electrons orbiting the nucleus are organized - enables use of transformers to change voltage
into shells. The number of protons in an atom from high to low and back
determine what the element is. Uses: Lights, appliances, high voltage
transmission system
COLOUMB’S LAW
- Like charges repel, unlike charges attract HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
- Electric Iron
FREE ELECTRONS - jump easily from one Mica is an insulator that is placed between
atom to another the metal part and the coil in an iron.
- The number of shells, and electrons in each - Electric Bulb
shell, determine how tightly they are bound to Electric bulb contains a thick metallic wire
the atom. made up of tungsten metal. The metal is kept in
-In a good conductor the valence electrons can an inert environment with a neutral gas or
be easily forced to move from one atom to the vacuum.
next.
VOLTAGE (V)
CONDUCTORS - force that causes the electrons to move.
- is a material that has a large number of free - potential difference or Electromotive Force
electrons that continually jump to other atoms. (EMF)
Examples: Gold, silver, platinum, copper, - pounds per square inch when measuring water
aluminum pressure.
LEVELS OF VOLTAGE
INSULATORS ELV – Extra low Voltage (70 Volts and Below)
- is a material that has only a few free electrons. Example: Electronics instrument axillary supply,
In insulators, the electrons are tightly bound by 12 V, 24 V Battery, Phone charger output,
the nucleus. medical equipment etc.
- prevents current from flowing LV – Low Voltage (70 Volts to 600 Volts)
- used to isolate electrical components and Example: Domestic household or home
prevent current flow appliances power supply, single-phase or two-
Examples: Porcelain, rubber, dry wood, glass phase 230 Volts, 440 Volts, and 110 Volts
electrical motor, home generator etc
MV – Medium Voltage (600 volts to 33,000
volts)
Example: Rural power transmission lines,
Industrial power distribution, 690 Volts to 33kV
Circuit breakers.
HV – High Voltage (33,000 Volts to 220,000
volts)
CHARACTERISTICS: Example: Heavy transmission towers
Resistance - The ability of the insulator to resist EHV – Extra High Voltage (220,000 volts to
current leakage through and over the surface of 760,000 volts)
the insulator material. Example: San Jose-Tayabas-Naga transmission
Dielectric Strength - The ability to withstand a line ( 500,000 volts)
maximum voltage without breakdown damage to Used on most transmission lines in Luzon.
the insulator. (230,000 volts)
Used on most transmission lines in Visayas and
Mindanao. (138,000 volts)
RESISTANCE (R) ELECTRICAL POWER (P = VI)
- property of materials that opposes or resists - rate at which work is being performed
current by converting electrical energy to heat. Unit of measurement: watts (W)
- unit of measurement: Ohms (Ω) - the electrical energy is being converted into
- RESISTORS provides resistance to the circuit another form of energy (heat, light, or
mechanical energy)
VARIABLES OF RESISTANCE
RESISTIVITY - conducting material has very low OHM’S LAW (V = IR)
resistivity, insulators have very high resistivity. - states that the voltage across a conductor is
LENGTH - decreasing the materials length, directly proportional to the current flowing
means a decrease on the resistance. through it, provided all physical conditions and
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA - increasing the temperatures remain constant.
material’s cross-sectional area means a
decrease on the resistance.
TEMPERATURE - the hotter the wire, the more
resistance it exhibits.

TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON RESISTANCE


- Conductors have positive temperature
coefficient. In good conductors, temperature is
directly proportional to the resistance.
- In insulators, temperature is inversely ELECTRICAL ENEGY
proportional to the resistance. Thus, Watt is the power being used at any given
temperature coefficient is negative. instant of time.
Watt hour indicated how much power is being
FORMULA FOR RESISTANCE consumed over an hour.

FORMULA FOR TEMPERATURE EFFECT

FORMULA FOR TEMPERATURE


COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

FORMULA FOR CONDUCTANCE (S)


CIRCUIT ELEMENTS SERIES CIRCUIT - the same amount of current
LINEAR ELEMENTS - shows linear flows through all the components placed in it.
characteristics of voltage vs current (the - total resistance is the sum of the individual
parameters of linear elements remain constant resistances.
even when voltage and current applied to that - total voltage drop is the sum of the individual
element) voltage drops.

NON – LINEAR ELEMENTS – when the current PARALLEL CIRCUIT - components are
passing through it does not change linearly with connected across each other with exactly two
the linear change in applied voltage across it, at electrically common nodes with the same
a particular temperature and frequency. voltage across each component.
- parameters change with applied voltage and - voltage is equal across each parallel
current changes. Semiconductor devices like component.
diodes, transistors, thyristors, etc. - total parallel circuit current equals the sum of
the individual branch currents.
ACTIVE ELEMENTS - has the capability of - total resistance of a parallel circuit is less than
enhancing the energy level of an electric signal any of the individual brand resistances.
passing through it.
Examples: battery, a transformer, semiconductor NETWORK REDUCTION
devices, etc. DELTA-STAR AND STAR-DELTA PROCESS
1) When starting with a network, draw a Y
PASSIVE ELEMENTS - simply allows the network, vise versa.
passage of the signal through it without 2) Identify the three corresponding terminals on
enhancement. each network as 1, 2 and 3.
- do not have any intrinsic property of boosting 3) Identify the resistors on the network as
an electric signal. follows:
Examples: resistors, inductors, thermistors and Resistors between terminals 1 and 2 as (R12)
capacitors Resistors between terminals 1 and 3 as (R13)
Resistors between terminals 2 and 3 as (R23)
UNILATERAL ELEMENTS - The magnitude of 4) Identify the resistors on the Y network as
the current passing through an element is follows:
affected if there is a change in polarity of the Resistors connected to terminal 1 (R1)
applied voltage. Examples (diodes, transistors, Resistors connected to terminal 2 (R2)
etc.) Resistors connected to terminal 3 (R3)

BILATERAL ELEMENTS - The current D’ARSONVAL METER


magnitude remains the same even if the polarity MOVEMENT - basic
of the applied voltage is reversed. (resistor, moving coil system
inductor and a capacitor) - sometimes called as
permanent Magnet Coil
(PMMC) meter
SYSTEM - number of network elements movement.
interconnected. CURRENT – sensitive
NETWORK - interconnected elements device capable of directly
performing specific or assigned functions. measuring only very small currents. Its
- Circuit is a closed network. usefulness as a measuring device is greatly
ELECTRICAL NETWORK - combination of increased with proper external circuitry.
electrical elements
NODE - junction in a circuit where network DC METERS
elements are connected. TYPES OF TORQUES
BRANCH - lies between two junctions. DEFLECTING TORQUE
LOOP - closed path in a circuit which no causes the moving system to move from
element or node is encountered more than once. zero position when the instrument is connected
MESH - loop containing no other loop. to the circuit to measure the given electrical
quantity.
CONTROLLING TORQUE
controls the deflection and tries to stop the
pointer at its final position.
DAMPING TORQUE
is provided to avoid this oscillation and bring
the pointer quickly to its final position.
 DC VOLTMETER - a basic d’arsonval MULTI-RANGE AMMETER (INDIVIDUAL
movement can be converted into a dc SHUNT)
voltmeter by adding a series resistor - The range of the dc ammeter is extended X by
(multiplier). a number of shunts, selected by a range switch.
- The resistors are placed in parallel to give
different current ranges.
- Switch S (multi-position switch) protects the
meter movement from being damage during
range changing.

AYRTON SHUNT
MULTI-RANGE VOLTMETER - A DC voltmeter
can be converted into a multi-range voltmeter by
connecting a number of resistors (multipliers) in
series with the meter movement.

 OHMMETER
- purpose is to measure the resistance placed
between its leads. This resistance reading is
indicated through a mechanical meter
movement which operates on electric current.

SERIES OHMMETER
VOLTMETER - is used to measure the voltage
across a circuit component.

LOADING EFFECTS IN DC VOLTMETER


VOLTMETER LOADING - the voltmeter circuit
is in parallel with the circuit component. Total
resistance will decrease, so the voltage across
component will also decrease.
- can be reduced by using a high sensitivity
voltmeter.
LOADING ERROR - resulting error of voltmeter
loading.

 DC AMMETER - the basic movement is


consists of PMMC galvanometer. SHUNT RESISTOR IN A SERIES TYPE
- PMMC can use to build an ammeter with OHMMETER
connected the shunt resistor and meter in
parallel.
- Shunt Resistor (low value resistor) is used
in DC ammeter to measure large current.
PARALLEL (SHUNT) OHMMETER

OPERATION OF SHUNT OHMMETER

FUNCTIONS
CURRENT LIMITING RESISTANCE - A
resistor inserted in an electrical circuit to limit the
flow of current to some predetermined value. It
is used chiefly to protect tubes and other
components during warm-up.
ZERO ADJUSTS RESISTANCE - A resistor
inserted in an electrical circuit to adjusts the
value of resistance to zero.
METER RESISTANCE - A resistance of the
meter's armature coil.
UNKNOWN RESISTANCE - A resistance that
unknown value in a circuit.

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