Traffic Management &

Accident Investigation
with Driving

Mr. Doming P. Agwilang

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AM
 COURSE DESCRIPTION:
• The course covers processes of traffic
management, the agencies regulating
transportation and the traffic facilities and
control devices. The elements of Traffic
Management, Traffic Administration and Traffic
Law Enforcement. The traffic violations, and
traffic accident investigation.

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AM
 Course Outcomes:
• Demonstrate the concept of various ancient
modes of transportation.
• Integrate the importance of Wheeled Vehicles
and Road History.
• Relate the essential Evolution of Motor
Vehicles

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AM
 Course Outcomes:
• Explain briefly the development of
transportation. Distinguish the various areas
of traffic operation and management. It
includes the various aspects of traffic
direction and control.
• Discuss the different traffic control devices
and aids.
• Recognize the importance of the different
traffic control devices and aids.

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AM
 Course Outcomes:
• Demonstrate the proper way of directing and
controlling traffic including the chronological
steps of traffic accident investigation.

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 Course Outcomes:
• Integrate the importance of traffic education,
engineering, and enforcement as the real need
to reduce traffic accidents. Display traffic safety
consciousness, show sensitivity to traffic needs
and other traffic-related problems. Accept
responsibility as part of the traffic system, obey
traffic laws, rules and regulations.

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 UNIT I. TRAFFIC
OPERATION

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Traffic
• It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or
vehicles, either powered by combustion system
or animal drawn, from one place to another for
the purpose of travel.
• It was derived from the word trafficare which
means “to carry on trade".
•
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9/26/2022 11:14:11 9
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 Traffic congestion
• is a condition on road
networks that occurs
as use increases, and
is characterized by
slower speeds, longer
trip times, and
increased vehicular
queueing. Example:
the physical use of
roads by vehicles.

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Major Causes of Traffic Congestion
• 1. Physical Inadequacy
• 2. Poor Control Measures
• 3. Human Errors
• 4. Poor Maintenance
•

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Management
• It is the skillful use of means to
accomplish a purpose.
•

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 Traffic Management
• It is the method of control for
roadwork, that is, the measures that
are generally intended to improve
road safety for all its users and ease
congestion or control the use of the
cars (ask.com).
• It is the systematic administration and
operation of traffic.
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• Traffic Unit
• Any person using the roadway as a
pedestrian or driver including the
vehicle or animal he is using.
•

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 • Accident
• Any unexpected occurrence which
results to unintended death, injury or
damage to property.
•

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• Traffic Accident
• Any accident involving travel
transportation on a traffic way.

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• Traffic Accident Investigation
• Systematic process of establishing facts
and circumstances pertaining to a traffic
accident.

• Operation
• Pertains to a course or series of acts to
effect a certain purpose; manner or
action; or a vital or natural process of
activity.
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AM
• Roadway
• It refers to that part of the traffic way over which
motor vehicle pass.
• Shoulder
• It refers to either side of the roadway, especially
along highways.
• Traffic way
• It refers to the entire width between boundary
lines of every way or place of which any part is
open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
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 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF LAND
TRANSPORTATION

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• Early Modes of Transportation
Nomads = “to pasture”
Types of Nomads
1. Foraging Population

2. Pastural nomads

3. Gypsies, tinkers & itirenants

A. Manpower Transportation
• Originated in the stone age.

• Man used sled.

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 Carrying Pole

• “shoulder pole” or “milkmaid’s yoke”.

 Backload & Tumpline
Tumpline
➢Strap
➢Attached at both ends to a sack,
backpack, or other luggage.
➢Over the top of the head.
➢Footpaths & Portages.

 Sledge on rollers
• Flat ground on hillsides & inclines.
• Kept inching the roller as it moved.
Sledge on runners
 Travois
• French word “travail” means “a frame
for restraining horses or dogs.

• Used by North American Indians.

• Consisting of two joined poles.

• Dragged by a horse or dog.

• B. Animal Power
• 1. Ox - first domesticated in
Mesopotamia.
• 2. Reindeer - first domesticated in Siberia
around the beginning of the Christian Era.
• 3. Dog - first animal domesticated.
• 4. Donkey - first domesticated in the
Middle East.

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• 5. Llama - in pre-Columbian America,
the Llama was the only new world
animal other than the dog capable of
domestication for use in transport.

• 6. Elephant - Carthaginians used

African elephant in their war against
Rome.

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• 7. Horse - used around 2. 000 B.C.

• 8. Camel - bred by the Arab nomads.

• 9. Yak - a long-haired type of cattle that

lives in high altitudes on the Tibetan
plateau.

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• C. Wind Power
• 1. Ancient Chinese Kite — first used for
transport when a Korean general
employed one in bridge building.

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• 2. Da Vinci's Ornithopter – made use of the
flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched
a number of ornithopter which derives its
principal support and propelling from flapping
wings like those of a bird.

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• 3. Montgolfier Balloon —
-brothers Joseph Michel and Jacques
Entienne of France
-have successfully released several
balloons when they propose to use two
condemned prisoner for the first ascent with
passengers.
-Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian
protested this and claimed the honor for himself.
• In 1783, he and the Marquis d‘ Arlanoes
became the first men to make a free balloon
ascent.
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• 4. Siemen's Rocket Plane — Ernst Werner
Von Siemens, in 1847, designed a rocket
plane which was to be propelled by the
explosive force of gunpowder.

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• 5. Lilienthal Glider - Otto Lilienthal, a
German inventor also made a study of the
flight of the birds and experimented with
ornithopters, going so far as to build a model
ornithopter. His chief work was with gliders.

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• 6. Dumont‘s Airship - Alberto Santos
Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with
the steam-powered balloons in Paris made
his first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898,
he completed the construction of his first
airship.

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• 7. Wright Brother's Flying Machine - built biplane kite
with over 200 different wing types which they tested in
a wind tunnel of their own invention, before they
conducted their first man-carrying powered machine.

• 8. Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis _ the first solo flight

from New York to Paris was made by Capt. Charles A.
Lindbergh in May 1927.

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 Roads and Vehicles
History

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• A. Wheel was invented probably in
Western Asia

• 1. Cart with solid wheels on fixed

axle - it represents an early step in the
evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid
wheels which were made of a single
piece of wood, rotated on single axle.

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• 2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels
— about 2400 B.C., it had solid wheels
built of three pieces.

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• 3. Greek quadriga with spoked
wheels — drawn by four horses, it was
a light and elegant vehicle for
gentleman about 250 8.6.

• 4. Roman carpentum - a closed, two-

wheeled cart, the favored vehicle when
Roman women journeyed outside the
city.
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• 5. Italian cocchio (1288) - a traveling wagon
in which the passengers were protected by a
covering or leather or cloth fixed over a
wooden framework.

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• B. Wheeled vehicles could not use the
narrow paths and trails used by pack
animals, and early roads were soon
built.
• C. The Romans were the major road
builders in the ancient world.
• D. John L. Macadam — perfected the
Macadamized Road in England about
1815.

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• E. Significant improvement of road
vehicle began with the adoption of
Coach Spring about 1650.

• F. John Palmer introduced his first fast

mail coach in March of 1785.

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 THE INVENTION OF
BICYCLE
➢19TH Century - beginning of automobile
builders

➢Hobbyhorse ( dan horse ) – one of

the ancestors of the modern bicycle
➢German Baron Karl Von – in 1817, he
introduced a steerable wheel, creating
the draissiene or dandy horse.

➢Kirkapatrick Macmillan – he made the

first machine with pedals in 1838, which
were attach to and drove the rear wheel
by means of cranks.
 PNEUMATIC TIRES
➢Introduced by a scott named John
Boyd Dunlop in late 19th century.
 MOTOR VEHICLE
Entiene Lenoir – introduced a
motorized carriages by his invention in
the 1860’s and 1870’s. The Internal
Combustion Engine.

Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Damier –

pioneered the manufacture of gas
engine.
 Rudolf Diesel – developed an engine,
which requires no electrical ignition
system or carburator and uses other
forms of liquid fuel called the diesel
fuel.

Automobile found its greatest popularity

in the U.S. as the first HORSELESS
CARRIAGES.
Henry Ford (1908) – introduced the
Model T which was so popular. In 1914,
Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION.

Felix Wankel – developed an advanced

type of engine, named after him, the
WANKEL ENGINE that operates very
differently from gas and diesel engines. It
was started by a moving crankshaft.
PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. Traffic Engineering
2. Traffic Education
3. Traffic Enforcement
4. Traffic Ecology/ Env’t
5. Traffic Economy

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TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:
• It is the science of measuring traffic and
travel.

• It is the application of this knowledge to the

professional practice of planning, deciding,
and operating traffic system to achieve safe
and efficient transportation of persons and
goods.

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• It deals with the planning and
geometrical designs of streets,
highways and abutting lands and with
the operation thereon for the safe,
convenient and economic transportation
of person and goods (Valdueza, 2013).

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• Functions of Traffic Engineering
• 1. Fact finding, surveys and
recommendations of traffic rules and
regulations.
• 2. Supervisions and maintenance to the
application of traffic control devices.
• 3. Planning of traffic regulations.
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Agencies Concerned in Traffic
Engineering
1. Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH)
• a. Its functions are national in scope.
• b. It is responsible in determining traffic
law, pattern, draw, origin, and destinations
and studies of persons and things,
planning, approving, funding and
construction of:
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• national roads in interconnecting cities
and municipalities;
• a network of national roads through
cities and municipalities; and
• yearly maintenance and repair
programs which include widening and
redesigning of current road system.

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• 2. Provincial government -
municipalities within the province.

• 3. Municipal government - network of

streets and roads within the barangay.

• 4. Chartered cities - barangay within the

cities.

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 ROAD
CLASSIFICATION
 According to Political
Subdivision
• National roads - main road as conduit system
with a right of way from 20-120 meters.

• Provincial roads - the linkages between two

municipalities with right of way from 15-60
meters.

• City roads – the interlink between

municipalities and the-city proper with right of
way of 15 meters.
• Municipal roads - all roads within the town
proper with right of way of not less than 10
meters.

• Barangay roads - commonly called farm to

market road with right of way not less than
two meters.
 According To Functions
1. Feeder road — intended for farm To market
road
2. Local collector road — intended as major
arteries to collect inter locality traffic to municipal
road.
3. Major collector road - intended as major arteries
to collect inter locality provincial road.
4. Major highway — serve as main artery that
caters on big volumes of vehicular traffic on
national roadways.
5. Expressways – a through traffic for free flow of
vehicular movement.

6. Tunnel road — a passage of wide section cut

through a hill or sea to shorten circuitous roadway.
7. Subway — an
underground conduit
running entirely under
the ground for fast
travel route of
commuters.
8. Skyway — a modern urban system of
roadway above street level for free flow of
traffic.
 . According To
Topographical Terrain
a. Flat road - a level road which does not have
a gradient or does not go uphill or downhill.

b. Zigzag road - a line or course characterized

by sharp turns in alternating directions.

c. Steep hill climbing road - a type of road

where motorists go uphill or ascend.
d. Downhill road - where motorists go downward or
descend.

e. Winding road - a curve, bend or complete Turn

in a road.

f. Mountainous road - road found in the mountains.

g. Roller coaster road — a road going up and

down like a roller coaster.
 Functional Classification of
Roadway
Where vehicles pass safely on
• Climb lane – roadway lane designed typically on
highways which allows slower travel for large
vehicles ascending a steep grade without
slowing traffic.
• Overtaking lane – a part of the main
road that is used for passing other
vehicles and is nearest the center of the
road.
• Acceleration lane — a speed change
area or lane consisting of added pavement
at the edge of through traffic lanes to
permit vehicles to accelerate before
merging with the through-traffic flow.
• Deceleration lane — a traffic lane on an
expressway that gives a driver a brief
opportunity to slow his vehicle prior to
reaching an exit ramp.
• Thru traffic lane – a traffic lane initiated at
and destined for points outside a local zone.
•
Turning lane — a lane designed to separate
turning vehicles from through vehicles. It
serves two purposes: provide for
deceleration of vehicle making turning
movements, and provide storage for turning
vehicles.
Where part of the roadway is used for

• a. Standing lane — a lane provided for standing

like sidewalk.

• b. Stopping lane — usually the shoulder which

is a reserved lane by the verge or a road or
motorway.

• c. Bus stop — a place where a bus regularly

stops, typically marked by a sign.
Where the portion of the roadway is for
a. Turning lane
b. Median lane - otherwise known as median strip
or central reservation. It is a reserved area that
separates opposing lanes of traffic on divided
roadways.
• Speed change lane - auxiliary lane that provide
drivers with an opportunity to speed up or slow
down.

• d. Merging flow lane - a part of the road where

motorists will converge.
• Contra flow lane — a lane in which traffic flows
in the opposite direction of the surrounding
lanes.

• f. Bus lane - a division of a road marked off with

painted lines for use by buses.
• Methods in Achieving the Objectives
of Traffic Engineering
• Factors Employed in Planning
– Composition of traffic streams
– Traffic volumes for capacity
– Origin and destination

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• Factors Influencing Geometric Design
– Composition of traffic
– Volume of traffic
– Speed of vehicles
– Starting, turning and stopping abilities of
traffic units
– Performance values

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• Regulation and control traffic regulation
– Based and confined within the boundaries
of safety, public welfare and convenience.
– Limitations impose on road users and their
load.
– Basic general rule of road use and conduct
- Prohibitions and restrictions

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• TRAFFIC EDUCATION

• It is the process of giving training and

practice in the actual application of
traffic safety knowledge.
• It is considered as the "Light Bringer" in
traffic operations, the prime mover in
instilling knowledge on all people
involve in traffic safety management.
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• Driver's Education
• The basic purposes of these are:
• To develop good traffic citizens who are
equipped to live in a motorized society and
achieving traffic safety.
• To develop citizens who are legally eligible to
get a driver's license.

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• In general, driver instruction aims
primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving.
• Secondary aims are as follows:
• To instill awareness of one's legal and
moral responsibilities in traffic.
• To teach the abilities required for one to
be eligible for a driver's license.
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 Four Basic Types of Instruction
Methods Used in Driver
Education Program
Comprehensive
• This method places the student into the
real life of driving situation from the
beginning.
Traditional Instruction
• This type of instruction depends on
instructor-student communication.
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Commentary Driving Method
• The student-driver will be accompanied
by an instructor. As the student- driver
drives, the instructor has to give
comments on his driving.
Simulated Conditions and Off the Rood
Training
• The premise of simulated conditions’
training is that the behavior the driver-
subject placed in condition will be
relatively analogous to normal behavior.
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Two Methods of Simulation Presently
Adopted are:
1. Partial Simulation
• This method has the specific aim of training for
the subtask of the driving task.
2. Global Simulation
• Training is simulated in traffic situations and
conditions with the use of simulations. Simulators
are most commonly used for the following types of
training:
– Training in basic car control skills
– Perceptual training
– Emergency
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• Simulator
• It is a static machine with all the
important features of a car used in
driving method or driving training.

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• Biorhythm
• The theory which asserts that man
exhibits a constant variation of life
energy and mood states.
•

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• Controversial Theory of Biorhythm
• 23 days cycle a.k.a. our cycle of
strength, endurance and courage (the
male component of a person).
• 28 days emotional cycle equivalent to a
female 28-days menstrual cycle is also
known as our cycle of sensitivity, love
and intuition (the female component of a
person).
• 33 days intellectual cycle.
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• Accordingly, when the curve is above
the center line, the biorhythm value is
said to be “high” or a person has more
energy to spare, i.e.:
• Physical high - we tend to be more
energetic, strong, and full of vitality.
• Emotional high – we tend to be creative,
artistic, cheerful and happy.
• Intellectual high — we are able to think
quickly and logically.
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• TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
• This field deals mostly on the
implementation and enforcement of
traffic law, rules and regulations.

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 Agencies Responsible in
Traffic Enforcement
• Land Transportation Office (LTO)
– Vehicle registrations
– Vehicle inspections
– Driver's licensing
– Public to police on stolen or wanted
vehicles

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• Legislation - passing of laws and
ordinances and appropriations of
budget
– Congress
– Council (city or municipal)
– Provincial boards

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• Police - direct enforcement of traffic
laws
– Philippine National Police (PNP)
– Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA)
– Police Auxiliaries

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Why people violate traffic laws?
• Physical disabilities
• Ignorance of traffic laws, rules and
regulations
• Mental disorders
• Lack of training and experience
• Wrong attitudes towards driving, risk taking,
and enforcement of traffic laws
• Habitual traffic violators
• Drivers of public utility vehicles for increase
compensation and commission
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• Considerations that act as deterrent
to motorists and pedestrians
• Fear of fine or punishment
• Loss of driving privileges
• Possibility of being involved in accidents
• Positive area of good citizenship - doing
what is right and setting an example

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TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
• Traffic law enforcement action is part of
enforcement involving the arrest,
issuance of Temporary Operator's
Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report
Summons, or warning of any persons
who is believed to have violated a law,
ordinance or regulations pertaining to
the use of traffic roads.

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 Functions of Traffic Law
Enforcement
• Police Traffic Law Enforcement
- performed by the police and other
agencies with police power including
deterrent to law violation created by the
presence of uniformed police officers and
their special equipment, special
assistance to courts and prosecutors and
incidental services to highway users.
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• Court Traffic Law Enforcement
• The part of traffic law enforcement
performed by the court through
adjudication and penalization.

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• Police-Court Enforcement Process

• Detection –

• Apprehension –

• Prosecution — the traffic police enforcers in

coordination with the proper court,
prosecutorial arm or agency, will provide
corresponding facts, basis, evidence and
other relevant documentation
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• Adjudication – this is the court function, but
traffic police enforcers can recommend to the
proper court the appropriate
punishment/penalty to be imposed against
subject traffic violator/s.

• Penalization — the court imposed to

respondent erring traffic violator/s the
appropriate penalty/punishment in
consonance with law.

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• Three Important Goals of
Enforcement Activities
• To increase safety level.
• To increase traffic efficiency.
• To insure harmonious and comfortable
environment.

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• Objectives of traffic law enforcement
activities can be achieved through:
• Preventive activities
• Persuasive activities
• Punitive activities

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• Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement
System
Enforcement system
• It consists of legislation, police, court, and
penalties.
Road users system (traffic way users)
• It includes pedestrians, drivers,
passengers, and vehicles.
Road system (traffic system)
• It consists of the entire road and vehicle
AM
complex.
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• Police Traffic Enforcement Action
• The part of police traffic law enforcement
involving arrest, citation or warning of any
person believed to have violated a law,
ordinance or rules and regulations pertaining to
the use of traffic ways, when the person has
knowledge of his action and when it is to:
• 1. Prevent such violation from endangering
persons or property or inconveniencing other
users of the traffic way.
• 2. Prevent continued violation.
• 3. Discourage future violation.
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• Basis for Decision of Enforcement
Action
• 1. degree of violation
• 2. accuracy of observation
• 3. continuous or momentary action
• 4. traffic and weather condition
• 5. evidence gathered
• 6. a new law or not
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• Kinds of Enforcement Action
Traffic Arrest
• It is an enforcement action which
consists of taking a person into custody
for the purpose of holding or detaining
him to answer a charge of law violation
before a court.

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• Arrest is made when:
• Offense committed is serious.
• Detention is necessary to avoid
continued violation.
• There is reasonable doubt that the
violator will not appear in court.

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• Traffic citation — is made of having
violator appear in court without physical
arrest.
• Traffic warning – is an enforcement
action which does not contemplate
possible assessment of penalty by the
court or otherwise as a result of warning
alone.

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• Types of Traffic Warning
• Visual warning — usually used when you have
observed a minor violation but are more
importantly occupied at a moment. It is
indicated by gesture of the hand and/or of the
head.
• Verbal warning — a form of traffic safety
education where the police will tell the driver or
violator that he violated a law and explain the
hazards of such violations.
• Written warning — combination of verbal
warning and citation. It gives the spirit of verbal
warning and the form of citation.
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• TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR
ENVIRONMENT
• The study with potentially disastrous
population explosion changes in urban
environment due to scale and density of
new urban concentration and new
activities carried out air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result
therein.
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• Kinds of Environmental Effects of Urban
Transportation
• 1. Noise
• 2. Vibration
• 3. Dirt
• 4. Visual intrusion
• 5. Loss of privacy
• 6. Change in amount of light

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• 7. Neighborhood severance both
physical and sociological
• 8. Relocation
• 9. Distraction during planning and
construction
• 10. Accident experience
• 11. Pedestrian journey
• 12. Congestion and other benefits to
vehicles
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• . TRAFFIC ECONOMY
• It deals with the benefits and adverse
effects of traffic to our economy. Traffic
operation is designed to expedite the
movement of traffic. However, with the
prevailing traffic congestion during rush
hours in any given locality adversely
affect the economic status of the
commuting public.

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AM
 OFFICER-VIOLATOR
RELATIONSHIP
• In officer-violator relationship, the first
reminder for an officer in traffic
enforcement is to establish pleasant
relationship with the offending motorist
or pedestrian.

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AM
• Pleasant Relationship can be
accomplished by:

• 1. The appearance of your uniform,

equipment and person which will create the
violator impression of you. A neat, clean and
properly worn uniform and well-groomed
person will create a good impression.

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AM
• 2. Observance of the following rules when
talking with violators:

• Get your emotions under control. Do not

appear before him when you are both at the
peak of tension or excitement.

• Advise the violator the nature of the alleged

violation in the manner that he can fully
understand.

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AM
• Allow the violator to talk and explain his side.
• Be courteous and business like. You may
introduce yourself or use only good morning, Sir
or Madam. Using Sir or Madam identifies you
identified as a gentleman.
• Request compliance. Use requesting words
such as “May I”, "Please" and "Kindly" when
directing the violator.
• Avoid telling the driver what not to do. If you
want him to do something whenever possible,
explain why you want him to do it.

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AM
3. Never open your conversation in a sarcastic
or derogatory way.
4. Be alert at all times for the unexpected.
Approach the violator with these cases:

• Take Time to get ready,

• Know what you are going to say and do.

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AM
• Have any equipment you will need such
as flashlight, clipboard, or citation pad.

• Review the facts which lead to your

stopping the violator before you begin to
talk.

• Decide what enforcement action you

are going to take before you approach
the violator.
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AM
In requesting for the driver's license and
vehicle registration certificate, observe
the following suggested procedures:
• Do not put your head or arms in the car
window.
• While waiting for the license, ask the driver:
“What is your name Sir?".
• Never accept anything other than the paper
requested.
• Ask the papers being requested be removed
from the billfold or other container.

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AM
• Have the driver hand the requested papers to
you outside the window.

• Establish the identity of the driver and check

the entries of both the license and the
registration papers for any possible fraud,
false identities or falsifications.

• Do not return the driver's license and vehicle

registration certificate until you are about to
terminate the interview.
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AM
 In terminating your contact
with the violator, observe the
following:
• Explain to the driver what action he must
take.
• Tell him when and where he must appear.
• Do not discuss probable bail or penalties with
the violator.
• Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should
engage in the services of a counsel, or how
he should plead.

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AM
• When you are certain that the driver
understands what he should do, close the
interview by thanking the driver for his
cooperation and explaining how he may avoid
further difficulty.
• Help the driver get safely through the traffic.
• When the violator leaves, do not follow him
immediately. He may feel that you are just
waiting to nab him again. Either turn around
and patrol in the opposite direction or you
may stay where you are for a moment to
decide what to do next.
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AM
 TRAFFIC DIRECTION
• It is the act of telling drivers and
pedestrians when, what, how and where
they may, or may not move or stand at
a particular place, especially during
emergencies or period of congestion.

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AM
• Signaling:
• Use hand signal to designate your decision to
the motorist.

• Signal must be uniformed and understood by

the motorist and pedestrian

• Must be clear and positive.

• Do not give them verbal signals or

instructions.

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AM
• Be alert and stand erect on both feet.

• Look to a person to whom you are signaling.

• The arm signal should be shoulder high and a

full circular motion of the arm.

• Supplement the arm signal with whistle.

• Stand sideways to incoming traffic while

stopping vehicular traffic.
• Let your hands hang at side when not using
them,
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AM
• Constant weaving of the hand is confusing
and serves to distract or slow down traffic.
• When changing phase, maintain a 90-degree
turn of the body.
• If turns are permitted, described the
movement to be made with an arc of a man.
• To stop a moving lane, point at the car you
intend to stop and give him or her opportunity
to stop.
• The hand signal should be with the arm
extended and the palm facing the person to
be stopped.
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AM
• Whistle Signals
• 1. One lost blast for stop.
• 2. Two short snappy for go.
• 3. Three blast to be used for assistance
or for the motorist o be attentive.

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AM
 UNIT II
TRAFFIC LAWS AND
CONTROL

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AM
 TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATIONS
REPUBLIC ACTS
R.A. 10930 AN ACT RATIONALIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE POLICY
REGARDING DRIVER'S LICENCES, AND PENALIZING ACTS IN VIOLATION
OF ITS ISSUANCE AND APPLICATION, AMENDING FOR THOSE
PURPOSES SECTION 23 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136, AS AMENDED BY
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 398 AND EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1011,
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC
CODE
R.A. 6539 Anti Carnapping Act of 1972
R.A. 8749 Clean Air Act
R.A. 8750 Seatbelt Law
R.A. 7924 The act creating the Metropolitan Development Authority,
defining its powers and functions, providing funds therefore
and for other purposes.
R.A. 8794 Overloading Act of the Philippines 136
R.A. 10586 Anti Drunk and Drugged Driving Law of 2013
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREES
P.D. 96 Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns and others by prohibiting the
attachment of any siren, bells, or horns on motor vehicles which produce
unusual or startling sounds as well as blinkers and other similar devices
unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, hospitals and
fire departments and are specifically intended for use in emergencies.
P.D. 101 Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines and
modes of operations of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines.
P.D. 612 Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicles
P.D. 207 Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines the Vienna Convention on
Road Traffic Signs and Signals.
P.D. 1686 Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner.
P.D. 1181 Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other
purposes.
P.D. 1605 Granting the Metropolitan Manila Commission certain powers related to traffic
management and control
P.D. 98 Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.
P.D. 109 Modifying P.D. 98.
P.D. 1729 Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose of impounded motor
vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.
P.D. 1730 Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacturing, distribution, possession or
use of fake official Bureau of Land Transportation forms, documents,
9/26/2022 11:14:11 137plates,
AM and stickers as offenses involving economic sabotage.
 LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS
L.O.I. 43 Providing for the removal of all impediments on roads, streets, and
highways such as constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other
movable property that obstruct free passage. This abrogated city or
municipal ordinances governing the disposition of traffic on city and
municipal streets throughout the country.
L.O.I. 112 Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and
bridges whose load capacities are in excess of specific allowable
limits.
L.O.I. 229 Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users, or drivers to have in their
possession at all time while driving at least one (1) pair of early
warning device for use when the vehicle is disabled on roads, streets
and highways or other emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on
stop position.
L.O.I. 716 Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning device.
L.O.I. 551 Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the Pollution
Control Program.
L.O.I. 1009 All owners of private motor vehicles who desire to stop operating or
using their number plates and registration certificates to surrender to
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BLT. 138
AM
 ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPECIAL ORDERS
A.O. 8, s-1968 Requiring the towing and impounding of stalled
motor vehicles on public highways and the
imposition of corresponding fees thereof.

A.O. 1, s-1973 Prescribing guidelines and procedures in the

implementation of P.D. 96.

A.O. 1, s-1975 Laying down specific rules of action in the imposition

of uniform fines and penalties for violation of the
provisions of R.A. 4136.

S.O. 101 Enumerating and identifying various city streets

where parking is prohibited.

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AM
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS and BATASANG PAMBANSA
M.C. 2005-14 Supplement to M.C. 2003-033, which grants fare discounts to
elderly, disabled persons and students.

M.C. AVT-2015- Enhance Process Flow for the Renewal of Driver’s License
1966

D.O. 2015-013 Revised Guidelines on the Issuance and Use of Protocol Plates

M.C. AVT 2014- It requires operators and owners of four-wheeled motor vehicles
1895 renewing their registration to apply for the replacement of old
license plates with the new standardized LTO-approved plates.

BP 43 An act providing number plates to owners of motor vehicles and

trailers.

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AM
 DRIVERS’ LICENSES
• Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as
in other countries is NOT a right but a
privilege granted by the Philippine
Government through LTO based on R.A.
4136 and B.P. Blg. 398. Further, it is a
privilege, which may be suspended or
revoked.

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AM
Driver's License
• Any document issued to a qualified
driver who possesses the statutory
qualification as provided therefore. It is
also a public document which has the
legal presumption of genuineness.

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AM
 Types of Licenses, Procedures
and Requirements
1. Student Driver's Permit
• This kind of document is issued to persons
who desire to learn how to drive. A student
driver cannot operate a vehicle unless
accompanied by an instructor who may either
be a licensed professional or non-
professional driver.

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AM
Requirements:
• Must be at least 17 years of age.
• Must be physically sound and in good health
with no contagious ailments.
• Must be mentally capable.
• Must know how to read and write in his native
dialect, in Tagalog, or in English.

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AM
• Must apply personally at any LTO and have
with him the following documents:
• Document of birth proof that he is 16 years
old, either of the following: joint affidavit by 2
not related individuals attesting to the age of
the applicant, or SSS identification card,
passport, and/or Voter's ID.
• Applicants whose age is between 16 to 18
years old, an affidavit of consent signed by
the parents or by the applicant's legal
guardian allowing the applicant to learn how
to drive.
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AM
• The applicant with be given an orange
card and shall be valid for up to 12
months from the date of issue.

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AM
2. Non-Professional Driver's License

• This kind of license is issued to owners

of privately owned motor vehicles or
those not for hire or paid for driving.

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AM
Requirements:
• Must be at least 18 years old.
• A Student Driver's Permit that has been
issued not less than 1 month from the date of
application.
• A Certificate from an LTO accredited doctor
attesting that the applicant:
• is physically and mentally sound.
• has normal vision and hearing.
• Must pass a written examination.
• Must pass an actual road test.
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AM
• The holder of a Non-Professional Driver's
License shall be restricted to operate motor
vehicles up to 4500 kgs gross vehicle
weight (GVW) and is also renewable every 3
years.

• The color of its logo is green.

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AM
3. Professional Driver's License
• This license is issued to a driver hired or paid
for or operating a motor vehicle whether
private use or for hire to the public. Any
person driving his own motor vehicle for hire
is a professional driver.

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AM
• Requirements:
• Must at least be 18 years of age.
• Presentation of either the following
documents:
• A Student's Permit, which has been issued in
the possession of the applicant far at least 6
months.
• A Non-Professional Driver's License that has
been in the possession of the applicant for at
least 1 year.

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AM
• A certificate from an LTO accredited
doctor attesting to the following that the
applicant:
– is physically and mentally sound;
– has normal, non-impaired vision and
hearing;
– does not have any contagious ailments; and
– does not have a history of heavy drinking
and drug abuse.

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AM
• A Police, NBI, or Prosecutors Clearance
certifying that the applicant does not have a
criminal record or any case involving the
taking of a human life.

• He must pass a written examination.

• Must have passed an actual road test.

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AM
• The identifying color is red.

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AM
4. International Driver's License

• Bonafide tourists and transients who are

duly licensed to operate motor vehicle in
their respective countries may be
allowed to operate motor vehicles
during their stay but not beyond 9O
days of their sojourn in the Philippines.

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AM
• Requirements:
• The original foreign license plus a photocopy of
the same license.

• In the event that the foreign license is written in

the language of the license holder other than
ENGLISH, a translation of the contents of the
license into ENGLISH from the embassy from
which the license was issued.

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AM
• In the event that the applicant applies
for a license or if his foreign license is
expired at the time that the application
is filed, the applicant will have to
undergo both WRITTEN
EXAMINATION and ACTUAL ROAD
TE5T.
• An application form filled by the
applicant

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AM
• Foreign license applicants can only
be issued a NON-PROFESSIONAL
DRIVER'S LICENSE.

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AM
5. Military Driver's License
• Enlisted military personnel of the AFP
operating motor vehicles owned by the
government shall be licensed in accordance
with R.A. 4136 but no license or delinquency
fees shall be collected thereof.

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AM
• All licenses so issued shall bear the words
“FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY”
plainly marked or stamped in red inks across
the face thereof. A military driver's license
does not authorize the holder to operate a
privately owned motor vehicle.

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AM
Driver’s Examination
1. The Written Examination
• Written examinations will contain questions
concerning proper driving procedures, road rules
and regulations, emergency procedures, etc.

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AM
• Number of questions will be as follows:
• Non-Professional License — 4O questions
• Professional License — 60 questions

• Examinees will have to pass the written

examination with the following marks:
• Non-Professional License - 3O out of 40
questions
• Professional License - 50 out of 60 questions

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AM
• 2. The Road Test
• The actual road test will be undertaken under
the auspices of a "DRIVING SKILL RATER".
This actual road test will have to be
scheduled in advance and the applicant will
have to provide the vehicle in which the road
test will be conducted. The applicant should
make sure that the vehicle to be used is in
proper working condition and is currently
registered.

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AM
• During the road test, the applicant will be
rated according to his proficiency on the
following aspects:
• That the applicant is aware of and capable of
performing a check on the primary
components of the vehicle such as the
engines, the tires, the battery, lights,
windshield wipers, brakers, transmission and
clutch, etc.

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AM
• Proper use and correct positioning of the
hands on the steering wheel.
• Proper engine control and use of the gear
shift lever and the foot pedals.
• Proper speed control and observance and
practice of road discipline.
• Proper knowledge and interpretation of road
sings and markings.
• Proper turning procedures.
• Proper backing procedures.
• Proper parking procedures.

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AM
• The applicant will be credited with a score of
100 points at the start of the road test. Each
infraction or unsatisfactory performance will
be listed down on a ROAD TEST SCORE
SHEET and the corresponding deductions
will be made at the end of the test. The
passing grade will be 70 points or a total
possible deduction of 30 points.

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AM
• Conductor's License
• An official document certifying that the holder
is suitably qualified to act as a conductor
responsible in collecting fares from
passengers, regulating their entrance into, or
exit from the stage carriage.

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AM
• Requirements:
• At least 18 years old.
• Physically and mentally fit to operate a
motor vehicle.
• Able to read and write in Filipino or
English.
• Clean, neat, and presentable.
• Must not be a drug user or alcoholic.
• Must not be afflicted with any
contagious disease or epilepsy
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AM
• To submit:
• Proof of identity
• NBI or police or court clearance
• Medical certificate
• Taxpayer's identification number
• Must have passed the written examination
•
• The holder is given a yellow card which is
valid for three (3) years.

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AM
• Driver’s Restriction Code
• When the driver is issued a license, the driver's
restriction code is indicated as follows:
• 1 - Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles
• 2 - Vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW
• 3 - Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
• 4 - Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
• 5 - Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
• 6 - Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW and below
• 7 - Articulated vehicle 1601up to 4500 kgs GVW
• 8 - Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs and above GVW
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AM
• Driver's Condition
• The condition of the driver's license holder
while operating a motor vehicle is indicated
as follows:
• A - wears eye glasses
• B - drives only with special equipment for
upper limbs
• C - drives only with special equipment for
lower limbs
• D - daylight driving only
• E - accompanied by a person with normal
hearing
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AM
• REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
• Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles
• 1. Private (not for hire)
• 2. Public Utility Vehicles (PUV aka for hire) –
• 3. Government –
• 4. Diplomat — these are issued to foreign
diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines.

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AM
• Plate Numbers
• 1. Green markings with white background -
issued to private or not for hire motor vehicles.
• 2. Black markings with yellow background -
issued to public utility vehicles.
• 3. Red (maroon) markings with white
background - issued to government-owned
motor vehicles.
• 4. Blue markings with white background -
assigned for foreign diplomats, consuls and
other foreign dignitaries.

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AM
• 5. Commemorative plates
• - These special plate numbers are issued for
specific purposes such as fund-raising for
government projects and programs. It refers
to one piece of duly issued plate used in lieu
of the regular license plates for
commemorating historical events and valid
for a limited period and installed at the from
portion of the motor vehicle.

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AM
 Schedule of Registration
Registration of motor vehicles should be done
annually which follows the numerical suffixes or
their plate numbers.
Last Digit of the Middle Digit of the Weekly Deadline
Plate Number Plate number (working days of the
month only)
1 – Jan 6 – Jun 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 – Feb 7 – Jul 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 – Mar 8 – Aug 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 – Apr 9 – Sep 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
5 – May 0 – Oct 29 30 31

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AM
• Protocol/High-ranking government plates
• 1 - President
• 2 - Vice President
• 3 - Senate President
• 4 - Speaker of the House of Representatives
• 5 - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• 6 - Cabinet Secretaries
• 7 - Senators
• 8 - Congressmen

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AM
• 9 - Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
• 10 - Presiding Justice and other Justices of
the Court Of Appeals/Solicitor General
• 11 - Chairman of the Commission on
Elections
• 12 - Cabinet Undersecretary
• 14 - Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the
Philippines and Chief, Philippine National
Police
• 16 - Regional Trial Court Judges
• 17 - Court in the Cities (MCTC, MTC) and
Sha'ria Court Judges
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AM
• Vanity License Plate (VLP)
• It refers to the optional motor vehicle
plates having preferred inscriptions for
the purpose of establishing
personalized identity of the motor
vehicle to the registered owner.

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AM
• Categories of Vanity Plates

• 1. Limited Edition
• It consists of four (4) or maximum of six (6)
characters, either all numeric or all alphas.
• Examples: 999999, AAAAAA. JJJJJJ, 888888
• It can be purchased through public auction
with a floor price of Php50,000.00.

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AM
• 2. Premium Edition
• It consists of six (6) characters, a
combination of numeric-alpha (reverse
of the current license plate number).
• Example: 682 XED, 850 CNR, 777 AVE
• Price is Php15,000.00.

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AM
• 3. Select Edition
• It consists of minimum of three (3) or
maximum of six (6) characters.
• Examples: GANDA, JUST 4 U, LUV 8
• Price is Php10,000,00

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AM
• 4. Special Plate
• It consists of three (3) alpha characters
and a number ranging from 1-100.
• Examples: AVE 15,PGT 25

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AM
 SALIENT FEATURES OF
REPUBLIC ACT NR. 4136
• Exceeding Registered Capacity
(Overloading)
• Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor
vehicle should not be more than its registered
carrying capacity.
• Conductors of public utility trucks or buses are
held liable for the overloading of vehicles under
their charge.

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AM
• All passengers‘ automobiles for hire are
required to have the registered passenger
capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on
the sides thereof in letters and numerals not
less than 5 cm. in height.
• Motor trucks for passengers or freight, private
or for hire, shall have the registered
passenger or freight gross and net weight
capacities marked plainly and conspicuously
on the sides thereof in letters and numerals
not less than 5 cm in height.
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AM
Riding on Running Board
• It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors
collecting passenger fare.

Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle

• Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top
of motor vehicles, but baggage or freight may
be carried on top of the truck, provided that the
weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per
square meter distributed in such a way as not
to endanger-passengers or the vehicle's
stability.
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AM
 Required Motor Vehicle
Accessories
• Tires. Motor vehicles having metallic tires are
prohibited from operating on any public
highway. If the tires are solid, it should be
thick enough to present the metal rims from
touching the road.

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AM
• Brakes. Every motor vehicle with tour
or more wheels shall be provided with
dual hydraulic brake system so that in
case of hydraulic line failure affecting
the braking efficiency of any of the four
wheels at least either the front or rear
wheels shall retain normal braking
capabilities.
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AM
• Horn. Every motor vehicle shall be
provided with a horn or signaling device
in good order. Provided, however, that
no horn or signaling device emitting
exceptionally loud, startling, or
disagreeable sound shall be installed or
used on any motor vehicle.

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AM
• Headlights. The vehicle should have
two (2) headlights, one on each side,
which must be dimmed when meeting
another vehicle.
• TaiI Lights. These are installed at the
rear portion of the vehicle which should
be visible at least 100 meters away.
• Stop Lights. Installed also at the
vehicle's rear.

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AM
• Windshield Wipers. Every motor vehicle
shall be equipped with a mechanically or
electrically operated device for wiping off
raindrops or other moisture from its
windshield.
• Use of Red Flag. Whenever the load of any
vehicle extends more than 1 meter beyond
the bed or body thereof, there shall be
displayed at every projecting end of such
load, o red flag not less than 30 cm. both in
length and width.

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AM
• Mufflers. Every motor vehicle propelled by
an internal combustion engine shall be
equipped with a muffler, and whenever said
motor vehicle passes through a street of any
city, municipality or thickly populated district
or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or
disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to
emit or make any unnecessary or
disagreeable odor, smoke or noise.
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AM
• Obstruction of Traffic
• Obstruction of traffic by operating a
motor vehicle in such a manner as to
obstruct, block, or impede the passage
of another vehicle is prohibited. This
prohibition applies even when
discharging or loading passengers.

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AM
 GENERAL RULE OF ROAD USE
AND CONDUCT
Maximum Allowable Speed
Passenger Cars and Motor Trucks
Type of Roadway
Motorcycles and Buses
On open country roads, with no blind
corners not closely bordered by 80 km 50km
habitations.
On “through streets” or boulevards
clear of traffic, with no blind corners, 40 km 30km
when so designated.
On city and municipal streets, with
light traffic, when not designated 30km 30km
“through streets”.
Through crowded streets, approaching
intersections at “blind corners”,
passing school zones, passing other 20km 20km
vehicles which
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11:14:12 193
AM
similar dangerous circumstances.
• Lateral Placement
• It refers to the proper positioning of the motor
vehicle while traversing on a traffic way or
while parked.
•

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AM
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• Driving on the Right Side of the
Highway
• All vehicles, whether motorized, animal-
drawn or muscle powered, shall use the
right side of the road when meeting
persons or other vehicles coming from
the same direction. (Section 37, RA
4136)

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• Overtaking a Vehicle
• In overtaking another vehicle, a driver should
pass at a safe distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken and shall resume
driving on the right side of the road only
after passing clear of the overtaken vehicles.

• Exception: On the highway with two or more

lanes where traffic goes in one direction,
another vehicle may be overtaken on the
right.
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 OVERTAKING
Prohibited

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• Giving Way to Overtaking Vehicles
• The driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking
vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicles has fully passed by.

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• Right of Way
• This principle refers to the legal customary
precedence (priority in place or time) which
allows one vehicle to cross or pass in front of
another.

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 Right of Way Rules
• 1. In case of two vehicles approaching or
entering an intersection at the same time, the
driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the
right of way; however, the driver of any vehicle
who travels at an unlawful speed forfeits this
right. (Section 42, a)

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• 2. In case of a vehicle approaching but
has not yet entered the intersection, its
driver shall yield the right of way to
vehicle already within such intersection
or turning therein to the left across the
line of travel of the first mentioned
vehicle. (Section 42, b)

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• 3. In case of a vehicle on a highway within a
business or residential district, its driver shall
yield the right of way to pedestrian crossing
the highway within crosswalk, except at
intersection where traffic is regulated by a
peace officer of a traffic signal. If there is no
crosswalk, pedestrian shall yield the right of
way to vehicles on the highway. (Section 42,
c)

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• 4. In case of vehicle traversing on a
through-highway, its driver should bring
it to a full stop before crossing.
However, if it is clear and no hazards
exist, the vehicle may slow down to 5
miles per hour instead of a full stop.
(Section 42, d)

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 RIGHT OF WAY

Yield the
Right of
Way

Given the
Right of
Way
 Yield the
Right of
Given the Way
Right of
Way
 Yield the
Right of
Given the Way
Right of
Way
 Yield
Given the the
Right of Way Right of
Way
Exception to the Right of Way Rules
• Right of way rules do not apply in the
case of a vehicle entering a private road
or driveway, the right of way is in favor
of all vehicles utilizing the highway.
(Section 43)

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 Making a Right Turn (Normal
Procedures)

• 1. Signal your intention to turn right with your

turning signal light or hand signal at least 100 ft.
before you intend to make turn.

• 2. Stay on the right lane of the road.

• 3. Never make a right turn from the left lane.

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• 4. At an intersection with a red traffic
light, make a right turn only after coming
to a full stop to make sure that no
vehicles are coming from the left.

• 5. If there is a sign prohibiting a right

turn unless there is green, do not turn
right while the red light is on.

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Making a U-TURN

Recommended Procedures:

• 1. Make a right turn signal at least 100 ft. before

you start moving to the right side of the road.

• 2. Stay as close to the right side as possible.

Come to a complete stop if necessary. Check
behind you for traffic. Also check for oncoming
traffic on the other lane.

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• 3. Once all traffic had passed you, initiate your
U-turn. See to it that you can make it on one
sweep. If you have a long vehicle, look for an
intersection or a wide section of the road to
make a U-turn in.

• 4. At this point, you should be making the U-turn

if you know the turning radius of your vehicle.

• 5. Do not move immediately to the middle of the

road. Keep to the right side until you have
increased your speed sufficiently to move to the
middle of the lane.
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 TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES AND AIDS

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Traffic Control
• It is the control of vehicles at a certain
point or area by mechanical means,
fixed objects or manpower.

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Elementary Requirements
• 1. It should compel attention.
• 2. It should convey a simple, closer
meaning at a glance.
• 3. It should allow time for response.
• 4. It should command respect.

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Fundamental Traits
• 1. Design and outward aspect of the
device.
• 2. Position or placement with respect to
the normal line of vision of the road
users.
• 3. Maintenance of the condition,
appearance and visibility.
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• TRAFFIC SIGNS
• A device mounted on a portable support
where a message is conveyed by means of
words or symbols, officially erected or
installed for the purpose of regulating,
warning or controlling traffic.
• The messages and type of responses that
road signs convey to the drivers as well as to
the pedestrians alike fall under the different
categories.

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 A. Caution Signs, Warning
Signs and Danger Signs
• convey messages that certain road conditions
exist on a certain stretch of the road or on
street requiring the driver to be more
ATTENTIVE and prepared for such road
conditions.

• Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road

conditions.

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• Seek caution for approaching road hazards.
• Calling for the reduction of speed.
• These signs have an equilateral triangular
shape with one shape horizontal, with red
borders, black markings, and white
background.

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• Examples:

1. Dangerous Bend • 9. Rail Road Crossing

• 2. Turn Left or Right • 10. Falling Rocks
• 3. Double Left Bends • 11. Two Way Traffic
• 4. Double Right Bend • 12. Driver or Water
• 5. Animal Crossing Way Ahead
• 6. Pedestrian Crossing • 13, One Way Traffic
• 7. Road Work Ahead • 14. Rotunda Ahead
• 8. Steep Ascent

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 B. Guide Signs, Information
Signs and Direction Signs
• These signs are modified signs that actually
give spatial or DIRECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONS
for the driver to take.

• These signs are designed to provide the driver

with information that he/she MAY OR MAY NOT
use but will assist him in one-way or another.

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• Guide motorists along established routes.

• Inform the driver of the proper routes.

• Help motorist along the way in the most

simple and direct method.

• Round or rectangular, white markings, blue

background

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• Division of Informative Signs:
• 1. Advance Sign
• These are the names and distances of the
principal destination served by the intersecting
road.
• 2. Direction Signs
• Direction sign shall be placed at the right of
intersections to show the direction and
destination of a route.
• .

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• 3. Place Identification Signs
• These maybe used to show the frontier
between two countries or for the purpose of
showing the beginning and/or end of built-up
areas.
• 4. Confirmatory Signs
• These are used to confirm the direction of a
road. It shall bear the name of one or more
places where distances are shown, the
figures expressing them shall be placed after
the name of the locality
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• Examples:
• 1. Bus Stop
• 2. Jeepney Stop
• 3. Pedestrian Crossing
• 4. Distance or Destination Sign

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 C. Instruction Signs or
Regulatory Signs
• These signs require the driver not only to be
more attentive as in caution signs but also
require the driver to ACTUALLY PERFORM OR
NOT TO PERFORM a specified act.
• Intended to inform the road user of special
obligations, instructions or PROHIBITIONS
which they must comply.
• Round or Inverted Triangle or Octagonal, Red
border, white background, black markings

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• Division of Regulatory Signs

• 1. Priority Signs
• These are intended to regulate priority over a
particular road section of roadway intersection.

• 2. Prohibitory Signs
• These signs can be used on specified section of
the road, which will be easily seen by motorist to
indicate regulation, which is prohibitive or
restrictive in nature.

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• 3. Mandatory Signs
• These signs are intended to notify the road
users of special rules in which they must
comply for the safety, convenience and
smooth flow of Traffic.

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Example:
• • 8. No Overtaking
1. Stop
• 9, Speed Limit
• 2. Yield
• 10. No Blowing of
• 3. No Entry Horns
• 4. No Entry for Cars • 11. No Parking
• 5. No Left Turn • 12.Width, length,
• 6. No Right Turn height
• 7. No U-Turn

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• The color and shape symbolism of
international standard signs are based largely
on the following principles:
• 1. Signs surrounded by a red Triangle give
warning of some hazards.
• 2. Signs surrounded by a red ring sometimes
also with a red diagonal bar, normal indicate
prohibition.
• 3. Signs on blue and green rectangular
background give information.
• 4. Signs on blue disc give positive instruction.
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 II. PAVEMENT MARKINGS
AND MARKERS
• All lines, patterns, words, colors, or other
gadgets except signs, set into the surface of
applied or attached to the pavement or
curbing, or to objects within or adjacent to the
roadway, officially placed for the purpose of
regulating, warning, or controlling traffic.

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• 1. SINGLE WHITE DOTTED LINE
• On two-lane road separates traffic
moving in separate directions.
• On a one—way street, separates traffic
moving in one direction.
• Overtaking is possible when other lane
is clear of oncoming vehicle.
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• 2. SINGLE WHITE CONTINUOU5 LINE
• Separates traffic moving in opposite
direction.
• Could be found in road sections that are
dangerous.
• Passing and overtaking can be made
but only after under circumstances
when there is no oncoming traffic.
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• 3. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE WITH A
DOTTED WHITE LINE IN BETWEEN
• Absolutely no parking.
• Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
• Stay in your lane until you pass the end
of the solid lines.

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• 4. SINGLE YELLOW LINE
• A yellow line with a dotted white line
means that you cannot overtake if the
solid line is on your side.
• If you overtake, return to your lane
before the solid line.

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• 5. YELLOW CONTINUOUS LINE ON ROAD
PROVIDED WITH A PASSING LANE
• These are common on mountain roads.
• Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
heavy trucks should always use the outer
lane.
• Inner lane is for vehicles to pass without
having to use the other lane for vehicles
coming from the opposite direction.
• Vehicles coming from the opposite direction
should not use the inner lane at the other side
for overtaking.
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• 6. CROSSWALK a.k.a. PEDESTRIAN
LANE
• Stop for pedestrians on an intersection
with no traffic light.
• Do not stop on pedestrian lane
especially to load or unload passengers.
• Pedestrian should always cross a street
on a crosswalk.
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• 7. DIRECTIONAL ARROWS
• Indicates directions of permitted traffic
movement.
• When approaching intersections where
pavement arrows are used, you should enter
the lane where the arrow points in the
direction you want to go
• Some have doubled headed arrows that
mean the lane is for traffic going in the two
AM
directions
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• 8. STOP LINES
• These are painted across pavement
lanes at traffic signs or signals.
• Where these lines are present, you
should stop behind the stop line.

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• 9. BARREL LINES
• A new concept in reducing the
seriousness of accidents.
• These are engineered to act as impact
cushion usually installed in front of a
solid obstacle or traffic island at an area
of high accident frequency.

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• 10. CURB MARKINGS
• These are markings placed on the curbs
or edges of the traffic for restriction or
for parking regulation purposes.

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• 11. OBJECT MARKINGS
• These are markings placed on objects
on the road or beside the road like
humps, rocks or similar hazardous
objects on the side of the road.

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• 12. REFLECTORIZED DEVICE
• These are markings or gadgets
designed to reflect and become
luminous when hit by vehicles‘ light.
• These are placed or installed in the
middle of the roadway to supplement
separation lines or on object at the side
of the roadways which are too near or
within
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• 13. RUMBLE STRIPS/SLEEPER LINES
• A road safety feature that alert
inattentive drivers to potential danger by
causing a tactile vibration and audible
rumbling, transmitted through the
wheels into the car body.

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 III. TRAFFIC LIGHTS
• It is defined as a signal operated
manually, electrically by which traffic is
commanded to stop and permitted to
proceed.

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• 1. Steady RED
• Stop at designated line.
• Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
• Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian
lane.
• Unless specified you can turn right after a full
stop to clear traffic coming from the left.

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• 2. Steady GREEN
• Go
• It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side
to stop.
• Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the
pedestrian lane in front of you.
• Unless specified, you can move up to the
middle of the intersection and make a left turn
when clear.
• Vehicles going straight have the right of way.
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• 3. Steady GREEN ARROW
• Go
• Vehicles turning left can do so.
• On coming straight traffic is still on red
to give way for vehicles turning left.
• Do not anticipate a green arrow.

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• 4. Steady YELLOW (AMBER)
• Prepare to stop.
• It is the turn of the vehicles on the other
side and will be given the go signal
shortly.
• Do not beat the yellow light.

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• 5. Flashing RED
• This is the same as a stop sign.
• Stop at the designated line.
• Vehicles will be crossing from the other
side.
• Expect pedestrian to cross at the
pedestrian lane.
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AM
• 6. Flashing YELLOW OR AMBER
• This is the same as the yield sign.
• Proceed through the intersection with
caution.
• You have the right of way over a
flashing red light.
• Vehicles on the other side will proceed
after coming to a full stop.
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• 7. Steady GREEN and steady LEFT OR
RIGHT ARROW
• Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on
the left lane can make a left turn.
• Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on
the right lane can make right turn.
• The right green signal might or might
not have a road sign disallowing a right
turn while the red light is on.
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