INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)

International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL

Common name Interpol

Abbreviation ICPO
Agency overview
Formed 7 September 1923
Annual budget €59 million
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency

Jurisdictional structure
International agency
Countries 190 member states
Governing body Interpol General Assembly
Constituting instrument ICPO-INTERPOL Constitution and
General Regulations
General nature Law enforcement
Civilian agency
Operational structure
Headquarters 200, quai Charles de Gaulle,Lyon,
France
Agency executives Khoo Boon Hui, President
Ronald Noble, Secretary
General
Facilities
National Central Bureaus 190
Languages (4)

I. Introduction
International Criminal Police Organization or Interpol, intergovernmental
body established to promote mutual cooperation between police authorities around
the world and to develop means of effectively preventing crime. Founded in
VIENNA in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946, Interpol is strictly non-political and is
forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious, racial, or military nature. The
majority of countries (177 in 1997) belong to Interpol, and only
government-approved police bodies may hold membership. The general assembly
meets annually to decide policy and to elect the executive committee, consisting of a
president, three vice presidents, and nine delegates, all of different nationalities. The
general secretariat, based in Lyon, France, is the permanent administrative
headquarters. It coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a
library of international criminal records, and organizes regular meetings at which
delegates can exchange information on police work. Interpol is financed by
contributions from member countries; its budget in 1997 was $28 million.

II. About Interpol

Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began
in 1923, and at that time its name was international criminal police commission. In
1956, its name became International Police Organization. The word Interpol was a
short form of International Police Organization. This short form served as the
address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization
became
 famous as Interpol. Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization;
the United Nation is the first. Some important information about Interpol:
Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police department.
Instead, they help other member countries that need to cooperate by connecting all
members of Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s
182 nations need them.
INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization. Interpol, whose
full name is the International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL, is an
organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the
International Criminal Police Commission in 1923. INTERPOL adopted its telegraphic
address as its common name in 1956.

Basic Info:
✔ It facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and
assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission
is to prevent or combat international crime.
✔ 190 countries are the overall members of Interpol.
✔ It provides finance of around $59 million through annual contributions.
The organization's headquarters are in Lyon, France.
✔ It is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United
Nations.
✔ INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation
even where diplomatic relations do not exist between particular
countries.
✔ Its Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries
and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
✔ Its work focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime,
crimes against humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes,
piracy, illicit drug production, drug trafficking, weapons smuggling,
human trafficking money laundering, child pornography, white-collar
crime, computer crime, intellectual property crime and corruption.

Note:
✔ Ronald Noble – Current Secretary-General and a former of the United
States Treasury.
✔ Jackie Selebi - National Commissioner of the South African Police Service,
was president from 2004 but resigned on 13 January 2008, later being
charged in South Africa on three counts of corruption and one of defeating
the course of justice.
✔ Arturo Herrera Verdugo - Current National Commissioner of Policía de
Investigaciones de Chile and former vice president for the American Zone,
who remained acting president until the organization meeting in October
2008, and was subsequently replaced by Commissioner of Police Singapore
Police Force, Khoo Boon Hui.

III. Vision and mission

A. THE VISION – what INTERPOL aspires to achieve: "Connecting police

for a safer world"
Its vision is that of a world where each and every law enforcement
professional will be able through INTERPOL to securely communicate, share and
access vital police information whenever and wherever needed, ensuring the safety
of the world's citizens. We constantly provide and promote innovative and
cutting-edge solutions to global challenges in policing and security.

B. THE MISSION – what INTERPOL does to achieve its vision: "Preventing

and fighting crime through enhanced international police
cooperation"

(1) It facilitates the widest possible mutual assistance between all

criminal law enforcement authorities.
(2) It ensures that police services can communicate securely with each
other around the world.
(3) It enables global access to police data and information.
(4) Provide operational support on specific priority crime areas.
(5) Foster continuous improvement in the capacity of police to prevent
and fight crime and the development of knowledge and skills
necessary for effective international policing.

Role
Its role is to enable police around the world to work together to make the
world a safer place. Our high-tech infrastructure of technical and operational support
helps meet the growing challenges of fighting crime in the 21st century.

What does Interpol do?

Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal
case, ex: information on criminals, type of crime, vehicles anything to help any police
officer with information about a certain crime.

Recruitment
Approximately 650 staff members from 89 different countries are employed
at the INTERPOL General Secretariat, Regional Bureaus and Liaison offices, working
in any of the organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and
Spanish. A third of these are either seconded or detached by their national law
enforcement administrations in INTERPOL’s 190 member countries; the remaining
are international civil servants hired under contract directly by the organization.
INTERPOL accepts applications from nationals of all member countries to ensure that
the organization remains truly representative.

Values
With such a diverse group of men and women, the organization's values play a
particularly important role in maintaining a harmonious and effective working
environment. The INTERPOL General Secretariat defines its values through the
following qualities:
● Respect for human rights
● Integrity
● Commitment to quality
● Availability
● Team spirit
● Value for money
● Accountability

Fundamental Competencies
 Competencies are the set of capabilities (incl. knowledge, skills, experience,
values, behaviour and attitudes) required to perform effectively in a post. 6
Fundamental Competencies have been defined by INTERPOL and are applicable to
'all' staff regardless of their function/grade within INTERPOL. This aims at indicating
to the applicants the type of basic competencies which are expected from them, in
addition to the requirements specified in the vacancies.

Training and capacity building

Police training plays a key role in INTERPOL’s overall mission to promote
international police cooperation.
It help to build the capacity of police in our member countries, equipping them
with the knowledge, skills and best practices needed to meet today's policing
challenges.
Interpol wide range of initiatives is designed to bridge the gap between national
and international policing and help law enforcement agencies make maximum use of
the services provided by INTERPOL.
Partnerships with the public and private sectors ensure the continued relevance
of our training courses and access to the latest thinking and expertise.

A Comprehensive Approach
Operational training courses cover specialized crime areas – such as
terrorism, drugs and trafficking in human beings – as well as investigative support
tools, such as forensic techniques and the use of INTERPOL's network and
databases.
Other programmes are aimed at senior officers with responsibility for
international police cooperation, and who are in a position to bring about change
and improvement upon return to their respective administrations.
The INTERPOL Training Quality Assurance (TQA) ensures the effective
delivery of training courses. It ensures that General Secretariat training programmes
are in line with the necessary standards; that the training cycle is fully respected to
reach the best quality; and that resources are used efficiently.
National Central Bureaus (NCBs) are INTERPOL’s link with national police
forces and they are increasingly called upon to play a greater operational role as
INTERPOL expands the range of its activities. A set of Core Competency Guidelines
outline the five main areas of skills and experience required of NCB staff. The
guidelines were developed by a group of NCB volunteers representing each of
INTERPOL’s regions, together with representatives from the General Secretariat.
Interpol strengthening its Regional Bureaus (RBs) in support of
the NCBs, and in collaboration with regional bodies of chiefs of police and
other organizations. Each RB is equipped with modern training facilities, and has a
designated Regional Training Officer who coordinates and enhances the regional
training services.
The INTERPOL Global Learning Centre (IGLC) is a web-based portal giving
authorized users access to a comprehensive range of online learning products. The
IGLC is aimed at INTERPOL's National Central Bureaus and the wider police
community across the world. Its goal is to encourage the sharing of knowledge and
best practice between INTERPOL member countries as well as providing the
opportunity for interactive e-learning. IGLC contains a wide catalogue of e-learning
courses as well as an online library of resources with a wealth of links to reports,
documents and websites of law enforcement organizations. This is complemented by
resources from other relevant bodies such as universities, police colleges, academies
and training institutions.
 Training statistics
In 2010, a total of 141 police training programmes were delivered covering 17
different subject areas. They benefited 4,200 participants from 182 countries.

INTERPOL Global Learning Centre

IGLC is an Internet learning portal that brings together:
● e-Learning modules
● Online resources
● Police training websites
● Research publications

IV. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPOL

(1) 1914 - First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco. Police
officers, lawyers and magistrates from 14 countries meet to discuss arrest
procedures, identification techniques, centralized international criminal records
and extradition proceedings.
(2) 1923 - Creation of the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) with
headquarters in Vienna, Austria, on the initiative of Dr Johannes Schober,
president of the Vienna Police. Following the Anschluss (Austria's annexation by
Nazi Germany). Wanted persons notices first published in INTERPOL’s
International Public Safety Journal.
(3) 1926 - The General Assembly, held in Berlin, proposes that each country
establish a central point of contact within its police structure: the forerunner of
the National Central Bureau (NCB).
(4) 1927 - Resolution to establish NCBs adopted.
(5) 1930 - Specialized departments established to deal with currency counterfeiting,
criminal records and passport forgery.
(6) 1932 - Following the death of Dr Schober, new statutes put in place creating the
post of Secretary General. The first was Austrian Police Commissioner Oskar
Dressler
(7) 1935 - INTERPOL international radio network launched.
(8) 1938 - The Nazis assume control after deposing of President Michael Skubl.
Most countries stop participating and ICPC effectively ceases to exist as an
international organization.
(9) 1938 to 1945 - The presidents of Interpol include:
a. Otto Steinhäusl - A general in the SS.
b. Reinhard Heydrich - A general in the SS, and chair of the Wannsee
Conference that appointed Heydrich the chief executor of the "Final solution
to the Jewish question").
c. Arthur Nebe - A general in the SS, and Einsatzgruppen leader, under whose
command at least 46,000 people were killed.
d. Ernst Kaltenbrunner - A general in the SS, the highest ranking SS officer
executed after the Nuremberg Trial.
(10) 1942 - ICPC falls completely under German control and is relocated or
eventually moved to Berlin. It is unclear, however, if and to what extent the ICPC
files were used to further the goals of the Nazi regime.
(11) 1945 - After the end of World War II, the organization was revived as the
International Criminal Police Organization by European Allies of World War II
officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom.
Its new headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a town on the
outskirts of Paris.
(12) 1946 - Belgium leads the rebuilding of the organization after the end of
World War II. A new headquarters set up in Paris, and ‘INTERPOL’ chosen as the
organization’s telegraphic address. Democratic process to elect the President and
Executive Committee instituted. Present INTERPOL colour-coded notice system
initiated and first Red Notices for persons wanted internationally issued.
(13) 1949 - The United Nations grants INTERPOL consultative status as a
non-governmental organization.
(14) 1956 - Following the adoption of a modernized constitution, the ICPC
becomes the International Criminal Police Organization-INTERPOL, abbreviated
to ICPO–INTERPOL or just INTERPOL. The Organization becomes autonomous
by collecting dues from member countries and relying on investments as the
main means of support.
(15) 1958 - Contributions of member countries revised and financial regulations
adopted.
(16) 1963 - First regional conference held, in Monrovia, Liberia.
(17) 1965 - The General Assembly sets out formal responsibilities and operating
policies for NCBs.
(18) 1971 - The United Nations recognizes INTERPOL as an intergovernmental
organization.
(19) 1972 - A Headquarters Agreement with France recognizes INTERPOL as an
international organization.
(20) 1982 - An independent body created to monitor the implementation of
INTERPOL’s internal rules in relation to data protection. This will become the
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL Files in 2003.
(21) 1989 - INTERPOL moves its General Secretariat (Interpol headquarters) to
present location in Lyon, France.
(22) 1990 - The X.400 communication system launched, enabling NCBs to send
electronic messages to each other and to the General Secretariat directly.
(23) 1992 - An automated search facility for remote searches of INTERPOL
databases introduced.
(24) 1995 - As part of a programme of regionalization the General Assembly
adopts guidelines for the establishment and operation of Regional Bureaus.
(25) 1998 - INTERPOL Criminal Information System (ICIS) database created.
(26) 2002 - The I-24/7 web-based communication system launched, significantly
improving NCBs’ access to INTERPOL’s databases and services. Canada is the
first country to connect to the system. Database of stolen and lost travel
documents launched.
(27) 2003 - Official inauguration of the Command and Coordination Centre at the
General Secretariat, enabling the organization to operate 24 hours a day, seven
days a week.
(28) 2004 - INTERPOL liaison office inaugurated at the United Nations in
New York and first Special Representative appointed.
 (29) 2005 - First INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notices issued for individuals
subject to UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Technology known as
MIND/FIND allows frontline officers to connect directly to INTERPOL's systems.
(30) 2008 - The Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 588,
representing 84 member countries.
The Interpol public website received an average of 2.2 million page visits
every month. Interpol issued 3,126 red notices led to the arrest of 718 people.
(31) 2009 - Official opening of the Office of the Special Representative to the
European Union in Brussels.

Who is the only Filipino former president of Interpol?

Jolly R. Bugarin was the Filipino president of the Interpol in 1980-1984 after the
term of Carl G. Persson of Sweden.

V. Name and logo

Official name and abbreviations
The Organization's official name is "ICPO–INTERPOL".
The official abbreviation "ICPO" stands for 'International Criminal Police
Organization'. In French this is "O.I.P.C.", which stands for "Organisation
internationale de police criminelle".
The word "INTERPOL" is a contraction of "international police", and was
chosen in 1946 as the telegraphic address.
Until 1956, the Organization was known as the International Criminal Police
Commission.

The logo
The logo, in use since 1950, comprises the following elements:
(1) A representation of the GLOBE, to indicate that INTERPOL's activities
are worldwide;
(2) Blue Background symbolized the
worldwide nature of Interpol.
(3) FLASHES symbolized the speed
of communication.
(4) Olive branches either side of the globe to
symbolize peace;
(5) The name "INTERPOL" below the globe in
the centre of the olive branches;
(6) A vertical sword behind the globe,
symbolizing the sharpness of police action/activities.
(7) The abbreviations "OIPC" and "ICPO" above the globe either side of the
sword;
(8) The scales below the olive branches symbolize justice.

The flag
The flag has been in use since 1950.
(1) It has a light-blue background;
(2) The logo is in the centre;
(3) The four lightning flashes arranged
symmetrically around the emblem
symbolize telecommunications
and speed in police action.
 Protection of INTERPOL's distinctive signs
As an international organization, INTERPOL's distinctive signs are protected
by the 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
Under the terms of Article 6 of this Convention, which has been ratified by
the majority of INTERPOL's member countries, the signatory countries have agreed
to refuse to register as trademarks and ban the use of coats of arms, flags,
emblems, initials and names of states and intergovernmental organizations.
The Organization's logo and the name "INTERPOL" have, in addition, been
registered as European Community and US trademarks.

Authorization to use INTERPOL's distinctive signs

In exceptional cases, the Organization may authorize a third party to use its
distinctive signs. Authorization can only be given by INTERPOL's Secretary General.
In any event, authorization to use the organization's distinctive signs is limited:
● Authorization is given for a specific, identified project;
● The duration of the authorization is specified;
● Authorization does not confer any exclusive rights.
The signs may not be modified or adapted and, where appropriate, the media
(documents, films, etc.) must be submitted to the Organization for approval before
publication.
INTERPOL may automatically revoke the entitlement to use its distinctive signs if
it transpires that the project is likely to prejudice its reputation or image.

VI. Priorities
INTERPOL has developed a strategic framework for the years 2011-2013, to
provide a focused and effective direction for our programmes and activities during
this period. Within this framework, approved by our General Assembly in November
2010, we have defined four strategic priorities and two corporate priorities.
These priorities are in line with the Organization's vision and mission and
reflect the dynamic environment and challenges of international policing in the 21st
century.

Strategic priorities

1: Secure global communication network

Interpol run a secure global police communications and support system
(known as I-24/7) that connects all
190
National Central Bureaus (NCBs), along with
other authorized law enforcement
agencies and strategic partners, allowing
them to instantly access, request and submit
vital data.
Interpol are committed to
making these tools and services more
efficient and effective over the next three
years. We will achieve this through a number of
objectives and activities, for example
by enhancing the
infrastructure of I-24/7, continuing to expand the system beyond NCBs and to
officers in the field, and by better integrating the sharing of data between INTERPOL
and other systems.
2: 24/7 support to policing and law enforcement
INTERPOL provide round-the-clock support and a wide range of operational
assistance to our member countries, including
emergency and crisis response. We are
committed to further improving response
times, follow-up and the integrated nature of
our response.
Objectives and activities are focused around our
Command and Coordination Centre, the
development of new investigative
expertise, and the deployment of
teams specialized in incident response, security issues at major events and the
identification of disaster victims.

3: Capacity building
Interpol are committed to
enhancing the tools and services that we
provide in the area of law enforcement
training and to raising standards in
international policing and security
infrastructures. We will work with partners and
stakeholders in order to build the capacity of
police services in countries in need and to
empower them to respond effectively to
the challenges of
transnational crime.
Over the next three years we will work to leverage current resources in our
member countries, implement new training programmes, build partnerships
internationally with the public and private sectors to deliver training and technical
assistance, and work with member countries to develop common standards and
recognized best practices.

4: Assisting member countries in the identification of crimes and criminals

INTERPOL provide the highest quality
database services, analytical capabilities and
other innovative tools to assist in preventing
crime as well as assisting in the identification,
location and arrest of fugitives and
transborder criminals. We aim to further improve
our criminal information databases and
better support their integration, along
with analytical/investigative methods
and mechanisms.
Objectives and activities will centre on improving the quality and quantity of
information in our databases, enhancing investigative and analytical capabilities,
developing a global approach to integrated border management, and actively
supporting member countries in locating and apprehending fugitives and other
transnational criminals.

Corporate priorities

5: Business continuity and sustainability

 We will focus efforts on strengthening our core infrastructure, improving our
business model and communicating our long-term relevance in terms of policing and
law enforcement leadership and support.
We will strengthen our business infrastructure and support mechanisms in
order to ensure efficient delivery of our core services. A key activity in this area will
be the implementation of a new INTERPOL Global Complex in Singapore. Other
objectives will focus on human resources, financial management and
communications strategies. In addition we will foster outside partnerships in support
of our strategic priorities.

6: Legal foundation of INTERPOL

INTERPOL will focus efforts on enhancing the legal stability and foundation
for international activities.
Objectives include registering INTERPOL's Constitution with the United
Nations, extending INTERPOL privileges and immunities, and ensuring compliance
with INTERPOL rules and regulations. One of the overriding considerations is to
enhance the Organization's neutrality and independence.

VII. INTERPOL’s Four Core Functions

The mandate and primary function of INTERPOL is to support the police
services of its member countries in their efforts to prevent crime and conduct
criminal investigations as efficiently and effectively as possible. Thus, together with
the NCBs, INTERPOL facilitates across border police cooperation and supports and
assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or
combat crime.
In order to achieve these aims, INTERPOL conducts all of its activities within the
framework of the following four ‘core services’ or ‘functions’:
1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
3. Operational Police Support Services
4. Training and Development

1. The first of these services, Secure Global Police Communications

Services is a fundamental condition for successful international police
cooperation. It is essential for police forces to be able to communicate with each
other, worldwide, in ‘real time’, and in a secure way. Realizing the dire need for
improved means of communication in today’s highly technical world, INTERPOL
subsequently designed and implemented a state of- the-art global
communications system for the law enforcement community, called “I-24/7”. “I”
stands for INTERPOL; 24 hours a day, 7 days a week .

I-24/7
The I-24/7 system was created in January 2003, and is an enhanced
communication service and an innovative, user-friendly tool for international law
enforcement. Information about suspected individuals and groups and their activities
is exchanged between INTERPOL’s member countries and its General Secretariat in a
fast, reliable and secure manner. I-24/7 provides a creative, modern and
sophisticated way to make international law enforcement efforts more effective, and
easier to perform. This type of system and exchange of information is absolutely
essential in combating terrorism and other types of transnational crime.
The I-24/7 ‘dashboard’ is a unique gateway that provides access to
INTERPOL databases and contains a wealth of expert information on a variety of
crime issues.
This makes I-24/7 an indispensable tool, not only for the NCBs, but also for control,
investigative and analytical units within national police forces. Furthermore, through
INTERPOL’s encouragement,
many NCBs – all of which are connected to the I-24/7 system - are now extending
I-24/7 access to additional authorized law enforcement entities, such as border
control units and customs officials. INTERPOL continues to provide technical
assistance and support to further extending its I-24/7 system to additional
authorized law-enforcement organizations.

2. Once police have the capability to communicate internationally, they need access
to information to either assist in their investigations or to take necessary steps to
prevent crime. Thus, INTERPOL provides its second core service -
Operational Data Services and Databases for Police.
In fighting transnational crime, international police cooperation “lives” on
information. This means that without gathering and sharing information that is
timely, accurate, relevant and complete, cooperation is limited, if not impossible.
INTERPOL has, therefore, developed a broad range of global databases,
incorporating key information such as names of criminals and suspected
individuals, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles, requests for wanted persons,
lost and stolen travel documents, stolen vehicles, and weapons related to
criminal cases. The information contained in these databases can be critical to
assisting member countries in the event of terrorist incidents or related
investigations. Analysis of the information associated with these databases is also
extremely beneficial to achieving positive results in fighting and investigating
terrorism cases, particularly concerning making positive identifications.
INTERPOL’s databases include:

ASF Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Database

Bearing in mind that terrorists and other serious criminals regularly use false
documents to travel, INTERPOL established its Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD)
database in 2002. This database has subsequently proven to be an effective tool for
intercepting such individuals when attempting to cross borders. Since its creation,
and across crime areas, the database has helped field officers with innumerable
cases of individuals using fraudulent travel documents.
In many cases where the documents were identified as lost or stolen, they
were ultimately linked to high-profile cases involving suspected terrorists and war
criminals.
As of November 2007, this database contained thirteen and a half million
records, coming from nearly 130 member countries. However, there is an on-going
need for member countries to continually populate the database to increase its
effectiveness. The UN Security Council also recognized the importance of this
informational tool in its Resolution No. 1617 (2005) and encouraged member
countries to share information on those documents with other member states
through the INTERPOL database. Use of the database was also endorsed by the G8,
European Union, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International
Civil Aviation Organization and members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
In December 2005, Switzerland became the first country to use an integrated
solution developed by INTERPOL to expand access to the database to some 22,000
federal agents at border control points, customs and immigration offices and
embassies, enabling police to verify instantly whether a travel document is stolen.
INTERPOL further encourages all of its member countries to expand access to the
database beyond its NCB to officers at crucial locations such as airports and border
crossings. By scanning a passport over a machine readable device, national
immigration officers can find out in a few seconds whether that foreign visitor’s
passport is one of the nearly 8 million passports contained in INTERPOL’s database.
France also began screening passports at Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris, in June
2006 using the system and has now extended its access to six international train
stations, 11 international seaports and 21 airports resulting in more than 700,000
queries per month.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

Recognizing the increasing need for countries to exchange information on
fingerprints for investigative purposes such as those relating to terrorism, and
individuals potentially associated therewith, INTERPOL recommends amongst its Best
Practices the implementation and utilization of its Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS).
Through the INTERPOL AFIS Expert Working Group (IAEWG), INTERPOL
promotes the use of standards for the capture, storage, and transmission of
fingerprints, electronically. The IAEWG’s focus is to provide general guidance to
countries/organizations acquiring, developing, integrating, and operating national
AFIS systems. The IAEWG actively promotes implementable approaches to the
international electronic exchange of fingerprint images and data. Recognizing that
the technical capabilities of various countries differ greatly, INTERPOL provides
advice and guidance to member countries in the process of acquiring and
implementing national AFIS standards and systems.
It is important to emphasize the significance and critical need for countries to
submit fingerprints to INTERPOL in furtherance of populating the AFIS system. With
the contribution of such singular identifying data, law enforcement organizations can
help make ‘links’ in investigations and achieve successes in combating criminal
activities.

DNA

In recognizing the ever-increasing value of DNA and DNA profiling, INTERPOL

established an INTERPOL DNA Unit in 1998. In so doing, INTERPOL has been able to
foster and facilitate the advancement of international law enforcement cooperation
through the use of DNA in criminal cases world-wide, as well as in terrorism cases.
As such, the objective of the INTERPOL DNA unit is to ultimately provide strategic
and technical support to enhance member states' DNA profiling capacity, and
promote its widespread use in the international law enforcement environment.
In order to assist member states and encourage DNA profile comparison
across international borders, the DNA Unit created and developed a DNA Database
together with the INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group.

INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group :

The external INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group (MEG) is the main
source of reference for the INTERPOL DNA Unit. The MEG acts as an advisory board
and provides expert guidance and direction for INTERPOL DNA policies and projects.
The MEG members consist of 10-12 senior experts in the fields of forensic science
and law enforcement who are drawn from member states across INTERPOL’s five
regions. The MEG examines the contemporary field applications of DNA profiling as
an investigative tool and makes recommendations on the use of DNA in criminal
investigations with a view to promoting the international use of this technique,
particularly as terrorism incidents are occurring worldwide
 INTERPOL DNA Database:
The INTERPOL DNA Database introduces a data matching system with the
capacity to connect its international profile matching system to all member states
using DNA profiling in law enforcement . DNA profiles can be stored and searched
across international borders using the INTERPOL Standard Set of Loci (ISSOL). In
compliance with INTERPOL's regionalization policy, the INTERPOL DNA Unit provides
regional support to Member States to consolidate ‘best practices’ with the ultimate
goal of increasing member state involvement in the international transfer of DNA
profiles.
As with INTERPOL’s fingerprint database, it is important to recognize and
emphasize the significance and on-going need for countries to contribute to and
populate this system. The value of DNA as a unique and singular identification tool in
investigations is undeniable.

Stolen Vehicle Database

The INTERPOL General Secretariat developed the Automated Search
Facility-Stolen Motor Vehicle (ASF-SMV) database to support police in member
countries in the fight against international vehicle theft and trafficking.
As at November 2007, the database held almost 4 million records of stolen
motor vehicles reported by 115 countries + UNMIK. So far during 2007, 25,677
motor vehicles have been discovered worldwide through this database.
At the international level, the General Secretariat has been organizing and
chairing several working groups which meet on a regular basis, and developing
numerous projects to address the issue

IWeTS
The INTERPOL Weapons electronic Tracing System (IWeTS), which is
currently in the development stage, is a tool which will provide Member States with
the capabilities to trace illicit firearms that are seized through law enforcement
investigations and activities in their countries. The value of such a system for law
enforcement is that it will make it easier to initiate the trace of a specific weapon.
Furthermore, this database will be able to enhance investigations relating to criminal
and terrorism matters at both the national and international levels.

Integrated Solutions to Access INTERPOL’s Databases – FIND /MIND

Recognizing that direct access to such information should not be limited to
NCBs, it is INTERPOL’s policy to expand access beyond these national focal points.
In order to make reliable, accurate and up-to-date information available to the front-
line officers in real-time,
INTERPOL has developed new Integrated Solutions to allow for instant access
for example to its database on stolen and lost travel documents. This new
technology called FIND / MIND refers to the two different ways of connecting
INTERPOL’s databases at border entry points or other field locations.

INTERPOL Money Laundering Automated Search Service (IMLASS)

The IMLASS project - which is currently in the development stage – will assist
anti-money laundering and terrorism financing investigators and analysts throughout
the world to automatically compare suspected money laundering and terrorism
financing-related queries against database records submitted by INTERPOL’s 186
member countries. Queries concerning money laundering-related targets, associates,
companies, ID documents, addresses, telephones and suspicious transaction data
will
then be automatically compared with the existing data in INTERPOL database for
links with past and present investigations in other countries. An effective conclusion
of this project will help money laundering investigators around the world to access
police as well as financial information from all INTERPOL’s member countries at one
place and at one time.

Border & Ports Security Center

To strengthen border protection, INTERPOL intends to establish a Border and
Ports Security Center at its General Secretariat in Lyon, France. The goal of the
Center will be to increase security at borders and all points of entry by supporting
member countries in the monitoring, prevention and investigation of fraudulent and
illegal activities in these areas. The specific objective of this Center will be to analyze
the use of INTERPOL’S tools, such as the SLTD Database, by member countries and
to co-ordinate the delivery of training and other capacity building measures that
would help member countries comply with the present international security
requirements for ports-of-entry. The Center will develop strong linkages with other
international organizations involved in port security and enforcement.

3. INTERPOL’s third core service is Operational Police Support Services.

Simply put, this means making available INTERPOL’s know-how, expertise and
best practices to all authorities, services and organizations world-wide, whose
mission is to prevent, detect and suppress crime. Through the extension of such
services, INTERPOL helps enhance the role of NCBs and regional offices and thus
increases INTERPOL’s responsiveness to their needs. This involves the
development of emergency support and operational activities based on the
organization’s priority crime areas - terrorism and public safety, drugs and
organized crime, fugitives, human trafficking, and financial and high-tech crime.
Support Services also include the collection, analysis and evaluation of
information which INTERPOL’s headquarters receives from its member countries.
Upon request, INTERPOL further extends support to its member countries by
sending police officers with special law enforcement expertise to investigation sites.
For example, after various terrorist attacks worldwide, INTERPOL assisted national
law enforcement entities by facilitating - on-site - the exchange of information
regarding individuals and groups alleged to have been involved in the attacks.
INTERPOL’s broad range of ‘support services’ includes the following:

INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center

INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center (CCC) operates around the
clock – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week - in each of INTERPOL’s four official
languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic). The CCC serves as the first point of
contact for any member country faced with a crisis and/or terrorist situation. The
Center’s staff monitors INTERPOL messages exchanged between member countries
and ensures that the full resources of the Organization are ready and available
whenever and wherever they might be needed. For instance, if a terrorist attack or
natural disaster occurs, the CCC mobilizes to offer and coordinate the Organization’s
response. All messages and requests for information and assistance from the
affected member countries are treated with the highest priority.

Incident Response Teams

In the aftermath of a terrorist act or other critical incident, the affected
member country/countries often request INTERPOL’s support in the form of an
Incident Response Team (IRT). The IRT consists of on-site specialized personnel
who
are able to provide investigative and analytical support directly from the incident
location. As a result of the circumstantial elements, INTERPOL evaluates the
situation and assists member countries in determining the police requirements
needed to further provide specific support, expertise, and information. INTERPOL
deploys police officers with special law enforcement expertise to the area where the
specific incident has occurred, and provides not only specialized police officers, but
forensic experts and criminal analysts as well.
While the investigation of terrorist acts is handled by the respective law
enforcement agency in the concerned country, many investigative leads and
evidence span the globe, thus adding an international dimension to the investigation.
Through pro-active support and assistance of its member countries, INTERPOL is
able to coordinate information and resources to assist in these complex
investigations, which can result in the subsequent dismantling of terrorist groups and
organizations, thus preventing them from carrying out further attacks.

INTERPOL Network of Experts

In collaboration with INTERPOL member countries, the INTERPOL Command
and Coordination Center is in the process of establishing a crisis support strategy to
coordinate multidisciplinary, international police assistance through the
implementation of a network of INTERPOL experts in areas such as
counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence analysis, forensics, case management,
specialized crime investigations, fugitive tracing, and linguistic capabilities. Together
with a ‘menu’ of service options, a centralized contact database for these experts will
be maintained. The objective of this strategy, once completed, will be to enable, at
the request of a member country, the deployment of a team of said experts, upon
short notice, to any location in the world where there is appropriate need, with the
team maintaining direct links to the Command and Coordination Center at all times.

INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre

INTERPOL, together with the UN Department of Safety and Security (DSS) and the
UN Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) are the leading entities
of the UN Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF) Working Group on
Protecting Vulnerable Targets, whose aim is to establish appropriate mechanisms to
facilitate both the sharing of existing best practices and the development of further
best practices to protect vulnerable targets. In order to achieve this, INTERPOL is
currently in the process of creating a “Vulnerable Targets Referral Center”, and will
act as an intermediary, facilitating the exchange of information in the area of
vulnerable target protection. The main objective of the center is to identify
responsible units and relevant experts in countries where vulnerable target
protection strategies have already been developed and have this contact information
available in order to bring those with relevant expertise together with those who are
in need of such information.

INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams

INTERPOL implemented a strategy to support countries which are organizing
international major events. An important objective of this strategy is to help member
countries plan for prevention of attacks and/or disruptive action during major events,
and to subsequently manage the consequences of such incidents. This includes
making available relevant INTERPOL services, such as I-24/7, INTERPOL databases
and threat assessments, in support of the organizing country. INTERPOL has
established a mechanism for regular global sharing of good practices in securing
international major events, where one member country organizing an event can
learn from other countries which recently hosted similar events.

INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notices

In 2005, upon the request of the United Nations Security Council, and in
support of its work in the fight against terrorism, INTERPOL created the
‘INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notice’ (IP-UN SC Special
Notices). This notice is specifically issued for individuals associated with Al-Qaeda
and the Taliban, as listed by the 1267 Committee, which has designated them
subject to sanctions through the freezing of assets, travel bans and arms
embargoes, with a view to alert national law enforcement agencies and assist them
to more effectively pursue suspected terrorists. As of November 2007 INTERPOL has
published around 300 IP-UN SC Special Notices.

The Fusion Task Force

In order to assist member countries in terrorism-related investigations at the
international level, INTERPOL created the Fusion Task Force (FTF). Established in
September 2002, the FTF has evolved into a significant, vital, specialized and
multi-disciplinary entity for assisting member countries in their terrorism-related
investigations. The primary objective of the FTF is to identify members of criminal
groups involved in international terrorist activity through the establishment of a
network of law enforcement contact officers. The Task Force has put into place
regionally focused projects which are designed to identify active terrorist groups and
their membership in specific regions. The Task Force also solicits, collects, and
shares information and intelligence, provides analytical support, and enhances the
capacity of member countries to address the threats of terrorism and organized
crime. The Task Force maintains a dedicated global database of information on
terrorist groups, organizations and individuals.
Particular to terrorism cases, INTERPOL also coordinates the circulation of
alerts and warnings for terrorists, dangerous criminals and weapons-threats to
police. In order to help member countries report terrorist activity, INTERPOL has
issued practical guidelines on the type of information required. Member countries are
also encouraged to report on other crimes which may be linked to terrorism, such as
suspicious financial transactions, weapons trafficking, money laundering, falsified
travel and identity documents, and seizures of nuclear, chemical and biological
materials.
The FTF also assumes the important role of developing ‘capacity’ in various
areas where there are deficiencies in order to improve and expand its role in
assisting with the targeting and dismantling of criminal and terrorist organizations.

Establishment and/or Reconstruction of NCBs in Post-Conflict Countries

INTERPOL provides assistance in building police capacity in post-conflict
environments by assuming a pro-active role with respect to either creating a new
NCB in the region, or further developing an already existing one, including the
provision of training at the national level, as well as providing links to international
police cooperation. INTERPOL’s Sub-Regional Bureaus also play an important role in
this initiative - particularly with respect to their language capabilities - to assist
countries in their respective regions to build-up and/or enhance police structures and
provide training at the national level.
 INTERPOL’s Sub-Regional Bureaus (SRBs)
INTERPOL’s Sub-Regional Bureaus, located in Harare, Nairobi, Abidjan,
Buenos Aires, and San Salvador, and its Liaison Bureau in Bangkok carry out regional
operational activities, serve as regional training centres and possess crime analysis
capabilities. An additional Sub- Regional Bureau will be opened in Yaoundé in early
2008 to support the Central African region.

Disaster Victim Identification

One aspect common to disasters, whether natural, technological or
man-made is that some type of investigation will follow, whether law enforcement,
technical, medical and/or related. For this reason, in 1984 INTERPOL published its
first ‘INTERPOL Manual on Disaster Victim Identification’. The purpose of the guide is
to promulgate good practice(s) in respect to this type of investigation. The
identification procedures described in this guide can be used in all circumstances.
The manual is reviewed and revised on a regular basis, and is circulated to all
INTERPOL member countries. It is designed to encourage the compatibility of
procedures across international boundaries.

Criminal Analysis Unit

INTERPOL’s Criminal Analysis Unit contributes to investigations by assisting
officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries by conducting
research and analysis of crime trends. This service includes the collection, analysis,
evaluation, exchange, and storage of information which INTERPOL’s headquarters
receives from its member countries. In providing this service, INTERPOL’s goal is not
only to inform its member countries of new developments in the context of criminal
activities, but also to provide national law enforcement authorities with additional
information which might be helpful to the progress of an on-going investigation or
contribute to the initiation of a new one.

Bio-Terrorism Unit
Of imminent and increasing concern and related to terrorism is the growing
possibility of terrorists launching attacks with biological or chemical weapons. With
INTERPOL devoted to matters associated with public safety, it has made available
various resources to support member countries in their efforts to protect their
citizens from bio-terrorism, firearms and explosives, attacks against civil aviation,
maritime piracy, and weapons of mass destruction. The first step in countering the
threat of bio-terrorism is recognizing the imminent dangers represented by this lethal
form of crime. Thereafter it is vital to put in place the tools which will enable law
enforcement to take appropriate measures to deal with the dangers.
INTERPOL recently created a special unit to focus exclusively on preventing
and combating bio-terrorism threats. The Bio-Terrorism Unit at INTERPOL
Headquarters has been established to focus on this issue and implement various
bio-terrorism projects with the close cooperation of INTERPOL’s National Central
Bureaus (NCBs) and regional offices. The goal of this initiative is to heighten the
awareness of the dangers posed by bio-terrorism, and
to develop and enhance the knowledge, training and capability of law enforcement
to recognize, prevent, contain and investigate bio-terrorist threats. This unit is
developing a program to build capacities to counter this threat at both national and
international levels. INTERPOL has also produced a Bio-Terrorism Incident
Preparedness and Response Guide, compiled by experts from INTERPOL member
countries. The Guide is a comprehensive, step-by-step manual for law enforcement
in preparing for and dealing with bio-terrorism incidents.

4. INTERPOL’s fourth core service is Training and Development.

Training and development plays a key role in INTERPOL’s overall mission to
promote international police cooperation. The aim is to help officials in
INTERPOL’s 186 member countries to improve their operational effectiveness,
enhance their skills and build their capacity to address the increasingly
globalised and sophisticated nature of criminality today.
Following a notable increase in demand for training from member
countries, INTERPOL included Training and Development as its fourth core
function in 2007.
The INTERPOL ‘Guide for Effective Training’ explains how training
needs are identified and assessed, the steps required to design, plan and
implement quality training programmes and how evaluations and
assessments should be conducted. INTERPOL is exploring opportunities with
member countries to establish training institutions that can address priority
crime areas of other areas of high concern.

VIII. INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE

INTERPOL’S LEADERSHIP: The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary
General work closely together in providing strong leadership and direction to the
Organization.

(1)GENERAL ASSEMBLY
● This is the Interpol’s supreme governing body. It meets annually and
comprises delegates appointed by each member country.
● The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and programs

(2)EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
● This 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly, and
comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates covering
the four regions.
● Functions are as follows:
(a) Supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly;
(b) Prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly;
(c) Submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which it
considers useful;
(d) Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General;
(e) Exercise all the powers delegated to it by the Assembly.
(3)GENERAL SECRETARIAT
● Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day,
365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than
80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
● The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina,
Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along
with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at the
European Union in Brussels.

(4)NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)

● Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed
by national law enforcement officers.
● The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional
offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

NCB MANILA
● The INTERPOL NCB Manila traces its beginning in 1961 when Philippines
become a member of Interpol, with the NBI as its focal point.
● Pres. Ramos issued MO # 92 on Feb. 1993, designating PNP as its focal point
with the CPNP as its concurrent chairman.
● May 31, 1993 – the Interpol NCB Manila Secretariat was established to
ensure the smooth operation of NCB with the DCO as its head.
● On February 2000 – NCB Manila was transferred to PCTC pursuant to EO #
100
● PCTC – established to formulate and implement a concerted program of
action of all law enforcement, intelligence and other agencies for the
prevention and control for transnational crimes

(5) ADVISERS
● These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by
the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

(6)COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’s Files (CCF)

The processing of personal data – such as names and fingerprints – forms a key
activity at INTERPOL. It is carried out within a clearly defined legal framework in
order to protect both the fundamental rights of individuals and cooperation among
police internationally.
The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF) is an independent
monitoring body. It operates in line with a number of official rules and documents
and has three main functions:
a. To ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies
with the Organization's regulations. Monitoring the application of the
Organization's data protection rules to personal data processed by INTERPOL
b. To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter
involving the processing of personal informatioN.
c. To process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's
files.
 In 2008, the INTERPOL General Assembly voted to amend INTERPOL's
Constitution to integrate the CCF into its internal legal structure, thereby
guaranteeing its independence as an official body of the Organization.

Regional Bureaus
INTERPOL has seven Regional Bureaus (RBs), which are permanent
departments of the General Secretariat (see Article 25 of the Constitution) and were
established to bring the General Secretariat closer to the regions.
There are RBs in Abidjan (serving West Africa), Buenos Aires (South
America), Harare (Southern Africa), Nairobi (East Africa), San Salvador (Central
America) and Yaoundé (Cameroon). In addition, there is a Liaison office in Bangkok,
serving Southeast Asia.
The duties of the RBs are the same as those of the General Secretariat, but each RB
deals with regional issues – based on its geographic proximity – since it is best
placed to provide the most appropriate response in any particular situation.

Staffing
The RB staff is generally recruited from within the region and their number and
role can vary, depending on the specific needs, goals and priorities of each region.
Generally, they comprise the following:
(1) Head of Bureau - responsible for applying the priorities of the organization
and those of regional police chiefs committees where they exist;
(2) Specialized officers - police officers
Abidjan
specialized in the different kinds of crime
prevalent in each region;
(3) Network analyst – a technical officer Buenos Aires
responsible for providing technical support
not only within the RB but also to National
Central Bureaus in the region; Harare
(4) Crime analyst – provides
analytical work on crimes in the
Nairobi
region, related to work for the
General Secretariat and for the
regional police chiefs committees; San Salvador
(5) Administrative support staff
(secretary, driver, and security
officer). Yaoundé

Legal status
The Regional Bureaus and their Liaison Office Bangkok
staff are subject to the same rules and
provisions as the General Secretariat – these functions and duties are defined in
Article 26 of the Constitution, in the Financial Regulations, Staff Regulations and
Rules, etc. There are also provisions specific to the RBs concerning, inter alia, the
delegation of financial powers and the Staff Regulations, which take account of the
differences from one duty station to another.

RB activities
Select a link above for specific details of each RB and its activities.
Regional Bureaus and National Central Bureaus
The RBs should not be confused with the National Central Bureaus (NCBs),
which are INTERPOL bureaus in each member country.

RBs and Regional Police Chiefs Committees

The RBs work with regional police chiefs
committees where they exist. In Africa, the RBs act as
the permanent secretariats of the committees, as
follows:
(1) Abidjan serves WAPCCO (West African Police
Chiefs Committee)
(2) Yaoundé serves CAPCCO (Central African
Police Chiefs Committee).
(3) Harare serves SARPCCO (Southern African Regional Police
Chiefs Co-operation Organization).
(4) Nairobi serves EAPCCO (East African Police Chiefs Co-operation Organization).

In other regions where police chiefs committees exist, the RBs are building closer
ties where relations have not been formally established. This is the case in:
(1) Asia, between the South-East Asia Liaison Office (LoBang) and ASEANOPOL
(Association of South-East Asian Nations Chiefs of Police);
(2) Central America, between the RB in San Salvador and the CJPCAC (Comisión
de Jefes de Policía de Centro América y el Caribe - Commission of Chiefs of
Police of Central America and the Caribbean).
Relations between the RBs and the SPCPC (South Pacific Chiefs of Police
Conference) and the ACCP (Association of Caribbean Commissioners of Police) are
managed directly from the Organization's Headquarters in Lyon.

Modernization of the RBs

INTERPOL began to modernize its RBs in 2005 with a programme that involves
standardizing working equipment, installing video-conference and IP telephone
facilities, and giving them access to INTERPOL’s Intranet and message handling
system. This process has speeded up the sharing of information and effectiveness
among RBs and with NCBs and the General Secretariat.
A. Buenos Aires Regional Bureaus

Role
The Buenos Aires Regional Bureau’s role is to represent the General
Secretariat in the South American region, and to ensure compliance with the
Organization’s core functions, including the use of its communications system,
encouraging countries to use INTERPOL’s databases, and providing operational
police support.

Objective
The Buenos Aires Regional Bureau's objective is to assist the 12 National
Central Bureaus it serves in their day-to-day work, to strengthen and improve
international police co-operation, and to co-operate with INTERPOL's governing
bodies in order to facilitate their task. The Bureau also seeks to foster co-operation
and the exchange of information at regional level with other international bodies.
Activities
The Bureau provides co-operation and assistance in all areas of the fight
against international crime. Increased support for international police activities has
taken various forms, in particular: giving assistance to IMESTs (INTERPOL Major
Event Support Teams) in the region; carrying out operations such as Jupiter
(intellectual property crime) and Andes (traffic in chemical precursors); developing
projects such as Project White Flow (intercontinental drug trafficking) in conjunction
with the Harare and Abidjan Regional Bureaus, Project Seven Borders (vehicle theft),
and Project Amazon (terrorism). In addition, the contact officers network has been
strengthened with the preparation of a protocol for providing support in fugitive
investigations in the South American region.

Countries serve by the Regional Bureaus

(1) Argentina
(2) Bolivia
(3) Brazil
(4) Chile
(5) Colombia
(6) Ecuador
(7) Guyana
(8) Paraguay
(9) Peru
(10) Suriname
(11) Uruguay
(12) Venezuela

B. Abidjan Regional

Bureaus Preamble
Between 1994 and 1 May 2009, the Regional INTERPOL Bureau in Abidjan
covered twenty-four (24) African countries, sixteen (16) of them in West Africa and
eight (8) in Central Africa. As part of its policy of decentralization, INTERPOL opened
a new Bureau in Yaoundé to cover the Central African countries to combat crime
affecting that region.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERPOL REGIONAL BUREAU IN ABIDJAN

● Location: 7th floor of the AZUR building, Avenue Dr Crozet, Le Plateau,
Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
● Date of creation: 1994

Staff
(1) 1 Head of Bureau
(2) 4 Regional specialized officers
(3) 1 Network administrator
(4) 1 Criminal data analyst
(5) 1 Accountant
(6) 1 Secretary

Duties
 (1) Facilitate the speedy transmission of police information to the General
Secretariat.
(2) Assess and analyse the police information of relevance to the region and
provide intelligence.
(3) Study and provide information on the international crime trends in the region.
(4) Identify study and attempt to solve problems affecting the quality of
international police co-operation in the region.
● Encourage and support any initiative which will help to improve co-operation
between the Member States of the region.
● Provide the Permanent Secretariat of the regional Police Chiefs Committees,
i.e. the West African Police Chiefs Committee (WAPCCO).

AIMS
● Maintain and improve day-to-day police co-operation between the countries
of the region and the General Secretariat.
● Help countries to prepare regional and international meetings.
● Monitor and implement the Organization's programmes in the region.
● Co-ordinate INTERPOL's activities with those carried out by
other international or partner organizations in the region.

COUNTRIES REPRESENT
Five out of the 16 West African countries - almost one third of the region's
countries - are represented at the Abidjan Regional Bureau:
(1) Ghana
(2) Côte d’Ivoire
(3) Burkina Faso
(4) Guinea
(5) Mauritania
The Regional Bureau is awaiting the arrival of new officers to replace those
from Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire, whose contracts have expired.
THE PERMANENT SECRETARIAT
The Abidjan RB serves as the permanent secretariat of the Police Chiefs
Committee and co-ordinates the operational activities of the West African Police
Chiefs Committee (WAPCCO).

BACKGROUND TO THE WAPCCO

The WAPCCO has sixteen Member States from the West African region:
(1) Republic of Benin
(2) Burkina Faso
(3) Republic of Cape Verde
(4) Republic of Côte d’Ivoire
(5) Republic of the Gambia
(6) Republic of Ghana
(7) Republic of Guinea
(8) Republic of Guinea Bissau
(9) Republic of Liberia
(10) Republic of Mali
(11) Islamic Republic of Mauritania
(12) Republic of Niger
(13) Federal Republic of Nigeria
(14) Republic of Senegal
(15) Republic of Sierra Leone
(16) Republic of Togo

Countries Serves by the Regional Bureaus

(1) Benin
(2) Burkina Faso
(3) Cameroon
(4) Cape Verde
(5) Central African Republic
(6) Chad
(7) Congo
 (8) Congo (Democratic Rep.)
(9) Côte D'ivoire
(10) Equatorial Guinea
(11) Gabon
(12) Gambia
(13) Ghana
(14) Guinea
(15) Guinea-Bissau
(16) Liberia
(17) Mali
(18) Mauritania
(19) Niger
(20) Nigeria
(21) Sao Tome And Principe
(22) Senegal
(23) Sierra Leone
(24) Togo
C. Harare Regional Bureaus

Mission Statement
The INTERPOL Regional Bureau for
Southern Africa is committed to facilitating the most
effective international law enforcement
co-operation, for a safer Southern Africa and a safer
world.

AIMS
The aims of the Harare RB are to:
(1) Represent the INTERPOL General Secretariat and promote INTERPOL's
objectives in the region;
(2) Ensure the implementation of INTERPOL programmes in the region and
resolutions of the General Assembly and the African Regional Conference;
(3) Serve as a link between the region and the rest of the INTERPOL community;
(4) Serve as a Secretariat for the Southern Africa Regional Police Chiefs Council
Organization (SARPCCO).

Activities
Co-ordinates INTERPOL and SARPCCO joint
operations, training, meetings, workshops and
conferences and provides general secretariat services
for SARPCCO.
(1) Assists in the identification of specialized
regional training needs and the delivery of
relevant courses.
(2) Assists in the sourcing of funding for
INTERPOL and SARPCCO training activities,
joint operations and meetings.
(3) Facilitates the timely exchange of information and intelligence between the
national Central Bureaus in the region, other Regional Bureaus, the
INTERPOL General Secretariat and other international organizations.
(4) Collects, collates and analyses information from the region and disseminates
intelligence to the police forces/services in the region.
Countries served by the Regional Bureau
(1) Angola
(2) Botswana
(3) Lesotho
(4) Madagascar
(5) Malawi
(6) Mauritius
(7) Mozambique
(8) Namibia
(9) South Africa
(10) Swaziland
(11) Zambia
(12) Zimbabwe

D. Nairobi Regional

Bureaus Mission and vision

To be INTERPOL's regionally focused
representative in support of all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is
preventing, detecting and fighting international
crimes. Our aim is to bring INTERPOL support
closer to our regional INTERPOL members and help
to increase their law enforcement contributions to
the global effort against transnational
crime.

Objectives of RB Nairobi
(1) Represent the INTERPOL General Secretariat in the region;
(2) Harmonize, promote and co-ordinate INTERPOL General Secretariat activities
in the region;
(3) Harmonize, promote, strengthen and perpetuate co-operation and joint
strategies for the management of all forms of cross-border and related
crimes with regional implications;
(4) Prepare and disseminate relevant information on criminal activities and
mutual assistance to the region’s member countries, to examine the training
needs of member police forces;
(5) Identify training potential within the region for the benefit of member police
forces;
(6) Co-ordinate training programmes;
(7) Monitor the implementation of, and consider for adoption, all resolutions
made by EAPCCO;
(8) Harmonize legal provisions of the member states relating to extradition and
legal mutual assistance;
(9) Constitute such organs and draft legal instruments;
(10) Carry out any such relevant and appropriate acts and strategies for
purposes of promoting regional police co-operation and collaboration as
regional circumstances dictate.
 Activities of RB Nairobi
RB Nairobi is actively involved in addressing member countries' needs through
the activities of the following priority crime desks:
(1) Terrorism
(2) Cattle rustling in the Eastern Africa Region
(3) Environmental crime
(4) Maritime piracy off the Somali coast
(5) Trafficking in human beings and illegal migration
(6) Trafficking of narcotics
(7) Financial and hi-tech crime
(8) Trafficking of firearms
(9) Fugitives tracking

EAPCCO Related activities

RB Nairobi, as the permanent
Secretariat of the East African Police
Chiefs
Committee, carries out activities for the
regional police body in the following areas:
a. Conferences and meetings: Initiates,
co-ordinates and organizes
the ordinary and extraordinary meetings of the Ministers
responsible for police matters, police chiefs, operational police units, task
forces and working groups on crime matters.
b. Training: Initiates, co-ordinates and facilitates all the training activities to
meet the member countries' needs in co-ordination with the INTERPOL
General Secretariat and the EAPCCO Training Sub-committee.
c. Legal Matters: Addresses legal matters in relation to police co-operation in
the region in co-ordination with the EAPCCO legal Sub-committee.

Countries served by the Regional Bureau are

(1) Burundi
(2) Djibouti
(3) Eritrea
(4) Ethiopia
(5) Kenya
(6) Rwanda
(7) Seychelles
(8) Somalia
(9) Sudan
(10) Tanzania
(11) Uganda
(12) Comoros (is not an EAPCCO member)

E. San Salvador Regional

bureau Aims
To be a model Regional Bureau (RB) for the
INTERPOL General Secretariat in terms of
providing an efficient response for co-operation and
co-ordination with law enforcement authorities in fighting crime in the Central
American region.

Visions
The INTERPOL San Salvador Regional Bureau works with law enforcement
bodies to provide a unique range of essential services in order to bring the
international fight against crime to the highest level and bring a climate of security
to Central America.

Philosophy
The Regional Bureau aims to:
(1) Ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all
criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different
countries of the Central American region and in the spirit of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights;
(2) Establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute to the fight against
regional crime.

Values of the Regional Bureau

(1) Respect for human rights
(2) Integrity
(3) Commitment to quality
(4) Availability
(5) Team spirit
(6) Co-operation
(7) Responsibility

The RB's main working relationship is with the Commission of Chiefs and
Directors of Police in Central America,
Mexico and the Caribbean
(CJPCAMC), for which the Bureau has served
as the Technical Secretariat since
2009. This was made possible when the
Secretary General of INTERPOL, Mr
Ronald Noble, visited Nicaragua in April
2009 to sign the agreement between
the two organizations.
The member countries of the
CJPCAMC are Belize, Costa Rica,
Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Panama and Puerto Rico.

Countries served by the Regional Bureau

(1) Belice
(2) Costa Rica
(3) El Salvador
(4) Guatemala
(5) Honduras
(6) Nicaragua
(7) Panama

F. Liaison office Bangkok (LOBANG)

Mission
The mission of the
INTERPOL Liaison Office in Bangkok
(LOBANG) is to facilitate, enhance and add value to
international law enforcement co-operation in the
Asia and South Pacific region. is done in close
This partnership with all the Central Bureaus
National (NCBs) in the region, as the INTERPOL
well as General Secretariat, in the Asia and South
particular, Pacific (ASP) sub-
directorate.

Objective
Our key objectives are:
(1) To work closely with member countries and relevant international
organizations to identify prevailing, as well as emerging, transnational crime
issues and threats in the Asia and South Pacific region, and to proactively
initiate cross-border projects and/ or operations with relevant member
countries and international organizations to mitigate these issues and threats;
(2) To facilitate and promote, in close liaison and co-operation with colleagues in
the INTERPOL General Secretariat, the sharing of criminal information
amongst member countries in the Asia and South Pacific region; and
(3) To provide support to member countries in the Asia and South Pacific region
during major events, crises or disasters under the aegis of an INTERPOL
Major Event Support Team (IMEST) or Incident Response Team (IRT).

Activities
Our activities centre around the following crime areas:
(1) Organized crime, with focus on Asian organized crime and stolen
motor vehicles;
(2) Trafficking in human beings, with focus on crimes against children;
(3) Terrorism;
(4) Financial and high tech crime; with focus on cybercrime;
(5) Drugs;
(6) Wildlife crime; and
(7) Intellectual property crime, with focus on counterfeit medicines.

These activities are driven by project groups

who share information and facilitate communication
among member countries in the region, as well as
plan and execute transnational operations within the
region.
Engaging regional police organizations is also an
important part of our workplan. We work actively
with ASEANAPOL, particularly since the signing in
2007 of a Co-operation Agreement to create an
INTERPOL – ASEANAPOL Database Project. This will
allow the sharing of criminal data between the
Electronic ASEANAPOL Database System (e-ADS) and INTERPOL systems on a
business-to-business basis. In short, ASEANAPOL e-ADS users will be able to
contribute criminal information to INTERPOL and perform screening against
INTERPOL databases within the e-ADS environment.
Countries served by the Liaison Office
(1) Brunei Darussalam
(2) Cambodia
(3) China
(4) Hong Kong (China)
(5) Indonesia
(6) Laos
(7) Macao (China)
(8) Malaysia
(9) Myanmar
(10) Philippines
(11) Singapore
(12) South Korea
(13) Thailand
(14) Vietnam

The following countries can also be supported by LOBANG:

(1) Australia
(2) Bangladesh
(3) Bhutan
(4) India
(5) Japan
(6) Maldives
(7) Mongolia
(8) Nepal
(9) Pacific islands
(10) Papua New Guinea
(11) Sri Lanka

G. Yaoundé Regional Bureau

INTERPOL’s Regional Bureau for Central Africa
became operational on 11 May 2009.
The purpose of RB Yaoundé is to:
(1) Represent the INTERPOL General Secretariat
in Central Africa;
(2) Provide support to the INTERPOL National
Central Bureaus (NCBs) in their daily work so as to
strengthen and improve international police
co-operation;
(3) To act as the Secretariat for CAPCCO (The Central Africa Police Chiefs
Co-operation Organization) and support the implementation of resolutions
from regional conferences and CAPCCO meetings.

Aims and activities

The activities of the Bureau will be centred on facilitating police co-operation at a
regional level. This involves:
● Producing regular reports on crime trends in the region;
● Analysing police information;
● Providing training;
● Organizing specialized meetings;
● Supporting police operations.
 These combined activities will strengthen the fight against priority crimes in the
region, which have been identified as fraud of all types, maritime piracy, trafficking
in human beings, armed robbery, trafficking of stolen vehicles and drugs.
Countries served by the Regional Bureau
RB Yaoundé serves the following eight
countries:
(1) Cameroon
(2) Chad
(3) Congo
(4) Central African Republic
(5) Democratic Republic of Congo
(6) Equatorial Guinea
(7) Gabon
(8) Sao Tome and Principe

IX. International partners

Transnational crime cannot be tackled
in isolation; its reach is wider than traditional
law enforcement. Partnerships with other organizations and the private and public
sectors are essential to tackle challenges in common areas.

A stronger voice on the international stage

At INTERPOL, we work with partners across the globe to share skills and
knowledge and to establish a clear basis for joint activities and operations.
We have solidly strengthened our presence on the international stage to
support our aims. We have built more partnerships and developed joint initiatives.
From customs to copyright, more than 60 cooperation agreements with other
international organizations are in force today.

United Nations
Our collaboration with the United Nations, already
formalized in 1996 by a cooperation agreement that
includes observer status at respective general assemblies,
was further boosted by the opening of an INTERPOL special
liaison office at the UN in New York in 2004.
This facilitated the creation of the INTERPOL-United
Nations Security Council Special Notice for individuals and entities subject to UN
counter-terrorism sanctions, and led to a landmark ministerial meeting in 2009 on
the role of police in UN peacekeeping missions.

European Union
To strengthen our relationship with the European Union,
a special liaison office in Brussels was opened in 2009, and
our collaboration with Europol is strengthened
continually through an exchange of officers.
Generous funding from the EU has enabled us to
implement many projects, such as the expansion of access
to our secure global police communications system (I-24/7) at remote sites
throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States.

G8 and WHO
 The Group of Eight (forum for the governments of eight of the world's
largest economies) has provided important backing for our initiatives,
including the development of the International Child Sexual Exploitation
image database, while we have collaborated successfully with the World
Health Organization, in particular in leading the enforcement arm of their
International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce (IMPACT).

Note: G8 - The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought
together representatives of six governments: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six
or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 the following year
with the addition of Canada. In 1997, Russia was added to group which then
became known as the G8. The European Union is represented within the G8 but
cannot host or chair summits.

Private sector
Additionally, we have forged partnerships with the private sector in areas such as
currency and document security. We are working with private companies on the
INTERPOL Travel Document initiative which aims to facilitate the international travel
of officials on INTERPOL business by waiving visa requirements.

X. Interpol
expertise
Forensics
Forensic expertise and the exchange of forensic data is vital to international
investigations.
At INTERPOL, we maintain databases of fingerprints and DNA profiles,
allowing police across the world to make connections between crimes and crime
scenes. We also provide training to police in our member countries, to ensure that
frontline officers have the knowledge and skills necessary to assess, preserve and
share evidence in line with best practices.

Three main areas of forensic expertise are:

● Fingerprints
● DNA
● DVI

Fingerprints

Fingerprint evidence plays a crucial role in criminal investigations. Since a

person’s fingerprints are unique and do not change during the course of their life,
they can be used to quickly and efficiently confirm or disprove a person’s identity, for
example, in checking a suspect at a border crossing.
In addition, finger marks can be
collected at a crime scene and have the
potential to link a series of crimes together, or
to place a suspect at the scene. Fingerprints
play an equally important role in identifying
victims following a disaster such as a cyclone,
earthquake, bombing or other attack.

INTERPOL's fingerprints database

 At INTERPOL, we manage a database of fingerprints, containing more than
151,000 fingerprint records and more than 5,000 crime scene marks.
Authorized users in member countries can view, submit and cross-check
records using I-24/7, INTERPOL’s secure global police communications network, via
a user-friendly automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS).
Law enforcement officers can take fingerprints using an electronic device or
can take them manually using ink and paper then use a special scanner to save the
data electronically in the appropriate format. They then submit the data to the
INTERPOL General Secretariat to be uploaded to the database. Records are saved
and exchanged in the format set by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST).
We actively encourage member countries to use the database as extensively
as possible, and increase the number of relevant fingerprints in the system.
In 2011, we made around 1,800 identifications as a result of increased data
sharing and comparison by member countries.

Innovation
Interpol implemented in 2010 a new AFIS which is capable of searching and
filing palm prints and latent palm marks. Automated ten-print verification has been
introduced, along with a high-volume search facility that allows more than 1,000
comparisons per day against the INTERPOL fingerprint database.

Sharing best practice

An International Fingerprint Symposium takes place every two years.
Attended by the Heads of National Fingerprint Bureaus, INTERPOL representatives
and private companies, it provides an opportunity for experts from around the world
to share best practice and latest developments.
In addition to the Symposium, INTERPOL organizes an AFIS experts’ working
group. This takes place twice a year and is a forum for discussing new technology,
identification procedures and training needs, and for ensuring that INTERPOL’s
systems comply with the necessary standards.
The group has agreed the INTERPOL Implementation of ANSI/NIST-ITL
1-2007: access version 5.03 here (dated 7 April 2011).

International Symposium on Fingerprints

Every two years INTERPOL organizes an International Symposium on
Fingerprints. The three-day event is attended by delegates from all INTERPOL
regions while leading AFIS vendors are also invited to present the latest
developments in AFIS technology.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules

contain the information all living cells in the
human body need to function. They also
control the inheritance of characteristics
from parents to offspring.
With the exception of identical twins, each
person’s DNA is unique, which makes DNA
sampling useful for solving crimes, identifying
victims of disasters, and locating missing
persons.
The role of DNA in solving crimes
DNA profiling can play a crucial role in solving crimes, as it has the potential
to link a series of crimes and/or to place a suspect at the scene of a crime. Just as
importantly, DNA can help to prove a suspect’s innocence.
The first step in obtaining DNA profiles for comparison is the collection of
samples from crime scenes and reference samples from suspects. Samples are
commonly obtained from blood, hair or body fluids. Advances in DNA technology
enable samples to be obtained from decreasingly smaller traces of DNA found at
crime scenes.
Using forensic science methods, the sample is analysed, resulting in a DNA
profile that can be compared against other DNA profiles within a database. This
creates the opportunity for ‘hits’ – person-to-scene, scene-to-scene or
person-to-person matches – where no previous connection was known.

INTERPOL’s DNA database

Police in member countries can submit a DNA profile from offenders, crime
scenes, missing persons and unidentified bodies to INTERPOL’s automated DNA
database.
Known as the DNA Gateway, the database was initiated in 2002 with a single
DNA profile but, by the end of 2011, it contained more than 117,000 DNA profiles
contributed by 61 member countries.
Participating countries actively use the DNA Gateway as a tool in their
criminal investigations, and it regularly detects potential links between DNA profiles
submitted by member countries. Searches of the database by member countries led
to 54 international hits during 2010.
Member countries can access the database via the organization’s I-24/7
global police communications system and, upon request, access can be extended
beyond the member countries’ National Central Bureaus to forensic centres and
laboratories.

Data protection
INTERPOL serves only as the conduit for the sharing and comparison of
information. We do not keep any nominal data linking a DNA profile to any
individual. A DNA profile is simply a list of numbers based on the pattern of an
individual’s DNA, producing a numerical code which can be used to differentiate
individuals.
This profile does not contain information about a person’s physical or
psychological characteristics, diseases or predisposition for diseases. Member
countries that use the DNA Gateway retain ownership of their profile data and
control its submission, access by other countries and destruction in accordance with
their national laws.
Promoting standards, ethics and best practice
Interpol advocate international technical standards and systems in order to
enhance the opportunities for successful cross-border collaboration. For example:
(1) The DNA Gateway is developed to its internationally recognized standard to
facilitate the electronic transfer of DNA data between INTERPOL and its
member countries.
(2) The Gateway is also compatible with the EU Pruem convention (a 2005
initiative to simplify data exchange in the EU countries), and for selected
 international export of DNA profiles for countries using CODIS (the
FBI-designed DNA matching software).
(3) The G8 DNA Search Request Network uses INTERPOL’s I-24/7 system and
DNA standards to communicate profiles among G8 countries.
In addition to the DNA Gateway, INTERPOL strongly supports the increased use
of DNA profiling in international police investigations through a variety of other
activities:
(1) The Monitoring Expert Group is a panel of forensic experts and senior
investigators which advises INTERPOL and encourages authorities in member
countries to implement or expand national DNA databases.
(2) A DNA Users’ Conference for investigative officers, held every two years,
examines developments in DNA applications and encourages the widespread
use of best practice and DNA technology in criminal investigations.
(3) Regional and national INTERPOL DNA workshops are organized to encourage
and facilitate international DNA exchange through the INTERPOL DNA
Gateway.

Disaster Victim Identification (DVI)

The process of identifying victims of major disasters such as terrorist attacks
or earthquakes is rarely possible by visual recognition.
Comparison of fingerprints, dental records or DNA samples with ones stored
in databases or taken from victims’ personal effects are often required to obtain a
conclusive identification.
As people are travelling more and more, there is also a high probability that a
disaster will result in the deaths of nationals from many different countries.

International coordination
When a major disaster occurs, one
country alone may not have sufficient resources
to deal with mass casualties. In some cases, the
incident may have damaged or destroyed the
country’s existing emergency-response
infrastructure, making the task of victim
identification even more difficult.
A coordinated effort by the international
community can significantly speed up the victim recovery and identification process,
enabling victims’ families to begin the healing process and societies to rebuild, and,
in the event of a terrorism incident, assisting investigators to identify possible
attackers.

A range of support
Member countries can call on INTERPOL for assistance in disaster victim
identification (DVI) immediately in the aftermath of a disaster. The services offered
by INTERPOL include:
(1) A downloadable DVI guide;
(2) Assistance from the Command and Coordination Centre at the INTERPOL
General Secretariat in Lyon, France, to send messages between National
Central Bureaus 24 hours a day in Arabic, English, French or Spanish;
(3) An Incident Response Team to provide further assistance upon request, such
as on-site investigative support or connection to INTERPOL’s databases.
Multi-dimensional approach
INTERPOL's DVI activities are supported by a Steering Group and a Standing
Committee on Disaster Victim Identification, both of which are made up of forensic
and police experts. The Steering Group formulates INTERPOL DVI policy and
strategic planning while the Standing Committee meets regularly to discuss
improvements to procedures and standards in DVI matters. Policies and guidelines
have been produced in the following areas and are backed up by training
programmes:
(1) Victim care and family support;
(2) Occupational care for DVI teams;
(3) Compliance with international standards and forensic quality assurance
controls;
(4) Information-sharing and exchange;
(5) Operational assistance to countries which lack DVI capacity.

Intelligence analysis
Criminal intelligence analysis (also referred to as "crime analysis") is a
recognized law enforcement support tool.
In recent years, analysis techniques have become increasingly used by police
forces, international organizations and the private sector.
INTERPOL's definition of criminal intelligence analysis is as follows:
"The identification of and provision of insight into the relationship between
crime data and other potentially relevant data with a view to police and judicial
practice."

The central tasks of analysis are to:

(1) Help officials – law enforcers, policy makers, and decision makers – deal
more effectively with uncertainty;
(2) Provide timely warning of threats;
(3) Support operational activity by analysing crime.

Operational and strategic analysis

Criminal intelligence analysis is divided into operational (or tactical) and
strategic analysis. The basic skills required are similar, and the difference lies in the
level of detail and the type of client for whom the products are produced.
Operational analysis aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome.
This might be arrests, seizure or forfeiture of assets or money gained from criminal
activities, or the disruption of a criminal group. Operational analysis usually has an
immediate benefit.
Strategic analysis is intended to inform higher level decision making and the
benefits are realized over the longer term. It is usually aimed at managers and
policy-makers rather than individual investigators. The intention is to provide early
warning of threats and to support senior decision-makers in setting priorities to
prepare their organizations to be able to deal with emerging criminal issues. This
might mean allocating resources to different areas of crime, increased training in a
crime fighting technique, or taking steps to close a loophole in a process.
At INTERPOL, our criminal analysts provide both operational and strategic
analytical support – to units focusing on specialized crime areas, and to our
member countries – as well as providing training and consultancy in analytical
matters.
 RAID Database
The Real-time Analytical Intelligence Database (RAID) application is an analytical
database created by the US National Drug Intelligence Center which we are
authorized to install for member countries free of charge.
In conjunction with its deployment, we offer training to assist users in
cataloguing and analysing information collected from seized evidence or other
intelligence sources, and to organize and share case information of criminal
investigations.

XI. Crime Areas

INTERPOL'S SIX PRIORITY CRIME AREAS

Drugs and Public safety and
criminal terrorism
organizations Countering
Tackling the terrorism, which
growing problem threatens public
of drug abuse and safety and world
trafficking, often security.
linked to other
crimes.
Financial and Trafficking in
High-tech Crime human beings
Combating Fighting abuse and
counterfeiting, exploitation of
payment card people, which
fraud, intellectual breach human
property and rights and destroy
cyber-crime. lives.
Fugitives Corruption
Tracing fugitives, 'Working together
who threaten towards a
public safety and corruption-free
undermine criminal world by promoting
justice systems. and defending
integrity, justice
and the rule of
law.’

1. DRUGS AND CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS

● The drug trade involves growers, producers,
couriers, suppliers, dealers and users and
affects people in almost all of INTERPOL’s 188
member countries.
● INTERPOL’s criminal intelligence officers
focus on the most commonly used and
trafficked narcotic drugs – cocaine, heroin,
 cannabis, and synthetic drugs – as well as precursor chemicals and doping
substances.
● INTERPOL’s primary drug-control role is to identify new drug trafficking trends
and criminal organizations operating at the international level and to assist all
national and international law enforcement bodies concerned with countering the
illicit production, trafficking and abuse of drugs by:
a. Collecting and analyzing data obtained from member countries for
strategic and tactical intelligence reports and disseminating these reports
to the concerned countries;
b. Responding to and supporting international drug investigations;
c. Helping to coordinate drug investigations involving at least two member
countries;
d. Organizing operational working meetings between member countries
where INTERPOL has identified common links in cases being investigated
in these countries;
e. Organizing regional or global conferences on specific drug topics, the
aims of which are to assess the extent of the drug problem, exchange
information on the latest investigative techniques and strengthen
cooperation within the law enforcement community.
● INTERPOL maintains close liaison with national law enforcement agencies and
with non-governmental organizations (NGO) that have a counterdrug mandate.
This constant communication is crucial to fulfilling INTERPOL’s mission to aid the
international community in curbing illicit drug trafficking and sales.

2. FINANCIAL AND HIGH-TECH CRIME

● Financial crime, also often referred to as
white-collar crime, covers a wide range
of criminal offences which are generally
international in nature.
● Closely connected to cybercrime, financial
crimes are often committed via the
Internet and have a major impact on the international banking and financial
sectors – both official and alternative.
● Financial crimes affect private individuals, companies, organizations and even
nations, and have a negative impact on the entire economic and social system
through the considerable loss of money incurred.

Financial and High-tech Crimes – Currency counterfeiting, money laundering,

intellectual property crime, payment card fraud, computer virus attacks and
cyber-terrorism, for example – can affect all levels of society.
Currency counterfeiting and money laundering have the potential to
destabilize national economies and threaten global security, as these activities are
sometimes used by terrorists and other dangerous criminals to finance their activities
or conceal their profits.
Intellectual Property Crime is a serious financial concern for car
manufacturers, luxury goods makers, media firms and drug companies. Most
alarmingly, counterfeiting endangers public health, especially in developing
countries, where the World Health Organization estimates more than 60 per cent of
pharmaceuticals are fake.
‘Spam’ is becoming more than just a nuisance for Internet users, as
criminals are using it in increasingly sophisticated ways to defraud consumers,
cripple computer systems and release viruses. In 2000, the so-called ‘Love
Bug’ virus,
which affected millions of computers around the world within hours, exposed the
vulnerability of corporate and government networks to such attacks. New
technologies open up many possibilities for criminals to carry out traditional financial
crimes in new ways. One notable example is ‘phishing’, whereby a criminal attempts
to acquire through e-mail or instant messaging sensitive information such as
passwords or credit card details by pretending to be a legitimate business
representative. With this information, the criminal can commit fraud and even money
laundering.
INTERPOL has stepped up its efforts in this area, working with stakeholders
such as pharmaceutical makers, Internet service providers, software companies,
central banks and other relevant bodies to devise solutions to thwart criminals and
protect consumers.
INTERPOL’s chief initiatives in the area of financial and high-tech crime focus
on:
1. Payment cards - Payment card fraud is a generic term used to describe a range
of offences involving theft and the fraudulent use of payment card account data.
Frequent types of payment card fraud include:
□ Application fraud – a type of ID theft crime in which payment cards are
obtained through a fraudulent application process using stolen or counterfeit
documents.
□ Account takeover – another type of ID theft crime, this usually involves
deception of a financial institution, re-issue of a payment card and its
redirection to a different address.
□ Lost / stolen card – as the name suggests, this type of fraud involves
misuse of actual cards that are either lost or stolen from the genuine
cardholder.
□ Counterfeit card – this is fraud undertaken using plastic cards that have
been specifically produced or existing cards that have been altered. These
cards are encoded with illegally obtained payment card account data in order
to pay for goods and services or to withdraw cash.
□ Card not present (CNP) – this type of fraud is committed using payment
card account data to undertake transactions where there is no face-to-face
contact between the seller and purchaser. Typically, this type of fraud is
committed by Internet, mail order or telephone. CNP fraud is currently the
fastest growing payment card related type of fraud in many areas of the
world.
2. Money laundering – INTERPOL's definition of money laundering is: "any act or
attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so
that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources".
Illegally obtained funds are laundered and moved around the globe using and
abusing shell companies, intermediaries and money transmitters. In this way, the
illegal funds remain hidden and are integrated into legal business and into the
legal economy.
At INTERPOL, we work to combat money laundering through the global
exchange of data, supporting operations in the field, and bringing together
experts from the variety of sectors concerned. We work closely with other
international organizations to foster international awareness of the importance of
using financial investigative techniques against organized criminal activities and
to avoid duplication of effort.
3. Currency counterfeiting – The crime of counterfeiting currency is as old as
the creation of money itself. Recent developments in photographic, computer
and
 printing technologies, along with the availability of low-cost equipment, have
made the production of counterfeit money relatively easy.
Criminals often use stolen or fake identity documents in order to carry out
financial crimes. We are leading an international, cross-sector partnership to improve
the level of security of official documents.
4. Financial fraud – Different types of fraud include confidence tricks, lottery
fraud and advance-fee fraud (including so-called Nigerian Letters or 419 Fraud),
as well as insurance fraud, tax avoidance, offshore investment scams, marriage
fraud, pyramid schemes and payment card fraud.
These crimes often have an international dimension and are committed
through a variety of media, for instance by the Internet, telephone, fax and post.
Sophisticated social engineering techniques are carried out on the Internet
to trick people into revealing personal data, banking details and passwords. One
of these techniques is “phishing”, in which fraudsters create fake
communications – such as emails, instant messages and pop up windows – that
may appear to come from a legitimate source.
5. New technologies
6. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Programme

3. FUGITIVES

□ Fugitives pose a serious threat to public

safety worldwide. They are mobile (often
travelling between countries on stolen
or fraudulent travel documents), and
opportunistic, frequently financing their continued flight from the law through
further criminal activities.
□ Fugitives also undermine the world’s criminal justice systems. They may have
been charged with a violation of the law but not been arrested. They may have
been released on bail and then fled to avoid prosecution or perhaps they have
escaped from prison. When fugitives flee, cases are not adjudicated, convicted
criminals fail to meet their obligations, and crime victims are denied justice.
□ INTERPOL’s activities in relation to international fugitives have been part of
its core business since the organization’s creation.
□ INTERPOL circulates internationally, at the request of member countries,
electronic diffusions and notices containing identification details and judicial
information about wanted criminals.
□ The INTERPOL Red Notice has been recognized in a number of countries as
having the legal value to serve as a basis for provisional arrest. The persons
concerned are wanted by national jurisdictions or International Criminal
Tribunals, where appropriate, and the Red Notice is intended to help police
identify or locate these individuals with a view to their arrest and extradition.
□ INTERPOL created the Fugitive Investigative Service to offer more proactive
and systematic assistance to member countries by:
● Providing investigative support to member countries in ongoing international
fugitive investigations with a view to locating and arresting wanted persons;
● Co-ordinating and enhancing international co-operation in the field of fugitive
investigations;
● Collecting and disseminating best practice and expert knowledge;
● Conducting and co-ordinating relevant research and serve as a global point of
reference for fugitive-related information.
 Red notices for wanted persons
One of our most powerful tools in tracking international fugitives is the Red
Notice. This seeks the provisional arrest of a wanted person with a view to
extradition and is circulated to police in all our member countries. Red notices
contain identification details and judicial information about the wanted person.

4. PUBLIC SAFETY AND TERRORISM

□ Terrorism poses a grave threat to individuals’ lives and national security around
the world. INTERPOL has therefore made available various resources to support
member countries in their efforts to protect their citizens from terrorism,
including bio-terrorism; firearms and explosives; attacks against civil aviation;
maritime piracy; and weapons of mass destruction.
□ INTERPOL collects stores, analyses and
exchanges information about suspected
individuals and groups and their activities.
The organization also co-ordinates the
circulation of alerts and warnings on
terrorists, dangerous criminals and
weapons threats to police in
member countries.
□ A chief initiative in this area is the Fusion
Task Force, which was created in the aftermath of the 11 September attacks in
the United States.
□ In order to help member countries report terrorist activity, INTERPOL has issued
practical guidelines on the type of information required. Member countries are
also encouraged to report on other crimes which may be linked to terrorism,
such as suspicious financial transactions, weapons trafficking, money laundering,
falsified travel and identity documents, and seizures of nuclear, chemical and
biological materials.
□ The growing possibility of terrorists launching attacks with biological or chemical
weapons is a particularly urgent concern. A dedicated bio-terrorism unit at the
General Secretariat works to implement various projects with the close
co-operation of INTERPOL National Central.
□ INTERPOL run a number of initiatives to support member countries in their efforts to
protect their citizens from terrorism in its many forms.

CBRNe terrorism
The umbrella term 'CBRNe' refers to terrorist incidents carried out with
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives materials. Clearly, an attack
of this nature would constitute a major threat to public safety and security, both
nationally and internationally.

Counter-terrorism tools
Interpol also circulates alerts and warnings on terrorists, dangerous criminals
and weapons threats to police in member countries. These alerts are known as
Orange Notices.
Additionally, the INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notice is used to
alert member countries to individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida and the
Taliban, as listed by the 1267 Committee of the UN Security Council, and to help
countries implement the freezing of assets, travel bans and arms embargoes.
 In the event of a terrorist attack, member countries may request the
assistance of an INTERPOL Incident Response Team (IRT). Experts can be quickly
deployed to the site of the incident to provide a range of investigative and analytical
support services, in coordination with the General Secretariat.

5. TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS

□ "Trafficking in persons shall mean
the recruitment,
transportation,
transfer, harbouring or receipt of
persons, by means of the threat or use
of force (…), for the purpose of
exploitation." (Protocol to the
UN Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime, Palermo 2000
□ Estimates have placed human trafficking
and illicit migration as a USD 28 billion
enterprise, steadily catching up with drug and arms trafficking.
□ Trafficking in human beings (THB) is a crime that amounts to modern slavery
and is a complex issue, requiring a multitude of strategies at a range of levels to
reduce the problem.

FIVE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEING

1. Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation

● This is a multi-billion-dollar business which involves citizens of most countries

and helps sustain organized crime. A violation of human rights, trafficking in
women destroys the lives of its victims.
● Human trafficking is distinct from people smuggling in that it involves the
exploitation of the migrant, often for purposes of forced labour and
prostitution.
● This prevalent form of trafficking affects every region in the world, either as a
source, transit or destination country. Women and children from developing
countries, and from vulnerable parts of society in developed countries, are
lured by promises of decent employment into leaving their homes and
travelling to what they consider will be a better life. Victims are often
provided with false travel documents and an organized network is used to
transport them to the destination country, where they find themselves forced
into sexual slavery and held in inhumane conditions and constant fear.

2. People smuggling
● Implies the procurement, for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry
into a state of which that person is neither a citizen nor a permanent
resident. Criminal networks which smuggle and traffic in human beings for
financial gain increasingly control the flow of migrants across borders.
● A broad distinction can be made between people smuggling and human
trafficking. In general, the individuals who pay a smuggler in order to gain
illegal entry to a country do so voluntarily whereas the victims of human
trafficking are often duped or forced into entering another country.
● In principle, the relationship between smuggler and migrant ends once the
individual arrives in the new country. However, there is evidence that people
 smugglers continue to exploit illegal migrants, through threats and demands
for additional fees.

3. Child sexual exploitation

● Exploitation of children on the Internet ranges from posed photos to visual
recordings of brutal sexual crimes. One of INTERPOL’s main tools for helping
police fight this type of crime is the International Child Sexual
Exploitation Image database (ICSE DB). Containing hundreds of
thousands of images of child sexual abuse submitted by member countries,
the ICSE DB facilitates the sharing of images and information thereby
assisting law enforcement agencies with the identification of new victims.
● This crime type has been apparent in Asia for many years and has now taken
hold in Africa as well as Central and South America. The phenomenon is
promoted by the growth of inexpensive air travel and the relatively low risk of
prohibition and prosecution in these destinations for engaging in sexual
relations with minors

4. Trafficking for forced labour/servitude

● Victims of this equally widespread form of trafficking come primarily from
developing countries. They are recruited and trafficked using deception and
coercion and find themselves held in conditions of slavery in a variety of jobs.
● Men, women and children are engaged in agricultural and construction work,
domestic servitude and other labour-intensive jobs.
5. Trafficking in organs
● Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of using their organs, in
particular kidneys is a rapidly growing field of criminal activity. In many
countries waiting lists for transplants are very long, and criminals have seized
this opportunity to exploit the desperation of patients and potential donors.
● Victims are often misinformed about the medical aspects of the organ
removal and deceived about the sums they will receive. Their health, even
life, is at risk as operations may be carried out in clandestine conditions with
no medical follow-up.
● The health of victims, even their lives, is at risk as operations may be carried
out in clandestine conditions with no medical follow-up. An ageing population
and increased incidence of diabetes in many developed countries is likely to
increase the requirement for organ transplants and make this crime even
more lucrative.

INTERPOL's response
Trafficking in human beings is a crime under international law and many
national and regional legal systems. Given the complexities of the issue, a multitude
of strategies are necessary at a range of levels in order to reduce the problem.

FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

⚫ INTERPOL actively seeks to increase and improve international law enforcement
co-operation in order to help combat this global crime.
⚫ The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the
additional Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons are
key platforms in disrupting and dismantling THB, giving guidelines for law
enforcement action.
⚫ The protocol urges an increase in the information exchange between states in
order to determine:
 ● Whether individuals crossing or attempting to cross an international border
with travel documents belonging to other persons or without travel
documents are perpetrators or victims of trafficking in persons;
● The types of travel document that individuals have used or attempted to use
to cross an international border for the purpose of trafficking in persons;
● The means and methods used by organized criminal groups for the purpose
of trafficking in persons, including the recruitment and transportation of
victims, routes and links between and among individuals and groups engaged
in such trafficking, and possible means for detecting them.

6. CORRUPTION
⚫ Corruption affects all regions of the world and all levels of society, but the
impact is greatest in developing countries. Every year, developing countries
lose USD 50 million to 100 million through corrupt acts (World Bank estimate,
2004).
⚫ Corruption undermines political, social and economic stability and damages
trust in institutions and authorities. It also fuels transnational crime.
Terrorists and organized criminals are aided in their illegal activities by the
complicity of corrupt public officials. Corruption is of particular concern for
the world’s police and judicial systems, as corruption in one country can
compromise an entire international investigation.
⚫ There is clear recognition by the international community that further work to
enhance cooperation between law enforcement authorities is needed in order
to coordinate global action against corruption.
⚫ Corruption undermines political, social and economic stability. It threatens
security and damages trust and public confidence in systems which affect
people’s daily lives. Although corruption frequently occurs at local or national
level, its consequences are global; its hidden costs immense.

INTERPOL and corruption

● As the world’s largest international police organization, INTERPOL is taking its
place at the forefront of the fight against corruption. Corruption is one of
INTERPOL’s six priority crime areas.

What INTERPOL does?

At INTERPOL, we are involved in a growing number of projects and
partnerships as we develop our capabilities in the fight against corruption worldwide.
We are focusing increasingly on providing operational support to our member
countries.

Three major projects strategy:

1. International asset recovery: We are developing initiatives to assist law
enforcement bodies in returning stolen public funds to victim countries. The
Global Focal Point Initiative, supported by INTERPOL and StAR, is a key tool
in this area, allowing designated officers around the world to exchange
information and better coordinate their investigations.
2. Corruption Response Teams (CRTs) provide targeted operational support to
countries that request it, through a rapidly deployable team of INTERPOL
experts in order to support on-going corruption-related investigations in the
field.
3. The INTERPOL Group of Experts on Corruption (IGEC) develops and
implements new initiatives to strengthen the law enforcement response in
the
 fight against corruption. A multi-disciplinary group with members from all
regions of the world, it coordinates and harmonizes different national and
regional approaches to corruption.

INTERPOL Group of Experts on Corruption (IGEC)

(1) Aims to develop and implement new initiatives to further law enforcement’s
efficiency in the fight against corruption.
(2) It is a multi-disciplinary group with members from all regions of the world,
coordinating and harmonizing different national and regional approaches.

Integrity in Sport develops and implements global anti-corruption training,

education and prevention programmes with a focus on regular and irregular betting
as well as match-fixing. The objective is to improve key individual’s awareness of the
issues, the strategies used by its perpetrators and the methods to detect and
counteract them.
Partners
We recognize that the complexities of international corruption require a
multi-sector and cross-border response. As such, we work closely with a number of
partners to fight corruption globally. Activities include promoting the exchange of
information, establishing best practices and providing training to officers around the
globe. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) sets out an
international framework invaluable in the fight against corruption and serves as a
guide to many of our initiatives.
International partners include, among others:
● The World Bank;
● United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime;
● US Department of State;
● United Nations Development Programme;
● Basel Institute on Governance.

INTERPOL and the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Database

● INTERPOL, in partnership with the StAR Initiative, is working towards the
recovery and return of stolen assets.
● This project allows INTERPOL to actively engage national law enforcement
bodies in co-ordinated efforts to trace, seize, confiscate and return public funds
to victim countries

Other Crime Areas

1. Crimes against children

Crimes against children tend to be
local crimes with the vast majority taking
place within the home or family circle. There
are, however, a number of areas where there is
an international angle:
Internet crimes: crimes against children are facilitated by the Internet, the
increased use of which in recent years has led to a huge rise in offending. Not only
can offenders distribute and access child abuse material more easily, but they can
also come into direct contact with children – via chatrooms and social networking
sites. We run a project in conjunction with Internet Access Service Providers to
block access to child abuse material online.
Travelling sex offenders: also known as “sex tourism”, this type of crime
involves the abuse of children in developing countries by people who travel there.
The relative wealth of the offender coupled with lack of understanding or effective
legislation means that the abuse of children is easier in these countries. This type of
crime is linked to child trafficking, organized crime and murder.
These types of crimes represent a huge challenge for police worldwide and require
specialized skills and increased resources. At INTERPOL, we encourage investigators
around the world to make maximum use of our tools and services.
Victim identification: we work to identify the victims of child sexual abuse
depicted in photographs and films. This involves a combination of traditional
investigative methods and image analysis. Crucial to this work is the International
Child Sexual Exploitation image database which uses sophisticated image comparison
software to make connections between victims and places.
Yellow Notices: at the request of a member country, INTERPOL can issue a
yellow notice to help locate missing persons, especially minors. These notices are
circulated on an international basis and recorded in INTERPOL's database of missing
and abducted children.
We also provide training and promote best practice to police in our member
countries. We bring together experts in the INTERPOL Specialists Group on Crimes
against Children. Formed in 1992, this group consists of a number of sub-groups
dealing with particular issues and chaired by investigators from around the world.
In addition, we work closely with many other agencies, both governmental
and non - governmental, in this area and are involved in many training programmes
and other projects worldwide. In particular, we work in partnership with
CIRCAMP (the COSPOL Internet Related Child Abuse Material Project) and the
Virtual Global Taskforce.
It is worth noting that we avoid using the term "child pornography" when
describing images of sexual abuse of children. Other, more appropriate
terminology includes the term "child sexual abuse material".

2. Cybercrime
Cybercrime is one of the fastest growing areas of crime. More and more
criminals are exploiting the speed, convenience and anonymity that modern
technologies offer in order to commit a diverse range of criminal activities. These
include attacks against computer data and systems, identity theft, the distribution of
child sexual abuse images, internet auction fraud, the penetration of online financial
services, as well as the deployment of viruses, Botnets, and various email scams
such as phishing.
The global nature of the Internet has
allowed criminals to commit almost any illegal
activity anywhere in the world, making it
essential for all countries to adapt their domestic
offline controls to cover crimes carried out in
cyberspace. The use of the Internet by
terrorists, particularly for recruitment and the
incitement of radicalization, poses a serious
threat to national and international
security.
In addition, the threat of terrorism forces authorities to address security
vulnerabilities related to information technology infrastructure such as power plants,
electrical grids, information systems and the computer systems of government and
major companies.

The changing nature of cybercrime

In the past, cybercrime has been committed by individuals or small groups of
individuals. However, we are now seeing an emerging trend with traditional
organized crime syndicates and criminally minded technology professionals working
together and pooling their resources and expertise.
This approach has been very effective for the criminals involved. In 2007 and
2008 the cost of cybercrime worldwide was estimated at approximately USD 8
billion. As for corporate cyber espionage, cyber criminals have stolen intellectual
property from businesses worldwide worth up to USD 1 trillion.

INTERPOL's role
INTERPOL’s cybercrime programme is built around training and operations
and works to keep up with emerging threats. It aims to:
Promote the exchange of information among member countries through regional
working parties and conferences;
Deliver training courses to build and maintain professional standards;
Coordinate and assist international operations;
Establish a global list of contact officers available around the clock for
cybercrime investigations (the list contained 131 contacts at the end of 2011);
Assist member countries in the event of cyber-attacks or cybercrime
investigations through investigative and database services;
Develop strategic partnerships with other international organizations and
private sector bodies;
Identify emerging threats and share this intelligence with member countries;
Provide a secure web portal for accessing operational information and
documents.

3. Intellectual property crime

and
counterfeiting
At INTERPOL, we are working to
identify, disrupt and dismantle transnational
organized networks behind intellectual
property (IP) crime.
Trademark (counterfeiting)
and copyright (piracy) infringements are
serious IP crimes. They defraud
consumers; threaten the health of patients; cost
society billions of dollars in lost government revenues, foreign investments or
business profits; and violate the rights of trademark, patent, and copyright owners.

Major risks to consumers

Imitation products pose a significant safety threat to consumers worldwide.
For example, unsuspecting members of the public can put not only their
health in jeopardy but also their life when they use counterfeit products, such as
substandard electrical goods or personal care products, or when they travel in
vehicles maintained with counterfeit parts.
Also of concern is the increasing prevalence of fake and substandard food
and drink and the obvious health risks that they pose.
INTERPOL's response
Our activities revolve around three main areas:
● Operations: we support regional and global operations to break up the
networks behind IP crime and to remove dangerous and sub-standard goods
from circulation.
● Training: we deliver clear, consistent and specialized IP crime training
programmes under the umbrella of the International IP Crime Investigators
College (IIPCIC). These enable investigators to effectively combat current
and emerging threats.
● Information exchange: we facilitate the sharing of intelligence on IP crime via
our secure police communications system and specialized Database on
International Intellectual Property (DIIP) Crime. The database helps us to
analyse trends and better target our on-the-ground interventions.
Additionally, we provide a central reference point on transnational organized IP
crime for all INTERPOL member countries and public and private stakeholders. We
work to build partnerships with a wide range of representatives across sectors in
order to facilitate a multidisciplinary response to this complex issue. We currently
partner with more than 40 different industry sectors and a number of cross-industry
associations and representative bodies.
As part of this, we organize and participate in a number of international and
cross-sector events and conferences. We are interested in cooperating with law
enforcement authorities, the public and private sectors in the fight against
transnational organized IP crime. If you represent one of these entities and would
like to have further information about IP crime matters please contact us.

4. Environmental crime
Environmental crime is a serious and
growing international problem, and one
which takes many different forms. Broadly
speaking, wildlife crime is the illegal exploitation of
the world’s wild flora and fauna, while
pollution crime is the trading and disposal of
hazardous wastes or resources
in contravention of
national and international laws.
In addition to these clear and present crimes, new types of environmental crime are
emerging, such as carbon trade and water management crime.

Organized criminal networks

Environmental crime is not restricted by borders, and can affect a nation’s
economy, security and even its existence. A significant proportion of both wildlife
and pollution crime is carried out by organized criminal networks, drawn by the low
risk and high profit nature of these types of crime.
The same routes used to smuggle wildlife across countries and continents are
often used to smuggle weapons, drugs and people. Indeed, environmental crime
often occurs hand in hand with other offences such as passport fraud, corruption,
money laundering and murder.

INTERPOL's response
In today’s global economy there is a need for an international strategy to
deal with this type of crime. As the only organization with a mandate to share and
process criminal information globally, INTERPOL is uniquely qualified to lead these
efforts.
The INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme:
 ● Leads global and regional operations to dismantle the criminal networks
behind environmental crime using intelligence-driven policing;
● Coordinates and develops international law enforcement best practice
manuals, guides and other resources;
● Provides environmental law enforcement agencies with access to our services
by enhancing their links with INTERPOL National Central Bureaus;
● Works with the Environmental Crime Committee to shape the Programme's
strategy and direction.

The INTERPOL Wildlife Crime Working Group and the INTERPOL Pollution Crime
Working Group bring together criminal investigators from around the world to share
information and initiate targeted projects to tackle specific areas of environmental
crime.

5. Firearms (Arm Smuggling)

A threat to the safety of citizens in any country, firearms also pose a wider
threat to security, peace, stability and
development. Firearms are easy to conceal and
transport, and offer lucrative profits to criminals
trafficking in illicit small arms and light weapons.
No country is unaffected by firearms violence.
Each year, firearms are used in more
than 245,000 homicides worldwide
(excluding war-torn countries). This
statistic, however, is only a small percentage of
all crimes committed with firearms, which are widely used to threaten and support
other criminal acts.

Gathering intelligence
To support police officers responsible for investigating firearms-related
crimes, INTERPOL offers three powerful tools which can help member countries
obtain firearms intelligence – using the information on the outside of the firearms
and the data that can be gleaned from inside the weapon – to prevent and solve
crime.

The three tools are:

● The INTERPOL Firearms Tracing System (formerly known as IWeTS)
This international communications tool allows an investigator to request the
ownership history for a firearm from the country of origin or legal import. Tracing
firearms can provide valuable intelligence and generate investigative leads for
the police to solve crimes.
● The INTERPOL Firearms Reference Table (IFRT)
This tool enables investigators to correctly identify a firearm – its make,
model, calibre and serial number – and significantly increase their chances of
identifying its ownership history when submitting a trace request. The IFRT
contains more than 250,000 firearms references, detailed descriptions and
57,000 high quality images.
● The INTERPOL Ballistic Information Network (IBIN)
Every firearm leaves unique microscopic markings on the surface of fired
bullets and cartridges. Just as fingerprint data can link crimes and criminals
across international borders, IBIN can identify links between pairs of spent
bullets and cartridge cases within minutes, thereby helping forensic experts give
 police investigators timely information about crimes, guns and suspects. IBIN is
the first platform for the large-scale international sharing and comparing of
ballistics data.

Providing training
In addition, an online firearms identification course is available to authorized
users via INTERPOL's restricted website. Made up of several modules, this course is
designed to give users an understanding of the composition, assembly, function and
identification of all types of firearms: knowledge that is fundamental to any
investigation involving firearms.

Centralizing data
No single global repository of information for lost and stolen firearms exists
today. Recognizing the value of such a system, and the need to share critical law
enforcement information quickly and reliably, we are creating a global database
accessible by member countries for lost, stolen, smuggled or trafficked firearms. It is
known as the INTERPOL Illicit Arms

Records and tracing Management System (iARMS)

Authorized users will be able to query the iARMS system and instantly
determine whether the firearm they seized has been reported to INTERPOL by
another member country.
The iARMS project has been funded by the European Union and will be
completed in December 2012.

Issuing warnings
The Orange Notice is a tool used to warn police, public entities and other
international organizations about potential threats posed by disguised firearms,
weapons, parcel bombs, other dangerous materials, and when dangerous criminals
have escaped police custody.
The Orange Notice provides a warning about weapons when there is reason
to believe that it will help law enforcement and security officials identify a threat
they may not detect under normal circumstances.
Additionally, an Orange Notice may be used to provide law enforcement and security
officials with critical information about radiological, chemical and biological threats.

6. Maritime piracy
In recent years, there has been a
significant increase in the number of attacks
on vessels by pirates, in particular in the Gulf
of Aden, Somali Basin and the Indian Ocean.
Vast areas of waters are affected making it a
challenge to prevent maritime piracy
incidents.
Maritime piracy affects
major shipping lanes, and puts at risk the lives of seafarers
and merchant seamen from all over the world, of whom hundreds are taken captive
each year.
Millions of dollars in ransom payments are paid to pirates. It is believed that
these payments are divided between the pirates, their leaders and those who finance
them. Intelligence indicates that part of the money is reinvested abroad through
Somali emigrants.
Tracing the financial flows of ransom money is one of the main challenges faced by
law enforcement agencies.

INTERPOL's response
The INTERPOL Maritime Piracy Task Force focuses on three main areas to
counter maritime piracy, working closely with the international community:

Improving evidence collection

The maritime environment poses unique difficulties for collecting evidence.
We provide advice, training and equipment to our member countries worldwide in
order to improve the quality and quantity of data collected, and to make sure it is
properly preserved and analysed.
With the creation of a Global Database on Maritime Piracy currently in
progress, INTERPOL will be soon in the position to better analyse piracy networks.
This will enable us to help our member countries identify and arrest high-value
individuals involved in Somali maritime piracy – such as piracy leaders and financiers
– and to identify their assets.

Facilitating data exchange

A single piracy case will often affect several different nations. Vessels may be
flagged, owned and operated by different countries and manned by multinational
crews. The pirates, the navy which captures them and the nation willing to
investigate and prosecute the case are also likely to be diverse. This makes it crucial
to share information between military, law enforcement and judicial bodies in
multiple countries.
Our secure global police communications system, known as I-24/7, and our system
of Notices are key to the sharing of data and the detention of suspected pirates.

Building regional capabilities

The majority of prosecutions for maritime piracy are conducted in African or
Asian countries. We are working to develop the capabilities of police investigation
units on a regional level. By providing specialized training and equipment prior to
trial we can increase the likelihood of successful prosecutions in the future.

Working in partnership
Due to the extent and nature of maritime piracy, international and cross-sector
partnerships are vital in order to prevent, investigate and prosecute these crimes.
We work with the following international organizations.
(1) United Nations;
(2) International Maritime Organization;
(3) Baltic and International Maritime Council;
(4) European Union;
(5) Europol;
(6) Eurojust;
(7) African Union.

7. Organized crime
Definitions of what constitutes organized crime vary widely from country to
country. Organized networks are typically
involved
in many different types of criminal activity
spanning several countries.
 These activities may include trafficking in humans, weapons and drugs,
armed robbery, counterfeiting and money laundering. Indeed, almost all the crimes
areas that we tackle at INTERPOL have an organized aspect.
In this section we focus on three projects that were set up in response to very
particular types of criminal network, each of which comes with its unique set of
challenges.
(1) Pink Panthers – armed jewellery robberies
(2) AOC – Asian organized crime
(3) Millennium – Eurasian criminal organizations
These projects facilitate cooperation among our member countries and stimulate
the exchange of information between all national and international enforcement
bodies concerned with countering these problems.

Aims within these projects are to:

(1) Provide professional and technical expertise;
(2) Collect, analyse and disseminate relevant police data;
(3) Coordinate international investigations;
(4) Identify, establish and maintain contact with experts in the field;
(5) Publish manuals, handbooks and reports for investigators.
Additionally, it pursue strategic partnerships with other international
organizations and institutions active in specific crime areas, and carry out joint
projects on an international level.

8. Pharmaceutical crime
A major threat to public health
We are seeing a significant increase in the manufacture, trade and distribution of
counterfeit, stolen and illicit medicines and medical devices. Patients across the
world put their health, even life, at risk by unknowingly consuming fake drugs or
genuine drugs that have been doctored, badly stored or that have expired.
Illicit drugs can contain the wrong dose of active ingredient, or none at all, or
a different ingredient. They are associated with a number of dangers and, at worst,
can result in heart attack, coma or death.

The fight against counterfeit

medicines is crucial in order to ensure the quality
of products in circulation and to protect
public health on a
global scale.
The increasing prevalence of
counterfeit and illicit goods has been
compounded by the rise in Internet trade,
where they can be bought easily, cheaply and without a prescription. It is impossible
to quantify the extent of the problem, but in some areas of Asia, Africa and Latin
America counterfeit medical goods can form up to 30% of the market.

The problem of organized crime

Organized criminal networks are attracted by the huge profits to be made
through pharmaceutical crime. They operate across national borders in activities that
include the import, export, manufacture and distribution of counterfeit and illicit
medicines. Coordinated and cross-sector action on an international level is therefore
vital in order to identify, investigate and prosecute the criminals behind these crimes.
 INTERPOL's response
At INTERPOL, we are tackling this major problem in three main ways:
● Coordinating operations in the field to disrupt transnational
criminal networks;
● Delivering training in order to build the skills and knowledge of all those
agencies involved in the fight against pharmaceutical crime;
● Building partnerships across a variety of sectors.

● Vehicle crime
Vehicle crime is a highly organized criminal activity
affecting all regions of the whole world and with
clear links to organized crime and terrorism.
Vehicles are not only stolen for their own sake, but
are also trafficked to finance other crimes. They can
also be used as bomb carriers or in the perpetration
of other crimes.

Stolen Motor Vehicle Database

The INTERPOL Stolen Motor Vehicle (SMV)
database is a vital tool in the fight against international vehicle theft and trafficking.
It allows police in our member countries to run a check against a suspicious
vehicle and find out instantly whether it has been reported as stolen. An
international database of this nature is crucial as vehicles are often trafficked across
national borders, sometimes ending up thousands of miles away from the location
where they were stolen.
In 2011, more than 42,000 motor vehicles worldwide were identified as
stolen, thanks to the SMV database. By the end of the year, the number of database
records had risen to more than 7.1 million.

Global initiatives
INTERPOL set up a number of working groups, bringing together experts from
across the world. These working groups have developed a range of projects
focusing on specific issues, for example:
● Delivering training (Project Formatrain)
● Working with car manufacturers (Project INVEX)
● Supporting operations (SMV Task Force)

Assessing new trends in vehicle crime

Interpol are seeing evidence of increasing trends in the theft of heavy vehicles
and trailers. Evaluations are under way to try to gain a clear picture of the situation
and to decide on an appropriate course of action.

1. Works of art
The theft of cultural objects affects
developed and developing countries alike. The
illicit traffic in cultural heritage is a
transnational crime that affects the countries
of origin, transit and final destination.
The illicit trade in works of art is
sustained by the demand from the arts
 market, the opening of borders, the improvement in transport systems and the
political instability of certain countries.
INTERPOL are working to raise awareness of the problem among the
relevant organizations and the general public. We encourage not only police, but
also art and antiques dealers and owners of works of art to play an active role in the
exchange of information. This combined action will strengthen our efforts to curb the
erosion of our cultural heritage.

International data
We published the first INTERPOL Notice on stolen works of art in 1947. Since
then, we have developed a highly efficient system for circulating information in the
form of a database accessible not only to law enforcement agencies but also to
members of the public who have been provided with specific access rights.
In addition, certain types of data can be accessed openly by the general public:
● The most recent stolen works of art reported to INTERPOL;
● Recovered works of art;
● Works of art that have been recovered but remain unclaimed by their
owners; Further resources are also available on this website:
● The latest INTERPOL posters showing the most wanted works of art.
● Object ID: the international standard for describing cultural objects, in order to
facilitate their identification;
● Frequently asked questions.
INTERPOL worked in partnership with other international organizations, such as:
● United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);
● International Council of Museums (ICOM);
● United Nations Organization for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
● World Customs Organization (WCO).

XII. INTERPOL NOTICE SYSTEM

The ‘Notices System’ is a significant INTERPOL information tool, and its use is
key for successful international police cooperation. Notices help inform member
countries of critical crime-related information, such as the movements of known
international criminals who are either subject to arrest and extradition, or suspected
of criminal involvement.
INTERPOL’s Notices are distributed electronically by INTERPOL Headquarters
to the member countries, which normally include this information in their national
databases or ‘lookout’ systems in order to make the information available to police
services at the local level, such as at border-control checkpoints. For ‘wanted’ or
‘missing’ persons, they contain identity details, physical descriptions and where
possible, the photograph and fingerprints of the individual concerned. The
information pertains to individuals who are wanted for serious crimes, who are
considered to be missing, or whose bodies are unidentified.
INTERPOL’s Notices System is also a relevant tool in fighting terrorism, as it
is used as an advisory mechanism to warn of various dangerous persons alleged to
be involved in terrorist activities, as well as advise of dangerous devices and/or
materials that can be used to commit actual acts of terrorism. Certain notices also
provide details about possible threats and criminals’ modus operandi.
⚫ It serves to alert police of fugitives, suspected terrorists, dangerous criminals,
missing persons or weapons threats.
⚫ INTERPOL Notices are international alerts allowing police in member
countries to share critical crime-related information.
 ⚫ Notices are published by INTERPOL’s General Secretariat at the request of
National Central Bureaus (NCBs) and authorized entities, and can be
published in any of the Organization’s official languages: Arabic, English,
French and Spanish.
⚫ In the case of Red Notices, the persons concerned are wanted by national
jurisdictions and the notices requested are based on an arrest warrant or
court decision. INTERPOL's role is to assist the national police forces in
identifying and locating these persons with a view to their arrest and
extradition.
⚫ In addition, Notices are used by the United Nations, International Criminal
Tribunals and the International Criminal Court to seek persons wanted for
committing crimes within their jurisdiction, notably genocide, war crimes, and
crimes against humanity.

Legal basis
A Notice is published only if it fulfils all conditions for processing the
information. For example, a Notice will not be published if it violates Article 3 of the
INTERPOL Constitution, which forbids the Organization from undertaking any
intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.
Notices are processed in line with the following rules which ensure the legality
and quality of information, and the protection of personal data:
● Rules on the processing of information for the purposes of international
police cooperation;
● Implementing Rules for the Rules on the Processing of Information for the
Purposes of International Police Cooperation.
The legal basis for a Red Notice is an arrest warrant or court order issued by
the judicial authorities in the country concerned. Many of INTERPOL’s member
countries consider a Red Notice to be a valid request for provisional arrest.
Furthermore, INTERPOL is recognized as an official channel for transmitting
requests for provisional arrest in a number of bilateral and multilateral extradition
treaties, including the European Convention on Extradition, the Economic Community
of West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on Extradition, and the United Nations
Model Treaty on Extradition.

Diffusions
Similar to the Notice is another alert mechanism known as a 'diffusion'. This
is less formal than a notice but is also used to request the arrest or location of an
individual or additional information in relation to a police investigation. A diffusion is
circulated directly by an NCB to the member countries of their choice, or to the
entire INTERPOL membership.

INTERPOL NOTICE SYSTEM

Used when seeking the arrest of a
wanted person with a view to
extradition. Depending upon the
country involved, the Red Notice may
serve as a provisional arrest warrant.
RED NOTICE
Used to collect additional information
about a person’s location, identity, or to
obtain information on a person of
interest in a criminal investigation or
 illegal activities in relation to a criminal
matter. In terms of a terrorism matter,
this notice enhances the chances for
better identification of a terrorism
suspect.
BLUE NOTICE
To help locate missing persons, often
minors, or to help identify persons who
are unable to identify themselves.

YELLOW
NOTICE
To seek information on unidentified
bodies

BLACK NOTICE
Used to provide warnings and criminal
intelligence about persons who have
committed criminal offenses, and are
likely to repeat these crimes in other
countries or about a person's criminal
activities if that person is considered to
GREEN be a possible threat to public safety.
NOTICE They are, in essence, a form of ‘alert’
signal for calling attention to criminals.
To warn of an event, a person, an
object or a process representing an
imminent threat and danger to persons
or property.
Used to warn police, related security
entities, and other international
ORANGE organizations of possible threats from
NOTICE hidden weapons, parcel bombs, and
other dangerous items or materials,
such as those which can be used in a
terrorist attack.
To provide information on modi
operandi, objects, devices and
concealment methods used by
criminals.

PURPLE
NOTICE
 INTERPOL–United Nations Security
Council Special Notice Issued for
individuals and entities that are subject
to UN sanctions.
SPECIAL
NOTICE

INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notices

The INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notice is issued for
individuals and entities that are subject to sanctions imposed by the United Nations
Security Council. Its principal function is to alert national law enforcement agencies
that sanctions measures – namely an assets freeze, travel ban and/or arms embargo
– apply to designated individuals and entities.
The Special Notice was introduced in 2005, following individual resolutions
adopted by INTERPOL and the United Nations (UN) that called for greater
cooperation between the two organizations.

The purpose of the Special

Notice The Special Notice seeks
to:
● Alert law enforcement authorities worldwide to individuals and entities that
are subjects of UN sanctions including an assets freeze, arms embargo,
and/or travel ban;
● Enhance the information available concerning sanctioned individuals and
entities, the quality of UN sanctions lists, and the narrative summaries that
describe the grounds for the sanctions;
● Provide direction on action to be taken to implement the sanctions in
accordance with national legislation.

Like all INTERPOL Notices, Special Notices are circulated to all INTERPOL
member countries using INTERPOL’s secure global communications system.

Additionally, if requested by the UN, a public extract of the Special Notice will
appear on INTERPOL public website.

The Special Notice and the Al-Qaida and the Taliban Sanctions Committees
In 1999, the UN Security Council established a committee to oversee the
implementation of sanctions against individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida
and the Taliban. Known as the 1267 Committee, after the UN resolution which led to
its creation, the Committee named those individuals and entities subject to sanctions
on what was known as the Consolidated List.
The sanctions required to be implemented by all UN Member States are:
● Assets freeze: to freeze the funds and other financial assets or
economic resources;
● Travel ban: to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories;
● Arms embargo: to prevent the supply, sale and transfer of arms and
related material.

In 2005, based on the cooperation between INTERPOL and the UN, the first
Special Notices were published for individuals on the 1267 Committee’s Consolidated
List.
 Changes to the sanctions regime
In 2011, the UN Security Council decided to divide what was once the 1267
Committee sanctions regime into two distinct sanctions regimes: one for sanctions
concerning Al-Qaida and one for sanctions concerning the Taliban.

Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution

1988 (2011):
Referred to as the 1988 Committee, this Committee now oversees sanctions
concerning individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with the Taliban
that constitute a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan. It
maintains a list of the individuals and entities subject to sanctions.

Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and

1989 (2011):
The sanctions list previously maintained by the 1267 Committee is now
known as the “Al-Qaida Sanctions List” and only includes names of those individuals,
groups, undertakings and entities associated with Al-Qaida. The Committee that
oversees the implementation of the Al-Qaida Sanctions List is now known as the
“Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011)
concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities”.
INTERPOL works with the two newly designated committees and Special Notices
are issued for individuals and entities on the Al-Qaida Sanctions List and on the 1988
Committee List.

The Special Notice and the Liberia Sanctions Committee

Through resolution 1521 (2003), the UN Security Council established a
committee to oversee the implementation of sanctions against individuals and
entities who constitute a threat to peace and security in Liberia (referred to as the
Liberia Sanctions Committee).
As is the case with the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee and the 1988 Sanctions
Committee, the Liberia Sanctions Committee is also tasked with overseeing the
implementation of mandatory sanctions measures, including a travel ban.
In 2011, INTERPOL will start to publish Special Notices for individuals subject
to the travel ban.

Current Status of Special Notices

Some of the Special Notices that appear through this portal are in the
process of being updated to reflect the changes to the Al-Qaida Sanctions
Committee and the creation of the 1988 Committee.
There are Special Notices that appear through this portal that relate to
individuals who are confirmed or believed to be dead. Such notices remain available
in order to give continuing effect to the relevant sanctions imposed by the UN.

XIII. Data exchange

As national boundaries become increasingly meaningless to criminals,
effective and timely police communication across borders is more important than
ever before. At INTERPOL, one of our priorities is to enable the world’s police to
exchange information securely and rapidly.

Two tools deliver this aim:

● 1 I-24/7
● 2 I-link

I-24/7: a secure global police network

We developed the I-24/7 global police communications system to connect
law enforcement officers in all our member countries. It enables authorized users to
share sensitive and urgent police information with their counterparts around the
globe, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
I-24/7 is the network that enables investigators to access INTERPOL's range
of criminal databases. Authorized users can search and cross-check data in a matter
of seconds, with direct access to databases on suspected criminals or wanted
persons, stolen and lost travel documents, stolen motor vehicles, fingerprints, DNA
profiles, stolen administrative documents and stolen works of art.

Empowering frontline officers

With I-24/7 installed at all 190 National Central Bureaus, we are now
focusing on extending access to INTERPOL services beyond the NCB and out to
frontline officers such as immigration and customs officials.
Different technical solutions are available and give officers in strategic locations
direct access to three key INTERPOL databases: those on nominal data, stolen and
lost travel documents, and stolen motor vehicles.

Supporting all operational activity

The I-24/7 network underpins all INTERPOL operational activity. From
routine checks at border crossings to targeted operations against different crime
areas, and from the deployment of specialized response teams to the search for
international fugitives, I-24/7 is the foundation of information exchange between the
world's police.

INTERPOL WEAPON ELECTRONIC TRACING SYSTEM (IWETS)

⚫ It is designed by the Interpol in order to meet its obligation on the
identification and tracking of illicit small arms and light weapons.
⚫ a comprehensive library of most firearms in existence, facilitating the
identification of such weapons used during an alleged crime

INTERPOL’S GLOBAL POLICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM: I-24/7

⚫ It connects law enforcement officials in all 186 member countries and
provides them with the means to share crucial information on criminals and
criminal activities.
⚫ It also enables member countries to access each other’s’ national databases
using a business-to-business (B2B) connection.

Databases
The success of international police investigations is dependent upon the
availability of up-to-date, global data.
At INTERPOL, we provide our member countries with instant, direct access to
a number of criminal databases. These contain millions of records, contributed
by countries across the world.

Maximizing the reach

All databases (except the one of child sexual exploitation images) are
accessible real-time through the I-24/7 network which connects all INTERPOL
National Central Bureaus (NCBs).
 We are developing web server solutions to extend access beyond our NCBs
to frontline law enforcement officers, such as border guards, allowing them to search
the databases on wanted persons, stolen and lost travel documents and stolen
motor vehicles.
I-link is a new operating system, being continually developed to improve the
quality and uniformity of data, and to enable investigators to make links between
cases that would not previously have been apparent.

Main databases
Nominal Data – contains more
than 162,000 records on known
international criminals, missing
persons and dead bodies, with their
criminal histories, photographs,
fingerprints, etc.
Notices – our system of notices is
used to alert police to fugitives,
suspected terrorists, dangerous
criminals, missing persons or
weapons threats. In 2011 more than
26,000 Notices or diffusions (a
similar but less formal type of alert)
were published.
Stolen and Lost Travel
Documents – holds information on
more than 31 million travel
documents reported lost or stolen
by 161 countries. This database
enables INTERPOL National Central
Bureaus and other authorized law
enforcement entities (such as
immigration and border control
officers) to ascertain the validity of a
suspect travel document in seconds.
Child sexual exploitation images –
at the end of 2011, nearly 2,500
victims from more than 40 countries
and 1,377 offenders had been
identified.

Fingerprints – we manage an
Automated Fingerprint Identification
System which contains more than
151,000 sets of fingerprints
contributed by 167 countries.
DNA Profiles – contains around
117,000 DNA profiles from 61
countries. DNA profiles are
numerically coded sets of genetic
markers unique to every individual
and can be used to help solve
crimes and identify missing persons
and unidentified bodies.
Firearms – The INTERPOL Firearms
Reference Table allows investigators
to properly identify a firearm used in
a crime (its make, model, calibre,
etc.). It contains more than 250,000
firearms references and 57,000
high-quality images. The INTERPOL
Ballistic Information Network is a
platform for the large-scale
international sharing and
comparison of ballistics data,
holding more than 100,000 records.
Stolen Works of Art – allows
member countries to research
records of more than 38,000 pieces
of artwork and cultural heritage
reported stolen all over the world.
Stolen Motor Vehicles – provides
extensive identification details on
approximately 7.1 million vehicles
reported stolen around the world. In
2011, more than 42,000 stolen
motor vehicles were identified using
the database.
Fusion Task Force – a database of
more than 11,000 persons
suspected of being linked to terrorist
activities. Some 105 member
countries currently contribute to
terrorism related matters.
Stolen Administrative
Documents – contains information
on around 440,000 official
documents which serve to identify
objects, for example, vehicle
registration documents and
clearance certificates for
import/export.

Command & Coordination Centre

The Command and Coordination Centre (CCC) is the operations room at
INTERPOL, offering a point of contact for any member country seeking urgent police
information or facing a crisis situation.
The CCC is manned 24 hours a day, 365 days a year by staff members of
various backgrounds and nationalities who are fluent in several different languages.
Based at the General Secretariat in Lyon, the CCC is reinforcing its global
response with the opening of new sites. In 2011, a second CCC site opened at the
INTERPOL Regional Bureau in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and will be followed in the
future by a third site in Singapore.
Services and activities
The CCC strengthens the reactivity and operational effectiveness of the world's
police through the following functions:
● Assessing all incoming communications and determining the priority level of
each message received by the General Secretariat.
● Conducting instant checks on all INTERPOL databases; distributing and
assigning information; and replying to all urgent queries immediately.
● Monitoring open sources in order to assess threats and to ensure the full
resources of the Organization are ready and available whenever and
wherever they may be needed.
● Coordinating the exchange of intelligence and information for important
operations, and involving specialist units, regional offices and external
partners as necessary.
● Issuing alerts and publishing Notices where threats pose an imminent
danger. These include Red Notices for wanted persons and Orange Notices
to warn police and/or the public about potential threats posed by dangerous
objects or events.
● Assuming a crisis-management role during serious incidents, such as terrorist
attacks, and coordinating specialized assistance in the form of an Incident
Response Team. This brings together experts in various fields, such as
forensic science, DNA, drugs, etc.
● Deploying support teams at major events with an international implication in
order to support national police with security arrangements.

Response teams
At the request of member countries, we can provide specialized teams to assist
national police. There are two types of team, each made up of experts in the
relevant fields.
● Incident Response Teams
● Major Events Support Teams

Incident Response Teams

An INTERPOL Incident Response Team (IRT) is deployed at the request of a

member country during a crisis situation. There are two types of IRT:
● Disaster – an emergency response to a manmade or natural disaster. The
IRT delivers concentrated attention to urgent issues and problems arising
from the disaster or crisis, focusing all available INTERPOL resources on the
situation at hand.
● Crime – the deployment of specialized personnel to assist and support a
member country faced with a major or serious police issue. Crime IRTs
provide specific expertise and investigative support to police.
An IRT can be briefed, equipped and deployed anywhere in the world within
12 to 24 hours of an incident.

Expert assistance
An IRT is typically composed of expert police and support staff, and is tailored to
the specific nature of the crime or disaster and the type of assistance INTERPOL is
requested to provide.
IRTs can provide a range of investigative and analytical support at the incident
site in coordination with the General Secretariat, such as:
 ● Issuing international notices for fugitive terrorists whose arrests are sought
by member countries;
● Database queries of fingerprints to quickly identify suspects;
● Access to the database of lost or stolen travel documents;
● Money laundering expertise;
● Coordination of response to disaster victim identification through a wide
network of international experts and laboratories.
The first IRT was deployed in October 2002 to Indonesia following a terrorist
bombing in Bali. To date, some 60 teams have been deployed to countries across
the world.

Major Event Support Teams

An INTERPOL Major Event Support Team (IMEST) is deployed to assist

member countries in the preparation, coordination and implementation of security
arrangements for major events.
Major events are high profile conferences or sporting events which attract
large crowds or intense media coverage. As such, they also attract individuals or
groups intent on disruption to gain attention for their cause or for criminal gain.

Instant and direct access to data services

IMEST team members assist the national and foreign liaison officers of
participating countries in making the most efficient use of INTERPOL’s full array of
databases. They facilitate real-time exchange of messages and vital police data
among all member countries. This data includes fingerprints, photos, wanted person
notices, and data relating to stolen and lost travel documents and stolen motor
vehicles.
An IMEST can be tailored to a member country’s needs prior to and during an
event and brings all of INTERPOL services to focus on the upcoming event. The
global police communications network, known as I-24/7, can be enhanced and used
for immediate outreach to the worldwide law enforcement community, should the
need arise.

Ensuring public safety

An IMEST also has the capacity and resources to become an immediate
INTERPOL Response Team if a crisis situation should happen at a major event.
The field of major event planning, preparation and support has increased
significantly in recent years. The threat of terrorism and event disruption has forced
host countries to dedicate more time and resources to these events. Increasingly,
member countries are requesting support from INTERPOL, not only in the lead up to
an event but for its duration.
The first IMEST was deployed in 2004 to Portugal for the UEFA European
Football Championship. To date, some 60 teams have been deployed to countries
across the world.

XIV. Members, past president and general secretariat of ICPO

Member countries
Sub-bureaus shown in italics.
Afghanistan Curaçao Latvia Rwanda
Albania Cyprus Lebanon St. Kitts and
Lesotho Nevis
 Algeria Czech Liberia St. Lucia
American Republic Libya St. Vincent
Samoa Denmark and the
Andorra Liechtenstein Grenadines
Djibouti
Angola Lithuania Samoa
Dominica
Anguilla Luxembourg São Tomé
Dominican
Antigua and Macau and Príncipe
Republic
Barbuda Macedonia Saudi Arabia
East Timor
Argentina Madagascar San Marino
Ecuador
Armenia Malawi Senegal
Egypt
Aruba Malaysia Serbia
El Salvador
Australia Maldives Seychelles
Equatorial
Austria Guinea Mali Sierra Leone
Azerbaijan Eritrea Malta Singapore
Bahamas Estonia Marshall Sint Maarten
Bahrain Ethiopia Islands
Slovakia
Bangladesh Fiji Mauritania Slovenia
Barbados Finland Mauritius Somalia
Belarus France Mexico
South Africa
Belgium Moldova
Gabon South Sudan
Belize Monaco
Gambia Spain
Benin Mongolia Sri Lanka
Georgia
Bermuda Montenegro Sudan
Germany
Bhutan Montserrat Suriname
Ghana
Bolivia Gibraltar Morocco Swaziland
Bosnia and Mozambique Sweden
Greece
Herzegovina Myanmar
Grenada Switzerland
Botswana Namibia
Guatemala Syria
Brazil Guinea Nauru
British Tajikistan
Nepal Tanzania
Virgin Islands Guinea-Bissau
Brunei Netherlands Thailand
Guyana New
Bulgaria Togo
Haiti Zealand
Burkina Honduras Tonga
Nicaragua Trinidad and
Faso Hong Kong
Burundi Niger Tobago
Hungary Nigeria
Cambodia Tunisia
Iceland
Cameroon Norway Turkey
India Turks and
Canada Oman
Cape Verde Indonesia Pakistan Caicos
Cayman Iran
Panama
Islands Iraq Turkmenistan
Papua New
Central Ireland Uganda
Guinea
African Republic Israel Ukraine
Paraguay
Chad Italy United Arab
Peru
Chile Jamaica Philippines Emirates
China Japan Poland United
Colombia Jordan Kingdom
Portugal
Comoros Kazakhstan
Puerto Rico
 Republic of Kenya Qatar United
the Congo Republic of Romania States
Congo Korea Russia Uruguay
(Democratic Kuwait Uzbekistan
Rep.) Kyrgyzstan Vatican City
Costa Rica Venezuela
Côte Vietnam
d'Ivoire Yemen
Croatia
Zambia
Cuba
Zimbabwe

Non-member countries
Federated States of Micronesia
Kiribati
North Korea
Palau
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Taiwan

Secretaries-general since organization's inception in 1923:

Oskar Dressler 1923–1946
Louis Ducloux 1946–1951
Marcel Sicot 1951–1963
Jean Népote 1963–1978
André Bossard 1978–1985
Raymond Kendall 1985–2000
Ronald Noble 2000–present
Presidents since organization's inception in 1923:
Johann Schober 1923–1932
Franz Brandl 1932–1934
Eugen Seydel 1934–1935
Michael Skubl 1935–1938
Otto Steinhäusl 1938–1940
Reinhard Heydrich 1940–1942
Arthur Nebe 1942–1943
Ernst Kaltenbrunner 1943–1945
Florent Louwage 1945–1956
Agostinho Lourenço 1956–1960
Richard Jackson 1960–1963
Fjalar Jarva 1963–1964
Firmin Franssen 1964–1968
Paul Dickopf 1968–1972
William Leonard Higgitt 1972–1976
Carl Persson 1976–1980

Jolly Bugarin 1980–1984

John Simpson 1984–1988
Ivan Barbot 1988–1992
Norman Inkster 1992–1994
Björn Eriksson 1994–1996
Toshinori Kanemoto 1996–2000
 Jesús Espigares Mira 2000–2004
Jackie Selebi 2004–2008
Arturo Herrera Verdugo Acting president
until the General
Assembly in Saint
Petersburg in
October 2008, and
candidate for the
President on that
General Assembly
Khoo Boon Hui Oct 2008–present

CHAPTER IV: ASEANAPOL

(Association of National Police Forces of the ASEAN Region)
It is known as ASEAN Chiefs of Police established in 1981.
I. Introduction
The Association of National Police Forces of the ASEAN Region (ASEANAPOL) was
formed in 1980 to initiate regional police co-operation. Delegates meet annually to
discuss crime-related issues. A paper by the Assistant Director for External Relations
of the ASEAN Secretariat wrote in 1999 that:
The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive, enforcement and operational aspects
of cooperation against transnational crime. ASEANAPOL has been actively involved in
sharing of knowledge and expertise on policing, enforcement, law, criminal justice,
and transnational and international crimes. It has established three ad-hoc
commissions dealing with drug trafficking, arms smuggling, counterfeiting, economic
and financial crimes, credit card fraud, extradition and arrangements for handing
over of criminal offenders and fugitives. It has also taken initiatives to combat new
forms of transnational crime, such as fraudulent travel documents, phantom ship
frauds, product counterfeiting and piracy.
It deals with drug trafficking, arms smuggling, counterfeiting, economic and
financial crimes, credit card fraud, extradition and arrangements for handing over of
criminal offenders and fugitives.

II. A brief history of ASEANAPOL

Year Details
1981 – Manila The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)
1983 – Jakarta Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo
1984 - Kuala Lumpur Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual
conference
1996 - Kuala Lumpur Vietnam joined as a new member
1998 – Brunei Laos joined ASEANAPOL
2000 - Myanmar Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
 2005 – Bali The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of
establishing a permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL
2008 – Brunei The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat
2009 - Vietnam Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
2010 On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

III. ASEANAPOL Logo

Created & accepted in 1983 during the 3rd ASEANAPOL Conference in
Jakarta, Indonesia.

IV. ASEANAPOL’S OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS

Objective
1. Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at
the ASENAPOL Conferences;
2. Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members
to establish and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;
3. Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and
4. Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against
transnational crimes

Function
1. Prepare and implement work plans for effective implement of all the
resolutions adopted in the annual Joint Communiqués signed at the
ASEANAPOL Conference;
2. Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and
information sharing and exchange;
3. Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal
investigation, the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database,
 training, capacity building, the development of scientific investigative tools,
technical support and forensic science;
4. Provide support and necessary assistance in organising the ASEANAPOL
Conferences;
5. Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals
on all planned programmed and activities to be carried out;
6. Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to
the ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL
Conference, and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL
Conference; and;
7. Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL

GOALS
Enhancing police professionalism co-operation in the police works and
promoting lasting friendship among the police officers of ASEAN countries.

V. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT

History
● The Secretariat of ASEANAPOL was on a rotational basis with member
countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically
assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
● The 25th Joint Communique signed by the ASEAN Chiefs of Police during the
25th ASEANAPOL Conference held in Bali, Indonesia, expressly stated the
need to establish a Permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat.
The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila,
Philippines on the 21 to 23 October 1981.
● To discuss matters of law enforcement and crime control.
● This annual meeting was called ASEANAPOL Conference.
● The members of ASEAN were originally Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
Indonesia and the Philippines.
● The basic requirement to become a member of ASEANAPOL is that the
country of the applicant needs to be already a member of ASEAN and needs
to apply to the conference.
● 1984, Royal Brunei Police join the conference for the 1st time.
● 1996, The Republic of Vietnam National Police join the conference
● 1998, Laos General Department of Police and Myanmar police force join the
conference
● 2000, Cambodia National Police join the conference
● The current members of ASEANAPOL are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao
People Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand and Vietnam.

Objectives of the establishment of a Permanent Secretariat

● To harmonise and standardize coordination and communication mechanisms
amongst ASEAN police institutions;
● To conduct a comprehensive and integrative study concerning the resolutions
agreed in the ASEANAPOL Joint Communiqués
● To establish a mechanism with responsibility to monitor and follow up the
implementation of resolutions in the Joint Communiqués; and
● To transform the resolutions adopted in the Joint Communiqués into
ASEANAPOL Plan of Action and its work program
 The working group which was set up to consider the viability of the
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat finalized that:
1. The Secretariat shall be administrated based on the Terms of Reference;
2. The Head of the Secretariat is to be an Executive Director and he is to be
assisted by 2 Directors
Note: Executive Directors – 2 years and directors (3 years)
● During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the
Terms of Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was
finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat.
● The Aseanapol Secretariat started its operation fully from the 1st January
2010.

I. ASEANAPOL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The ASEANAPOL Executive Committee shall

comprise of Deputy Heads of delegation attending
the annual ASEANAPOL Conference.
The ASEANAPOL Executive Committee shall meet annually, immediately
before the ASEANAPOL Conference.
The Executive Director of the ASEANAPOL Secretariat shall present a report
of its activities, including amongst others, issues on financial performance,
procurement of works, supplies and services and control and management of
contracts, to the ASEANAPOL Executive Committee.
The ASEANAPOL Executive Committee shall provide a summary report of the
activities of the Secretariat to the Head of Delegation at the ASEANAPOL Conference
and at the Closing Plenary Session of the ASEANAPOL Conference.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the
ASEANAPOL Conference upon nomination on rotational basis in alphabetical order for
a term of two years. The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be a Senior
Police Officer of the rank of Colonel and above or its equivalent. The Executive
Director will be assisted by Director for Police Services and Director for Plans and
Programmes.

VI. MEMBER COUNTRIES

1. Brunei Darussalam - The Royal Brunei police Force
2. Cambodia – Cambodia national police
3. Indonesia – Indonesia national police
4. Laos – Laos General Department of Police
5. Malaysia – Royal Malaysian Police
 6. Myanmar – Myanmar Police Force
7. Singapore – Singapore Police Force
8. Thailand – Royal Police Force
9. Vietnam – Republic of Vietnam National Police
10. Philippines – Philippine National Police

VI. Areas of activity and methods in which the ASEAN police associations currently
or hope to work together. Resolutions adopted by the conference included:

Relating to "Terrorism":
1. To exchange information on suspected terrorists and their organisations;
2. To share information and to facilitate access to member countries to
interview arrested terrorist subject to the agreement of member countries;
3. To provide assistance to member countries including tracing, freezing and
confiscation of assets related to terrorism subject to the agreement of
member states;
4. To promote close co-operation between law enforcement authorities and
financial institutions.

Relating to "Commercial Crimes, Bank Offences and Card Frauds":

● To promote close co-operation between law enforcement authorities and
financial institutions.

Relating to "Fraudulent Travel Documents":

● To work closely with the issuing authorities concerning the enforcement of
security features of travel documents and the issuance of procedures.

Relating to the "ASEANAPOL Database"

● To finalise the system and to arrange the official launch during the
ASEANAPOL conference in 2006.

Relating to "Mutual Legal Assistance":

1. To encourage ratification of the ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance;
2. To encourage assigning a police liaison officer where practical in all ASEA
countries in order to facilitate mutual legal assistance.
 CHAPTER V: EUROPOL (EUROPEAN POLICE)

Europol was originally established on the basis of the Europol Convention

of 1995. In order to simplify the administration of Europol and to reform it
when necessary, a proposal was adopted in 2006 to replace the convention
by this decision.
EUROPOL
Europol is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency.

Formation 1998 (ratified)

July 1, 1999 (commence)
Location Hague, Netherlands
Director Rob Wainwright (UK)
Legal authority Treaty on EU Title VI
Council Decision
2009/371/JHA

I. Introduction
EUROPOL is the law enforcement agency of the European Union. Its aim is
to help achieve a safer Europe by supporting the law enforcement agencies of
European Union member states in their fight against international serious crime and
terrorism.
More than 700 staff at Europol
headquarters in The Hague, the
Netherlands work closely with law enforcement
agencies in the 27 European Union
member states and in other non-EU partner
states such as Australia, Canada, the USA and
Norway.
As Europol officers have no direct
powers of arrest, we support law
enforcement colleagues by gathering,
analysing and disseminating information and coordinating operations. Our partners
use the input to prevent, detect and investigate offences, and to track down and
prosecute those who commit them. Europol experts and analysts take part in Joint
Investigation Teams which help solve criminal cases on the spot in EU countries.
Europol personnel come from different kinds of law enforcement agencies,
including regular police, border police, customs and security services. This
multi-agency approach helps to close information gaps and minimise the space in
which criminals can operate.
 Some 137 Europol Liaison Officers are based at Europol headquarters. These
ELOs are seconded to Europol by the EU member states and our non-EU partners.
They guarantee fast and effective cooperation based on personal contact and mutual
trust.

Unique services
From our position at the heart of the European security architecture means
we offer a unique range of services. Europol is a support centre for law
enforcement operations, a hub for criminal information, and a centre for
law enforcement expertise.
Analysis is at the core of our activities. Europol employs more than 100
criminal analysts who are among the best trained in Europe. This gives Europol one
of the largest concentrations of analytical capability in the EU. Our analysts use
state-of-the-art tools which support member states’ investigations on a daily basis.
To give our partners a deeper insight into the criminal problems they are
dealing with, Europol produces regular assessments which offer comprehensive and
forward-looking analyses of crime and terrorism in the European Union. The
European Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA) identifies and assesses
emerging threats. The OCTA describes the structure of organised crime groups and
the way they operate, and the main types of crime affecting the European Union.
The EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT), published annually, gives a
detailed account of the state of terrorism in the EU.
Europol is a high-security operational centre. We deal with more
than 9,000 cases a year, turning high-quality analysis into operational
successes. This flexible service centre operates non-stop: 24 hours a day,
7 days a week.
Europol serves as an EU centre of expertise, providing a central platform for
law enforcement experts from the European Union countries.
Europol officers are always ready to travel at short notice and provide support with
our mobile office. Our presence is also in demand in the fight against illicit drugs and
we have a fully operational team to help dismantle synthetic drugs laboratories
on-the-spot.
State-of-the-art technology
International crime and terrorist groups operate worldwide and make use of
the latest technology. To ensure an effective and coordinated response, Europol
needs to be equally flexible and innovative, and make sure its methods and tools are
up to date. We have state-of-the-art databases and communication channels,
offering fast and secure capabilities for storing, searching, visualising and linking
information.
Gathering, analysing and disseminating this information entails the exchange
of large quantities of personal data. Europol sets and adheres to the highest
standards of data protection and data security.

Areas of expertise
Since Europol can offer a flexible response, we focus on different areas of
criminal and terrorist activity from year to year, depending on the demands of the
situation. Our main priorities, however, tend to remain relatively stable, reflecting
those of international criminal and terrorist groups. Over the years we have built up
substantial experience in fighting drug trafficking, illicit immigration networks and
trafficking in human beings, illicit vehicle trafficking, cybercrime, money laundering
and forgery of money. Europol is the European central office to combat euro
counterfeiting.
 Europol’s main goal is to help achieve a safer Europe for the
benefit of all EU citizens

How does Europol assist member state Investigations?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member States by:
Facilitating the exchange of information between EUROPOL AND Europol
Liaison Officers (ELOs). These ELOs are seconded to Europol by the Member States
as representatives of their national law enforcement agencies, thus they are not
under the command of Europol and its Director as such, and furthermore, they act in
accordance with their national law.
Providing operational analysis and support to Members States Operations;
Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations
carried out within the EU, under the super vision and the legal responsibility of the
Member States;
Generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis on
the basis of information and intelligence supplied by Member states or gathered from
other sources.

Does Europol only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present; however, the protocol of the 28
November 2002 amending the Europol convention allows Europol to request the
competent authorities of the Member States to investigate. Article 3 b) of the
protocol states that”Member States should deal with any request from Europol to
initiate, conduct or co-ordinate investigation in specific cases and should give such
request due consideration. Europol should be informed whether the requested
investigation as a European law enforcement agency?

Added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency

There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement
community. Europol is unique in this field as it is a multi-disciplinary agency,
comprising not only regular police officers but staff members from the various laws
enforcement agencies of the Member States covering specialized areas such as
customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border and financial police.

II. Mission, Vision, Values, Mandate, Task and Aims

As the European Union’s law enforcement agency, Europol’s mission is to
support its Member States in preventing and combating all forms of serious
international crime and terrorism. Its role is to help achieve a safer Europe for the
benefit of all EU citizens by supporting EU law enforcement authorities through the
exchange and analysis of criminal intelligence.
Another is to make a significance contribution to the European Union’s Law
enforcement action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on
targeting criminal organizations.
Large-scale criminal and terrorist networks pose a significant threat to the
internal security of the EU and to the safety and livelihood of its people. The biggest
security threats come from terrorism, international drugs trafficking, trafficking in
human beings, counterfeiting of the euro currency and payment cards, fraud,
corruption and money laundering as well as other activities related to the presence
of organised crime groups in the economy. New dangers are also accumulating, in
the form of cybercrime, VAT fraud and other sophisticated crimes which abuse
modern technology and the freedoms offered by the EU internal market. All of these
have been declared priority areas by the European Union’s Council of Ministers.
 Europol’s vision is to contribute to a safer Europe by providing the best possible
support to law enforcement authorities in the Member States. It will achieve this by
delivering a unique set of operational services for the European Union, developing as
the principal:
● Support centre for law enforcement operations
● Criminal information hub, and
● Centre for law enforcement expertise
In line with our mission and vision, we attach importance to the following five
values which best characterise the culture of Europol and the work of its people:
● Integrity
● Accountability
● Initiative
● Teamwork
● Effectiveness

Europol’s mandate
Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly
against:
● Illicit drug trafficking;
● Illicit immigration network;
● Terrorism
● Forgery of money(counterfeiting of the euro)and other means of payment;
● Trafficking in human beings(including child pornography);
● Illicit vehicle trafficking;
● Money laundering.

Tasks
The main tasks of Europol are to:
● Collect, store, process, analyse and exchange information;
● Notify Member States of any connections between criminal offences
concerning them;
● Assist Member States in investigations and provide intelligence and analytical
support;
● Request Member States to initiate, conduct or coordinate investigations in
specific cases and suggest the setting up of joint investigation teams;
● Draft threat assessments and other reports.

Aims
Europol's aim is to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the
competent authorities of the member states primarily by sharing and pooling
intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized crime. Its mission
is to make a significant contribution to the European Union's law enforcement efforts
targeting organized crime.

III. Management

Council of the European Union and European Parliament

● Europol is accountable at EU level to the Council of Ministers for Justice and
Home Affairs. The Council is responsible for the main control and guidance of
Europol. It appoints the Director and the Deputy Directors and approves
Europol’s budget (which is part of the general budget of the EU), together
with the European Parliament. It also can adopt, together with the European
 Parliament, regulations related to Europol’s work. Each year the Council
forwards a special report to the European Parliament on the work of Europol.
● The Council of Ministers consists of Justice and Home Affairs ministers from
all EU Member States. As of January 2010, the democratic control of Europol
was significantly strengthened through a greater involvement of the
European Parliament, in particular during the adoption of the annual budget,
the discharge on the implementation of the budget and the adoption of new
Council Regulations concerning Europol.

Management Board
● The management board is the decision-making body of Europol. It
consists of one representative from each Member State and one
representative from the Commission, with each member having one vote.
The director, who is the legal representative of Europol, is in charge of the
organisation’s daily management. S/he is appointed by the Council for a
period of four years, extendable once.
● Europol is financed from the general budget of the EU.
● Europol’s governing board, the Europol Management Board, gives strategic
guidance and oversees the implementation of Europol’s tasks. It comprises
one high-ranking representative from each Member State and the European
Commission. It takes its decisions by two–thirds majority, with each member
having one vote.
● The Management Board meets at least twice a year to discuss a wide range
of Europol issues which relate to its current activities and its future
developments. Each year the Management Board adopts Europol's final
budget, work programme of future activities and a general report on
activities carried out during the previous year, which are submitted to the
Council for endorsement and by the latter to the European Parliament for
information.

Directorate
● The Head of Europol is the Director who is appointed by the Council acting
unanimously, after obtaining the opinion of the Europol Management Board.
The Director is appointed for a four–year period which may be extended once
for a further period of four years. The Director is responsible for the
administration of Europol, the performance of tasks assigned to Europol, the
management of personnel and any other tasks consigned to him by the
Europol Council Decision or by the Management Board. He is assisted in this
position by three Deputy Directors who are also appointed by the Council, for
a four–year period which may be extended once.

Europol National Units (ENUs)

● Each EU Member State has a designated Europol National Unit which is the
liaison body between Europol and the competent authorities of EU Member
States. The heads of national units meet on a regular basis to assist Europol
on operational matters, on their own initiative or at the request of the
Management Board or Director. Each national unit seconds at least one
liaison officer to Europol, who is hosted at Europol headquarters in their own
liaison bureau. They represent the interests of their national unit at Europol
in accordance with the national law of the seconding Member State.

Financial accountability
 ● The monitoring of the commitment and disbursement of expenditure, as well
as the establishment and collection of Europol’s income, follows the general
rules of the EU. Europol has to abide by the same principles as any other EU
agency or institution, such as budgetary discipline and sound financial
management. The annual accounts of Europol are subject to an audit carried
out by the European Court of Auditors.

European Court of Auditors (ECA)

● The European Court of Auditors (ECA) scrutinises and reports on Europol’s
financial accounts. The ECA is an EU institution independent of Europol, as
provided for in Art. 285 – 287 of the TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the
European Union).
● The ECA provides the budgetary authority with a statement of assurance as
to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the
underlying transactions. The ECA draws up an annual report after the close
of each financial year. This report, together with the replies from the
concerned bodies, including Europol, is published by the ECA in the Official
Journal of the EU. This report is the basis for the European Parliament to
take the discharge decision on the budget implementation by Europol, based
on a recommendation from the Council. The ECA may also, at any time,
submit observations, particularly in the form of special reports, on specific
questions and delivers opinions at the request of another EU institution
(referred to in Art. 13 of the TFEU).

Internal Audit Service (IAS)

● The Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the EU gives the
IAS the role of internal auditor for agencies such as Europol. The IAS is the
internal auditor of the European Commission’s departments and agencies.
This means a wider independent view of the accountability and possible
solutions to common processes among (similar) agencies.

Internal Audit Function (IAF)

● The IAF operates within Europol premises and is appointed by and solely
accountable to the Europol Management Board. The mission of the IAF is to
provide independent and objective assurance and consultancy services, by
means of audits, to the organization. The IAF also advises Europol on dealing
with risks to the organization.

Data protection

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

● The DPO is appointed by the Europol Management Board on a proposal of
the Director and acts independently. The DPO has access to all the data
processed by Europol and to all Europol premises in the performance of his
or her tasks. The main activity is the assurance on the lawfulness and
compliance with the ECD of processing of personal data, including the
processing of personal data relating to Europol staff. The DPO is also
responsible for ensuring that data subjects are informed of their rights and
for preparing an annual report which is communicated to the Management
Board and Joint Supervisory Body.

Joint Supervisory Body

 ● The Joint Supervisory Body is an independent entity set up to review the
activities of Europol in order to ensure that the rights of the individual are
safeguarded during the storage, processing and utilization of personal data
held by Europol. This body is composed of two representatives of each of the
national Supervisory Bodies who are appointed for a period of five years by
each Member State. Each delegation is entitled to one vote for
decision-making purposes. The Joint Supervisory Body also monitors the
permissibility of the transmission of data originating from Europol. Any
individual has the right to request the Joint Supervisory Body to ensure that
the manner in which his personal data have been collected, stored, processed
and utilized by Europol is lawful and accurate.

IV. EMPLOYEMENT
Europol is a relatively young and growing organisation that uses innovative and
leading-edge technology in a unique, multi-lingual and multi-disciplinary international
law enforcement environment.
Europol seeks employees who are creative, self-reliant, energetic and willing to
take up challenges. Prospective candidates should be prepared to work in a dynamic
and fast-moving environment that requires a high level of flexibility and should have
the ability to perform well within a team.
Europol applies a policy of equal opportunity for men and women and accepts
applications without distinction on ground of sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin,
genetic characteristics, and language, religious, political or other convictions and
opinions, financial situation, disability, age, sexual orientation, marital status or
family situation. Employment at Europol is open to nationals of the EU Member
States. There is no nationality quota system in operation but Europol is required to
strive for a broad range of nationalities in order to keep a well-balanced geographical
distribution among its staff members.

V. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF EUROPOL

CHAPTER VI: IACP

 (International Association of Chiefs of Police)
GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IN POLICING

The International Association of Chief’s Police are the

world’s oldest and largest non-profit membership organization of
police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 89 different
countries. IACP‘s leadership consist s of the operating chief
executives of international, federal, state and local agencies of all
sizes.

HISTORY
Founded in 1893, the association's goals are to advance the science and art
of police services; to develop and disseminate improved administrative, technical and
operational practices and promote their use in
police work; to foster police cooperation and the
exchange of information and experience among
police administrators throughout the
world; to bring about recruitment and
training in the police profession of
qualified persons; and to encourage
adherence of all police officers to high professional
standards of performance and conduct.
Since 1893, the International
Association of Chiefs of Police has been serving
the needs of the law enforcement community. Throughout those past 100-plus
years, we have been launching historically acclaimed programs,
conducting ground-breaking research and providing exemplary programs
and services to our membership across the globe.
Professionally recognized programs such as the FBI Identification Division
and the Uniform Crime Records system can trace their origins back to the IACP. In
fact, the IACP has been instrumental in forwarding breakthrough technologies and
philosophies from the early years of our establishment to now, as we begin the 21st
century. From spearheading national use of fingerprint identification to partnering in
a consortium on community policing to gathering top experts in criminal justice, the
government and education for summits on violence, homicide, and youth violence,
IACP has realized our responsibility to positively affect the goals of law enforcement.

Mission of IACP
The IACP shall
1. Advance professional police services;
2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices; foster
cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders
and police organizations of recognized professional and technical standing
throughout the world.
3. Champion the recruitment and training of qualified persons in the police profession
and,
4. Encourage all police personnel worldwide to achieve and maintain the highest
standards of ethics, integrity, community interaction and professional conduct.

Membership

Section 1: Classes of Membership

 The membership of the Association shall be classified as follows: Active,
Associate, Life, Distinguished Service, Honorary, and Sustaining Members.

Section 2: Active Members

(a) The following persons shall be eligible for active membership: police officers
with executive authority or its equivalent, which includes commissioners,
superintendents, chiefs, and directors having actual supervision of, and
receiving salaries from, any legally constituted police agency; assistant chiefs of
police, deputy chiefs of police, executive heads, and division, district, or bureau
commanding officers of such departments, when recommended for such
membership by the chief of police or other highest commanding officers of such
a prospective member's department, if such chief or other commanding officer is
an active member in good standing of this Association; chief executive officers
and command staff of railroad police systems, colleges/universities , sheriff
departments and indigenous tribes who are qualified as law enforcement
officers within their respective nations, states, provinces, and territories, and
whose officers are officially recognized or certified by a governmental entity; and
IACP professional staff.
(b) Each application for active membership shall be endorsed by an active member
of this Association in good standing within the same nation, state,
province, territory or jurisdiction as the applicant who shall certify that the
member is personally acquainted with the applicant, believes the statements
contained in the application to be true, that the applicant is eligible for active
membership in this Association, and that the member nominates the applicant
therefor. If there is no such active member of this Association in the same state,
province, or territory as the applicant, the required endorsement may be by an
active member in good standing in another nation, state, province, territory or
jurisdiction.
(c) Upon receipt of the application and the payment of the proper dues, the
Executive Director shall publish notice of such application in the official monthly
publication of this Association, The Police Chief. If after 60 days following such
publication no written objection to the applicant is received, the Executive
Director shall cast the ballot for this Association in favor of the applicant who
shall thereupon be duly elected. In the event any active member in good
standing shall file with the Executive Director written objection to any application
within 60 days after publication of such notice, then such application shall be
submitted to the Executive
Committee and shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of
that committee for admission of the applicant.
(d) Upon the regular payment of dues, an active member of this Association in good
standing at the time of their retirement from a position in police service may
continue their active membership therein after retiring from regular police duties.
For the purpose of this section, retirement shall mean the honorable separation
from a position in active and regular police duties because of age, physical
disability, or retirement upon pension. Active membership in this Association of
any person eligible for such only through an individual's election to public office
by popular vote of the electorate in their jurisdiction shall terminate upon the
expiration of the term of such office. Active members whose membership has
lapsed because of non-payment of dues may be re-instated to active
membership upon application, approval, and payment of dues.
(e) The provision of this section shall not have any retroactive effect upon the
membership of any members of this Association in good standing at the time of
its adoption.
(f) Active members, except members of the IACP professional staff, shall have a
right to participate in and vote at business sessions of the Association.

Section 3: Associate Members

(a) Any person not eligible for active membership but qualified by training and
experience in police or other law enforcement activity, or by other
professional attainments in police science or administration, shall be eligible
for associate membership in the Association.
(b) Associate members shall have the privileges of active membership except
that of holding office and voting.
(c) Each application for associate membership shall be endorsed by an active
member of this Association in good standing within the same state, province,
or territory as the applicant who shall certify that the member is personally
acquainted with the applicant, believes the statements

Section 4: Life Members

Persons retiring from the office of President of this Association, or
any active member in good standing for a period of twenty years, shall
become life members. Upon the certification of the Executive Director and
with the approval of the Executive Committee, current and future members of
the IACP professional staff shall be given credit for years of employment with IACP
toward life membership. Any other active member who shall have served this
Association with honor and distinction may be elected a life member upon the
unanimous recommendation of the Executive Committee at the business session of
any annual conference of the Association by a two thirds vote of the members
present and voting. A life member shall have all the rights and privileges of
an active member provided otherwise herein, but shall be exempt from the
payment of dues. Unless otherwise indicated, the term active member as used in
this constitution includes life members.

Section 5: Distinguished Service Members

Persons who have rendered distinguished public service in the administration
of criminal justice or made an outstanding contribution to the science of police
administration shall be eligible for election as distinguished service members of this
Association. Distinguished service members shall be elected only upon the
unanimous recommendation of the Executive Committee and by a two-thirds vote of
the members present and voting at the business session of any annual conference of
the Association. Not more than five distinguished service members shall be
elected for life and exempt from payment of dues. Active members of this
Association who are elected to distinguished service membership shall continue to
enjoy the privileges of active membership except as it is provided otherwise herein.
Other persons elected to distinguished service membership shall have all of the
privileges of active membership except that of holding office and voting

Section 6: Honorary Members

Persons who have rendered outstanding service to the government,
private sector, or mankind shall be eligible for election as Honorary Members of
this Association. Such members shall be elected at the sole discretion of the
Executive Committee; they shall be elected for life and exempt from the payment of
dues. Not more than five Honorary Members shall be elected during any one
year.

Section 7: Sustaining Members

Persons who are donors of funds to the Association for the purpose of
advancing and improving the police profession may be invited by the Executive
Committee to become sustaining members of this Association under such rules as
the committee may establish. If the invitation is accepted, such membership shall be
with all privileges except that of holding office and voting.

Section 8: Limitation to One Membership

A member shall hold only one type of membership in this Association at any
one time.
GOVERNANCE
History records that some fifty police chiefs accepted a meeting invitation
from Omaha, Nebraska Police Chief Webber Seavey in 1892 to explore ways in which
they could join together to fight crime and improve police services. The following
year these same police officials formally created an organization to foster those
goals. The organization is known today as the International Association of Chiefs of
Police (IACP).
The IACP is a leadership organization committed to advancing the profession
of policing by promoting enhanced practices, cooperative efforts and the exchange
of information among police administrators and other institutions and organizations.
The association works to bring about the recruitment and training of qualified
individuals into police agencies and encourages police officers worldwide to maintain
the highest standards possible.
Governed by this Constitution and its Rules, the IACP is led by an Executive
Committee that encompasses a Board of Officers representing the full spectrum of
police executives from across the United States and around the world. The IACP
maintains a professional staff at its international headquarters who implement the
plans and programs approved by the IACP leadership.
Membership in the association is designed for individual police professionals
worldwide and the IACP refrains from engaging in political disputes between and
among nations.
This document presents both the general philosophies of the IACP and the
specific rules that govern its operations. Though it is left to the Executive Committee
to adjust the Rules, all changes to the Articles of the Constitution can be made only
with the support of IACP's ultimate authority, the membership.

Eight (8) elective positions on the IACP Board of Officers. These are:
● President (1 year term)
● 1st Vice President (1 year term)
● 2nd Vice President (1 year term)
● 3rd Vice President (1 year term)
● 4th Vice President (1 year term)
● Vice President at Large #1 (3 year term)
● Vice President at Large #2 (3 year term)
● Vice President-Treasurer (3 year term)

EXECUTIVE SERVICES

MANAGEMENT

SURVEYS
 The IACP offers comprehensive Management and Operations surveys to help
agencies determine their level of accountability, community satisfaction,
cost-effectiveness, compliance with professional standards, and success in crime
control.

PATROL STAFFING AND DEPLOYMENT

Ready-made, universally applicable patrol staffing standards do not exist.
Ratios, such as officers-per-thousand population, are totally inappropriate as a basis
for staffing decisions. Defining patrol staffing allocations and deployment
requirements is a complex endeavor which requires consideration of an extensive
series of factors and a sizeable body of reliable, current data.

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SERVICES

TA focuses on one problem/issue or a limited set of connected problems and
issues. Designed to provide immediate, low cost diagnostic and problem solving
services.

TRAINING KEYS
Concise, authoritative sources of law enforcement information, these
six-page, loose-leaf monographs allow law enforcement officers to expand
or
sharpen their knowledge, skills and abilities on a broad variety of law enforcement
practices and procedures.

NATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICY CENTER

Organized under the direction of a broad-based advisory board of recognized
law enforcement professionals, the center has carried out its mission through the
development of a wide variety of model law enforcement policies.

EXECUTIVE SEARCH
The IACP offers the most comprehensive police executive search service
available. Our experienced team recognizes the significance of selecting the new
executive leadership and works in partnership with the jurisdiction through all stages
of the planning, selection, and transition processes.

ASSESSMENT CENTERS
A powerful tool for making promotional decisions, an assessment center
uses a series of simulated on-the-job challenges to gauge a candidate’s ability to
perform the target job.

PROMOTIONAL TESTING
The IACP recognizes the importance of selecting and advancing the right
candidates into leadership positions, understanding that each agency has its own set
of challenges and circumstances.
 CHAPTER VII: UNITED NATION POLICE (UNPOL)

SUSTAINABLE PEACE TROUGH JUSTICE AND SECURITY

The UN Police is an integral part of the United Nations peace operations.

Currently there are over 12500 UN Police operating in over 90 countries. The UN
police help to allow for a safer environment, as well as protecting civilians from
criminal activities. The UN police does very important work throughout the world
through 17 different field missions.
United Nations Police

Flag

Map of UN member states

Note that this map does not represent the view of its
members or the UN concerning the legal status of any
country,[1] nor does it accurately reflect which areas'
governments have UN representation.

Headquarters International territory

in Manhattan, New
York City
 Arabic, Chinese,English, F
Official languages
rench,Russian, Spanish

Membership 193 member states

Leaders
- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
- General Assembly
Joseph Deiss
President

Establishment
- United Nations 26 June 1945
Charter signed
- Entry into force of 24 October 1945
Charter

United Nations Peacekeeping helps countries torn by conflict create

the conditions for lasting peace. UNPOL comprised of civilian, police and
military personnel.

Timeline
▪ 1960 - The first police officers are used in the UN Operation in Congo (ONUC)
▪ 1964 - Marks the first time the formal police componet is used in the UN
Peacekeeping force in Cyprus
▪ 1989 - Saw the increased use of the UN police because of the end of the Cold War.
Police are used in peacekeeping operations in Namibia, El Salvador,
and Mozambique.
▪ 1995 - The UN Police is instrumental in the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Recognised as a central tool for helping countries recover from conflict
▪ 1999 - UN Police are deployed to Kosovo
▪ 2000 - 5840 UN Police are on peacekeeping missions
▪ 2006 - The standing capactiy is established
▪ 2007 - An all women unit is sent from India to Liberia. Officers are also sent
to Darfur

What UN Police Do?

One of the objectives of the Philippines National Police officers being
deployed in the UN mission is for mentoring other Law Enforcement of foreign
countries like East Timor and Kosovo.
Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies
United Nations Police Officers support the reform, restructuring and
rebuilding of domestic police and other law enforcement agency through traini8ng
and advertising. Direct assistance is also provided, often through trust funds for the
refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles, communication
equipment and other law enforcement materials. Such assistance has been provided
in the past, for example, by the police components of peace operations in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Burundi, and cote d’lvoire, Democratic Republic of Chicago, Haiti,
Kosovo, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:

1. Consent of the parties;
2. Impartiality;
 3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
Duties
1. Policy and guidance development: Creating policy and guidance
and defining the parameters of international police peacekeeping.
2. Strategic planning: Strengthening the Police Division’s resources and
ability to conduct strategic planning.
3. Selection and recruitment processes: Improving efforts to recruit,
select, deploy and rotate highly qualified staff in missions. Increasing the
number of female officers in the UN Police service.
4. Operational support to missions through the Standing Police
Capacity: Increasing the effectiveness of the operational support
provided by the Standing Police Capacity.
5. Response to Sexual and Gender-based Violence
(SGBV): Strengthening its response to sexual and gender-based violence
and is creating guidance to assist its police officers.
6. Global Lead, partnerships and regional cooperation: leading the
area of international policing and developing partnerships for more
effective delivery of its mandates.

Functions
Some of the functions of the UN Police include:
1. Interim law enforcement - Responsible for policing and all law
enforcement. Some examples are the operations in Kosovo and Timor-Leste
2. Formed police units - These are used for crowd control and quelling riots.
3. Protecting UN personnel - They also work in tandem with local law
enforcement

As of 31 March 2012, UNPOL workforce consisted of:

● 84,186 serving troops and military observers
● 14,421 police personnel;
● 5,468 international civilian personnel (31 December 2011);
● 12,290 local civilian staff (31 December 2011);
● 2,421 UN Volunteers.
117 countries contributed military and police personnel.
The UN does not have its own military force; it depends on contributions
from Member States.
In addition to maintaining peace and security, peacekeepers are increasingly
charged with assisting in political processes; reforming judicial systems; training law
enforcement and police forces; disarming and reintegrating former combatants;
supporting the return of internally displaced persons and refugees.

How much does peacekeeping cost?

The budget for UN Peacekeeping operations for the fiscal year is about $7.84
billion.
By way of comparison, this is less than half of one per cent of world military
expenditures in 2010.
The estimated cost of all UN Peacekeeping operations from 1948 to June
2010 amounts to about $69 billion.
The top 10 providers of assessed contributions to United Nations Peacekeeping
operations in 2011-2012 are:
1. United States (27.14%)
2. Japan (12.53%)
 3. United Kingdom (8.15%)
4. Germany (8.02%)
5. France (7.55%)
6. Italy (5.00%)
7. China (3.93%)
8. Canada (3.21%)
9. Spain (3.18%)
10. Republic of Korea (2.26%)
Secretaries-General
Note: Alger Hiss was Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, held in April to June 1945.
UN
Secretary-Gen Dates in Country Reason of
Portrait Regional
eral office of origin withdrawal
Group
24 October Served
Western
1945 – as Acting Secretary-G
Gladwyn Jebb United European &
1 February eneral until Lie's
Kingdom Others
1946 election
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory
Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting
United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until
the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.
1 February
1946 – Western
Trygve Lie 10 European & Resigned
November Norway Others
1952
Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the
Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the
Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The US circumvented the
Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General
Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of forty-six to five, with eight
abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in
1952.[10]
Died in a plane crash
10 April
in Northern
1953 – Western
Dag Rhodesia (now Zambi
18 European &
Hammarskjöld Sweden a), while on a
September Others
peacekeeping mission
1961
to the Congo
After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option
that was acceptable to the Security Council. Hammarskjöld was re-elected
unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by
Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during theCongo Crisis, and suggested
that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man
executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union
gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash
in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961. US President John F.
Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century."
 30
November
1961 – Declined to consider
U Thant Asian
31 Burma a third term.
December
1971
In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a
non-European and non-American. U Thant was nominated. However, due to
opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian
independence) and the Arabs (Burma was supporting Israel), Thant was only
appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. Thant was the first Asian
Secretary-General. The following year, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a
full five-year term. He was similarly re-elected in 1966. Thant did not seek a
third term.[10]
1 January
1972 – Western
China vetoed his third
Kurt Waldheim 31 European &
Austria term.
December Others
1981
Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the
Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom,
in the third round Waldheim was selected to become the new
Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but
it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third
term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. In
the mid-1980s, it was revealed that a post-World War II UN War Crimes
Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal – based on his
involvement with the Nazi German army. The files had been stored in the UN
archive.[10]
1 January
1982 – Latin Refused to be
Javier Pérez de
31 Peru American & considered for a third
Cuéllar
December Caribbean term.
1991
Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the
re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salimof Tanzania.
Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat, was a compromise candidate, and the
first Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in
1986.[10]
1 January
1992 – The United States
Boutros
31 Egypt African vetoed his second
Boutros-Ghali
December term.
1996
The 102 member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next
Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly
and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary
to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five
anonymous straw polls – a first for the council. Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11
votes on the fifth round. In 1996 the US vetoed the re-appointment of
Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the
UN.
 1 January
1997 –
Retired after two full
Kofi Annan 31 African
Ghana terms
December
2006
On 13 December 1996, the United Nations Security Council recommended
Annan. He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General
Assembly, He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002.
1 January
South
Ban Ki-moon 2007– Asia-Pacific Incumbent
present Korea

Ban became the second Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General. He was

unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June
2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012. Prior to his selection, he was
the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea from January 2004 to November
2006.

List of presidents
Year Name of President UN member state Region
1946 Paul-Henri Spaak Belgium WES
1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS
1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS
1948 José Arce Argentina LAS
1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS
1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS
1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS
1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS
1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS
1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS
1954 Eelco N. van Kleffens Netherlands WES
1955 José Maza Chile LAS
1956 Rudecindo Ortega Chile LAS
1956 Rudecindo Ortega Chile LAS
1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS
1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS
1958 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS
1958 Charles Habib Malik Lebanon MES
1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS
1960 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS
1960 Frederick Henry Boland Ireland WES
1961 Frederick Henry Boland Ireland WES

Year Name of President UN member state Region

1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES
1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS
1963 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS
1963 Carlos Sosa Rodriguez Venezuela LAS
1964 Alex Quaison-Sackey Ghana COS
1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES
1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia
1967 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia
1967 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia
1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG
1968 Emilio Arenales Catalan Guatemala GRULAC
1969 Angie Elisabeth Brooks Liberia Africa
1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG
1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia
1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG
1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC
1974 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC
1974 Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa
1975 Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa
1975 Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG
Hamilton Shirley
1976 Sri Lanka Asia
Amerasinghe
1977 Lazar Mojsov SFR Yugoslavia EEG
1978 Lazar Mojsov SFR Yugoslavia EEG
1978 Lazar Mojsov SFR Yugoslavia EEG
1978 Lazar Mojsov SFR Yugoslavia EEG
1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC
1979 Salim A. Salim Tanzania Africa
1980 Salim A. Salim Tanzania Africa
1980 Salim A. Salim Tanzania Africa
1980 Salim A. Salim Tanzania Africa
Federal Republic of Germany (West
1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar WEOG
Germany)
Federal Republic of Germany (West
1981 Rüdiger von Wechmar WEOG
Germany)
1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia

Year Name of President UN member state Region

1982 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia
1982 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia
1982 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia
1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG
1983 Jorge E. Illueca Panama GRULAC
1984 Paul J. F. Lusaka Zambia Africa
1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG
1986 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG
1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia
1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia
German Democratic Republic (East
1987 Peter Florin EEG
Germany)
German Democratic Republic (East
1988 Peter Florin EEG
Germany)
1988 Dante Maria Caputo Argentina GRULAC
1989 Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa
1989 Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa
1990 Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa
1990 Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa
1990 Guido de Marco Malta WEOG
1991 Samir S. Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia
1992 Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG
1993 Samuel Insanally Guyana GRULAC
1994 Amara Essy Côte d'Ivoire Africa
1995 Diogo Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG
1996 Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia
1997 Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia
1997 Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia
1997 Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG
1998 Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG
1998 Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG
1998 Didier Opertti Badan Uruguay GRULAC
1999 Didier Opertti Badan Uruguay GRULAC
1999 Didier Opertti Badan Uruguay GRULAC
1999 Theo-Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa
1999 Theo-Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa

Year Name of President UN member state Region

2000 Theo-Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa
2000 Theo-Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa
2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG
2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG
2001 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG
2001 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG
2001 Han Seung-soo Republic of Korea (South Korea) Asia
2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG
2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC
2004 Jean Ping Gabon Africa
2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG
2006 Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa Bahrain Asia
2007 Srgjan Asan Kerim Macedonia EEG
2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC
2009 Ali Abdussalam Treki Libya Africa
2010 Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG
2011 Nassir Al-Nasser[4] Qatar Asia
2012 election to be decided EEG