RO_MIMAROPA_WS_Science8_Q4

SCIENCE 8
Fourth Quarter
Week 2
Topic: The Cell Cycle
MELC:
1. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell division cycle.
(S8LT-IVd-16)
2. Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number.
(S8LT-IVd-17)

Key Concepts:
• Cell Division – is the process that increases the number of cells.
o The cell undergoes a cycle that consists of the following
stages: Interphase and mitotic phase.
Interphase is divided into three stages, namely:
1. G1 phase (first gap period) – the cells performs their natural
functions and grows initially
2. S phase (synthesis) – where DNA replication happens to
prepare the cell division
3. G2 phase (second gap) – where the cell grows rapidly
• Mitosis (produces two diploids (2n) somatic cells that are genetically
identical to each other and the original parent cell)
o is where the actual cell division occurs and it has four
stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
(PMAT)
• The major event in cell division is the splitting of the nucleus
(karyokinesis) followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).
Four Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase - occupies over half of mitosis.
➢ The nuclear membrane breaks down to form several
small vesicles and the nucleolus disintegrates.
➢ A structure known as the centrosome duplicates itself
to form two daughter centrosomes that migrate to
opposite ends of the cell.
➢ The centrosomes organize the production of
microtubules that form the spindle fibers that
constitute the mitotic spindle.
➢ The chromosomes condense into compact structures.
➢ Each replicated chromosome can now be seen to
consist of two identical chromatids (or sister
chromatids) held together by a structure known as the
centromere.
2. Metaphase –
➢ The chromosomes align themselves along with the
metaphase plate of the spindle apparatus.
3. Anaphase –
➢ It is the shortest stage of mitosis.
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➢ The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of

each chromosome are pulled apart - or 'disjoin' - and
move to the opposite ends of the cell, pulled by spindle
fibers attached to the kinetochore regions.
➢ The separated sister chromatids are now referred to as
daughter chromosomes. (It is the alignment and
separation in metaphase and anaphase that is
important in ensuring that each daughter cell receives
a copy of every chromosome.)
4. Telophase –
➢ The final stage of mitosis and a reversal of many of the
processes observed during prophase.
➢ The nuclear membrane reforms around the
chromosomes grouped at either pole of the cell, the
chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse, and the
spindle fibers disappear.
• Cytokinesis - The final cellular division form two new cells. In
plants a cell plate forms along the line of the metaphase plate;
in animals, there is a constriction of the cytoplasm. The cell
then enters interphase - the interval between mitotic divisions.
• Meiosis (produces four haploids (n) gametes that are genetically
unique from each other and the original parent (germ) cell)
o Meiosis is the form of eukaryotic cell division that produces
haploid sex cells or gametes (which contain a single copy of
each chromosome) from diploid cells (which contain two copies
of each chromosome). The process takes the form of one DNA
replication followed by two successive nuclear and cellular
divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). As in mitosis, meiosis is
preceded by a process of DNA replication that converts each
chromosome into two sister chromatids.
In Meiosis I, a special cell division reduces the cell from diploid to
haploid.
Four Phases of Meiosis I:

1. Prophase I -
➢ The homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA to form
recombinant chromosomes.
2. Metaphase I –
➢ Homologous pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) are arranged as
a double row along with the metaphase plate.
➢ The arrangement of the paired chromosomes concerning the
poles of the spindle apparatus is random along with the
metaphase plate. (This is a source of genetic variation through
the random assortment, as the paternal and maternal
chromosomes in a homologous pair are similar but not
identical.
➢ The number of possible arrangements is 2n, where n is the
number of chromosomes in a haploid set.
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➢ Human beings have 23 different chromosomes, so the number

of possible combinations is 223, which is over 8 million.)
3. Anaphase I –
➢ The homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated
and move to the opposite poles of the cell
4. Telophase I –
➢ The chromosomes become diffuse and the nuclear membrane
reforms.

• Cytokinesis
The final cellular division forms two new cells, followed by Meiosis II.
Meiosis I is a reduction division: the original diploid cell had two
copies of each chromosome; the newly formed haploid cells have one
copy of each chromosome.
• Meiosis II separates each chromosome into two chromatids.
o The events of Meiosis II are analogous to those of a mitotic
division, although the number of chromosomes involved has
been halved.
Four Phases of Meiosis II
1. Prophase II
o the DNA does not replicate. The nuclear envelope
disintegrates making the chromosomes visible.
2. Metaphase II
o the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the
cell
3. Anaphase II
o centromeres divide and sister chromatids pulled
separately to each pole.
4. Telophase II
o the cell division is complete. One parent cell produces
four daughter cells. Daughter cells have half the number
of chromosomes found in the original parent cell and
because of crossing over; these four daughter cells are
genetically different from each other.
Meiosis generates genetic diversity through:
o the exchange of genetic material between homologous
chromosomes during Meiosis I
o the random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes
in Meiosis I
o random alignment of the sister chromatids at Meiosis II
Significance of Meiosis:
1. Meiosis is responsible for the formation of sex cells or
gametes that are
responsible for sexual reproduction.
2. It activates the genetic information for the development of
sex cells and
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deactivates the sporophytic information.

3. It maintains the constant number of chromosomes by
halving the same.
This is important because the chromosome number doubles
after
fertilization.
4. In this process independent assortment of maternal and
paternal
chromosomes takes place. Thus the chromosomes and the
traits
controlled by them are reshuffled.
5. The genetic mutation occurs due to irregularities in cell
division by
meiosis. The beneficial mutations are carried on by natural
selection.
6. Crossing-over produces a new combination of traits and
variations.

Activity 1A: The Cell Cycle

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in your activity
notebook.

1. What is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide?
2. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called?
3. During what phase of the cell cycle do mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
4. During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur?
5. During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
6. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow?
7. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis?
8. Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase,
metaphase, and telophase.
9. Put the following in stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M.
10. Put the following actions in order: DNA replication, the cell grows, cell
division, the cell prepares for mitosis.

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Activity 1B: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Objective: Compare and contrast mitosis from meiosis.

Directions: The following are some concepts on mitosis and meiosis. Read them
thoroughly and complete the tasks that follow.

Mitosis and Meiosis

1. The type of cell division by which two daughter cells are formed is
called mitosis. It produces daughter cells that are exactly the same as the
parent cell. It is actually the process by which the cell nucleus duplicates.
After the nuclear material is duplicated, the rest of the cell simply divides in
two. It is also a continuous process, events of which are broken into four
phases. These are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

2. The kind of cell division which produces gametes containing half the
number of chromosomes as a parent’s body cell is called meiosis. It occurs
in the specialized body cells that produce gametes. It consists of two separate
divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II.

Meiosis I begin with one diploid (2n) cell. By the end of Meiosis II, there
are four haploid (n) cells. In animals and most plants, these haploid cells are
called sex cells or gametes.

Source: Laylay, Marilou H. 2007. SciLINKS. Module 2: Cell Division. Mandaluyong City:
Merryland Publishing Corporation

Tabulate the general differences between mitosis and meiosis. Write your
answers in the table below.

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions
Chromosome number in daughter
cells
Number of daughter cells

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Activity 1C:
Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

Directions: Use
the image in the
right to help you
determine whether
each statement
describes mitosis,
meiosis, or both.
Place an “X” in the
appropriate box.
Source: https://studylib.neb/doc/7807850/comparing-mitosis-and-
meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis Both

1. There are two rounds of division in the
process.
2. Four total cells are produced.
3. Duplicated chromosomes separate during
the process.
4. DNA is copied during interphase
5. At the end, the chromosome number is the
SAME as the original cell.
6. The process produces body cells.
7. The process produces cells that are the
same as the original cell.
8. The process produces cells that are
DIFFERENT from the original cell.
9. The process produces sex cells (sperm &
egg)
10. The process produces cells with HALF the
number of chromosomes.
11. The process has only one round of division.
12. Chromosome pairs separate during the
process.
13. Two total cells are produced.
Source: https://studylib.neb/doc/7807850/comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis

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Activity 1D: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Directions: Complete the table with the descriptions that best fit to compare
Mitosis and Meiosis. Use the sentences/phrases in the list below.
Table: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis

Number of divisions
Number of cells
produced
Chromosomes sets (=n)
Purpose
Type of cells where the
process occurs
Cell Division Phase Mitosis Meiosis
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

one two 2 4 (tetrad) growth, repair, replacement

2n n sexual reproduction sex cells/gametes body cells/somatic

chromosomes duplicate (chromatids; chromosomes duplicate (chromatids;

chromosomes pair chromosomes do not pair

chromosomes (paired chromatids) line up at Paired chromosomes (4 chromatids) line up at

equatorial plate equatorial plate

chromatids separate chromatids separate; chromatids stay 2 identical cells formed

together

2 nuclei or cells formed; each with one set of chromosomes as paired chromatids

chromosomes, as paired chromatids condensed, distinct paired chromatids at the

equatorial plate

formation of 4 nuclei or cells; each haploid (1n) separation of chromatids

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Activity 2: On-call Oncologist!

Directions: Read the situation below and answer the questions. Write your
answer on the blanks. Use the scoring rubric to help you.

An oncologist (a physician who specializes in cancer) compares 2

biopsy samples by looking at the percentage of cells in mitosis. Sample #1
has 15% of cells in mitosis and Sample #2 has 8% of cells in mitosis. These
samples are of the same tissue type.

1. Which sample is likely to be cancerous and why?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you need to look into in deciding if the tumor was benign or
malignant?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Assessment

Category Weight 4 3 2 1
Explanation 75 Explanation Explanation The The
points is detailed is clear explanation explanation
& clear is a little is difficult to
difficult to understand
understand and is
but includes missing
critical several
components. components
or was not
included.
Neatness 25 The work is The work is The work is The work
and points presented presented presented in appears
Organization in neat, in neat, neat, clean, sloppy and
clean, clean, organized unorganized.
organized organized ideas but It is hard to
ideas that ideas that may be hard know what
are easy to are usually to read at information
read easy to read times. goes
together.

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Key to Correction:
Activity 1A: The Cell Cycle

1. cell cycle
2. interphase
3. cell division
4. M-phase
5. S-phase
6. G1
7. G2
8. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
9. G1, S, G2, M
10. cell growth, DNA replication, the cell prepares for mitosis,
cell division

Activity 1B: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions 1 2
Chromosome number in daughter cells same as the half as many as
parent cell parent cell1
Number of daughter cells 2 4

Activity 1C: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitos Meios Bot

is is h
1. There are two rounds of division in the process. x
2. Four total cells are produced. x
3. Duplicated chromosomes separate during the process. x
4. DNA is copied during interphase x
5. At the end, the chromosome number is the SAME as x
the original cell.
6. The process produces body cells. x
7. The process produces cells that are the same as the x
original cell.
8. The process produces cells that are DIFFERENT from x
the original cell.
9. The process produces sex cells (sperm & egg) x
10. The process produces cells with HALF the number of x
chromosomes.
11. The process has only one round of division. x
12. Chromosome pairs separate during the process. x
13. Two total cells are produced. x

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Activity 1D: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Table Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions one two
Number of cells 2 4 (tetrad)
produced
Chromosomes sets (=n) 2n 1n
growth, repair, sexual reproduction
Purpose
replacement
Type of cells where the somatic cells/body cells gametes/sex cells
process occurs
Cell Division Phase Mitosis Meiosis
chromosomes duplicate chromosomes duplicate
(chromatids); (chromatids);
Prophase I
chromosomes do not chromosomes pair
pair
chromosomes (paired paired chromosomes (4
Metaphase I chromatids) line up at chromatids) line up at
the equatorial plate the equatorial plate
chromatids separate chromosomes pairs
Anaphase I separate; chromatids
stay together
2 identical cells formed 2 nuclei or cells formed;
each with one set of
Telophase I
chromosomes as paired
chromatids
chromosomes, as paired
Prophase II chromatids condensed,
distinct
paired chromatids at
Metaphase II
the equatorial plate
separation of
Anaphase II
chromatids
formation of 4 nuclei or
Telophase II cells; each haploid (1n)

Activity 2. On-call Oncologist!

1. Since the tissue samples are both of the same types, Sample # 1 is likely
to be cancerous because it divides abnormally more than Sample #2.
2. Benign tumors often have a visual border of the protective sac that helps
doctors
diagnose them as benign. The doctor may also order blood tests to check
for the
presence of cancer markers. In other cases, doctors will take a biopsy of
the tumor
to determine whether it’s benign or malignant.

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References:

A. Books:

Capco, Carmelita M. 2003. Biology. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House

B. Modules/Worktext:

Laylay, Marilou H. 2007. SciLINKS. Module 2: Cell Division. Mandaluyong City:

Merryland Publishing Corporation

Intatano, Vivian B. etal. 2019. Science 8 Worktext for Grade 8. Vol 2. No. 4. Quezon
City; Educational Resources Corporation

D. Websites:

https://line.17qq.com/articles/hawqeurqx.html
https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/cell-growth-death/cell-cycle/
https://byjus.com/biology/significance-of-meiosis/
https://visualsnsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2512
https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-
meiosis
https://studylib.neb/doc/7807850/comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis
https://courses.washington.edu.com.table-comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis-pdf

Prepared by:
MYLIESA M. DAGUPON
Dayhagan NHS

Reviewed by:
Antonieta C. Miguel
PPCNSHS, Pto. Prin. City

For inquiries or comments, write or call:

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region

Meralco Avenue, corner St. Paul Road, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telephone No. (02) 863-14070
Email Address: lrmds.mimaroparegion@deped.gov.ph
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