6.

8 : Salts, Crystals and Their uses in Daily Life

-Salts is an ionic compound.

-Salt can be produced from the neutralization
reaction between acid and alkali (base)

Reaction between acid and alkali

Anion from acid

KOH + HCl KCl + H 2O

Cation from base Potassium
chloride salt
Can salt only be produced form acid and base reaction?
Can you find out other reaction to produce salts?

Reaction between acid and reactive metals

Anion from acid

Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H 2O
Cation from metal Zinc chloride
salt
 Reaction between acid and metal carbonate
Anion from acid

CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Cation from metal carbonate Calcium
chloride salt

Reaction between acid and aqueous ammonia

Anion from acid

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl + H2O

Cation from aqueous ammonia Ammonium
chloride salt
Base on the previous chemical equation,
salt can be defined as ;

An ionic compound formed when the

hydrogen ion, H+ from the acid is
replaced with the metal ion or the
ammonium ion, NH4+
 DEFINATION OF SALT

A salt is an ionic compound formed

when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid
metal ion or an
is replaced with a ___________
ammonium ion, NH4+
________________
Physical Properties of Salt Crystals
-has flat surface, straight sides and
sharp vertices
-Has a fixed angle between two
adjacent surface
-Has specific geometrical shape
such as cube, cuboid,
rhombus and prism
-Different crystals have different
geometrical shapes
-Same crystals of different sizes
still have the same geometrical shape
The important of salt
medicineand plasters
• In medicinal field- used in ________
plastics ________,
• In chemical industry- used in_______, detergents
glass, paints and dyes
fertilizers
• In agriculture- used in __________and ___________
pesticides
• In food industry– used as __________and
___________ flavouring
preservatives

Natrium
Used as flavouring
phosphate
Nasaline salt and preservatives
 6.9 : Preparation of Salts
Solubility of salt in Water
Soluble salts are salts that dissolve in water at room
temperature and non-soluble salts are salts that do not
dissolve in water at room temperature

SALTS SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE

Nitrate salts All nitrate salts
Carbonate salts • Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 • All other
carbonate salts
• Potassium carbonate, K2CO3
• Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3
Solubility of salt in Water

SALTS SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE

Chloride salts • All chloride salts •Silver chloride, AgCl

except
(Che’ PAH) • Lead(II) chloride, PbCl

• Mercury chloride, HgCl

Sulphate salts • All sulphate salts •
•Lead (II) sulphate, PbSO4
except •
(PCB Syoknye) ••Calcium sulphate, CaSO
4
•
• Barium sulphate, BaSO4
•
Exercise 1 :
DO IT, OK
Mark S for soluble salts and IS for Insoluble salts

1. Sodium chloride S 2. Barium sulphate IS

3. Sodium sulphate S 4. Ammonium chloride S
5. Copper(II) sulphate S 6. Lead(II) chloride IS
7. Lead(II) nitrate S 8. Calcium sulphate IS
9. Magnesium chloride S 10. Silver chloride IS
 Special Salts
Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2 and Lead(II) Iodide, PbI2 are two type of
salts that are special.
These salts are initially insoluble in water, but can be
dissolved in hot water to produced a colourless solution.
Solid are reformed when water is cooled.
 Preparation of soluble salts
Sodium salt Acid + alkali ! salt + water
Potassium salt
Ammonium salt

Other salt Acid + base(metal oxide) ! salt + water

Acid + metal more electropositive than hidrogen !

salt + hydrogen

Acid + metal carbonate !

salt + water + carbon dioxide
Discussion
What the differentiate of the soluble salts
preparation?
• Only sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are
prepared by acid (aqueous solution) and base
(aqueous solution) reaction.

• where as another soluble salt are prepared by acid

(aqueous solution) and whether metal, base and
carbonate reactions (solid).
A. Preparing of soluble ammonium, Sodium
and Potassium Salts

Procedure

pipet ______
1. Using a _____, 25 cm3 of potassium
hydroxide solution 1.0 mol dm-3 is put into a
conical flask .
___________
phenolphthalein are
2. Two drops of ____________
added to the conical flask.
3. Nitric acid 1.0 mol dm-3is placed in the
burette initial reading on the burette
______.The ______
is recorded.
shaken the
4. While the conical flask is being ______,
acid is released from the burette into the
conical flask.
5. The acid is then added drop by drop into
the conical flask until the indicator changes
pink colourless
colour from ____ to _________
6. The _____
final reading on the burette is
recorded
7. The volume of the acid added, V cm3 is
calculated.
8. 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution
beaker
is put into a _______.
9. With no indicator added, V cm3 of dilute
nitric acid is added to the solution in the
beaker.
10. The solution is poured into an evaporating dish
and heated until its becomes ___________
11. The saturatedsaturated
solution is allowed to cool at
room temperature and crystallize.
12. The crystals are ________
13. ______ the crystals filtered
with a small amount of
distilled water.
Rinse
14. Dry the crystals between sheets of filter
papers.
B. Preparing of Soluble Salts which are NOT
Ammonium, Sodium and Potassium Salts
1. Reaction between acid and metal oxide
• Preparing copper (II) nitrate crystals using the
reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper(II) oxide

Procedure:
1. (25-100) cm3 of nitric acid (1-2) mol dm-3 is
measured using a __________
measuring _________
cylinder
and poured into a beaker
2. The nitric acid is _______
heated carefully in the
beaker.
3. Copper(II) oxide powder is added a little
at a time to the nitric acid using a
spatula. The mixture is stirred well.
4. Copper(II) oxide powder is added
continuously until some of it no longer
dissolves
5. The contents are filtered.
6. The filtrate is poured into an evaporating
dish.
7. The salt solution in the evaporating dish
is gently heated for evaporation to occur
saturated
until it becomes _________.
8. Then hot saturated solution is cooled to
room temperature for crystallization to
occur
9. The contents are filtered to obtain the
copper (II) nitrate crystals.
10. The crystals are rinsed with a small
amount of distilled water.
11. The crystals are pressed between a few
pieces of filter paper to be dried.
12.The copper(II) nitrate crystals can be
recrystallisation
purified through _______________.

• CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

2. Reaction between acid and metal more electropositive
than hydrogen
• Preparing zinc chloride crystals using the reaction of dilute
hydrochloric acid with zinc

Procedure:

1. (25-100) cm3 of hydrochloric acid (1-2) mol dm-3

is measured using a __________________
measuring cylinder and
poured into a beaker.
2. The hydrochloric acid is heated carefully in the
beaker
3. Zinc powder is added a little at a time to the
nitric acid using a spatula. The mixture is
stirred well.
4. Zinc powder is added continuously until some
of it no longer dissolves
5. The contents are filtered.
6. The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish.
7. The salt solution in the evaporating dish
is gently heated for evaporation to occur
saturated
until it becomes __________.
saturated
8. Then hot ___________solution is cooled
to room temperature for crystallization
to occur
9. The contents are filtered to obtain the
zinc chloride crystals.
10. The crystals are rinsed with a small amount
of distilled water.
11. The crystals are pressed between a few
pieces of filter paper to be dried

12. The zinc chloride crystals can be

purified through recrystallisation.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
3. Reaction between acid and metal carbonate
• Preparing magnesium sulphate crystals using the
reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with magnesium
carbonate

Procedure:

1.(25-100) cm3 of sulphuric acid (1-2) mol

dm-3 is measured using a measuring
cylinder and poured into a beaker.
 heated
2. The sulphuric acid is _______carefully in
the beaker.
3. Magnesium carbonate powder is added
a little at a time to the nitric acid using a
stirred
spatula. The mixture is ________well.
4. Magnesium carbonate powder is added
continuously until some of it no longer
dissolves
5. The contents are filtered.
6. The filtrate is poured into an evaporating
dish.
7. The salt solution in the evaporating dish is
gently heated for evaporation to occur
saturated
until it becomes ___________.
saturated
8. Then hot __________solution is cooled to
room temperature for crystallization to
occur
9. The contents are filtered to obtain the
magnesium __________crystals.
__________ sulphate
10. The crystals are rinsed with a small
amount of distilled water
11. The crystals are pressed between a
few pieces of filter paper to be dried.
12. The magnesium sulphate crystals can be
purified through recrystallisation

• MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Purification of soluble Salts by the Recrystallisation Method
Recrystallisation to purify potassium nitrate crystals

1. Put the potassium nitrate, KNO3 crystals into a

beaker
________.
distilled
2. Add just enough ___________ water
_______to cover
heat
the crystals. Gently _____the mixture while
stirring it with a glass rod. Add distilled water, a
little at a time, until all the crystals are dissolved,
3. Filter the solution obtained to
impurities
remove_________.
evaporating
4. Pour the filtrate into an ___________
dish
______.
5. Gently heat the solution for evaporating
to occur until the solution becomes
saturated
___________.
saturated
6. Cool the hot __________solution to
room temperature for crystallization to
occur.
7. Filter the solution.
8. Rinse the crystals with a small amount
of distilled water.
9. Dry the crystals between sheets of filter
papers
Preparation of insoluble salts
• Insoluble salts can be prepared by
precipitation
___________method double
through _______
decomposition reaction.
______________
• In the precipitation process, two different
aqueous solutions are mixed together.
Aqueous Aqueous
solution solution Precipitate Solution of a
containing + containing (insoluble + soluble
non-metal salt) substance
metal ions ions
(cations) (anions)
 The ionic equation for formation of barium sulphate, BaSO4

Chemical equation:

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ! BaSO4(s) +

2NaCl(aq)
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) ! BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Ion in barium Ion in sodium Precipitate Ions in sodium

chloride sulphate chloride

Ionic Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) !

equation: BaSO4(s)
 Preparation of lead(II) iodide, PbI2
Procedure:
25 cm3
1. Pour _______of 0.5 moldm-3 lead(II)
nitrate solution into a beaker
25 cm 3
containing ______ cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3
potassium iodide solution.
Stir
2. ____the mixture with a glass rod.
3. ______the
Filter contents of the beaker
through a filter paper in a filter
funnel.
4. ______the
Rinse precipitate (residue) in the
filter funnel with distilled water.
5. ____the
Dry precipitate between sheets
of filter paper.
 Observation:
yellow
The salt prepared is a ______solid.

Chemical equation

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3

Exercise 2:
Write balanced chemical equations for the following
neutralization reactions.
Name the salt formed in each reaction
1. Reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
sodium sulphate
2. Reaction between potassium hydroxide and
sulphuric acid
2 KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 H 2O
potassium sulphate
Write the ions form and ionic equations for insoluble salts.

Insoluble salt Ions Ionic equations

ZnCO3 Zn2+ , CO32- Zn2+ + CO32- ZnCO3
AgCl Ag+ , Cl- Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
BaSO4 Ba2+ , SO42- Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
PbCl2 Pb2+ , Cl- Pb2+ + 2Cl- PbCl2
PbSO4 Pb2+ , SO42- Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4
CaCO3 Ca2+ , CO32- Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
Exercise 3:

Salt Method of Reactants that can be Chemical equation

preparation used

Potassium Titrate an acid Potassium hydroxide KOH + HNO3 KNO3 +

nitrate, KNO3 with an alkali solution and dilute H2O
nitric acid
Copper(II) React the Copper(II) CuO + H2SO4
sulphate, metal oxide/ oxide / CuSO4 + H2O
CuSO4 carbonate carbonate and
with an acid dilute sulphuric
acid

Lead(II) Mix solution Lead(II) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI

iodide, of two nitrate solution PbI2 + 2KNO3
PbI2 soluble salts and potassium
iodide solution
 The end, thank you
Finish the
exercises,
ok