Reasoning

Spatial and
Visual Reasoning

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 SPATIAL AND VISUAL REASONING

Spatial and Visual Reasoning is a category of reasoning

skills that refers to the capacity to visualize the objects
in both two and three dimensions and visualize
movement of those objects or deduce patterns between
them. In general, Visual Reasoning refers to Two
Dimensional figures while Spatial Reasoning refers to
Three Dimensional figures.
Questions in these types are object – based and to
answer them correctly, we need to visualize the
movements
Importance of Spatial and Visual Reasoning
Spatial And Visual Reasoning checks our ability to
investigate and solve problems, especially non-routine
problems in mathematics. This reasoning helps one to
modify, understand and do interpretation of complex
data and further convert them into concrete ideas.
The questions are based on:
1. Group Rotation
2. Shape matching
3. Mirror images

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 4. Block counting
5. Maps
6. Cube views
7. Combining 2D shapes
8. Odd man out
9. Punching figure
10. Continuous series
Let us understand this topic with following examples
Illustrative Examples:
Ex. 1: If the following operations were performed in the
given sequence on the figure shown in the box,
what would the resultant figure be?
I. Rotate the figure clockwise by 90 degrees.
II. Flip along the vertical axis passing through its
centre.
III. Flip along the horizontal axis passing through
its centre.

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 A. B.

C. D.
Sol. On applying I, we get figure C
On applying II after I, we get figure D
On applying III in the last, we get figure in option B.
So option B is the answer

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Ex. 2: Identify the option that will replace the question
mark.

A. B.

C. D.

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Sol. As per the arrangement,
From first row to second row:
First figure and second figure interchange from
first row to second row and third figure and fourth
figure interchange from first row to second row.
The first smiley becomes the fifth smiley in every
row.
From second row to third row
The smiley at fourth, third, second and first become
first, second, third and fourth in the third row and
first smiley after change becomes the fifth as well.
This sequence goes in alternate. Hence option A is
the answer

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Ex. 3: Identify the correct order of rotation.

A. B.

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 C. D.
Sol. Going by options, the correct order of rotation is in
option B as moving in order 123698745, we infer
the correct order of rotation. By focusing on any of
left corner lines from one given figure and moving
in similar order as given in option, there is accurate
rotation of anticlockwise. Hence answer is option
B.
Ex. 4: Three views of the same cube are shown above.
Which symbol is opposite X?

A. B. C. D.

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Sol. These types of questions can be done by
eliminating the options.
If we see a symbol on the same illustration as the
‘X’ then it cannot be opposite to X. The second and
third cubes eliminate options A, B and C. Now we
can see option D has edges shared with Option A
and B which would be consistent with the third
cube also. Therefore option D is the required
answer.
Ex. 5: Which answer shows a mirror image of the image
below?

A. B.

C. D.

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Sol. Firstly check if any of the shapes have changed
their places. In option D and B the circle and bent
arrow have swapped places. So options B and D
are eliminated. In option A, the trapezium is shown
exactly as is given in the image. Hence option C is
the correct answer
Ex. 6: Which figure fits the given object, in order to make
a square?

A. B.

C. D.

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Sol. Move the question figure by 90 degree clockwise,
we get

So figure D fits the given object to make a square.

Ex. 7: Which of the given shapes is the same 3D shape as
in question, but in different position?

A. B.

C. D.

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Sol. We can see that the two large blocks are adjacent
to each other, so option B is not the answer. The
small block is on the sides of the larger one, so
options A and C can also be eliminated. Hence
option D is the answer.
Ex. 8: Which piece corresponds to the given solid?

A. B.

C. D.

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Sol. We need to check only 3 adjacent faces in question
figure. We can see single lines on two faces and
cross on one face. Single lines are in line with one
line of cross. Therefore option A, B and D can be
eliminated easily. Hence option C is the answer
Ex. 9: Which object can be made by folding the given
shape, along the dotted lines?

A. B. C. D.
Sol. On folding along red lines, we can reject options A
and D

Now option B is also rejected

as there is no groove in the
shape. Hence option C is the
answer

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Ex.10: To which object the following top view
corresponds?

A. B. C. D.
Sol. In these kinds of questions, we only need to
compare the outlines of the figures. In option C,
no cylindrical pillar is there, so rejected. In option
D, pillar is not in centre, so rejected. Option B is
also not symmetrical, hence rejected. Option A is
the answer
Ex.11: Which figure can be formed without overlapping
with the following figures?(where b = 1.5a)

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 A. B.

C. D.
Sol. Option A shows overlapping, so rejected. Option B
is not possible as b = 1.5a. Option D does not
contain same shapes, so rejected. Hence option C
is the answer.
Ex.12: Which of the given shapes is the correct mirror
image?

A. B.

C. D.

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Sol. In question figure there are two circles slightly on
top of each other, so answer must be between
option A or D. On observing the positioning of the
outer circles, we get answer as option A.
Ex.13: What would be the 3 D shape look like from
above?

A. B.

C. D.
Sol. When looking from the above, height does not
matter, therefore the easiest method to find
answer here is to just checking the outline of the
figure. Here we can see that correct answer is

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 option A which shows that it is a triangle with a
kind of jagged edge.
DIRECTIONS for questions 14 to 18: Six different positions
of dice are given below:

The sum of the numbers of dots on the opposite face is

7.
Ex. 14: If an even numbered dice have an odd number of
dots on their top faces, then find the total of
number of dots on the top faces of these dice.
A. 22 B. 3 C. 10 D. 24
Sol. Option B
Even numbered dice are: (II), (IV) and (VI)
Number of dots on the top face of dice (II) = 1
Number of dots on the top face of dice (IV) = 1
Number of dots on the top face of dice (VI) = 1
Therefore, the required total = 1+1+1=3

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Ex. 15: If an odd numbered dice have an odd number of
dots on their top faces, then find the total number
of dots on top faces of these dice.
A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 14
Sol. Option C
Odd numbered dice are: (I), (III) and (V)
Numbers of dots on the top faces of these dice
are 5, 5 and 3 respectively.
Required total = 5+5++3=13
Ex. 16: If dice (I), (II) and (III) have an odd number of dots
on their top faces, and the dice (IV), (V) and (VI)
have an even number of dots on their top faces,
then what is the difference in the total number of
dots on top faces between the two sets of dice?
A. 0 B. 3 C. 1 D. 5
Sol. Option D
Number of dots on the top faces of the dice (I), (II)
and (III) are 5, 1 and 5 respectively.
Therefore, the total of these numbers = 5 + 1 + 5 =
11

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 Number of dots on the top faces of the dice (IV),
(V) and (VI) are 6, 4 and 6 respectively.
Therefore, the total of these numbers = 6 + 4 + 6 =
16. Required difference = 16 – 11= 5
Ex. 17: If odd numbered dice have an even number of
dots on their top faces and even numbered dice
have an odd of dots on their bottom faces, then
what is the total number of dots on their top
faces?
A. 26 B. 12 C. 16 D. 18
Sol. Option A
Number of dots on the top faces of the dice (I),
(III) and (V) are 2, 2 and 4 respectively.
Number of dots on the top faces of the dice (II),
(IV) and (VI) are 6, 6 and 6 respectively.
Required total = 2 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 6 =26
Ex. 18: If the dice (I), (II) and (III) have an odd number of
dots on their top faces, then what is the total
number of dots on their top faces?
A. 7 B. 14 C. 12 D. 11

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Sol. Option D
Number of dots on the top faces of dice (I), (II)
and (III) are 5, 1 and 5 respectively.
Required total = 5 + 1 + 5 = 11
DIRECTIONS for the questions 19 to 22: In the question
given below which one of the answer figures should
come after the problem figures given, if the sequence
were continued?

Ex. 19:

A. B.

C. D. E
Sol. Option E
Movement inside the circle is as follows
From First figure to Second figure, changes are
as follows: First, all the members are made
upside down.

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 From Second figure to Third figure, changes are
as follows: Then one member is upside down and
rest remains the same.
This sequence is followed. So now it is the turn of
making all the members upside down. Hence
option E. Also outside the circle it is the turn of
having both new symbols.

Ex. 20:

A. B. C.

D. E.
Sol. Answer D
From First figure to Second figure changes are as
follows: First symbol at top most left hand corner
remains at its own place and is rotated
anticlockwise at its own position. Rest four
symbols are displaced anticlockwise forming
right triangle.

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 From Second figure to Third figure changes are
as follows: Symbol at lower left hand corner is
rotated anticlockwise on the same position and
rest four symbols are displaced anticlockwise
forming a right angle triangle.
This process is continued in remaining figures.
Following that fourth option happens to be the
answer.

Ex. 21:

A. B. C.

D. E.
Sol. Answer A
Black dots are reduced by one and plus sign is
always to the left hand side of black dot.
Following the pattern the answer happens to be
first option.

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Ex. 22:

A. B. C.

D. E.
Sol. Answer D
The symbol on the top right moves to the top left
and size is reduced and the symbol on the top left
moves to the middle. Therefore, option D is the
next figure in the sequence.
DIRECTIONS for questions 23 to 26: In the problem, out of
the five figures marked (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e), four are
similar in a certain manner. However, one figure is not
like the other four. Choose the figure which is different
from the rest.
Ex. 23:

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 A. B.

C. D.

E.
Sol. Answer E
Only picture 5 has odd number of shapes. All
others have even number of shapes.
Ex. 24:

A. B.

C. D.

E.

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Sol. Answer A
Picture 2 and 3 can be turned around the own
axis, to for picture 4 and 5 respectively. Picture 1
does have a relation of this kind
OR
Only in picture 1 the gap between the white
squares in different.
Ex. 25:

A. B.

C. D.

E.

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Sol. Answer E
Except picture 5, all the other pictures have
segments within the circle (chords) equal to the
segments protruding out of the circles (secants)
Ex. 26:

A. B.

C. D.

E.
Sol. Answer E
Except picture 5, all the other pictures have the
mirror or water image of the shape on the left
part. The small segment in the picture 5 is
inappropriately placed.

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DIRECTIONS for the question: A piece of paper is folded
and punched as shown below in the question figures.
Indicate how it will appear when opened.
Ex. 27:

A. B.

C. D.
Sol. Answer A
Keep on folding a paper in the shape given here.
Punch three holes accordingly and then unfold
the paper in the end, you will get option (A) as the
answer.

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DIRECTIONS for the question: In the question given below
which one of the answer figures should come after the
problem figures given, if the sequence were continued?
Ex. 28: Which of the unfolded figures in the given four
options shall certainly result in the folded form
given in figure 3?

A. B. C. D.
Sol. Answer D
The vertex of four triangles that are cut should be
pointed to center which is there in 4th option.
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following
question and mark the best possible option.
Ex. 29:

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 A. B.

C. D. E.
Sol. Answer A. Original unit is divided into equal parts
(6, 4) and the alternate parts are shaded.
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following
question and mark the best possible option.
Given below is a pair of question pictures A and B on the
left hand side. Observe the relationship / Pattern / Flow
between pictures A and B and use the same to fit into C
and D. Here A corresponds to C whereas B corresponds
to D. Pick the picture from the options A, B, C, D and E to
fit it into the ‘?’
Ex. 30:

A. B. C.

D. E.

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Sol. Answer A
If the arrows from left to right are in the order of A
– B – C – D, they get interchanged to form A – D
– B – C. Hence the answer is option A.
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following
question and mark the best possible option.
Which pattern from the bottom line (A, B, C, D or E) is
missing in the third box from the top line?
Ex. 31:

A. A B. B C. D D. E
Sol. Answer C
The black shading is shifting one move clockwise
each time.
Hence the answer is option C which logically
follows the pattern

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DIRECTIONS for questions 32 to 34: In which of the
following options is the problem figure Embedded /
Hidden.
Ex. 32:

A. B.

C. D.
Sol. If we look carefully, we see that the given figure is
embedded in option A. Hence it is the answer.

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Ex. 33:

A. B.

C. D.
Sol. If we look carefully, we see that the given figure is
embedded in option A. Hence it is the answer.
Ex. 34:

A. B. C. D.
Sol. If we look carefully, we see that the given figure is
embedded in option C. Hence it is the answer.

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