2.

Frequency hopping spread-spectrum

• It’s analog techniques
• M-ary frequency shift keying
(MFSK,BPSK and QPSK)

• fast hopping Th ≤ Tb
• one complete, or a fraction of symbol is transmitted
• slow hopping Th > Tb
• more than one symbol is transmitted
• shape of frequency spectrum is flat
• The bandwidth of a frequency-hopping signal is simply
bandwidth of each hop channel times the number of
frequency slots available.
 FH modulation system
0101101 11 Fc7+f3 and Fc7-f3 Fc7+f3
f3

f1
Symbols 𝑓𝑖 Fc5+f1
Code FC
𝑘 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀
00 f0 seq. No. F=

01 f1 segment 2
𝐿

10 f2 000 F1C
11 f3
001 F2C
010 F3C
011 F4C
100 F5C
01001100100110 101 F6C
110 F7C
111 F8C
 FH demodulation system
(Fc7+f3 )+Fc7 and (Fc7+f3 )-Fc7
(2Fc7+f3 ) and f3
Fc7+f3
f3
11

Code FC
seq. No. F= Symbols 𝑓𝑖
segment 2
𝐿
𝑘 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀
000 F1C 00 f0
001 F2C 01 f1
010 F3C 10 f2
011 F4C 11 f3
01001100100110 100 F5C
101 F6C
110 F7C
111 F8C