2020 IEEE REGION 10 CONFERENCE (TENCON)

Osaka, Japan, November 16-19, 2020

Illegal Logging Listeners Using IoT Networks

Ananta Srisuphab∗ , Nopparat Kaakkurivaara† , Piyanuch Silapachote∗ ,
Kitipong Tangkit† , Ponthep Meunpong† and Thanwadee Sunetnanta∗
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand∗
Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand†
Email: {ananta.sri, piyanuch.sil, thanwadee.sun}@mahidol.edu, {ffornrm, fforkpt, fforptm}@ku.ac.th

Abstract—Protecting and increasing worldwide green space

have been an international effort. Individuals and organizations
are encouraged to plant urban trees and to get involved in many
reforestation and restoration projects. Offsetting these much
needed plans to save the forests is illegal logging. Trees that
have grown for many years, some are protected resources inside
restricted areas, are felled and the wood is smuggled. Watching
for these illegal activities is very difficult and also very danger-
ous. It is quite impossible for rangers to patrol every entry and
exit point of forests that cover thousands of squared kilometers.
Applying Internet of Things technology to ecological forestry,
we are proposing integrating sound acquisition networks and
acoustic signal analyzers to enhance the robustness of an al-
ready successful camera-based surveillance solution that is also
equipped with a global positioning system tracker. Our listener
devices record sounds of the forest and periodically send it to a
cloud storage over cellular networks. The device is affordable,
the system is small and portable, and the network is flexibly
extensible. From the data, acoustic features are extracted and
visualized. The Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients of the signals
have exhibited promising distinctiveness for detection of illegal
chainsaw activities in the wild.
Index Terms—illegal logging, sound acquisition, IoT, MFCC
I. M OTIVATIONS AND R ELATED W ORKS
Driven by market forces, demands for high quality timber
and wood products have never ceased. With the potentials
of very high monetary returns, too many are considering
illegal logging worth doing, despite the risk of being caught
and running into troubles with the law. Catching illegal
logging activities could be at a harvesting site where trees
are cut and wood is processed or transformed, typically into
economically-sized wood boards. It could also be during
transportation from harvesting locations to the edge of the
forests or from there to further destinations where woods
are collected or sold. While logs are oftentimes transported
on foot, trolleys, or motorcycles inside the forests, they are
carefully packed, hidden-in-plain-sight, in specially modified
vehicles when they are on the road.
SeaForest by Seacon Europe Ltd. is a commercial sensor
designed to detect unauthorized vehicles entering the forests,
targeting timber thefts, vandalism, waste dumpling, and off-
road biking. Another product by Rainforest Connection of
the United States uses old cell phones to record wildlife
and alert rangers of possible illegal logging. Advancing of
technology does not stop loggers. Instead, they regularly
adopt and adjust their strategies to render these systems
ineffective. Organizations involved in illegal logging can be
highly complex networks, involving many parties and a large
This work is supported by the National Research Council of Thailand
(NRCT) under the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal
Initiative of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (RSPG).
Fig. 1. The NCAPS for catching illegal logging activities at the Thap Lan
National Park, Thailand. Left: one is installed at a gated entry to a restricted
area. Right: its motion sensor, an infrared camera, and a GPS tracker.
number of dangerous weapons and firearms. There is thus a
constant urgency for researchers and developers to build an
even more robust detector, staying ahead of illegal activities
and actively protecting the forests.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)
have blended into endless lists of applications, engaging in
countless fields of study and businesses. Liu and colleagues
[1] put together ML applications in forest ecology, from
species distributions, carbon cycles, to forest managements.
Their focuses were on three commonly used methods: de-
cision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines.
They conjectured that communications between ecologists
and ML researchers posed challenges and a major bottleneck
was lack of qualitative and quantitative data. Our research
presented here is breaking into both barriers. Ours is a joint
project between teams of forestry specialists and ML as well
as software engineers. Furthermore, we have partnered with
park rangers, gaining the true insights of illegal logging
problems and learning about their pain points in catching
violators. Proposing is an IoT device network and method-
ology for collecting large amount of acoustic data needed
for developing a deep learning application with the goal of
improving automated detection of illegal logging activities.
II. I NTEGRATED S OUND AND V ISION S URVEILLANCE
S YSTEMS WITH E MBEDDED GPS T RACKERS
This work is a collaboration with Thap Lan National Park,
situated at the center of the Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai Forest
Complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Thailand. Thap
Lan rangers have had many run-ins with illegal logging and
continuously been improving their approaches to overcome
it. A breakthrough came in 2014 when they launched the
Network Centric Anti–Poaching System or NCAPS (Fig.1).

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Fig. 2. Overview of the system architecture, components and configurations, of our embedded sound acquisition system. A Raspberry Pi is programmed
to control a microphone and an attached sound card to continuously record sound in the forests. Audio signals captured are then automatically packaged
and periodically sent through cellular networks to a cloud storage, where the data can be downloaded remotely at any time for further processing.
With NCAPS, the number of cases caught before trees
were cut had doubled, while those after damages had been
done were reduced by more than half. This has been quite
significant for their success, considering that illegal logging
should be intercepted in its early stages. The earlier it is
caught, the less the severity of the damage is.
NCAPS comprises four core components: an efficient
strategic planning when teams move-in to search and arrest
loggers, effective devices and technologies, readiness of
park rangers, and a strict enforcement of the law. NCAPS
devices consist of motion sensors, infrared cameras, and GPS
trackers. Sensors are wrapped in a camouflage casing and
installed high-up in the trees. Installation of these devices
not only discourages a number of loggers but also catches
them in the act. Once motion is detected, an email alert is
sent to rangers in charge. There are a few true positives that
should be acted upon buried in a very large number of false
alarms; rangers could receive up to eight or nine hundred
email alerts in a day.
Our research project aims to enhance this current camera-
and-GPS-based NCAPS regime by integrating analysis of
sound. Audio information can help confirming or rejecting
alerts when suspiciously abnormal motion is detected. It
can be used to filter false positive email messages, leaving
rangers with fewer that require attention. Additionally, since
sound can be heard further away than the typically usable
field of view of a camera, sound of logging activities can be
captured before loggers come into the view of a camera. This
effectively increases coverage distances of the system. In a
similar work, Ahmad and Singh detected the sound of tree
cutting by axes [2]. Unlike their work, we are capturing and
visualizing the use of chainsaws, which are one of the most
common tools used in both harvesting and processing steps.
We built an IoT sound acquisition network and deployed it in
a real, but controlled, wilderness environment. From recorded
audio files, acoustic features were extracted to detect and
classify illegal chainsaw activities.
III. E MBEDDED S YSTEM D ESIGN AND D EVELOPMENT
Our embedded sound listener device was designed for
high performance and yet to be portable and affordable. An
overview of its architecture and configuration is shown in
Fig.2. Every component is hand-picked so as to record high
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quality sound with a sufficiently high sampling rate, good
audio sensitivity, and a minimal amount of unwanted noise.
Each individual unit is designed so that it is readily exten-
sible; multiple units can then be deployed as an extended
logging listener network on a budget.
To capture high quality sound, we selected a professional-
grade, broadcast-quality lavalier microphone, specifically our
choice was a RODE SmartLav+. Its high-performance om-
nidirectional condenser capsule enables our system to pick
up acoustic sound signals equally from all directions in a
three-dimensional sphere pattern around this 4.5-millimeter
miniature-sized microphone. Equipped with a wind shield or
a pop filter, it is less sensitive to wind and other unwanted
background pop-noises. The RODE SmartLav+ spans a fre-
quency range from 20 to 20,000 Hertz. Its output connector
is a TRRS (i.e. tip/ring/ring/sleeve) jack, which we connected
to a RODE S3 3.5MM TRRS to TRS adapter.
Sounds captured are acoustic analog signals. Sound is
a mechanical wave generated by physical vibrations of air
particles or molecules of other mediums. It is a longitudinal
pressure wave that propagates through a medium by means
of high-pressure compression and low-pressure rarefaction.
Sound wave propagates in the direction that is the same as or
parallel to the displacement of the vibrations of air particles.
Sound travels in all directions and it echoes when it hits
and bounces off a solid surface. Conversion of analog sound
waves to electrical impulses is necessary to enable digital
sound signal processing. In our design, this conversion is
carried out by an external sound card. The TRS jack output
from the microphone cable is connected to a UGREEN
30724 external stereo sound adapter, which is then plugged
into a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ embedded single-board
computer through a Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 port.
A Raspberry Pi module is our on-site, pint-sized opera-
tional control and computational unit. Pi locally stores audio
data it receives temporarily for a short period of time. Audio
data saved initially on its own local storage, a micro SD
card, is periodically packed and send to an off-site cloud
storage. Connected to Pi is a USB air card dongle with
active cellular communication channels, and through cellular
networks, data are deposited in the cloud. Our approach
employs the fourth generation of broadband cellular network
technology (4G) as used in [3]. This choice was made
Fig. 3. Scenes of our experimental sites where sound was recorded. Left: Fig. 4. Topographic map of our experimental sites with marked locations
Site A, the eucalyptus reforestation. Right: Site B, the thick natural forest. of our listeners and sound sources, where log cutting with chainsaws was
conducted. At Site A, sound is recorded at 100 m and 300 m away from
the source, whereas at Site B, the recorders are set at 100 m and 270 m.
This map is generated using a GPSVisualizer tool by Adam Schneider.
to enable extended uploading of audio data with minimal
interruption and maintenance. Though there are incurring
charges of 4G data plans for each listener unit, the main
advantage of using mobile networks over WiFi connections
is the extended range. This is a critical factor for fieldworks
in remote sites as it was also of a concern in [4]. WiFi has a
limited range within reach of a wireless router, the coverage
of 4G services is much wider and more accessible.
Once in the cloud, recorded digital audio data can then
be checked remotely and downloaded for further processing.
Using cloud data storage instead of local SD card or an on-
site wired external hard disk storage enables building a very
large data bank and also reduces the Size-Weight-and-Power
(SWaP) requirements. Electrical power for any additional
electronics could be challenging when devices are deployed
off grid. We note here that although our prototype Raspberry Fig. 5. Setting of our sound acquisition devices. Each listener is placed on
Pi is currently powered by a power bank, our system design is the ground with a loosely covered camouflage tarp for protection.
to have it self-sustained solar-powered, an option that could
be handily implemented.

IV. DATA C OLLECTION IN THE F ORESTS

To properly collect real sounds of chainsaw logging ac-
tivities, we conducted an actual practice of log cutting by
chainsawing at the Wang Nam Khiao Forestry Student Train-
ing and Research Station, hosted by Kasetsart University.
This training center is located at Wang Nam Khiao district,
Nakhon Ratchasima province in the northeast of Thailand.
Our data collection was performed over a three-day camp-
work in March of 2020.
Selected locations included a eucalyptus forest (Site A)
and a natural forest (Site B); both are shown in Fig.3. The
eucalyptus forest is under a restoration project. It is relatively Fig. 6. A listener device in a sealed plastic box and its detail components.
an open space without much ground cover plants. On the
other hand, the natural forest is a much thicker woods that
is of high biodiversity, exhibiting both species richness and other at 300 meters. Similarly, Site B has one at 100 meters
evenness. Differences between these two locations enable a and the other at 270 meters. Terrain maps of the areas with
more rigorous evaluation of the usability of our devices as these locations marked are depicted in Fig.4 and photographs
trees and branches affect reflection and refraction of sound. of the locations are displayed in Fig.5. A camouflage tarp was
Additionally, Site B is located closer to a major highway with used to cover our sound acquisition devices and to keep all
heavy traffic at times. As a consequence, sounds of vehicles electronics from moisture, rain, or small insects, we secured
passing by do mix into our recorded audio data. Though this our circuit boards and all connected components in a sealed
may seem undesired, it handily asserts a challenging factor hard-plastic housing, illustrated in Fig.6.
for our sound processing unit. Logging and cutting with chainsaw activities were planned
At each site, we setup two sound listener devices at some so they mimicked how illegal logging would be performed in
distance away from the sound source where log cutting is real incidents. Case reports from the Department of Forestry
performed. Site A has one listener at 100 meters and the of Thailand, indicated that loggers do use various different

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 TABLE I
VARIATIONS IN CHAINSAW AND LOG CUTTING ACTIVITIES .
STIHL Chainsaw MS180: small and light duty
MS382: large forestry and agricultural saw
MSA120C: electric, cordless, battery-powered
Condition of wood Fresh, moist, or dry
Size of wood (mm) 60, 120, 145, 160, 175, 190, 275, or 320
Logging activities Starting and warming up of the saw engine
Cutting with or without accelerating the engine
Fig. 7. Our wood cutting activities using chainsaws, conducted at the Wang
Nam Khiao Forestry Student Training and Research Station. These served
as sound sources of our data collection, simulating possible illegal logging.
types of chainsaws, ranging from compact-sized to heavy-
duty, and also including electric saws. Making it even harder
to catch and be heard, some are apparently modified with
sound absorbing materials or soundproofing gear. For our
experiment, three commonly used chainsaws were selected.
Conditions and sizes of logs were varied, as well as how
saw engines were run while wood was cut. These variations
are summarized in TABLE I and photographs of our logging
activities are shown in Fig.7.
Logging was conducted as sound was collected in intervals
of five-minute recording with a five-minute break. The gap-
times allow completion of audio files being written to storage
and transferred to the clouds. This experiment yielded 30
minutes of recorded logging activities per hour. Our log
cutting activity time totaled 13 hours. With four listeners
running in parallel, 26 hours of audio data were recorded.
Logging activities during the 5-minute recording were per-
formed as naturally as possible. Chainsaws were run for a
minute or two or sometimes longer. Wood was cut, split,
stacked, or moved. There were interruptions when chains
failed and needed to be re-set, or batteries ran out and needed
to be changed. With these settings, the data collected contain
both positive and negative samples of the sound of wood
cutting with chainsaws, which is our target for detection
of illegal logging. In addition to sound, environmental data
recorded included temperature, humidity, wind speed, and
wind direction. These parameters could potentially have an
affect and will be use later in the analysis of acoustic signals.
V. ACOUSTIC S IGNAL P ROCESSING AND V ISUALIZATION
The simplest and most familiar visualization of sound is a
time series plot of the amplitude. Fig.8 shows four examples
from our data set. Fig.8(a) and 8(b) are from the restoring
eucalyptus forests (Site A) while Fig.8(c) and 8(d) are from
natural forests (Site B). In the other dimension, Fig.8(a) and
8(c) were recorded from the distance of 100 meters away
from the sound source while Fig.8(b) and 8(d) were 300
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TABLE II
C HARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF THE SELECTED SOUND SAMPLES .
Sample Site Distance Chainsaw Wood Size of Log Chainsaw Engine
(a) A 100 m Large Dry 321 mm start and accelerate
(b) A 300 m Electric Dry 120 mm no acceleration
(c) B 100 m Large Moist 275 mm with acceleration
(d) B 270 m Small Dry 160 mm with acceleration
meters and 270 meters away, respectively. Parameters of
these four sound samples are listed in TABLE II. Examining
the signal Fig.8(a), the sounds of active chainsaws are evident
in the beginning of the time series, around the halfway mark,
and at the end. Chainsaw patterns are less apparent as the dis-
tance from a sound source triples, shown in Fig.8(b). Under
noisy environment at Site B, Fig.8(c) and 8(d), the waves
are noticeably overwhelmed by undesired noise, making it
very difficult, if not impossible, to pinpoint during which
segments of time chainsaw activities occur.
In digital sound processing, acoustic signals are typically
transformed from the time to the frequency domain. A
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used to decompose a
signal into a linear combination of its sinusoidal frequencies
and phase contents. This projection of a sound wave onto the
Fourier spectral domain uncovers its constituent frequency
components, revealing which frequencies are present when
and how often. Fourier transforms, however, are not generally
applied to the entire length of the wave. Instead, audio signals
are broken down into small chunks of time and onto each
of these tiny sound segments a short-time Fourier transform
(STFT) is applied. It thus details frequency components
of a nominally constant signal, unwrapping the underlying
discriminative features. Following commonly used setting,
25 ms chunks were implemented in this work. To maintain
continuity of signals, an overlapping window of 10 ms was
applied between every consecutive chunk.
Resulting Fourier spectra are complex-valued vectors; with
one column vector for each 25 ms audio. These are visualized
through a spectrogram or referred to as a periodogram [5]. It
is the logarithmic scale of the power spectral density (PSD),
denoted by P , of Fourier energies X at every frequency k.
The STFT spans over N samples of a time-varying signal
x(n). Since a 25 ms chunk was implemented and our signal
was recorded at 22,050 samples per second, therefore N =
551. The PSD function is expressed as:
N −1 2
1 1 X
P (k) = X(k)2 = x(n)e−i2πkn/N
N N n=0
To form a single spectrogram are columns of the power
spectrum of each 25-ms segment stitched together along the
time-axis. A spectrogram is a graphical representation of
sound that shows sequential characteristics of the signal. It
displays how intensity of sound is distributed in frequency
domain and how frequency spectra changes over time. Fig.9
depicts four periodograms corresponding to the four waves
presented in Fig.8. Sounds of chainsaws are clearly exposed
in Fig.9(a) and 9(c); both of which are recorded at 100
meters. While chainsaw are visually detectable in both the
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 8. Examples of sound waves plotted in time domain. Two signals in the top row (a)-(b) are from site A and the other two on the bottom row are from
site B. Those on the left, (a) and (c), are recorded at 100 m away from the sound source. Two on the right are set at 300 and 270 meters, respectively.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 9. Pictorial representation of our sample audio data in the frequency domain. Each plot is a spectrogram of the corresponding time series sound wave
shown in Fig.8. The x-axis is time in second. The y-axis is frequency in cycle per second or Hertz (Hz). Colors represent the third dimension, which
indicates the intensity of each frequency component of the acoustic signal in logarithmic scale in the unit of decibel (dB).

time and the frequency domain for sample (a), they are
only distinguishable in frequency domain for the sample (c).
The frequency spectrum has effectively separated the higher-
intensity sound of log-cutting chainsaws from lower-intensity
environmental noise. At 300 meters distance, samples (b)
and (d), sound captured is naturally less intense. Patterns
of chainsawing are distinguishable but considerably more
faded. Observing (d), in addition to chainsaws, frequency
separations also include the sound of bird calling. These are
multiple short-vertical bars in the periodogram.
The frequency scale in periodograms is linear in the unit
of cycles per second or Hertz (Hz). This, however, does
not correspond to human auditory systems. In Hertz-scale
we perceive musical tones more discriminatively at lower
frequencies whereas acoustic signals at higher frequencies
are perceived closer together. To reflect this non-linearity, f
Hz in the Hertz-scale is mapped to m mel in the Mel-scale
(Mel is short for melody), following [6]:
 
f Focusing on individual characteristics of sound at in-
m = 2595 log10 1 +
700
Mathematically, the powers of Fourier spectrum are fil-
tered with the Mel-scale triangular overlapping windows.
The Mel triangular filters resemble human perception of the
frequency contents of sounds by being narrower in lower
frequencies and becomes wilder as frequencies increase.
Taking the logarithm of the power of Mel-filtered signals
results in a waveform onto which a discrete cosine transform
(DCT) is applied. In addition to extracting periodicity of the
harmonics, since DCT is closely related to Karhunen–Loève
transform and principle component analysis (PCA), it also
de-correlates the log-energies. The DCT-transformed signal
is presented in a quefrency domain, a nominal of the time
domain, and its amplitudes are those of Mel-frequency
cepstral coefficients or MFCC.
The Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients of our four sample
audio signals are demonstrated in Fig.10. Differences be-
tween the times at which there are chainsaw activities and
those without can be observed more distinctly in samples (a)
and (c). They are less pronounced in samples (b) and (d).
The signal in (d) appears to be the most difficult of all four.
It is not only at the farther distance in a noisier site, but also
intermixed with bird calling sounds.
stances of time, we plotted the MFCCs of half-a-second long
signals, randomly segmented from each of the four audio
samples in Fig.10. This reveals strikingly distinctive features,
presenting a noticeably clear separation between chainsaw
logging activities and other sounds; these are demonstrated in

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 (a)
(c)
Fig. 10. The Mel-frequency cepstrum of our sample audio data. Each is corresponded to the time-series plot in Fig.8 and the frequency-domain periodogram
in Fig.9. Same as both Fig.8 and Fig.9, the horizontal axis of the plots is the time from 0 to 4 minutes. The vertical axis is the columns of the MFCCs.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 11. Extracted MFCC features of the sound of log cutting activities
using chainsaws. Each was computed over half-a-second of audio that was
randomly segmented from the corresponding full-length signal in Fig.10.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 12. Extracted MFCC features of the sound of surrounding environment
and background noise. Each was computed over half-a-second of audio
that was randomly segmented from the corresponding full-length signal in
Fig.10. By visual observation, these plots of Mel-frequency spectrum are
discriminatingly different from chainsaw activities presented in Fig.11.
Fig.11 and Fig.12, respectively. Regardless of the distances
from sound sources or how noisy the environment is, the
Mel-frequency cepstrum of log cutting chainsaws and those
of the surrounding environment and background noise can
hardly be mistaken even by visual inspection.
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(b)
(d)
Resulting MFCCs provides us with very promising acous-
tic features with remarkably high potential to be employed in
future analysis of this research work, particularly detection
and classification of chainsaw activities. Sound is typically
processed and evaluated in microscopic fractions of a second
to represent information at instantaneous moments of time.
With millisecond overlapping windows, a one-minute audio
recording can result in up to a couple thousands of features.
A large number of these will be required to effectively apply
techniques in machine learning such as deep convolutional
neural networks.
VI. C ONCLUSIONS AND F UTURE W ORKS
Teaming with front-line experienced park rangers and
using advanced technologies to tackle illegal logging prob-
lems, this research work is an unparalleled collective effort,
bringing together forestry researchers and computer scientists
in a strive to develop a practical cloud-based network of
chainsaw listeners. A field test confirmed that our IoT ac-
quisition devices can capture log cutting sound. Visualization
and processing of recorded data showed that Mel-frequency
cepstral coefficients can distinctly differentiate audio signals
of chainsaws from the surroundings. Through this proof of
concepts, we have tools to collect large amount of acoustic
data and methodology to extract discriminative features.
Both are necessary for training deep learning networks. Our
ultimate goal is an integrated alert system that senses both
visual information and sounds.
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