Operating Parameters

Max. Operating Pressure Pd ≔ 2900 psi

Max. Operating Temperature Td ≔ 107.22 °C

Ambient Temperature Tamb ≔ 21 °C

Design Factor Fd ≔ 0.5

Equivalent Stress Factor (Von Fe ≔ 0.9

Mises)

Longitudinal Joint Factor Flj ≔ 1

Temperature Derating Factor Ftd ≔ 1

Mechanical Properties
Pipe Outside Diameter D ≔ 10.75

Wall Thickness t ≔ ‖ if D ＝ 10.75 in | | = 13 mm

‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.512 in ||
‖ else if D ＝ 16 in | |
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.812 in ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.938 in | ||
‖

SMYS SMYS ≔ 65300 psi

Poisson's Ratio ν ≔ 0.3

Young Modulus Es ≔ 207 GPa

1
Thermal Expansion Coeff. α ≔ 1.17 ⋅ 10 -5 ――
Δ°C
Anti Corrosion Coating Thickness tcoating ≔ 3 mm

Total Pipe Outside Diameter Dtot ≔ D + 2 tcoating = 10.986 in

Installation Parameters

Construction Type cons ≔ "open cut, uncased"

Soil Type Soil ≔ 4

Pavement Type Pavement ≔ "No Pavement"

Burial Depth to Top of Pipe Hb ≔ 2 m

Bored Diameter of Crossing

Bd ≔ ‖ if cons ＝ “Auger bored, uncased” ∨ cons ＝ “Auger bored, cased”| | = 10.986 in

‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ Dtot + 2 in ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ Dtot || ||
‖ ‖

Modulus of Soil Reaction E1 ≔ ‖ if Soil ＝ 1 | | = 3.447 MPa

‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.2 ksi ||
‖ else if Soil ＝ 2 ∨ Soil ＝ 4| |
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.5 ksi ||
‖ else if Soil ＝ 3 ∨ Soil ＝ 5| |
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 1.0 ksi ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ 2.0 ksi | ||
‖ ‖

Resilient Modulus of Soil

Er ≔ ‖ if Soil ＝ 1 ∨ Soil ＝ 2 | | = 68.948 MPa

‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 5 ksi ||
‖ else if Soil ＝ 3 ∨ Soil ＝ 4 ∨ Soil ＝ 5| |
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 10 ksi ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖‖ ‖ 20 ksi | ||

Axle Configuration
axle ≔ ‖ if Hb < 1.2 m ∧ D ≤ 12.75 in ∧ Pavement ＝ “No Pavement”| |
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “Single Axles” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Tandem Axles” | ||
‖

Contact Area of Wheel Awheel ≔ 144 in 2

Max. Ground Pressure wg ≔ 479 kPa

kN
Unit Weight of Soil γsoil ≔ 18.54 ――
m3
Barlow Stress
Pd ⋅ D
Barlow Stress SBarlow ≔ ――= 209.906 MPa
2t
Allowable Stress SBarlow.allowed ≔ SMYS ⋅ Fd ⋅ Flj ⋅ Ftd = 225.114 MPa

Actual vs Allowable Stress CheckBarlow ≔ if SBarlow < SBarlow.allowed|

‖ “OK” |
‖ |
else |
‖ “NOT OK” |
‖ |

CheckBarlow = “OK”

Circumferential Stress Due to Earth Load

Wall Thickness to Pipe

t
Outside Diameter Ratio ―= 0.048
D
Depth to Bore Diameter Hb
Ratio ―― = 7.167
Bd
Bore Diameter to Pipe Bd
Diameter Ratio ―― = 1.022
D
Burial Factor for Earth Load Be ≔ 1.23

Stiffness Factor for KHe ≔ 400

Circumferential Stress from
Earth Load
Excavation Factor for Ee ≔ 1
Circumferential Stress from
Earth Load
Circumferential Stress Due SHe ≔ KHe ⋅ Be ⋅ Ee ⋅ γsoil ⋅ Dtot = 2.545 MPa
to Earth Load

Impact Factor and Applied Design Surface Pressure

Impact Factor Fi ≔ ‖ if Hb ≤ 1.5 m| | = 1.45

‖ | |
‖ ‖ ‖ 1.5 | |
‖ ||
‖ if 1.5 m < Hb < 6.5 m ||
‖ ‖ 0.1 | |
‖ ‖ 1.5 - ⎛⎝Hb - 1.5 m⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― |
‖ ‖ ‖ m ||
|
‖ else ||
 Fi ≔ ‖ if Hb ≤ 1.5 m| | = 1.45
‖ | |
‖ ‖ ‖ 1.5 | |
‖ ||
‖ if 1.5 m < Hb < 6.5 m ||
‖ ‖ 0.1 | |
‖ ‖ 1.5 - ⎛⎝Hb - 1.5 m⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― |
‖ ‖ ‖ m ||
|
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 1 | ||
‖
Fi = 1.45

Critical Axle Configuration axle = “Tandem Axles”

Applied Design Surface w ≔ wg

Pressure w = 0.479 MPa

Cyclic Circumferential & Longitudinal Stress

Highway Pavement Type Rf ≔ 1.1

Factor

Highway Axle Configuration Lf ≔ 1

Factor

Highway Stiffness Factor for KHh ≔ 5.1

Cyclic Circumferential Stress

Highway Stiffness Factor for GHh ≔ 1

Cyclic Circumferential Stress

Cyclic Circumferential Stress ΔSHh ≔ KHh ⋅ GHh ⋅ Rf ⋅ Lf ⋅ Fi ⋅ w = 3.896 MPa

Highway Stiffness Factor for KLh ≔ 5.7

Cyclic Longitudinal Stress

Highway Geometry Factor GLh ≔ 1.1

for Cyclic Longitudinal Stress

Cyclic Longitudinal Stress ΔSLh ≔ KLh ⋅ GLh ⋅ Rf ⋅ Lf ⋅ Fi ⋅ w = 4.79 MPa

Circumferential Stress Due to Internal Pressure

Pd ⋅ ((D - t))
Circumferential Stress Due to SHi ≔ ―――― = 199.909 MPa
Internal Pressure 2⋅t

Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses

Maximum Circumferential S1 ≔ SHe + ΔSHh + SHi = 206.351 MPa

Stress

Maximum Longitudinal Stress

S2 ≔ ΔSLh - Es ⋅ α ⋅ ⎛⎝Td - Tamb⎞⎠ + ν ⋅ ⎛⎝SHe + SHi⎞⎠ = -2.078 ⋅ 10 4 psi

Maximum Radial Stress S3 ≔ -Pd = -19.995 MPa

Seff ≔ ⎛⎝0.5 ⋅ ⎛⎝⎛⎝S1 - S2⎞⎠ 2 + ⎛⎝S2 - S3⎞⎠ 2 + ⎛⎝S3 - S1⎞⎠ 2 ⎞⎠⎞⎠

0.5
Effective Stress

Effective Stress Comparison Seff = 307.15 MPa

Allowed Effective Stress Seff.allowed ≔ SMYS ⋅ Fe = 405.205 MPa

Allowed Effective Stress

Checkeff.stress ≔ ‖ if Seff < Seff.allowed| |
‖ ||
‖ ‖ ‖ “OK” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ “NOT OK” | ||
‖ ‖

Checkeff.stress = “OK”

Fatigue Check

Girth Weld

Fatigue Endurance Limit SFG ≔ 12000 psi

Fatigue Endurance
(Calibrated) SFG ⋅ Fd = 41.37 MPa

Girth Weld Fatigue Check Checkgirth ≔ ‖ if ΔSLh ≤ SFG ⋅ Fd| |

‖ ||
‖ ‖ ‖ “OK” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ‖ “NOT OK” | |
‖ |

Checkgirth = “OK”

Longitudinal Weld

Fatigue Endurance Limit SFL ≔ 23000 psi

Fatigue Endurance SFL ⋅ Fd = 79.29 MPa
(Calibrated)

Longitudinal Weld Fatigue

Check Checklong ≔ ‖ if ΔSLh ≤ SFL ⋅ Fd| |
‖ ||
‖ ‖ ‖ “OK” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ‖ “NOT OK” | |
‖ |

Checklong = “OK”

Calculation Summary

Stresses

Barlow Stress SBarlow = 209.906 MPa

Allowed Stress SBarlow.allowed = 225.114 MPa

Circumferential Stress SHe = 2.545 MPa

(Earth Load)

Surface Loads w = 0.479 MPa

Impact Factor Fi = 1.45

Cyclic Circumferential ΔSHh = 3.896 MPa

Stress

Cyclic Longitudinal Stress ΔSLh = 4.79 MPa

Circumferential Stress SHi = 199.909 MPa

(Internal Pressure)

Max. Circumferential S1 = 206.351 MPa

Stress

Max. Longitudinal Stress S2 = -143.29 MPa

Max. Radial Stress S3 = -19.995 MPa

Eff. Stress Seff = 307.15 MPa

Girth Fatigue Endurance SFG = 82.737 MPa

Limit

Girth Fatigue Endurance SFG ⋅ Fd = 41.369 MPa

(Calibrated)
Girth Fatigue Endurance SFG ⋅ Fd = 41.369 MPa
(Calibrated)

Longitudinal Fatigue SFL = 158.579 MPa

Endurance Limit

Longitudinal Fatigue SFL ⋅ Fd = 79.29 MPa

Endurance (Calibrated)

Checks

Barlow Stress Check CheckBarlow = “OK”

Effective Stress Check Checkeff.stress = “OK”

Girth Weld Fatigue Check Checkgirth = “OK”

Longitudinal Weld Fatigue Checklong = “OK”

Check

Conclusion

RC ≔ ‖ if CheckBarlow ＝ “OK” ∧ Checkeff.stress ＝ “OK” ∧ Checkgirth ＝ “OK” ∧ Checklong ＝ “OK”| |

‖ ||
‖ ‖ ‖ “Pipe is SAFE in road crossings” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ “Pipe is UNSAFE in road crossings” | ||
‖ ‖
RC = “Pipe is SAFE in road crossings”