College of Engineering and Architecture

Mechanical Engineering Department

A.Y 2023 – 2024

Composite Materials

Submitted by:
Camay, Glover

Section:
CEA_ME_2A_2

Submitted to:
Engr. Dennis E. Ganas
 I. Introduction

A composite material is composed of two or more distinct substances with

varying chemical and physical properties. This combination aims to enhance the
characteristics of the base materials. Composites provide notable advantages in
various performance aspects, surpassing single-material alternatives and the
individual use of their components. Typically, man-made composites integrate high
tensile fibers, which are flexible, with a matrix that shapes the fibers into a solid
structure, inheriting the matrix material's compressive strength. Consequently, the
resulting composite material capitalizes on the tensile strength of the reinforcing
fibers, the compressive strength of the matrix, and the combined bending strength,
yielding a robust, stiff, and bend-resistant material.

Composite materials combine two or more different substances to create a

product that exhibits the beneficial properties of each component. These
components are usually known as the matrix, which acts as the bonding agent, and
the reinforcement, which is often a fibrous material. Matrices are commonly
polymers, but can also be ceramics or metals. The reinforcement is typically made
from fibrous materials such as carbon, glass, or Kevlar fibers, filaments, or whiskers,
although natural fibers are also frequently used in composites.

II. Body

Polymers, due to their versatile properties and structures, are utilized in a wide
range of applications. They can be categorized based on their origin, structure,
properties, and applications.

Categories of Polymers:

1. Natural Polymers
- These polymers originate from
natural sources and encompass
materials like cellulose, starch,
 proteins, silk, wool, and natural rubber. They are both biodegradable and
renewable.
- Numerous inorganic polymers exist in nature, such as diamond and
graphite. Both are made up of carbon atoms. In diamond, the carbon
atoms are connected in a three-dimensional lattice, providing the material
with its exceptional hardness. In graphite, which is used as a lubricant and
in pencil "leads," the carbon atoms are arranged in planes that can slide
over each other.

2. Synthetic Polymers
- These polymers are synthetic, non-biodegradable, and typically sourced
from petroleum oil. They are produced through chemical processes and
encompass various materials, including polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
nylon, and polystyrene.
Synthetic polymers are also
classified based on their
structure and properties,
such as thermoplastics,
thermosets, elastomers, and fibers.

Uses/Application of Polymers

1. Packaging: Polymers such as

polyethylene and polypropylene are
extensively utilized in packaging
materials like bottles, bags, and
films because of their lightweight
nature, durability, and excellent
barrier properties.
 2. Construction: Polymers like PVC, polystyrene, and
acrylics are used in pipes, insulation, flooring,
adhesives, and coatings due to their durability,
weather resistance, and versatility.

3. Textiles: Synthetic polymers such as nylon,

polyester, and acrylics are widely used in
clothing, upholstery, carpets, and ropes
because of their strength, elasticity, and wrinkle
resistance.

4. Automobiles and Aerospace:

Polymers are employed in producing
lightweight components like composites
and foams, which enhance fuel
efficiency, lower emissions, and improve
overall performance.

5. Electrical/Electronic: Polymers are used in various electronic devices as

insulators, adhesives, and coatings
because of their electrical and
thermal properties. They are also
applied in electrical insulation,
circuit boards, display screens, and
electronic packaging.
 III. Conclusion

In conclusion, polymers are crucial materials with a wide range of applications

across numerous industries, thanks to their versatile properties. Originating from
both natural and synthetic sources, they play a vital role in everyday life, from
biological components like proteins and nucleic acids to synthetic items such as
plastics and rubbers. Their adaptability for specific applications, including packaging,
construction, textiles, and electronics demonstrating their significance in
contemporary technology and industry. With the increasing need for sustainable
solutions, advancing biodegradable and renewable polymers will be essential for
tackling environmental challenges while continuing to drive innovation and improve
performance in various fields.

References:

Polyarylate | Thermoplastic, Polymer, Resin. (2009, July 28). Encyclopedia

Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/polyarylate