Mat 450 - 1

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Errers

rrec
Claini
fel iel ta fo by -elkchio-s d
t M eru
eleled
ypeoreAal vofers cohare andog
nIS
ad k umber forunng ní Bado
L ks all pelsis
B i n o

HoPo-S Sgain altenakiv


Ha 0.5 Culade _
rgien be B RR fise
t Jelec gh
Luh
PTes trroc
P(rsralue 1s in RR, H. true)

n -*

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arios le ensily nd bnomitk
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apresinadely cgual fr he he lolk lad
laplus art dlerede
a ESlimate_ Ane diference wik
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sken_dyp.kient endesae h hkate a dhigease


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M Bh_chintAal k elgatm n o
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HaPo 5 clslele t elect gc
rgien be RR a
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P r s value S in RR H tnue/
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0

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Use
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FoS nis a -2

So rgeche1 x42 Soebye


Srall k A= oroor
Calauekoa
Sype
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a otel 1a y-elchis dog_
i bupeoredak aIS vorsoher adealg
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Ha P Ko S clulade d_ elec gch
regien be RR sat
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PTs value 1sin RR, H. true
P Px<2 e n fe o s

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use de asily nd bnont
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Srall nk = ouo Sobyed
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Oocluadi
Lype Errorcalcalari
Exmek
t naspa chure/ h odl Car Ka orien cleicns
That
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ha Caiand hiak oma pas
group -
mudze
ll Ori may be hss Kan Kn p lte
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geap Ranr efecm ku hyjpokaCis esf
losing ar hbypetlser
(Csumes grrp daum)
Lamepache clun)
End enbability ageg tyet f e f
pu jass eege enion are ormlly nbtel
AT a Jfasard evratiou O =/4 kml_ ue KEo0S

S645

Jecicie ck.ien ep aeite Si iZ<-1-64S


jeall pkli izT=164S atpl htse

ifimpur h Cempute 1ype


esectsieGtei exR Yecmt end qf
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Lyp rror calcalathe


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mapachure o kl Car k orien cleios
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l l oull 0rio may be hsshan Rbm r_re
group lanr etpocm ku hyijpoheLi es
n 30 he flovwing artk Hypkeser
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Ho E 0 knltr naufachue clauin)
End pnkability ang tyee frof if
frue m0na mi hage }_all on0 RS sknfitt
Jiun jass eeg onions are pormly Jsnbatel
j k _a Jaserd denaha 00// kmt use Kso0S

mak

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hyer kari ad
joeciprelhhibn os pyplaho
lkegdhkah t nermlly hha ketelt5 a
aSmpk hyen Kips aually 1ala hat P-k rM,
Lohurt h Joeped value of paraete A

Paamtei art pel ii caldd a corposilehsyeetke iL

in a opatek potasis Lse Canai k


exat dibuko Of
Compefie

et Smelk p bk te Ho
Ad H

deus lh
rgpnhal diihrpoto . ples
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i n0:1-Ln< n k +10 lo:1-)

arlt 1o-(o1-

i 7nk - 1 0
lao n "

K"
mott Putefl baltl kd s
Cnpl sul kgeeris
alktrnakrehapelfasis 9aiattaemptai
AHogh ie a done pecialexcgho-c, inmet
lnstan nof
UrP) hndaild kg
any Aulil ltrnahee hyeHh4
whi ol unijprmh mett
poehl Let da not x
HM=I16

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dem ast
poL0
baking
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e t o-e

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K
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hroeLesis
alktrnatrve hy pettesi gainlt Cemptg4
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JnstanCS Rn do nof
exist
pecialexcpho in mo
hel dkiet a t (udP) ho daild
kg
many null d nltecnahee
whe cl Unferm ly mett hyehi6
ppeepel let da not oxd
H =1b tlaidyS

sonap
ut
10_ e avdemJa-sk
a
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igocmly
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a Ciapk null hyceiLe zaiat a Cempfe
alternave hypetesis
Ahoegh are dome Specal ecapho, iaof
lastantS do nof eist_aUMP) h o dailhd ksg
a any
aull altcnahiee hyenAL
whi ch wtm l medt peep Ja da not oxd

HLMEI6 laiAIS

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al H(uMP)
Ys H >0:
Foinon fa)= e uto>o-el
e- Galoix-acto)EK_
e -10zn tReto)SK
faks
1 0r i t Reoo Lnk
10 + R000 J2n k
na1

60 L2oco - 32 nK
160 x -30lnk ao 00
(66 160

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RR
1.GA5
h o r m a lo p k
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d - 6 HES

RR x z I P5L
le ad
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kshing do nu tpoSis r o HapEIS
A dbabili hy Shiku tios ix1-65
10 -00o) K

e -0 tRe0o)K

daks loga As

1 0 ~ i t ReoLn Ln k

10
n1
t00 -32n K
60 -32 n KK
000
160 x -30lnk 8000
(60 cl60

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K 2
.0s 16A5
S4ppoic 1Samdem dpb
m a NeTmalpepmlato kA ad
Vanenc 1 6
md d mest pomvefal telt k Saple g kiznl6
null
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e
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L 32

32

ea
est fEShng YSHa0
unde probrb lhiy_at btion isa0368

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go a neTonal popnlafi
Varanc 6
md d mestpmvefal est ih Sa-ple R a6
Jýnipíoal tle 0-DS h kik Jimpk
ull Hpoeti_to Y daAEIS
Norrmal dsta
K

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e 1 5 2

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e 32

32
K

-1
3 K

k
2

is K
ul 2 k: K
3

gho h o s prirzal kst a

PAyee (eror
E0.05
dPas K*) Ske 3 3
:3z

3K
-T
K

1 s K
l 2 k: k

K"

ehiop_ eif prpal kst 1 a

Ptyee (Cror
-0.05
=P(zs K*) 3 37
K

O.05 3 T k"3

=0368
ma

Hagrcakert rorihal po H
oat
pverkotkat_Ho ul hapohecil if jecte a
much aL
patip _Shun he alecoatve L tue
Lema dryppoR Kat we Whik kt SpkK
Ho - Vs Ha e ed aawdo
ple Xx. n m a diieuhs sTK pAramute
et L8)doote lilyhesd napt
RStKat masieS t pse
a reco cgio lkermiaed
) K AB Kutside RR
(8)
Value k hoten
H deired valueAr dudh a tet A calld a met
prwerfial fert far tu Ho Vi Ha
Exampk
buppose N an Obfervah m a ppalaha
pdf Ye
=
Imst pwerAAl kst
for ethag dimpll hyorent p-3 3gaialt vi H

K
r Simpu
vibr

o
Ngman easpn ma (ntart Taunrpl Aead) 0PP)
A NeyamasPco0 bema
4ny ihdi
Ha groafeit
groafert (fanifol Po gd
eteat fik
Ha hypohall isgrets s
null
mmach as
paritl Whn he alterodive i frue

Jema dyeo hat e Whk kl sSrph


VsHo' be Sed ardo
Se-pleX,X nJarn a
diastieahienTh PArdrute
el40) defe unalyhesd f Mapti
.ec
al has argecfon cczit daermined by f
K ar R) Kouttide RR

alue dofen
H daied vnlut fr hka fert allid a maut
powerfial fel fr haMo v H
rnnpk
hppoie
oKxKI1
mut p t r Aal kr
Toled IDidsamchad fe CShnatin
hnded derraho htertient all tndeped
Danapksor groupr_n a Srudy wh hey art afumed
denahi
Connefom gpraldhons wh lomon Sadard

t, t +nK K
Lshire K=% umbec ebnpels
Sample dfdard der iate
ng E number 0 miasurtnudmad frr dtf J

Sp
a ) S a-1)S OT

-)4-)
Fepeche rcgiem RR= t<k_ i t s

bapd on t a t ---tA~

Df fAr ps (e,Tn,-ad

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