Susana Widyastuti, S.S., M.A., Ph. D.

1. Prehistoric (Before c. 3000 B.C.E.)

The term “prehistoric” refers to the time before written

history. In the West, writing was discovered in ancient
Mesopotamia just before 3000 B.C.E., so this period
includes visual culture (paintings, sculpture, and
architecture) made before that date. The oldest
decorative forms we can recognize as art come from
Africa and may date back to 100,000 B.C.E. vice versa,
the oldest grotto paintings known are about 40,800 years
old, and although we used to think that only our species,
Homo Sapiens, made art—anthropologists now
speculate that
Neanderthals may have made at least some of these
very early images. The Neolithic revolution, one of the
most exhaustive developments in all of human history
occurs during the Prehistoric Era. This is when our
ancestors learned to farm and defuse animals, allowing
them to give up their nomadic ways, and settle down to
build cities and civilizations.
2. Ancient (c. 3000 B.C.E. to c. 400 C.E.)

In This period includes the great early civilizations everything

that comes after the discovery of writing and before the fall of
the Roman Empire. It was during this period that the ancient
Greek first applied human reason to their observations of the
natural world and created some of the earliest naturalistic
images of human beings. This period is often credited with
the birth of Western philosophy, mathematics, theater,
science, and democracy. The Romans in turn created an
empire that extended across most of Europe, and all the
lands that surround the Mediterranean Sea. They were expert
administrators and engineers and they saw themselves as
the inheritors of the great civilizations that came before them,
particularly, Greece and Egypt (which they conquered). It’s
important to remember that although history is often
 presented as a series of discrete stories, in reality narratives
often overlap making history both more complex and more
interesting.

3. Middle Ages ( c. 400 C.E. to c. 1400 C.E.)

The medieval period of European history between the fall of the

Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance is called the
"Middle Ages". The Middle Ages also known as "Dark
Ages".Petrarch, a writer who described the early Medieval
period as the “Dark Ages”. The reason why he named that
because to him it seemed to be a period of declining human
achievement, especially when he compared it to the Ancient
Greeks and Romans. This era is often branded as a time of war,
ignorance, famine and pandemics such as the Black Death.
Within the Middle Ages, there are subdivisions in art history,
including Early Christian, Byzantine, Carolingian, Ottonian,
Romanesque and Gothic. When we look closely at much of the
art and politics of the 1,000 years of the Middle Ages, we find a
complex and ongoing relationship with the memory and legacy
of the ancient Roman empire and this is the foundation for the
Renaissance.

4. Renaissance (c. 1400 C.E. to 1600 C.E.)

The Renaissance started in Florence,

Italy, a place with a rich cultural history
where wealthy citizens could afford to
support budding artists. The Renaissance
was a fervent period of European cultural,
artistic, political and economic “rebirth”
following the Middle Ages. Renaissance
promoted the rediscovery of classical
philosophy, literature and art. Some of the
greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen,
scientists and artists in human history
thrived during this era. Also in this period,
the Scientific Revolution began and
observation replaced religious doctrine as
the source of our understanding of the
universe and our planet in it. The
 Renaissance is credited with bridging the
gap between the Middle Ages and
modern-day civilization.

5. Early Modern (c. 1600 C.E. – 1800

C.E.)

IIt might seem strange to date the beginning of the

“modern era” to so long ago, but in many ways it was the
scientific, political and economic revolutions of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that have most
shaped our own society. This was a time of extended and
often violent conflict between Catholics and Protestants
made all the more complex because of the growing power
of Europe’s great monarchies. It was a time when nations
grew in size, wealth and autonomy and when national
boundaries were hardened, prefiguring the countries we
know today (France, Spain and England for example).
This was also a period of colonization, when European
powers divided and exploited the world’s natural resources
and people for their own benefit (think especially of the
African slave trade, or the subjugation and forced
conversion of the indigenous peoples of the Americas).

6. Modern (after 1800)

Capitalism became the dominant economic system

during this period (though it had its roots in the
Renaissance). folks risked capital to produce goods in
a currency-based market which depended on
inexpensive, waged labor. Labor eventually organized
into unions and in this way, get a lot of big influence.
Steam-powered machines and unskilled laborers in
factories began to replace skilled artisans. London,
Paris, and New York led the unprecedented population
growth of cities The 20th Century was the most violent
in history. It included two world wars, the Cold War, the
dismantling of colonialism and the invention of the
Totalitarian state. Dictators (Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Idi
Amin20th Century was marked by the struggle for
human rights and the rise of global capitalism., Pol Pot,
the successive leaders of North Korea, etc.) imposed
extreme political systems that caused mass starvation,
mass dislocations and genocide.

West
1 Way of Life
.

Westerners assert a lot more independence and individualism; th

themselves and their family.

2 Punctually
.
 4 The philosopical Basic
.
The earliest Greek philosophers focused their attention
upontheoriginandnatureofthephysicalworldlikeancient
Chinesse Philosophers. Even Newton thouht the ancient
theory of atom produced great influence on his scientific
study the shift to individual unit from the world as a whole
not only means the shift of study objects,research
but
method aswell.

Different from the ancient Greek philosophy, dialectical

logic is the main characteristic of classical Chinesse
philosophy. In generl, classical Chinesse philosophy was
more concerned with the dialectical explnation of the
origin,nature and movement of the world.

Duetothepopularityofdialectical
thinkinginclassical
Chinesse philosophy,
it was
impossible for Chinesse to establish the theory of atom. Wht is more, the
dialectical
thinkinghadalmostnorelationwiththeancient scienceinChinaanddid
not contribute much to the development of natural science except for traditinl
Chinesse medicine.Fromthecomprison ofancintGreekphilosophy andclassical
Chinesse philosophy, it is known that the thought and method of ancient Greek
philosophyareverycloetothoseofcontemporary science.
 5 Alphabet and Logogrphy
.
The benefits of writing to civilization are incalculable.
Writingenables humans to record natural phenomena
andcommercialtransactionsandto transmitcultureand
knowledge across space and time. It is one ofmost the
important ways people acquire the information that
allows them to function as useful members in an
industrial society People should be able to reap these
benefitsof writingno matterwhatkind of writingsystem
–alphabet or logography – they use.

An alphabetis a set of symbolsusedto representthe sounds

ofalanguage.Themostrepresentative languagesnowadaysin
alphabet and logography are English and Chinese respectively.
Justas Englishhassomemajorwordformationprocesseslike
derivation,compoundingandconversion,Chinesealsohasits
ways of forming new characters, including pictographs,
meaningcompositesandsemanticphonetic composites.

For example, in the compositecharacter妈, the left character

'woman' supplies its semanticcomponent, while the right
character supplies its phonetic sound "Ma". For Chinese
characters nowadays, the most dramatic change is the
decreasing proportion of pictographs and the increasing
proportion of semantic-phonetic composites.
6 AlphabetforScience andTechnology
.
Some scholars claim that logical thinking and abstract science is possible only for users of
an alphabet but not for users of logographs.

Different from the method adopted in ancient science that nature was studied as a
whole, contemporary science otried
divide
t the study of nature into different fields, like
animal, plant and mineral or into different facets, like mechanical movement, physical
movement, chemical movement and biological movement. In light of the features of
contemporary science, theresome
is doubt about the determining role of alphabet in
forming contemporary
science.

The claim that the introduction of vowels in the alphabet attributes to the ascendancy of
Greek analytic thought seems to be confusing for Chinese speakers, since
me in the sa
way the words represented by Chinese characters contain a series of vowels and
consonants while being spoken. Against another claim that the meaningless sign linked to
the meaningless sound in alphabet built the shape and meaning of Western man, it
canbe argued that semantic
-phonetic composites that make up-9080% ofChinese
characters also represent an arbitrary relationship between meaningless signsand
meaningless sounds and they may have the same function in shapingChinese thought as
thealphabet.
7 TheMiddleAgesScience andTechnology
.
Especially in the Song Dynasty, development of science and technology reached its peak,
among which the three inventions compass, power and printing
– became the most
advanced technologies in the world when the Song and the Yuan Dynasties dominated
China from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, at the time that Europe was
immersed in the-called
so "the dark Middle
Ages".

The Middle Ages in the history of science and technology differ slightly by referring to the
one thousand years between the endcient of anGreek and Roman civilization and the
Renaissance in Europe, that is, from the fifth to the fifteenth century At that time,
medieval Europe was far from unified; it was a large geographical region divided into
smaller and culturally diverse political
units that were never totally dominated by any
one authority. In a socialenvironment like this, it was hard for science to flourish, so
scientific research and technological inventions in the Middle Ages in Europe suffered
great resistance. It was allimpossible
but for science and technology
to
develop in the social conditions of Europe in the Middle Ages.

If there was an intelligent emperor and proper policy in a dynasty, science and
technology had a vigorous growth, as did , for example, the scientific and technological
development in the Tang and Song Dynasties. That is to say, Chinese feudalism could
adapt itself to the development of science and technology and hence there appeared the
advance of science and technology in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Because Europe
ceased to develop science in the Middle Ages, China assumed the leading position in
science and technology inworld.
the
3 MakingContacts
.

Westerners tend to have very linear relationships with a few

. people

4 Anger/Displeasure
.

When Westerners are unhappy, their

emotions can be easily perceived through body language,
facial expression, and tone.
In Western societies, this loudness isanger.
seen as
 5 Waiting inQueue
a
.

Most Westerners are overwhelmed by the pushing and shoving that occurs
in Eastern banks, train stations, bus stops, and elevators. For example, before
the Olympic Games, Beijing decided to clean up its act and announced a
National -Up Day once a month in an effort to prevent people from
cutting
Queue and prepare them to be more -mannered
well for the event.

6 View ofMyself
.
Westerners think in terms of themselves most
importantly
It might be the reason why they
are
. an individual people
anddo not really like
to be with many people.

7 SundayonTheCityStreetsandRoad
.

Western countries tend to be lese crowded

than other countries,
example
for Ea
in tern
s .

8 InTheRestaurant
.
Westerners may silent when
they are in a restaurant
.
9 Definition Beauty
of
.

In China and Taiwan, the whiter your skin, the more beautiful you are. In North America, the
your
darkerskin, the more beautiful you are. In Asia, most beauty products may contain a whitening
for the skin, and women are more likely to cover
agent e beach.
up on
In North
th America, skin
produce a golden tan, and women are more likely to
beach
products sun bath at
the .
1 Handling Problems
0.

Westerners tend to take the most direct

approach to problem solving.
They
directly tell what is wrong
x itand
will as fi
soon as they
can.

1 DailyMeals
1.

Westerners eat a mix of cold and warm

meals.
They think it is
imple
a and fast
way to
s have a meal
cause
be most of
them are busy
people.
 1 Transportations
2
Westerners are going green, which
involves less harm for the environment. In
a reverse effect
.

13. Life of the Eldery

In Western societies, there is more emphasis on

independence on how seniors live their lives. The
majority of seniors in Western societies are often on
their own by their own ice.
cho It is uncommon to hear
of parents living with their
children.

14. Shower Time

Westerners shower in the morning to

refresh their mornings and to wake
themselves up.

15. Eating Habbit

Westerners love trying out

food with
fork andknives.Theythink thisis the
easier way to eat
than using a spoon
.
British Poet William Shakespeare was a humanist
and poet in England. He is often called by
people as one of the greatest writers
who ever lived in England. He wrote
between 1585 and 1613 and his work
has been translated into almost every
living language in the world and
performed on the stage more than any
other playwright in the world.

Shakespeare was a prolific writer during the Elizabethan and

Jacobean ages of British theatre (sometimes called the English
Renaissance or the Early Modern Period). Shakespeare’s plays are
perhaps his most enduring legacy, but they are not all he wrote.
Shakespeare’s poems also remain popular to this day.
 American Poet

Ezra Weston Loomis Pound

or usually known as Ezra
Pound is an American poet
and critic. He was born on
October 30 1885 in Hailey,
Idaho, United States.

Pound supremely discerning and energetic entrepreneur of the arts who

did more than any other single figure to advance a “modern” movement
in English and American literature. Pound promoted, and also
occasionally helped to shape, the work of such widely different poets
and novelists as William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, Ernest
Hemingway, Robert Frost, D.H. Lawrence, and T.S. Eliot. His
pro-Fascist broadcasts in Italy during World War II led to his postwar
arrest and confinement until 1958. Before he died on November 1, 1972
in Venice Italy, Pound had left behind many great and famous works of
his time.
Australian Poet
Henry Lawson was an Australian writer and poet.
Along with his contemporary Banjo Paterson,
Lawson is among the best-known Australian
poets and fiction writers of the colonial period
and is often called Australia's "greatest writer".
He was the son of the poet, publisher and
feminist Louisa Lawson.

His most successful prose collection is While the Billy Boils, published in
1896. In it he "continued his assault on Paterson and the romantics, and in
the process, virtually reinvented Australian realism". Elder writes that "he
used short, sharp sentences, with language as raw as Ernest Hemingway or
Raymond Carver. With sparse adjectives and honed-to-the-bone
description, Lawson created a style and defined Australians: dryly laconic,
passionately egalitarian and deeply humane." Most of his work focuses on
the Australian bush, such as the desolate "Past Carin'", and is considered
by some to be among the first accurate descriptions of Australian life as it
was at the time. "The Drover's Wife" with its "heart-breaking depiction of
bleakness and loneliness" is regarded as one of his finest short stories. It is
regularly studied in schools and has often been adapted for film and
theatre.