Unit 14: Probability & Statistics

14.1 Counting Principles & Permutations

14.2 Combinations & The Binomial Theorem
14.3 Basic Probability
14.4 Probability of Compound Events
14.5 Standard Deviation
14.6 Binomial Distributions
14.7 Normal Distributions

Counting Principles & Permutations 14.1

Introduction:
1. Describe how to get the value of 4!
2. Describe the formula for finding the probability of an event.
3. If there are 3 ways to get from A to B and 5 ways from B to C, how many ways are there from A to C?

OBJECTIVE 14.1A: To use the fundamental counting principle to determine the

number of ways an event can occur
1. The Fundamental Counting Principle states that in a multistep process, if there are m
ways to do the first event and n ways to do the second event, then the two events can
m•n
occur in ________ ways.

TREE diagram can be used to illustrate the fundamental counting principle.

a. A _________

A speciality ice cream shop offers two different cones (sugar & waffle) and four different
flavors (vanilla swirl, chocolate fudge, strawberry cheesecake and pistachio pecan).
How many different cones can be purchased?
V SV
C SC
S
S SS
P SP
8 cones
V WV
C WC
W
S WS
P WP 1
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 Counting Principles & Permutations 14.1
b. How many 6 digit passwords are possible if all letters are case-sensitive and the
password must contain at least 1 number, 1 lowercase letter and 1 special character.
Note: there are 33 special characters including punctuation.

10•26•33•95•95•95 = 7,356,277,500

2. Standard North Carolina license plates have 3 capital letters followed by a 4 digit number.
How many different plates are possible with this configuration?

263•104 = 175,760,000

OBJECTIVE 14.1B: To identify permutations to determine the number of ways an

event can take place
ORDER
1. A permutation is an arrangement of a group of objects in a specific _______________ .

a. Use the fundamental counting principle to determine the number of permutations of the
letters X, Y and Z.
3 • ___
___ 2 • ___
1 = ___ 6

3 possible 2 letters 1 letter

letters left left
PERMUTATIONS
b. The above example illustrates that in general, the number of ___________________

of n distinct objects is: n ! = n • ( n - 1 ) • ( n - 2 ) • ... • 3 • 2 • 1

c. Ten teams are involved in a track meet. In how many different ways can the teams
finish the competition (assume no ties)? In how many different ways can three of the
teams finish 1st, 2nd and 3rd?
10! = 3,628,800

10•9•8 = 720

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 Counting Principles & Permutations 14.1
2. Use the following formula when a permutation has n objects that are taken r at a time.

n!
n Pr = (n - r)! a. There are 8 teams in a tournament, how many different
ways can the teams finish 1st - 3rd?

8! 8•7•6•5•4•3•2•1
8 P3 = =
5•4•3•2•1
= 336
(8 - 3)!

b. A class has 89 students and the top 5 students will receive a scholarship
commensurate to the order in which they finish. In how many different ways can these
89 students finish first thru fifth?

89!
89 P5 = = 4,980,917,040
(89 - 5)!

REPEAT
3. The number of permutations with non-distinguisable objects ( or ___________ objects)
can be determined using the formula below.

a. Formula: n!
q1! • q2! • ... qk!

b. How many unique permutations are there for the letters in the word constitution?
letters = 12; o = 2; n = 2; t = 3; i = 2

12!
= 9,979,200
2!•2!•3!•2!
4. Determine the formula where n equals the number of objects, for circular permutations
(each permutation is the result of a different object to the left, right or across).

a. Given 4 objects, where n = 4. b. Given 5 objects, where n = 5.

A
A
ABCD
ABDC
ACBD ADBC
ACDB ADCB
D B
[
ABCD
E ABDC ACBD ADBC
ACDB ADCB ] E B

6
4 places • 6 = 24 D C
(4 - 1)! = 6 C
(5 - 1)! = 24
(n - 1)!
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 Combinations & The Binomial Theorem 14.2
Introduction:
1. Explain why 4! equals 24.
2. Define a permutation and evaluate 8P5.
2
3. Evaluate (x + y) .

OBJECTIVE 14.2A: To identify combinations to determine the number of ways an

event can take place

1. A combination is a selection of r objects taken from a group of n objects where the

NOT
order is __________ specific.

a. Evaluate 4P2 if the objects are a heart, diamond, club and spade.
n! 4! 4! HD HC HS CH CD CS
4 P2 = = = = 12
(n - r)! (4 - 2)! 2! DH DC DS SH SD SC

How many groups are possible if the order is disregarded?

HD HC HS 4!
CH CD CS
4 C2 = (4 - 2)! = 6
DH DC DS SH SD SC
2

nPr n!
b. Formula: nCr = or
r! (n - r)!r !

2. Given 2 events A and B, finding the number of ways both event A and event B can occur

MULTIPLYING
can be determined by __________________ .

A standard deck of 52 playing cards has 4 suits (hearts, diamonds, clubs & spades) with
13 different cards in each suit. Since the order of the cards in a hand does not matter,
how many 5-card hands are possible? How many hands can contain all hearts?
52C5
A and B
(1 of 4 suits) (5 of 13 cards of the suit)
52!
= 2,598,960 4 C1 • 13C5
(52 - 5)! 5!
4 • 1,287 = 5,148

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 Combinations & The Binomial Theorem 14.2
3. Given 2 events A and B, finding the number of ways both event A or event B can occur

ADDING
can be determined by _______________.

Scarfirino’s Pizza offers 4 sauce options (marinara, napoletana, alla pizzaiola and alfredo)
and 8 topping choices (pepperoni, sausage, ham, bacon, onions, mushrooms, peppers
and anchovies.)
a. How many different pizzas are possible with a choice of one sauce and 3 toppings?
A and B (1 of 4 sauces) and (3 of 8 toppings)

4 C 1 • 8C 3 4 • 56 = 224

b. The enrico pizza deal involves marinara sauce and up to any 3 toppings. How many
different pizzas are available with the enrico deal?
A or B or C or D (no toppings) or (1 topping) or (2 toppings) or (3 toppings)

8 C 0 + 8 C 1 + 8C 2 + 8C 3 1 + 8 + 28 + 56 = 93

OBJECTIVE 14.2B: To use the binomial expansion theorem to expand binomials

1. The French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) studied what has come to be

TRIANGLE
known as Pascal’s _______________.

C0 n=0 1
0

1C 0 1C 1 n=1 1 1
1 2 1
2C 0 2C 1 2C 2 n=2
1 3 3 1
3C 0 3C 1 3C 2 3C 3 n=3
1 4 6 4 1
4C 0 4C 1 4C 2 4C 3 4C 4 n=4
1 5 10 10 5 1
5C 0 5C 1 5C 2 5C 3 5C 4 5C 5 n=5
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
6C 0 6C 1 6 C 2 6C 3 6C 4 6C 5 6C 6 n=6
7C 0 7C 1 7C 2 7C 3 7C 4
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
7C 5 7 C 6 7C 7 n=7

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 Combinations & The Binomial Theorem 14.2
2. Following is the pattern to expand (multiply) binomials.

DEGREE
a. n = the _____________
0
b. if n = 0, (x + y) = (x + y)/(x + y) = 1
n = 1, (x + y)1 = (x + y) = 1 x1 + 1 y1

n = 2, (x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = 1 x2 + 2 x1y1+ 1 y2

3
n = 3, (x + y) = (x + y)(x + y)(x + y) = 1 x3+ 3 x2y1+ 3 x1y2+ 1 y3
4
n = 4, (x + y) = (x + y) (x + y)
2 2
= 1 x4+ 4 x3y1+ 6 x2y2+ 4 x1y3+ 1 y4
5 2 3
n = 5, (x + y) = (x + y) (x + y) = 1 x5+ 5 x4y1+ 10 x3y2+ 10 x2y3+ 5 x1y4+ 1 y5

PASCAL’S Triangle
The coefficients form _____________

3. Binomial Expansion Theorem pattern:

n
n n 0 (n - 1) 1 (n - 2) 2 1 (n - 1) 0 n n-r r
(a + b) = nC0 a b + nC1 a b + nC2 a b +...+ nCn - 1 a b + nCn a b = Cr a
n b
r=0

a. Note: if the binomial is a difference, for example (x - y)n, the first term will be positive

ALTERNATE signs.
and all other terms will ______________
6 6 0 5 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 1 5 0 6
b. Expand (a - b) 6 C0 a b - 6C1 a b + 6C2 a b - 6C3 a b + 6C4 a b - 6C5 a b + 6C6 a b
6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
a - 6a b + 15 a b - 20a b + 15a b - 6ab + b

7
c. Expand (2n + 3)

7 C0 (2n)7 + 7C1 (2n)6(3)1 + 7C2 (2n)5(3)2 + 7C3 (2n)4(3)3 + 7C4 (2n)3(3)4 + 7C5 (2n)2(3)5 + 7C6 (2n)1(3)6 + 7C7 (3)7
7 6 5 4 3 2
1(128n ) + 7(64n )(3) + 21(32n )(9) + 35(16n )(27) + 35(8n )(81) + 21(4n )(243) + 7(2n)(729) + 1(2187)
128n7 + 1,344n6 + 6,048n5 + 15,120n4 + 22,680n3 + 20,412n2 + 10,206n + 2,187

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 Combinations & The Binomial Theorem 14.2
4. The Binomial Theorem can be used to solve probability problems where the probability of
n
success is p and the probability of failure is q. Each term of the expansion of (p + q) is
7 5
the probability. For example, 12C7 p q is the probability of 7 successes and 5 failures.

During Don P’s senior year of high school, he shot 76.5% from the free-throw line. In the
game to decide the league championship, Don shot 10 for 10 from the free-throw line and
Heritage won the game by 1 point. Considering his percentage for the season, first find
the probability of Don going 8 for 10 and then find the probability of Don going 10 for 10.

8 2
p = probability of success = 0.765
10 C8 p q
q = probability of failure = (1- 0.765) = 0.235
10•9 (.765)8(.235)2 ≈ 0.292 ≈ 29.2%
2•1

p = probability of success = 0.765

10 C10 p10q0
q = probability of failure = 0.235
10 0
1(.765) (.235) ≈ 0.069 ≈ 6.9%

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 Basic Probability 14.3
Introduction:
1. If you flip a coin, what is the probability it will land on heads?
2. Can probability exceed 100%?
3. Can probability be negative?

OBJECTIVE 14.3A: To find theoretical and experimental probabilities

1. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1 (or 0% and 100%) that indicates

LIKELIHOOD
the ________________ the event will occur.

P=0
.
Event will
.
P = 0.5

Event is equally likely

.
P=1

Event is certain
NOT occur. to occur or not occur. to occur.
MATHEMATICAL probability that an event will occur.
2. The theoretical probability is the ________________
# of outcomes in A
a. Formula: P(A) =
total outcomes

b. You roll two game cubes whose sides are numbered 1 through 6. Find the probability
of rolling 1) doubles, 2) a 7 and 3) a number < 6.

6 1
1) P(D) = = ≈ 0.167 ≈ 16.7%
36 6
1 1 21 31 41 5 1 6 1
6 1 1 2 22 32 42 5 2 6 2
2) P(7) = = ≈ 0.167 ≈ 16.7%
36 6 1 3 23 33 43 5 3 6 3
1 4 24 34 44 5 4 6 4
1+2+3+4 5 1 5 25 35 45 5 5 6 5
3) P(<6) = = ≈ 0.278
36 18 ≈ 27.8% 1 6 26 36 46 5 6 6 6

c. Using a well shuffled, standard deck of 52 playing cards, find the probability of drawing a:
1) an ace, 2) a heart, 3) a red face card.
A♥ 2♥ 3♥ 4♥ 5♥ 6♥ 7♥ 8♥ 9♥ 10♥ J♥ Q♠ K♥
4 1 A♦ 2♦ 3♦ 4♦ 5♦ 6♦ 7♦ 8♦ 9♦ 10♦ J♦ Q♦ K♦
1) P(A) = = ≈ 0.077 ≈ 7.7%
52 13 A♣ 2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 5♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ 10♣ J♣ Q♣ K♣
13 A♠ 2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠ J♠ Q♠ K♠
2) P(♥) = = 0.25 = 25%
52
6 3
3) P(JQK) = = ≈ 0.1153 ≈ 11.5%
52 26
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 Basic Probability 14.3
d. The four members of a student council are to be chosen from a group of 5 juniors and
6 seniors. What is the probability that an all-senior council will be randomly selected?
P(E) = a council of 4 seniors

6 C4 15 1
P(E) = = = ≈ 0.045 ≈ 4.5%
11 C4 330 22

3. The experimental probability is the probability that an event will occur based upon the
experimental results.

a. According to the survey, what is the

probability that someone is working
their dream job?

P(DJ) = 2346 ≈ 0.18 ≈ 18%

13,255

b. According to the survey, what is the

probability that someone is not working? Yes Yes, but No Don’t N/A -
not current know does not
P(NW) = 3274 ≈ 0.25 ≈ 25%
job work
13,255

c. Using the spinner to the right:

1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning a blue #?
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning a blue # using 10 spins?
2
1) P(B) = ≈ 0.333 ≈ 33.3%
6
3 4
2) Answers will vary, I will use a spinner app
programmed for random results.
2 5

1 6

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 Basic Probability 14.3
OBJECTIVE 14.3B: To evaluate geometric probabilities
RATIO
1. Geometric probabilities are those where the probability results from the ___________ of
two lengths, areas or volumes.

2. Given AE, if a point is choosen randomly, what is the probability that the point in on:
.A
8 .
B
14 2 4
.. .
C D E
a) DE ? b) BD ?
4
P(DE) = 4 =
1
≈ 0.143 ≈ 14.3% P(BD) = 16 = ≈ 0.571 ≈ 57.1%
28 7 28 7

3. An Olympic archery target is shown below. There are 10 evenly spaced concentric rings.
The diameter of the outer ring is 122 cm. The archer shoots from a distance of 70 meters.

a. What is the random probability of hitting the

black rings?
Ablack πr2 - πr2 π(8•6.1)2 - (6•6.1)2
P(B) = = 2 = 2
Asquare s 125

3,273.2 125 cm 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+

P(B) ≈ ≈ 0.209 ≈ 20.9%

15,625

b. What is the random probability of hitting the bullseye? 125 cm

2
A πr π•6.12
P(B) = inner yellow = = ≈ 0.0075 ≈ 0.75%
Asquare s2 125
2

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 Probability of Compound Events 14.4
Introduction:
1. Describe how to calculate the probability of an event.
2. A bag contains 3 red, 2 blue and 5 green marbles. Find P(red or green).
3. If the marble is not returned to the bag, find the probability of P(G) then P(R).
OBJECTIVE 14.4A: To find the probability of the union and intersection of events
COMPOUND
1. A ________________ event is the union or intersection of two events.
AUB A∩B
11 A B 13 11 A B 13
1 2 4 6
9 1 2 4 6
9
3 5 7 10 3 5 7 10
8 8
12 12

# of outcomes in A & B 10
a. Find P(A or B). P(A or B) = = ≈ 0.769 ≈ 76.9%
total outcomes 13

Formula: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) intersected choices

total choices
5 7 2 10
P(A or B) = + - = ≈ 0.769 ≈ 76.9%
13 13 13 13

b. Find P(Q or S).

..... ...
. .

. .
Q S

....
12 3
P(Q or S) = = = 0.75 = 75%
16 4

8 7 3 12
P(Q or S) = + - = ≈ 0.75 ≈ 75%
16 16 16 16

c. Find P(C or D).

C 8 D
# of outcomes in C & D 7
P(C or D) = = ≈ 0.778 ≈ 77.8% 1 2 6
total outcomes 9 7
3 4 9
5
Formula: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
C & D are
MUTUALLY
___________ exclusive
4 3 7
P(C or D) = + = ≈ 0.778 ≈ 77.8%
9 9 9

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 Probability of Compound Events 14.4
2. A card is randomly selected from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
the card is an ace or a club?
A♥ 2♥ 3♥ 4♥ 5♥ 6♥ 7♥ 8♥ 9♥ 10♥ J♥ Q♠ K♥
16 4 A♦ 2♦ 3♦ 4♦ 5♦ 6♦ 7♦ 8♦ 9♦ 10♦ J♦ Q♦ K♦
P(A or ♣) = = ≈ 0.308 ≈ 30.8%
52 13 A♣ 2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 5♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ 10♣ J♣ Q♣ K♣
A♠ 2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠ J♠ Q♠ K♠

3. A card is randomly selected from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
the card is a face card or a red 2?
A♥ 2♥ 3♥ 4♥ 5♥ 6♥ 7♥ 8♥ 9♥ 10♥ J♥ Q♠ K♥
14 7 A♦ 2♦ 3♦ 4♦ 5♦ 6♦ 7♦ 8♦ 9♦ 10♦ J♦ Q♦ K♦
P(F or 2) = = ≈ 0.269 ≈ 26.9% A♣ 2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 5♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ 10♣ J♣ Q♣ K♣
52 26
A♠ 2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠ J♠ Q♠ K♠

COMPLIMENT of an event.
4. Following is the formula for the ______________

P(A’) = 1 - P(A)
1 1 21 31 41 5 1 6 1
1 2 22 32 42 5 2 6 2
a. Find P(sum is not 11). 1 3 23 33 43 5 3 6 3
1 4 24 34 44 5 4 6 4
P(sum is not 11) = 1 - P(11) 1 5 25 35 45 5 5 6 5
1 6 26 36 46 5 6 6 6
2 17
P(sum is not 11) = 1 - = ≈ 0.944 ≈ 94.4%
36 18

b. Find P(not 8 or doubles).

10 13
P(not 8 or doubles) = 1 - = ≈ 0.722 ≈ 72.2%
36 18

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 Probability of Compound Events 14.4
OBJECTIVE 14.4B: To evaluate independent and dependent probabilities

ACTION involving 2 or more simple

1. A compound event can have more than one __________
events.

INDEPENDENT
a. _________________ events occur when one event has no influence upon the
probability of subsequent events.

What is the probability of flipping a coin on heads and rolling a 6 sided game cube and
getting a 4?

1 1 1
P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B) = • = ≈ 0.083 ≈ 8.3%
2 6 12

DEPENDENT
b. _________________ events occur when the probability of an event changes due to a
previous event.

A bag contains 3 red, 2 blue and 5 green marbles. If the marble drawn is not returned
to the bag, find the probability of P(G) then P(R).

5 3 1
P(G and R) = P(G) • P(R) = • = ≈ 0.167 ≈ 16.7%
10 9 6

2. Evaluate the following independent and dependent events.

a. A standard deck of playing cards is shuffled well. What is the probability of randomly
drawing two cards of the same suit?
13 12 1
P(S and SS) = P(S) • P(SS) = • = ≈ 0.059 ≈ 5.9%
52 51 17

b. Two six sided game cubes are rolled. What is the probability of rolling doubles three
times in a row?
3

P(D & D & D) = P(D) • P(D) • P(D) =

6
( )
36
=
1
216
≈ 0.0046 ≈ 0.46%

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 Standard Deviation 14.5
Introduction, given the data set: 2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8
1. What is the median?
2. What is the mean?
3. What is the mode?

OBJECTIVE 14.5A: To use measures of central tendency and dispersion

Average Monthly Temperatures, Luganville, Santo, Vanuatu

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
o o o o o o o o o o o o
79.1 F 79.2 F 79.0 F 78.1 F 77.0 F 75.9 F 74.7 F 74.6 F 75.5 F 76.2 F 77.3 F 78.5 F

CENTER of the
1. Measures of central tendency are single values that represent the ___________
data distribution.

MEAN
∑ xi
a. The ___________ is the arithmetic average of the data. x =
n

925.1 o
Find x for the data set above. x= ≈ 77.1 F
12

MIDDLE
b. The median is the _____________ number when the numbers are written in order.

Find the median monthly average temperature for Luganville.

77.0 + 77.3 o
74.6, 74.7, 75.5, 75.9, 76.2, 77.0, 77.3, 78.1, 78.5, 79.0, 79.1, 79.2 ≈ 77.15 F
2

FREQUENTLY .
c. The mode is the number the occurs the most _________________

The daily average temperatures (oF) for Luganville the first week of January are:
80, 80, 79, 80, 79, 79, 80. Find the mode.
80
VARIATION
2. Statisticians use several measures of _______________ (dispersion) to describe how

the data in a data set is _____________

SPREAD out.

DIFFERENCE between the greatest and least values.

a. The range is the _______________

What is the range of the data set above? 79.2 - 74.6 = 4.6oF

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 Standard Deviation 14.5
b. The mean ______________
DEVIATION (MD) is the average difference between each value in a
data set and the mean of those values.
∑ |x - x |
Formula: MD = For the scores: 89, 84, 94, 85, 89, 76, 82, 80.
n

679
1) Find the mean. x= 8
= 84.875

2) Find |x - x | for |89 - 84.875| = 4.125; |84 - 84.875| = 0.875; |94 - 84.875| = 9.125;
each data value. |85 - 84.875| = 0.125; |89 - 84.875| = 4.125; |76 - 84.875| = 8.875;
|82 - 84.875| = 2.875; |80 - 84.875| = 4.875

4.125 + 0.875 + 9.125 + 0.125 + 4.125 + 8.875 + 2.875 + 4.875

3) Find MD. MD = 8 = 4.375

STATISTICS
c. The goal of ________________ is to study a sample to draw conclusions about a

BIAS
population. To help to remove __________ (a consistent error that on average, yields
2
VARIANCE
results that are too high or too low) statisticians use _________________ (s ).

2
∑ (x - x )2
Formula: s = n-1 Find the variance for the data above.

679
1) Find the mean. x= = 84.875
8
2 2 2 2
2) Find (x - x ) for (89 - 84.875) ≈ 17.02; (84 - 84.875) ≈ 0.77; (94 - 84.875) ≈ 83.27;
2 2 2
each data value. (85 - 84.875) ≈ 0.02; (89 - 84.875) ≈ 17.02; (76 - 84.875) ≈ 78.77;
2 2
(82 - 84.875) ≈ 8.27; (80 - 84.875) ≈ 23.77

17.02 + 0.77 + 83.27 + 0.02 + 17.02 + 78.77 + 8.27 + 23.77

3) Find s2. 2
s = ≈ 32.70
8-1

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 Standard Deviation 14.5
SQUARE ROOT
UNBIASED value like the mean deviation, the ________________
d. To get back to an ___________
STANDARD DEVIATION
of the variance yields the ________________________ .

Note the use Sample Population

∑ (x - x )2 Mean: x Mean: μ
1) Formula: s= of different
n-1
symbols: Standard Standard
deviation: s deviation: σ

2) Find the standard deviation for the scores: 89, 84, 94, 85, 89, 76, 82, 80.
s= s2 2
s ≈ 32.70 s= 32.70 ≈ 5.72

SCORES
mean
(84.875)
2
f 1 standard deviation 1 standard deviation
-5.72 +5.72
1

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

NORMAL
3) Standard deviation is a measure of spread (dispersion/varation) for ___________
distributions (symmetrically distributed data with no skew).

OBJECTIVE 15.4B: To use the standard deviation to interpret the z-score

MEAN
1. The z-score is the number of standard deviations that a value is from the ____________ .
x-x
a. Formula: z-score = Example test scores: 65, 70, 70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 80, 80,
s
82, 82, 85, 85, 85, 90, 90, 90, 95, 95, 100.
x = 82.45; s = 9.19
b. Find the z-score for 100, 90, and 70.
100 - 82.45
z-score (100) = ≈ 1.9
9.19

90 - 82.45 70- 82.45

z-score (90) = ≈ 0.8 z-score (70) = ≈ -1.4
9.19 9.19

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 Standard Deviation 14.5
2. Given the following z-scores, explain the score in respect to the mean and the standard
deviation.

a. Mean of 79, standard deviation of 3.5 and a z-score of 2.

The score is 86 and is 2 standard deviations above the mean of 79.

b. Mean of 45, standard deviation of 1.8 and a z-score of 3.5.

The score is 3 1/2 standard deviations above the mean of 45.

c. Mean of 98, standard deviation of 5 and a z-score of -2.75.

The score is 2 3/4 standard deviations below the mean of 98.

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 Binomial Distributions 14.6
Introduction:
1. What is the value of 4! ?
2. What is the value of 6P4 ?
3. What is the value of 6C4 ?
OBJECTIVE 14.6A: To find binomial probabilities
1. A binomial _________________
EXPERIMENT satisfies the following conditions:

n independent trials.
a. There are _____

SUCCESS
b. The only possible outcome of each trial is _______________ FAILURE
or _______________ .

SAME .
c. The probability for success for each trial is the __________
Binomial Probability n = number of trials
k = successes
P(k) = nCkpk(1 - p)
n-k
p = probability of success
1 - p = q = probability of failure

2. Find the probability of flipping a coin eight times and getting heads 5 times.
n=8
k=5 P(5) = 8C5(0.5)5(0.5)8-5 = 0.21875 = 21.875%
p = 1/2 = 0.5
1 - p = (1 - 0.5) = 0.5

3. According to an October 2016 Pew Research poll, 37% of registered voters believed an ID
was required to vote even though their state did not require an ID to vote.

a. Out of 10 registered voters, what is the probability that 5 would believe that an ID was
required to vote? n = 10; k = 5; p = 0.37; q = (1 - 0.37) = 0.63

p(5) = 10 C5(0.37)5(0.63)10-5 ≈ 0.173 = 17.3%

b. Out of 10 registered voters, what is the probability that only 1 would believe that an ID
was required to vote? n = 10; k = 1; p = 0.37; q = (1 - 0.37) = 0.63
1 10-1
p(5) = 10 C1(0.37) (0.63) ≈ 0.058 = 5.8%

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 Binomial Distributions 14.6
OBJECTIVE 14.6B: To analyze binomial distributions

ALL possible numbers of

1. A binomial distribution shows the probabilities of _______
successes of a binomial experiment.

Binomial Distribution Note: this binomial distribution is symmetric,

5 Coin Flips
31.2 SKEWED
those that are NOT symmetric are ______________ .
30%
20% 15.6 15.6
10%
3.1 3.1

0 1 2 3 4 5

2. Find the probability distribution of rolling a 1 with a six-sided game cube with 4 rolls.
Note the connection to the binomial expansion theorem of (p + q)n.
n = 4; k = 4-0; p = 1/6; q = (1 - 1/6) = 5/6
4 4-4 3 4-3 2 4-2 1 4-1 0 4-0
4 C4(1/6) (5/6) + 4C3(1/6) (5/6) + 4C2(1/6) (5/6) + 4C1(1/6) (5/6) + 4C0(1/6) (5/6)
0.0008 + 0.0154 + 0.1157 + 0.3858 + 0.4823

3. 73% of those polled believe that the internet is mostly a positive thing for society.
Complete the binomial distribution representing 6 people randomly asked if the internet
is mostly positive for society. n = 6; k = 6-0; p = 1/6; q = (1 - 1/6) = 5/6
6 5 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 1 5 6
6 C6(.73) + 6C5(.73) (.27) +6C4(.73) (.27) + 6C3(.73) (.27) + 6C2(.73) (.27) + 6C1(.73) (.27) + 6C0(.27)

0.151 + 0.336 + 0.311 + 0.153 + 0.042 + 0.006 + 0.0004

Internet is Mostly Positive

30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 19
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 Normal Distributions 14.7
Introduction:
1. Find x for the data 10, 10, 12, 14, 14.
2. Explain what it means if the standard deviation is 5 for a data set.

OBJECTIVE 14.7A: To calculate probabilities using normal distributions

RANDOMLY from the mean.

1. A normal distribution shows data that varies ______________

SYMMETRICAL bell-shaped curve is produced called a ____________

A smooth, _________________ NORMAL
curve.
Quiz Scores
frequency

<72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 87 89 91 93 95 97 100
2. All normal distributions have these key characteristics:

MEAN
a. The _____________ , median and the mode are located at the center.

STANDARD
b. The height and width of the distribution is determined by the _______________
deviation.

AREA
c. The ______________ under the curve represents 100% of the data.

EMPRICAL
The ________________ (68-95-99.7) rule states that almost all the data lies within

3
______ MEAN
standard deviations of the ___________ .

68
1) _____% of data within + 1 σ

95
2) _____% of data within + 2 σ

99.7
3) _____% of data within + 3 σ
0.15% 2.35% 13.5% 34% 34% 13.5% 2.35% 0.15%

-3σ -2σ -1σ μ +1σ +2σ +3σ

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 Normal Distributions 14.7
3. The average height for adult men in the US is 5’10” with a standard deviation of 3 inches.
Adult US Men
a. What percent of men are between 5’7” and 6’1”?
34% + 34% = 68%

b. What is the probability that a son born in

the US grows to be between 6’1 & 6’7”?
13.5% + 2.35% = 15.85%
61” 64” 67” 70” 73” 76” 79”
c. If you randomly choose 4 adult men, what is the probability that all four are 5’7” or
shorter?
P(x < 67”) = 0.135 + 0.0235 + 0.0015 = 0.16

P(x < 67” and x < 67” and x < 67” and x < 67”) = (0.16)4 ≈ 0.00065536 or ≈ 0.07%

OBJECTIVE 14.7B: To use normal distributions to approximate binomial distributions

1. We learned in lesson 14.6 that a binomial probability can be found using the formula
P(k) = nCkpk(1 - p)n-k. At times when n (the # of trials) is large, a normal distribution can
be used to approximate the probability if the following conditions are met.

p = the probability of success; np > 5 and n(1 - p) > 5

a. x = np b. σ = np (1 - p)

2. A survey of US families revealed that 28% of those families owned at least 1 piano or
keyboard. If you conduct a random survey of 350 families, what is the probability that you
will find at most 81 families with at least 1 piano or keyboard?
n = 350; p = 0.28 where np > 5 and n(1-p) > 5

x = 350(0.28) ≈ 98 σ= 98(.72) ≈ 8.4

P(x < 81) ≈ 0.0235 + 0.0015

P(x < 81) ≈ 0.025 ≈ 2.5%
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