Internal Combustion

Engines
Introduction ∙ Basic Terminologies∙ The Otto Cycle∙ The Diesel Cycle∙
The Dual Combustion Cycle

23-2 | ME 321 – Combustion Engineering Ma. Karla Jessica L. Bautista, RMEE

 INTRODUCTION
GAS POWER CYCLES
- thermodynamic cycles used in combustion engines and gas
turbines
- involve burning fuel within the system boundaries to produce
mechanical work
- involve the study of heat engines in which the working fluid
remains in the gaseous state throughout the cycle

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 INTRODUCTION
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
- a heat engine deriving its power from the energy liberated by
the explosion of a mixture of some hydrocarbon, in gaseous or
vaporized form, with atmospheric air

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
FOUR-STROKE I.C.E.
• utilizes four distinct piston strokes
(intake, compression, power, and
exhaust) to complete one operating
cycle

TWO-STROKE I.C.E.
• completes a power cycle with two
strokes (power and compression) of
the piston during only one crankshaft
revolution
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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
CYLINDER DIAMETER/BORE (D)
- cylinder bore is the diameter of the
cylindrical hole in the engine block
where the piston moves up and
down to compress the fuel-air
mixture and generate power

PISTON AREA (A)

- the cross-sectional area of the
piston in an engine

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
STROKE (L)
- the distance travelled by the piston
from the TDC to the BDC in a single
cycle of operation

DEAD CENTER
- the position of the piston at the
extreme ends of its stroke in an
engine

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC)
- the volume of the combustion
chamber at its minimum, and the
piston is closest to the cylinder
head

BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC)

- the volume of the combustion
chamber at its maximum, and the
piston is farthest to the cylinder
head
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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
VOLUME DISPLACEMENT (VD)
- the volume generated by the
working piston when travelling
from one dead center to next one
𝜋 2
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴 × 𝐿 = 𝐷 𝐿
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CLEARANCE VOLUME (VC)

- the volume of the space on the
combustion side of the piston at
TDC
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 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
CYLINDER VOLUME (V)
- the sum of volume displacement
and clearance volume
𝑉 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝐶

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 THE OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)
• the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating engine
• named after Nikolaus Otto, who built a successful four-stroke
engine in 1876 in Germany
• consists of four processes:
Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression
Process 2 – 3: Isometric Heat Addition
Process 3 – 4: Isentropic Expansion
Process 4 – 1: Isometric Heat Rejection

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THE OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)

Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression

Process 2 – 3: Isometric Heat Addition
Process 3 – 4: Isentropic Expansion
Process 4 – 1: Isometric Heat Rejection
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 THE OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)
Heat Addition (QA)
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2

Heat Rejection (QR)

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1

Net Cycle Work (Wnet)

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1

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 THE OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)
Temperature Relationship
𝑇1 𝑇4
=
𝑇2 𝑇3

Volume Displacement (VD)

𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2

Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑃𝑚 =
𝑉𝐷

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 THE OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)
Clearance Volume (VC)
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3

Percent Clearance (c)

𝑉𝐶
𝑐=
𝑉𝐷

Compression Ratio (rk)

𝑉1
𝑟𝑘 =
𝑉2

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 THE OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)
Cycle Efficiency (η)
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 1
𝜂= = 1 − 𝑘−1
𝑄𝐴 𝑟𝑘

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Example 01 – The Otto Cycle
An Otto cycle operates with a compression ratio of
8. If 50 kJ is added to the cycle, which has as its
minimum pressure 150 kPa and as its minimum
temperature 20°C, determine the peak temperature
of the cycle if cv = 0.7186 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4.
Assume 1 kg of working fluid.

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Example 02 – The Otto Cycle
The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle
is 10. At the beginning of the compression stoke,
the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is
15ºC. The heat transfer to the air per cycle is 1800
kJ/kg air. If cv = 0.717 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4, determine:
a. the pressure and temperature at the end of
each process,
b. the thermal efficiency, and
c. the mean effective pressure.

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