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Full Ebook of Wordly Wise Grade 11 Kenneth Hodkinson Online PDF All Chapter
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The shaft, however, was never built. Screw propulsion was just
coming into use; the design of the vessel was changed, and the
whole scheme lapsed. A year or so later, M. Schneider, the French
iron master of Creuzot, and his engineer, M. Bourdon, visited
Bridgewater while Nasmyth happened to be away. Mr. Gaskell, after
taking them about the plant, showed them the Scheme Book and
pointed out the sketch of the hammer, telling them of the purpose for
which it was intended. They were impressed with it and took careful
notes and sketches of its details. Nasmyth was informed of their visit
upon his return, but knew nothing of their having taken sketches of
the hammer.
In 1842 Nasmyth visited France, and was cordially received at
Creuzot and shown about the works. “On entering,” he writes, “one
of the things that particularly struck me was the excellence of a large
wrought-iron marine engine single crank, forged with a remarkable
degree of exactness in its general form. I observed also that the
large eye of the crank had been punched and drifted with
extraordinary smoothness and truth. I inquired of M. Bourdon ‘how
that crank had been forged?’ His immediate reply was, ‘It was forged
by your steam hammer!’... He told me ... that he had taken careful
notes and sketches, and that among the first things he did after his
return to Creuzot was to put in hand the necessary work for the
erection of a steam hammer.... M. Bourdon conducted me to the
forge department of the works, that I might, as he said, ‘see my own
child’; and there it was, in truth—a thumping child of my brain.”[100]
Fortunately it was still time to save his patent rights. He moved
rapidly and in June, 1842, two months after his visit to Creuzot, a
patent was obtained.[101]. The steam hammer soon found its way
into all the large shops of the world and greatly increased Nasmyth’s
already comfortable fortune. Nasmyth transferred his United States
patent to S. V. Merrick of Philadelphia, who introduced the hammer
into the American iron works.
[100] Ibid., pp. 246-247. The self-acting valve motion for the steam
hammer was invented by Mr. Wilson, when Nasmyth was absent on
business. Wilson was manager at Patricroft and later became a partner. It
was much used for a time but with the advent of balanced piston-valves the
hand-operated gear supplanted it. Nasmyth’s invention of the hammer was
denied by M. Schneider in 1871. For fuller discussion of the history of this
hammer see London Engineer, May 16, 1890, and a pamphlet by T. S.
Rowlandson, entitled “History of the Steam Hammer.” Manchester, 1866.
[101] No. 9382, June 9, 1842.
The first step, the production of true plane surfaces, made while
he was at Maudslay’s, was, we are told, a self-imposed task. The
method of producing these, three at a time, is generally credited to
Whitworth. We have already quoted Nasmyth’s statement that the
method was in use at Maudslay’s and that it was “a very old
mechanical dodge.” While this is probably true, Whitworth
contributed something to the method, which very greatly increased
the accuracy of the product. The writer is inclined to believe that that
element was the substitution of hand scraping for grinding in the final
finishing operations. Whitworth’s paper, read before the British
Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840,
indicates this, although it does not say so directly. In this paper he
specifically points out the reason why planes should not be finished
by grinding them together with abrasive powder in between; namely,
that the action of the grinding powder was under no control, that
there was no means of securing its equal diffusion or modifying its
application and localizing its action to the particular spot which
needed it. Holtzapffel confirms this view, saying, in 1847: “The entire
process of grinding, although apparently good, is so fraught with
uncertainty, that accurate mechanicians have long agreed that the
less grinding that is employed on rectilinear works the better, and Mr.
Whitworth has recently shown in the most satisfactory manner,[103]
that in such works grinding is entirely unnecessary, and may, with
the greatest advantage be dispensed with, as the further prosecution
of the scraping process is quite sufficient to lead to the limit of
attainable accuracy.... The author’s previous experience had so fully
prepared him for admission of the soundness of these views, that in
his own workshop he immediately adopted the suggestion of
accomplishing all accurate rectilinear works by the continuance of
scraping, to the entire exclusion of grinding.”[104]
[103] Referring to the paper before the British Association, 1840.
[104] “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” Vol. II, p. 872.
Under the act of 1750, the importation rose to about 3250 tons, 94
per cent of which still came from Maryland, Virginia and
Pennsylvania. Practically all the iron produced in New England was
used there, for, despite the repressive measures from the mother
country, small local manufacturing enterprises, “moonshine iron
works,” were constantly cropping up. The iron supply of New
England came at first from the bog ores in eastern Massachusetts
and Rhode Island. By 1730-1760 better mines were opened at
Salisbury, Conn., and in Orange County, New York, so that the
production of iron in the bog-ore regions gradually dwindled.
The Revolution terminated British legislative control over the trade
and manufactures of America. The war itself furnished a market for
supplies for the army, and the manufacture of cannon and guns was
active. Many of these factories were ruined by the flood of imports
which followed the Revolution. In 1789 the present Federal
Government replaced the ineffective Confederation, which had left to
the separate states the duty of protecting their manufacturing
interests, and a tariff was placed upon manufactured articles. Freed
from the old restrictions, and with foreign competition largely
precluded, manufacturing industries began to spring up on every
hand.
A third cause contributed to rapid development at this time. An
enormous production of cotton followed Whitney’s invention of the
cotton gin in 1792, and the South, which had never been a
manufacturing community, furnished both a source of supply and a
rich market, easily accessible by coastwise trade. The beginnings of
New England’s manufacturing industries are closely identified with
the rise of the American cotton crop, and most of the first machine
shops were developed to manufacture textile machinery.
England, who seems to have blundered whenever she legislated
on early American trade, made one more serious mistake. In 1785
Parliament passed a stringent law, with severe penalties, to stop the
emigration of all mechanics and workmen in iron and steel
manufactures, and to prevent not only the exportation of every
description of tool, engine or machine, or parts of a machine used in
making and working up iron and other materials, but even the
models and plans of such machinery.[113] England was then the most
advanced of all countries in the production of engines, tools and
textile machinery, and it was hoped by this act that manufacturing
might be kept there. It had the opposite effect so far as America was
concerned. It was inevitable that mechanics, such as Samuel Slater
and William Crompton, should get away, and with them, ideas. The
act only stimulated a race of skillful mechanics in America to
independent development of machine tools, textile machinery, and
the like. America, instead of buying her machinery from England as
she would naturally have done, proceeded to make it herself.
[113] Ibid., Vol. I, p. 630.
From the little forge and foundry started at Lynn, there is no break
in the spread of iron manufacturing in this country. The forge was
located on the lands of Thomas Hudson, of the same family as
Hendrick Hudson, the explorer. Jenks was “the first founder who
worked in brass and iron on the western continent. By his hands, the
first models were made and the first castings taken of many
domestic implements and iron tools.”[115] The very first casting is said
to have been an iron quart pot.
[115] Lewis: “History of Lynn.”
For many years the colonial records refer to his various activities.
He made the dies for the early Massachusetts coinage, including the
famous pine-tree shilling.[116] In 1646 the General Court of
Massachusetts resolved that “In answer to the peticon of Joseph
Jenckes, for liberty to make experience of his abilityes and
Inventions for ye making of Engines for mills to go with water for ye
more speedy despatch of work than formerly, and mills for ye making
of Sithes and other Edged tools, with a new invented Sawe-Mill, that
things may be afforded cheaper than formerly, and that for fourteen
yeeres without disturbance by any others setting up like inventions;
... this peticon is granted.”[117] In 1655 he was granted a
Massachusetts patent for scythes, his improvement consisting of
making them long and thin, instead of short and thick, as in the old
English scythe, and of welding a bar of iron upon the back to
strengthen it, which later became the universal practice,[118] and no
radical change has been made in the blade of this implement since
his day. He built for the town of Boston the first fire engine used in
this country, and also made machines for drawing wire. Jenks seems
to have also been interested in another iron works started at
Braintree between 1645 and 1650.
[116] Weeden: “Economic and Social History of New England,” Vol. I, p.
191.
[117] Goodrich: “History of Pawtucket,” p. 17.
[118] Weeden, Vol. I, p. 184. Bishop, Vol. I, p. 477.