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Historical recipes for preparatory layers for oil paintings in manuals, manuscripts
and handbooks in North West Europe, 1550-1900: analysis and reconstructions

Stols-Witlox, M.J.N.

Publication date
2014

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):

Stols-Witlox, M. J. N. (2014). Historical recipes for preparatory layers for oil paintings in
manuals, manuscripts and handbooks in North West Europe, 1550-1900: analysis and
reconstructions. [Thesis, externally prepared, Universiteit van Amsterdam].

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Download date:27 May 2024
 Appendix 12 Partial recipes for preparatory layers, including South European recipes

In chronological order

source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Bnf Ms. Fr640 FR - [degreasing of

1580-1600: ground with ashes
perso 2 and water]
Borghini 1584: IT colla di [preparation of
135 limbellucci glue]
Bate 1633: UK - [use of colours from
175 rinsing jar for
ground]
Lebrun 1635: FR - [use of colours from
770 rinsing jar for
ground]
Lebrun 1635: FR - [umber in ground
812 makes other colour
sink in]
‘Recepten- NL om slecht wit tot [ground mixture of
boeck’ 1650- een gront ceruse, chalk and
1700: 1 oil]
Excellency UK - [scraping canvas with edge of knife
1668: 100 before first layer] scrape cloth
Excellency UK How to prepare [before applying well planisht, rub
1668: 49 your copper ground, clean with with burnt charcoal
charcoal/water, rinse and water, wash off
with water, rub with with clean water.
rag and chalk, do not When dry, scrape
touch plate with with chalk, rub with
fingers] clean rag, do not
touch with fingers

213
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Beale 1677: UK - [sizing with thin and

56r stiff size: which one
(transcribed in best?] [no answer
Talley 1981: provided]
285)
Beale 1677: UK - [ground for canvas] 10 l. white lead, 6
56v ounces yallow oker,
(transcribed in 3 1/4 ounces
Talley 1981: cullens earth, 2 3/4
286) ounces ordinary
blew black, 1 ounce
5/8 burnt umber, 2
1/8 ounces red
oker
Beale 1681: 52v UK - [pumicing before pumiced
(transcribed in ground application]
Talley 1981: 285)
Wiltschut ms. NL vant pramuren [colour mixture for ceruse, blue black,
1701: 27-8 priming: ceruse, brown ochre
blue black, brown
ochre]
Wiltschut ms. NL vant pramuren [colour mixture for blue black, chalk,
1701: 27-8 priming] white, little
brown red and
ochre
Wiltschut ms. NL - [eggshell white eggshell white
1701: [72] good white for paste
white grounds]
Cröker 1729: GE - [flour paste 1 or 2 parts pure
77 preparation for water, little rock-
canvas ground] or dust-flour, more
water and flour

214
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Dossie 1758: UK - [varnish isolation varnish

202-3 layer over ground to
prevent sinking in;
may result in
delamination]
Encyclopedie FR Encoillage blanc [parchment
méthodique glue/white layer]
1788: 236
Encyclopedie FR Impression [lead white in oil ceruse white, oil
méthodique layer]
1789: 237
Practical UK - [superior ground light-red, white
treatise 1795: colour]
94-5
Hodson and UK - [pigmentation for brown ochre,
Dougall 1805: landscapes] white, light red
244
Sully 1809-71: US/ C.W. Peale's way C.W. Peale's way of isinglass jelly required colour flatten with
020 UK of preparing preparing canvas the spatula
canvas
Sully 1809-71: US/ Neagle's ground Neagle's ground even coat of paint. reduce with
025 UK While wet, pumice stone
standing position,
sift over some fine
sand, pumice when
dry.
Sully 1809-71: US/ - [2 pounds of lead thin paste white lead
057 UK white required for 42
pieces of paper
prepared with thin
paste]

215
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Sully 1809-71 US/ - [white lead in white lead,

(recipe date UK skimmed milk good skimmed milk
1848): 134 absorbent ground,
very good to cover
former painting.]
Sully 1809-71 US/ - [Fuller's earth in fuller's earth, milk
(recipe date UK milk for canvas: too
1848): 134 dark when oiled
over]
New family UK 621. For the [second ground second priming: 100
receipt-book second priming layer] weight white lead,
1811:313 equal quantity (bulk)
Spanish white, grind
pretty stiff with
linseed oil, when you
use it: put in some
drying oil and a little
oil of turpentine
Introduzione IT Imprimatura [definition of solution of ‘elastic
1821: 157 imprimatura. Recently gum’ (’gomma
imprimatura have elastica’) [as
been made in which a addition to ground]
solution of 'gomma
elastica' was added.]
'13' 1824-50 UK Panel canvass ground for canvas 16# white lead grd in
(recipe date ground tried Dec and panel oil, 8# dry white
1849): 1849 lead, 2 pints plaster
13P015L13 of Paris, 1 1/2#
Grecian, 1 1/2 pints
oak varnish
‘13' 1824-50 UK Millboard millboard ground 80# powdered
(recipe date ground used by whiting, 20# grecian
1850): Gale 1850 powder/levigated
13P039L01 fluid from potteries,
20# pumice powder,

216
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

6# sour glue, boiled

with Aq/5# Scotch
glue
‘13' 1824-50: UK Size stated by Mr Hodge sulphate of
n.p. that sulphate of zinc zinc, acetate of
or acetate of lead will lead prevent
prevent decomposition
decomposition of of size
size
'13' 1843-50 UK Millboard millboard ground 40 lb whiting, 20#
(recipe date ground 1850 Grecian powder, 20
1850): # pumice powder,
13P029L13 mixed with Aq to a
stiff paste, 5# glue
made into stiff size
Leuchs 1825: GE Oele mit [If painting with oil saturated with
549 harzigen with resins, then the drying oil or
Zusätzen ground must be with ambar or
covered with a paint copal solution
saturated with drying
oil or with amber- or
copal solution, to
prevent absorbing of
the ground]
Montabert FR - [paints with copal oil glue underlayer
1829, vol 9: require a glue ground
409 for adhesion]
Montabert FR - [degreasing support garlic, onion
1829, vol 9: before ground
162-3 application: garlic or
onion]
Montabert FR - [wax coating on the wax
1829, vol 9: back of unlined
137-8 canvas]

217
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Montabert FR - [stable mixture: egg

1829, vol 9: white and
170 quicklime]
Montabert FR - [stable mixture: egg
1829, vol 9: white and linseeed
170 oil]
Montabert FR - [increase adherance pumice powder
1829, vol 9: of paint to ground dusted over the
164 with layer of pumice wet ground
powder, sprinkled
into wet preparatory
'varnish', loose
powder removed
when dry]
‘A relic of old UK 1st prepd for millboard ground 1st prepd for Milbds:
times P.01' milbds 6 D handfulls powd
183?-76: whiting, 1D handfull
REP024L03 powdered Bath-
1/2D pot of mixtre of
size
‘A relic of old UK Millboards More .rit. [gritt?] in
times P.01' last two coats tan to
183?-76: the first ones and the
REP043L0 returns are used.
‘A relic of old UK - fine clear parcht size fine clear
times P.01' with camel hair brush parcht size
183?-76: over the grd after the
REP043L12 face is given to bind it

218
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

‘A relic of old UK Canvass 1st ./2 quarter flour, ./2 quarter flour,
times P.01' Colouring [Firkin?] of size, rather [Firkin?] size,
183?-76: more than 3 treacle, treacle, whiting,
REP043L01 too much whiting is soap
injurious. Soap is used
with the size in the 1st
canvass process
‘A relic of old UK Millboards [6 coats on front, 5 on single size
times P.01' back,7 coats on ft, 5 on
183?-76: back, last 2 coats on
REP032L16 fronts longways, all
single size]
‘A relic of old UK Millboards - [never use size the
times P.01' least stale for the
183?-76: fronts and use all the
REP029L15 bottoms of the
mixtures for the backs]
‘A relic of old UK Ross: finishing Final ground for finishing color:
times P.01' color before millboards 1/4D pot single size
183?-76: surfacing 4D handfuls
REP037L15 milboards whiting 1D gritt
‘A relic of old UK Oil grounds oil ground rubbed down with 3d worth soft soap
times P.01' pumice (formerly treacle
183?-76: instead of soap) 3d
REP036L11 worth bees wax,
linseed oil, quarter
flour
‘A relic of old UK On Wednesday mixture for a 12 3/4 lbs whiting, 6
times P.01' night ground, purpose lbs 7 oz bath
183?-76: not specified powder, size (weak
REP022L01 jelly) 3 lbs, dry white
lead 14 lbs 2 oz Span
B. 3 lbs/oz, grd bath
2 lbs 8 1/2 oz

219
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Roberson UK - ground recipe 2 Gall. Lins Oil,

1831: last turnings/cuttings of
page Ind Rubber, 1 lb
white rosin, 1 lb
litharge and
copperas
Bickes 1834: GE - [ground Chalk, glue water
54 preparation always
with chalk and glue.
Preparation of the
chalk/glue mixture.]
Fernbach GE - [flour paste sizing flourpaste
1834: 3-4 layer is bad, but can
be used as reverse
protection]
‘17' 1834-55: UK Canvass [lac in ammonia lac of
17P032L10, preparing - solution as sizing ammonia
17P033L10 layer. To remedy
possibly brittleness:
wax or alkaline soap
addition. Lac
bleaching to prevent
canvas staining]
Field 1835: UK Caoutchouc [experiment:
214-5 caoutchouc upon a
proper base the
best of all grounds
for oil painting?]
Field 1835: UK Sugar of lead [sponge grounds with weak solution of
214 weak solution of sugar sugar of lead in
of lead to remedy ill- water
drying grounds]

220
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Field 1835: UK Titian's ground [add drying oil to glue,

213 glue/size. Also bees'- unidentified
wax, sugar, treacl, pigment
albumen have been
added]
Ursin and DK - [preparation of amber
Hummel 1838: varnish, copal varnish,
210-13 both used in ground
recipe ]
Selvatico IT - [thin ground with lead lead white mixed
1842: 220-1 white, oil and a little with little gesso,
gesso is advised by then the
nearly all academies, imprimatura
but is bad preparation:
oil becomes rancid and
yellow, transparency
increases, varnished
picture discolours]
‘Om Gath No UK Oil panel colour panel ground - [1] hot lead/tube
01' 1838-44 1843 broken up in turps
(recipe date thick as paste (1 lb W
1843): B litharge, 1/4 lb
01P018L01 sugar lead 1/2 lb W
copperas grd in oil)
28 lbs Grecn powder,
1 gall oak varnish 1
gall boiled oil [...]
colours composed of
2 bladders YellO 1
[..] Ven red - 1 bt
umber using as much
as may be required

221
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

‘15' 1843-50: UK Canvass priming [shell lac in water shel lac in

15P035L01 with liqu ammonia water & liq
instead of size. Idea ammonia
to use rollers for
flattening sized
canvas]
‘Omnm UK Panel colour panel ground 1 12# Tub Lead
Gathm No 04' made up Dec broken in Turps, 10#
1844-6 (recipe 1844 dry Gecian powder,
date 1844): 1/2 gall quick Anime
04P016L04 Varnish 1 # patent
dryers finely grd
‘P.09' 1844- UK Expts for a substitute for glue 1 3/4 oz Bora
93: 9PP016L01 substitute for size refd, 4 oz Orange
size in prepd shellac, 2 pint Aq
canvass.
‘P 1' 1846-67: UK White flat.g for flatting recipe 3 lbs finely grod
P1P450L07 canvas -a very artists' white in
superior- poppy oil, 4 lbs
[ditto] in turp.n
Hundertpfund GE - [preparation of
1847: 127-9 flour paste with
pipe clay.]
‘P.2.' 1848-65 UK 1493A. Another mixture for first another 1st colour':
(1834?): 1st Colour for layer for canvas dry sifted whiting,
P2P126AL16 Canvas priming ground mixing oil 23 galls,
Dec 23/34. patent dryers
strong, pure -
‘P.2.' 1848-65: UK Extra strong sul barytes, sul
P2P151AL01 patent dryers zinc, sul: lead,
1528 for canvas powd litharge, grod
use white lead linseed
oil

222
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Templeton UK - [prepare ground on remove greasy pumice

1849: 13 canvas before use] deposit from aged stone/piece of
canvas with flannel flannel, washed
and powdered with sugar of
pumice stone, lead/water, dried,
washed with weak powdered pumice
solution of sugar of again, removed
lead in water, then with brush
again powdered
pumice must be
applied and
removed with a
brush
Osborn/ US - [prepare ground on rub with pumice
Bouvier 1845: canvas before use] stone, wash with
115-6 water to which
may be added a
portion of
alcohol
‘Varnish book UK 1st Colour Oil [binding medium 30 galls varnish
No. 2' 1850- Augt 1. 55 for first ground bottoms, 30 galls
63: layer of canvas raw linseed oil
V2P376L01 ground
‘Varnish book UK 1st Colour Oil for [binding medium 12 galls drying jelly,
No. 2' 1850- Canvass May 16. for first ground 10 galls drying oil, 8
63: 1855 layer of canvas galls 1/2 & 1/2
V2P360L01 ground] bottoms, red lead
‘Varnish book UK Boiled Red Hard [siccative used in varnish botts,
No. 2' 1850- Dryers (Oct 55) 1st color for canvas] powd litharge,
63: red lead, sugar
V2P401L01 lead, linseed oil

223
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

‘Varnish book UK Canvass 1st [ground mixture for 18 lbs drying jelly
No. 2' 1850- Colouring 1st layer on A, 27 lbs dry
63: canvas:] whiting, 18 lbs grod
V2P196L01 white lead, 2 1/4
lbs red dryers, 2
1/4 lbs strong fine
grd white dryers, 9
lbs drying jelly, 3
pints turps
‘Varnish book UK Drying jelly [drying oil used in 34 1/2 galls varnish
No. 2' 1850- 1st color for botts, 34 1/2 galls
63: canvasl] common linseed oil
V2P196L01
‘Varnish book UK First colour for [ground mixture for sieved whiting,
No. 2' 1850- canvass Jan 17. 1st layer on canvas] first colour oil,
63: 1856 boiled red dryers
V2P423L01
‘Varnish book UK First colour for [ground mixture for whiting, raw linsd
No. 2' 1850- canvass July 1st layer on oil, red dryer, 1st
63: 1859 canvas:] colour oil, turps,
V2P526L01 Wt lead
‘Varnish book UK First colour for [ground mixture for whiting, 19 1/2
No. 2' 1850- canvass. Made 1st layer on canvas] galls 1st colour
63: up July 30. 1855 oil, dryers
V2P375L01
‘Varnish book UK First colour for [ground mixture for putty, raw oil, B oil
No. 2' 1850- canvass. Oct 28. 1st layer on foots, raw oil, no
63: 1856 canvas:] dryers, 1st lead
V2P444L01 colour bottoms

224
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

‘Varnish book UK First colour oil [drying oil used in thick bottoms of
No. 2' 1850- for canvass July 1st color for Vsh, 20 galls linsd
63: 1859 canvas:] oil, 7 galls (about)
V2P521L01 of various oil dryers
from R P, 14 galls
(about) thick black
oil which had been
used for an oil bath
many times, thick
as treacle, linsd oil
‘Varnish book UK First colour oil drying oil used in thick dirty Vsh
No. 2' 1850- Jan 12, 1856 1st color for canvas bottoms, linseed
63: oil
V2P424L01
‘Varnish book UK Oil for mixing [drying oil used in 10 galls dryd
No. 2' 1850- the Canvass 2st 2nd color for jelly, 10 galls of
63: Colouring – Dec canvas] oil
V2P338L01 21. 54
‘Varnish book UK Pan of 1st [ground mixture for 7 galls 1st colour
No. 2' 1850- Colouring for 1st layer on canvas] oil, whiting,
63: Canvass May patent dryers
V2P361L01 17.66
‘Varnish book UK Pan of 1st [ground mixture for dry sifted
No. 2' 1850- Colouring for 1st layer on canvas] whiting, mixing
63: Canvass priming oil 23 galls,
V2P340L01 dec 23. 54 patent dryers
‘Varnish book UK Strong Dryd. Oil [binding medium 70 galls finest
No. 2' 1850- for use in ground linseed oil, 35 lbs W
63: preparation] B Litharge, 35 lbs
V2P334L01 Red Lead
‘P.09' 1844-93 UK AHN's meguilp megilp precipe AHN/s meguilp: 1/2
(recipe date oz Bees'wax, 1 meg
1854): pot turps, 1 meg pot
9PP014L16 dble mastic vsh

225
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

‘P.2.' 1848-65 UK First Colour for mixture for first equal parts of putty
(recipe date Canvass. Oct layer for canvas made with raw
1856): 28/56 ground linseed oil, & boiled
P2P126AL01 oil foots, bo.t of
S[…?] Turner
[contains linseed oil
& dryers], thinned
with mixture of
aqual parts raw
linseed oil & boiled
oil foots. To be kept
several months
before using. White
lead colour bottoms
‘24' 1856-62: UK Flower painting [distemper or size
24P006L01 on Grecian or layer with marble
Marble sifted on, [for
Grounds? painting with powder
colours & crayon, not
for oil painting].]
Gullick and UK - oiled paper oiled
Timbs 1859: 217

Burnet 1861: 3 UK - [wash surface with chalk and water

chalk and water to
remove grease from
ground]
Redgrave UK - [reverse protection painted cloth
1866: 592 of painted cloth]
Holyoake UK - [historical use of white or reddish
1870: 44 panels with just a little tint
colour (white or
reddish) rubbed over]

226
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

‘P.04'1834-93 UK Mem.o [1st colour recipe: 8 8 galls 1 st color oil,

(recipe date regarding the galls 1 st color oil, 8 8 galls raw linsed oil,
1871): preparations galls raw linsed oil, whiting. Make into
P04P140L01 used by W&N whiting. Make into putty. Add 4 galls 1st
for canvass putty. Add 4 galls 1st colour oil, 4 galls
priming in 1871 colour oil, 4 galls linseed oil, add 56#
linseed oil, add 56# patnt dryers. Keep 6-
patnt dryers. Keep 6- 12 months with
12 months with small small quantity of
quantity of Linsd oil on Linsd oil on top.
top. Apply to canvas.] Apply to canvas.
‘P.04'1834-93 UK Mem.o regarding [2nd colour for 64 lbs putty, 80 lb
(recipe date the preparations canvass] ground white lead
1871): used by W&N for (from tub), 2 1/2 lb
P04P141L13 canvass priming patent dryers
in 1871
‘P.04'1834-93 UK Mem.o [third colouring for 168 lb grod white
(recipe date regarding the canvass:] lead, 36 lb putty,
1871): preparations 1 1/2# patent
P04P142L01 used by W&N dryer, thinned
for canvass with turpentine
priming in 1871
Dietrich 1871: GE Grundirung auf [smoothing wood pumice stone,
20-1 Holz with linseed oil and linseed oil
pumice stone
before ground
application]
Sully 1873: US/ - [knots in wood garlic
048 UK rubbed with garlic
before painting (not
trust this expedient)]
Blockx 1881: BE/ supports [description of ceruse, linseed
3-4 FR ground, sufficient oil
drying of support]

227
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Blockx 1881: BE/ - [degreasing canvas Soap water, hard

25-6 FR and panel grounds brush
before use with
water, soap and
brush, then water
wash]
Blockx 1881: BE/ Peinture sur [preparing wooden Wash with thin layer of oil oil, leadwhite and gum
31 FR panneaux non panel for painting turpentine essence lac
préparés without a ground]
Grace 1881: UK On different [detailed discussion size, whitening
86-7, 89 methods of on properties of
preparing canvas different grounds]
Muckley 1882: UK - [reverse protection whiting, glue size white lead
63-4 of canvas, which is
usually covered
with chalk and glue]
Ellis 1883: 146 UK - [ground on panel, white lead
general description]
Ellis 1883: 45 UK - [reverse side common white paint
protection of white
paint]
Collier 1886: UK - [reverse side starch, flake white
112 protection of starch
and flake white]

228
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Church 1890: UK - [reverse side 5% corrosive sublimate

28 protection] (mercuric chloride) in
methylated spirit or tannin
in methylated spirit. When
dry, a layer of white lead
ground in starch. These
solutions coagulate some
of the size in the canvas,
the tannin turns it into
leather. Corrosive
sublimate prevents
mildew or mould and
prevents attack of animal
organisms.
Scott Taylor UK - [reverse side white lead, water, starch
1890: 33 protection of lead paste
white and starch paste
(quotes Church)]
‘P.2.' 1848-65 UK - [Oil] 20 gallons linseed
(recipe date oil 5123, 2 lbs 8.
1891): Manganoleate tied
P2P086AL05 up in 4 separate
bags.
Technische GE - [rubbing canvas with Rub with linen cloth
Mitteilungen, linen cloth before
nr 112 (1891): painting to remove
8 particles from
surface]
Technische GE Zur [discussion on merits gypsum
Mitteilungen, Verbesserung and drawbacks of
nr. 123 (1891): der Ölfarbe different types/colours
91-2 of grounds]

229
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Standage UK - [reverse side zinc white/linseed oil or

1892: 73-4 protection of zinc white lead/[unspecified]
white in linseed oil or with a layer of zinc
lead white with a white/[unspecified]
second layer of zinc
white]
Standage UK - [alternatives to lead alternatives to lead
1892: 78-9 white] white: barium
sulphate/zinc oxide,
silica, zinc
sulphide/oleoresino
us medium, drying
oil made without
alkali or acid
Vibert 1892: UK - [casein best casein
106-7 preparation for
canvas, panel,
board]
Vibert 1892: UK - [reverse side India rubber/petroleum,
107-8 protection of India wax and resin, gum lac,
rubber/petroleum, water-colour fixative
wax, resin, gum lac,
water-colour fixative]
Vibert 1892: UK - [preparation of
107-8 casein from white
cheese, ammonia
and glycerine]
Vibert 1892: UK paste of casein [preparation of
107-8 or cheese casein from cry
casein powder,
water, ammonia,
glycerine]
Ludwig 1893: GE Säuberung und [cleaning ground sharp shaving weak soap water
105 Entfettung des before painting: knife
Malgrundes scraper, soap water]

230
source recipe title recipe topic description of description ground smoothing isolation material for type of coating for the
support preparation sizing layer composition material treating support reverse
before painting

Technische GE Verfahren zur [reverse side tin foil, lac

Mitteilungen, Sicherung des protection of tin foil
nr 5 (1898): 3 Malgrundes von pasted on with
Oelgemälden auf varnish]
Leinwand gegen
Einflüsse der
Atmosphärilien etc.
Albert Kreitmayr in
München D.R.-P. Nr.
98108*).

231