INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI (U.P.)

SESSION: 2023-2024

AN ASSIGNMENT
On
“PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS”

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Nirmala Devi Prajapati Tayyib Nizami
Assistant Professor- B.Pharm 4th Sem
Institute of Pharmacy Roll No.: 102
B.U. Jhansi
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. No. Name

1 Anxiety Disorders

2 Obsessive- Compulsive And Related Disorders

3 Trauma And Stressor- Related Disorders

4 Somatic Symptom And Related Disorders

5 Dissociative Disorders

6 Depressive Disorders

7 Bipolar And Related Disorders

8 Schizophrenia Spectrum And Other Psychotic Disorders

9 Personality disorders

10 Sleep disorders

11 Feeding and eating Disorders

12 Substance- Related And Addictive Disorders

13 Conclusion

14 References
 Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders are also called mental illnesses or mental health conditions. They can
affect your thinking, emotions, and behaviour, often affecting your relationships and day-to-
day functioning. These conditions may be temporary or lifelong. Mental health conditions are
common.
The National Alliance on Mental Illness estimates that 1 in 5 adults in the United States
experiences a psychological disorder each year.
Although psychological disorders can be challenging to live with, they can be treated. Talk
therapy, self-care strategies, and medication can all play a role in helping people with
psychological disorders function better.
Psychological disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and
behaviours. Although challenging, it is essential for psychologists and mental health
professionals to agree on what experiences and actions constitute the presence of a
psychological disorder. Inner experiences and behaviours that are atypical or violate social
norms could signify the presence of a disorder; however, each of these criteria alone is
inadequate. It is generally accepted that a psychological disorder is defined by significant
disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviours; these disturbances must reflect some kind
of dysfunction (biological, psychological, or developmental), must cause significant
impairment in one’s life, and must not reflect culturally expected reactions to certain life
events.
Classification of Psychological Disorders
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Obsessive- Compulsive And Related Disorders
3. Trauma And Stressor- Related Disorders
4. Somatic Symptom And Related Disorders
5. Dissociative Disorders
6. Depressive Disorders
7. Bipolar And Related Disorders
8. Schizophrenia Spectrum And Other Psychotic Disorders
9. Personality disorders
10. Sleep disorders
11. Feeding and eating Disorders
12. Substance- Related And Addictive Disorders

Anxiety disorders
Everybody feels anxious from time to time, and anxiety is a natural part of life. But people
with anxiety disorders experience persistent anxiety that often gets in the way of their day-to-
day functioning. Often, their anxiety is disproportional to the situation at hand.

According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), anxiety disorders are the most
common type of neurodevelopmental condition, affecting nearly 30% of adults at some point
in their lives. Although anyone can have an anxiety disorder, they’re more common among
women than men.
Common types of anxiety disorders include:
 generalized anxiety disorder
 illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondria)
 separation anxiety disorder
 social anxiety disorder
 specific phobias
 panic disorder

The symptoms differ from disorder to disorder, but usually include:

 anxious thoughts or beliefs that are difficult to control
 restlessness
 trouble concentrating
 irritability
Talk therapy is considered the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders. In some cases,
medications — for example, antidepressants or benzodiazepines — may also be prescribed.
Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a routine and engaging in healthy stress-relief
methods, may also help.

Obsessive Compulsive & Related Disorders

o People affected by OCD are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or
are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a particular act or series of
acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities.
o Obsessive behaviour
 The inability to stop thinking about a particular idea ortopic
 The person involved, often finds these thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful
o Compulsive behaviour
 The need to perform certain behaviours over and over again
 Many compulsions deal with counting, ordering, checking, touching and washing
 Other disorders int his category include Hoarding disorder, Trichotillomania- Hair
pulling disorder
 Excoriation – Skin picking disorder

Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders

o Post Traumatic Disorder

 People who have been caught in a natural disaster ( such as tsunami, earthquakes)
or have been victims of bomb blasts by terrorists or war related situations or met
with a serious accident experience post-traumatic stress disorder.
o Symptoms
 Recurrent dreams
 Flashbacks
 Impaired concentration and emotional numbing
 Adjustment disorders and acute stress disorders are included in this category
o Somatic Symptom Disorder
  The person experiences body related symptoms which may or may not be related to
any serious medical condition
o People with this disorder are
 Overly preoccupied with their symptoms
 Continually worry about the health and make frequent doctor visits
 As a result they experience significant distress and disturbances in their daily life
 Expression is in terms of physical illness Somatic Symptom Disorder

Dissociative Disorders

o Dissociation :
 It can be viewed as severance of the connections between ideas and emotions
o Symptoms :
 feelings of unreality, estrangement, depersonalisation and sometimes a loss of shift of
identity
o Dissociative disorders:
 Sudden temporary alternations in consciousness that blot out painful experiences are a
defining characteristic of dissociative disorders.

Depressive, bipolar, and other mood disorders

Mood disorders include
 Depressive disorders such as major depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and
major depressive disorder with seasonal patterns, also known as seasonal affective
disorder.
  Bipolar disorders
 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, which involves severe premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) symptoms, especially symptoms relating to mood
The symptoms can include:

 Depressive symptoms, such as persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or apathy

 Mania symptoms, which occur during manic episodes in bipolar disorder, and include
periods of high energy, elation, and restlessness
Mood disorders are primarily treated through talk therapy. They can also be treated with
medications — such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers.
Alternative therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy, light therapy, and psychedelic-
assisted therapy may also help.

Schizophrenia and other psychoses

Schizophrenia, an often misunderstood condition, affects less than 1% of the U.S. population.
It’s a chronic psychiatric disorder that involves distortions of reality, often in the form of
delusions or hallucinations.

o The early symptoms of schizophrenia can include:

 isolating oneself from friends and family
 changing friends or social groups
 a change in focus and concentration
  difficulty sleeping
 irritability and agitation
 difficulties with schoolwork, or poor academic performance
 anxiety
 vague suspiciousness
 feeling different from others

Symptoms of advanced schizophrenia can include:

 hallucinations, which are when someone hears, sees, or feels things that aren’t there
 delusions, which are intense, false beliefs, such as believing others are conspiring to
harm them
Although there’s no cure for schizophrenia, it can be treated. Antipsychotic medication is the
most common treatment for schizophrenia. It can help manage hallucinations and delusions.

Psychosocial intervention, which can include individual therapy, family therapy, and social
skills training, may also help.

Psychosis is a symptom of schizophrenia, but people can also have psychosis without
schizophrenia. In some cases, it can be a temporary condition where you have delusions and
hallucinations.

o The symptoms of psychosis may include:

 delusions
 hallucinations
 disorganized behaviour, which can seem impulsive or nonsensical to others
 catatonia, which is where someone appears “frozen”
 sudden lack of interest in things that usually matter to them
 an expressionless face or a flat tone of voice, making them appear emotionless
 an ungroomed appearance

If someone is having an episode of psychosis where they pose a risk to themself or others,
they may undergo rapid tranquilization, which is when they’re injected with a substance that
will relax or sedate them.
After an episode of psychosis, you may be prescribed antipsychotic medications to help
manage hallucinations and delusions. Individual talk therapy, group therapy, and family
therapy may also help.

Personality disorders
People with personality disorders may have a way of thinking, feeling, and behaving that
deviates from the expectations of the culture in such a way that it causes distress and makes it
difficult for them to function healthily.

In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, you have to have long-term patterns of
behaviour and inner experiences that affect at least two of the following:

 how you think about yourself and others

 how you respond emotionally
 how you relate to other people
 how you control your behaviour

The 10 personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) are:
 antisocial personality disorder
 avoidant personality disorder
 borderline personality disorder
  dependent personality disorder
 histrionic personality disorder
 narcissistic personality disorder
 obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
 paranoid personality disorder
 schizoid personality disorder
 schizotypal personality disorder

Personality disorders are usually treated with talk therapy and, when necessary, medication.
Certain medications can help improve the symptoms of personality disorders, such as low
mood, anxiety, or impulsivity.

Sleep disorders
Sleep disorders can affect your sleep pattern, which means you may sleep significantly more
or significantly less than typical.
Certain sleep disorders involve unusual behaviour while asleep, such as sleepwalking.

Types of sleep disorders include:

 circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
 hypersomnolence disorder
 insomnia
 narcolepsy
 nightmare disorder
 non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal, which includes sleepwalking and night terrors
 parasomnia
 rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder
 restless legs syndrome
  sleep apnea
Sleep disorders may be treated with:
 proper sleep habits
 relaxation techniques
 medications, such as sleep aids
 talk therapy
Often, a general practitioner can be your first point of contact when getting help for a sleep
disorder. In some cases, you may also benefit from speaking with a sleep specialist,
psychiatrist, or therapist.

Feeding and eating Disorders

Eating disorders affect your behaviours and thoughts around eating and food. According to
the APA, eating disorders may affect up to 5% of the U.S. population.

Common types of eating disorders include:

 avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, which can involve extreme picky eating to
the point of being unable to meet your nutritional needs
 anorexia nervosa, which may be further categorized into a restricting type or a binge
eating/purging type
 bulimia nervosa, which involves alternating dieting with binge eating
 binge eating disorder, which includes episodes of binge eating and, later, a sense of
guilt and distress about the binge behaviour
 pica, which involves eating things that aren’t food with no nutritional value for at
least a month
 rumination disorder, which involves repeatedly regurgitating swallowed food and
either re-chewing and re-swallowing food or spitting it out
  other specified feeding and eating disorder, a diagnostic category that includes eating
disorders that don’t fit the diagnostic criteria for the disorders mentioned above
Treatment for eating disorders may include talk therapy, which can include individual, family,
or group therapy. In some cases, medications can be used to help with accompanying
symptoms.
Nutritional counselling can help people with eating disorders learn healthy nutrition and
eating habits.

Substance- Related And Addictive Disorders

o Disorders related to maladaptive behaviours resulting from regular and consistent use
of the substance involved are included under substance related and addictive disorders
o These disorders include problems associated with the use and abuse of alcohol,
cocaine, tobacco and opioids among others , which alter the way people think, feel
and behave.

o Commonly abused substances ( DSM- 5 )

 Alcohol
 Stimulants : Cocaine, Dextroamphetamines
 Caffeine : Coffee, Tea, Analgesics, Chocolate, Cocoa
 Cannabis : Marijuana
  Hallucinogens : LSD
 Opioid : Morphine, Heroin
 Tobacco : Cigarettes, Bidi
Alcohol
 People who abuse alcohol drink large amounts regularly and rely on it to help
them face difficult situations.
 Eventually, drinking interferes with their social behaviour and ability to think &
work
 Tolerance : Their bodies build up a tolerance for alcohol and they need to drink
even greater amounts to feel its effects
 Withdrawal : they also experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop
drinking alcoholism affects families, social relationships and careers and
intoxicated drivers are responsible for road accidents
 Children of persons with this disorder suffer from psychological disorders such as
anxiety, depression, phobias, and substance abuse disorders
 Excessive drinking results in serious damage to physical health

Heroin
 Heroin intake significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning.
 Most abusers further develop a dependence on heroin, revolving their lives around the
substance, building up a tolerance for it and experiencing a withdrawal reaction when
they stop taking it.
 The most direct danger of heroin abuse is an overdose, which slows down the
respiratory centres in the brain almost paralysing breathing and in many cases death
Cocaine
 Regular use of cocaine may lead to a pattern of abuse in which the person may be
intoxicated throughout the day and function poorly in social relationships and at work.
 Problems in Short term memory and attention will be present • Dependence may
develop so that the cocaine dominates the person’s life , more of the drug is needed to
get the desired effects and stopping it results in feelings of depression, fatigue, sleep
problems, irritability and anxiety.
 Cocaine poses serious effects on psychological functioning and physical well-being.
 Conclusion
Psychological problems are widespread and cause not only personal suffering but also loss of
work days and a heavy burden to health care systems. Therefore, effective treatment methods
should be at the top of the priority list. PST has some advantages over other treatment
approaches. Research indicates that problem-solving treatments promote some psychological
characteristics such as problem-solving skills, improved self-esteem, interpersonal
effectiveness, and feelings of self-efficacy and agency that are considered protective against
diverse psychopathological situations. This is an important advantage that goes beyond the
traditional treatment approach. One can assert that the problem-solving treatment, among
others, suits well to the developmental needs of young people.

The review of research findings assessing the efficacy of the PST shows that there is reliable
evidence in the literature supporting the effectiveness of the approach in dealing with
problems such as depression, suicidal behavior, and aggression. In light of these research
findings, PST appears to be an empirically supported treatment approach. There is also
scientific evidence supporting the use of PST in the treatment of depression among primary
care patient groups. The empirical evidence also demonstrates that PST meets the treatment
and rehabilitation needs of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Moreover, this
review shows that problem-solving approach is an effective method of treatment for
emotional and behavioral problems secondary to a wide range of medical conditions. The
number of research done on the efficacy of problem-solving treatment for anxiety disorders,
however, is not sufficient to arrive at a valid conclusion yet.
 References:
1. "Applying for Disability Benefits with a Mental Illness". mhamd.org. Mental Health
Association of Maryland.
2. Psychiatric Disabilities (PDF) (Report). Judicial Branch of California.
3. "Psychological Disabilities". ws.edu. Walters State Community College. Archived
from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
4. "Mental illness – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. 8 June 2019. Archived from
the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
5. "Any Mental Illness (AMI) Among U.S. Adults". National Institute of Mental Health.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 7
April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
6. "Mental Disorders". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 15 September
2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
7. Phelan, Jo C.; Link, Bruce G.; Stueve, Ann; Pescosolido, Bernice A. (2000). "Public
Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What Is Mental Illness and Is It to be
Feared?". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 41 (2): 188–207.
doi:10.2307/2676305. ISSN 0022-1465.
8. Bolton D (2008). What is Mental Disorder?: An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and
Values. OUP Oxford. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-856592-5.
9. Hofmann, Stefan G. (1 July 2014). "Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification
System for Mental Disorders". Behavior Therapy. 45 (4): 576–587.
doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.001. ISSN 0005-7894.
10. "Mental disorders". World Health Organization. 22 June 2022. Archived from the
original on 21 June 2022.
11. "Mental disorders". World Health Organization. 2016. Archived from the original on
29 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
12. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 101–05.
doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 9780890425541.
13. Jacka FN (March 2017). "Nutritional Psychiatry: Where to Next?". eBioMedicine
(Review). 17 (17): 24–29. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.020. PMC 5360575.
14. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. p. 31.
doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 9780890425541.
15. Stein DJ (December 2013). "What is a mental disorder? A perspective from cognitive-
affective science". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 58 (12): 656–62.