Module 1- BASIC MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS

Types:
▪ Linear equation
▪ Quadratic equation
Solve the following:
1. x– 4 = 10
2. x – 4 = 10
3. 5x – 6 = 3x – 8
4. 2(3x-7) + 4(3x+2) = 6(9+x)

Simultaneous Equations:
1. 5m+6n=3
2m-5n=16
2. 10x – 9y=12
3x - 9y=17
Formula method:

−𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂

Problems on Quadratic Equations- Sum and Product method (Factorisation) or Formula

method:

1. 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

2. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 320 = 0

3. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 96 = 0

(3𝑥+5)(5𝑥−3)
4. =0
2𝑥

5. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0

6. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0

7. 𝑥 2 + 21𝑥 + 108 = 0

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Simultaneous linear Equations:

1. 42x+ 33y=117 48x+ 27y=123

2. x + 2y=4 2x+y=5

3. 2x-y=1 3x+ y=9

4. 2x + y= 5 x+ 2y=4

5. 28m-15n=41 21m+13n=55

6. 3x+5y+7=0 4x+7y+3=0

7. 3x+2y+12=0 4x-5y-7=0

8. 30Kg of commodity A and 26Kg pf commodity B together cost Rs. 7100, and 25Kg of
commodity A and 13Kg of Commodity B together cost Rs. 5050. Find the cost price of each
per kg.
9. 3pounds of coffee and 8 pounds of tea cost Rs.610. 5 pounds of coffee and 6 pounds of
tea cost Rs. 792. Find the cost of Coffee and tea per pound.
10. Divide Rs.1100 into two parts so that, 5 times of one part and 6 times of the other part
will be equal to Rs.6100.
11. The sum of two numbers is 107 and their difference is 17. Find the numbers.

Word Problems:

1. The sum of 6 times a number and 5 times the same number is 55. Find the number.
2. A man is twice as old as his son. 15 years ago, the man was 3 times as old as his son.
How old are they now?
3. The age of father is four times that of his son. Five years ago, the age of the father is
7 times that of his son. Find their present age.
4. A plane has to reach a destination 1200kms away. If the speed is increased by 60km
than the initial speed, it can reach the destination 1 hour earlier. Find the initial speed.

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 Ratio
• Refers to comparison of two or more Quantities of similar nature.
• Examples: units of measurements
• The ratio a:b can also be expressed by a/b , where a is antecedent and b is
consequent.

Example:
Find the ratio of the following:
a) 30 and 200
= 30 : 200 or 30/200
= 3:20
b) 27 and 20paise
1 Rs = 100paise so 27 *100= 2700
2700: 20
=135:1

1. If 2a = 3b, find a: b
2. If 7a=17b then find a: b
3. Share Rs. 125 among a and b in the ratio 2:3
4. Share Rs. 1000 among a, b and c in the ratio 1:2:3
5. If a:b=2:3, b:c=5:7 find a:b:c
6. Two quantities are in the ratio 3:4 and 10 is subtracted from each while the remainder
is 1:3. Find the quantities.
7. A certain number is subtracted from other in terms of a ratio 21:35 to give a new ratio
3:10. Find the number.
8. Two quantities are in the ratio 3:4. If 5 is added to each, the new ratio is 4:5. Find the
quantities.
9. Two numbers are in the ratio 3:5. If 8 is added to each the ratio becomes 2:3.
10. The daily income of A & B is in the ratio 3:4, while they save at 1:2. If each spends Rs.
2000, what is the income and savings? (HINT: Income- expenses = savings)
11. The ratio of daily income of Salman and Sharukh is 3:4. They spend at the ratio of 9:11
and save at 2:3 while their savings is Rs. 75. Find their Income.

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 Proportion: The Equality of two ratios is called as Proportion
• The given ratios are said to be in proportion when the Product of extremes are equal
to Product of means
• a:b::c:d ( read as a is to b is as c is to d)
• Where a and d are extremes and b and c are means
• Proportion is calculated as :
• Product of Extremes = Product of Means

• Types of Proportion:
• Mean proportion
• Third proportion
• Fourth proportion
• Direct proportion*
• Indirect/inverse proportion*
• Compound proportion*
• Mixed Proportion(Time and work)*
• DIRECT PROPORTION
• Two values x and y are said to be directly proportional to each other when the
ratio x:y always remains the same.
• Increase in one quantity will lead to increase in other and vice versa.
• Example: cost and quantity of an article.
If a pen cost Rs. 10, What is the cost of 15 pens?
Observation:
Quantity: 1 increased to 15
Cost : Rs. 10 increases to Rs. 150
If 15 pen costs Rs. 150, What is the cost of one pen?
Quantity: 15 decreased to 1
Cost : Rs. 150 decreases to Rs. 10

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 • INVERSE PROPORTION
• Two values x and y are said to be inversely proportional to each other when the
ratio x: 1/y always remains the same.
• Increase in one quantity will lead to Decrease in other and vice versa.
• Example: men and days
• If 12 men can do a work in 18 days, how many days will it take for 60 men to do the
same work?
• Observation:
• No of men: 12 no. of days: 18 ( less men, more days)
• No. of men: 60 no. of days: 3.6 reduced (more men, with less days)
VERY IMPORTANT RULES/TRICKS TO REMEMBER:
• If X or missing value indicate-
• If direction proportion-
• If inverse proportion-

Compound Proportion:
The proportion involving two or more quantities s called Compound Proportion

Problems:
1. 15 chairs cost Rs. 750. How much does 120 chairs cost?
2. Two men can do a work in a day. How many days will it take for a man to complete
the same work?
3. 10 men can do a job in 6 days. How many days will it take for 4 men to do complete
the job?
4. 36 men can do a work in 25 days. How many days does it take for 16 men to complete
the work?
5. If the cost of 26 books is Rs. 180, how much will 14 books cost?
6. 18 men can build a wall in 42 hours, how many workers will be required for the same
work in 35 hours?
7. 7 pumps working together empty a tank in 28 minutes. How long will it take to empty
the tank if 3 such pumps are working together?
8. 10 masons working 7 hours daily can build 8 water tanks in 5 days. How many days
will 12 masons working in 6 hours daily take to build 36 water tanks?

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 Time and piece of work
• Work done by individuals
• Work done by more than one person (combined work)
• Note:
• Part/piece of work is to be taken as or expressed in fraction, as it is an only a part of
the whole work completed.
• The final solution will be converted to whole work

1. If A can complete a piece of the work in 8 hours and B alone in 12 hours. How many
hours will it take for both A & B to complete the work together?
2. Alexa and Siri can complete a piece of their work in 10 hours and12 hours respectively.
How many hours will it take for both to complete the work together?
3. A can do a piece of work in 4 days, B can do in 5 days and C can do in 10 days. How
many days does it take for all three to complete the work together?
4. If A&B can complete a piece of work in 12 days, B&C in 15 days, C&A in 20 days. How
many days will it take for all three to complete the same work together? Also find how
many days does it take for A alone to do the work?

PERCENTAGES
▪ Per cent- for every Hundred
▪ Fraction as 100
▪ Symbol- %
▪ Tips:
▪ of means Multiplication
▪ By means division
▪ Is means Equal to

Example: Question: 40% of X is 240

Step 1: 40/100 * X=240
Step 2: 0.4X=240
Step 3: Therefore, X= 240/0.4
Step 4: X= 600

Alternative
Cross multiply 100*240
So, 40X=24000
X=24000/40
X= 600

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 Bases of Differences: (Difference/Base) X 100

Problems:
1. 35% of what is 7
2. 10% of what is 8
3. What % is 5 grams of 1 kg?
4. Mr. Pratham’s salary is 20% more than Mr. Yashwanth. How much percent is
Yashwanth’s salary less than that of Pratham?
5. If Dhoni’s salary is 25% less than Virat, then how much percent is Virat’s salary
more than that of Dhoni?

Reduction Percentage:

• R/(100 + R) * 100 or R/(100 - R) * 100

• Where R is rate
• When there is increase in price/rate we ADD
• When there is decrease in price/rate we SUBTRACT

1. Price of Tea is increased by 20%. How much percent of consumption of tea is required
so that there is no increase in expenditure?
2. Price of sugar falls by 10%. How much percent of consumption is required in order to
decrease the expenditure?

DISCOUNTS
A reduction on the Marked Price (MP) of the articles is called Discount.
Discount is always given on the Marked price of the articles.
Marked price is also known as List Price/ Original Price
Discount= Marked Price – Selling Price
Discount = Rate of discount * Marked Price
Net Price/Selling Price =Marked Price – Discount
Rate = Discount/ MP * 100
Regular price is Marked Price
NOTE: Rate of discount and Amount of discount always varies

Problems:
1. Nisha bought a T-shirt for Rs. 900 at a discount of 20%. What is the Selling price?
2. Find the Net price using the trade discount rate of 25% of a computer component,
whose list price is Rs. 1500.

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 3. A cycle worth Rs. 25000 is sold for a price after giving 35% off. What is the after-sale
price?
4. The selling Price of a bag is Rs.1800 after a 40% discount. What is the Marked Price?
5. The MP of an article is Rs. 650 after a discount of 16%. Find the amount of discount
and the SP.
6. Selling Price of a chair is 90 % of a Regular Price. If the amount of discount is Rs.55,
Find SP.

PROFIT and LOSS

• Profit and loss normally take place when there are trading activities
• The money paid to the buy the good is called as COST PRICE (CP)
• The price at which the goods are sold is known as SELLING PRICE (SP)
• If SP > CP, then there is a Gain/Profit
• If SP< CP , then there is a Loss
• Therefore,
Profit = SP-CP Loss = CP-SP

Formulae:
• Gain% or Profit%= (Gain/CP ) * 100
• Loss % = (Loss/CP) * 100
• SP= (100+gain%)/100 * CP
• SP= (100-Loss%)/100 * CP
• CP= 100/(100+gain%) * SP
• CP= 100/(100-loss%) * SP
Problems:
1. A table was bought for Rs. 950 and sold at Rs.1140. Find the gain and gain %.
2. A sheep costing Rs. 7500 was sold at a gain of 8%. What is SP?
3. A calculator is bought for Rs. 750 and sold at a loss of 6%. Find the SP.
4. Karthick sold a phone for Rs.15000 and earned 15% profit. What was the CP?
5. By selling a watch for Rs. 1440, a man loses 10%. At what price should he sell so that
he gains 5 %?
6. A fruits seller cheats his customer on the weights of the fruits. The fruits weigh 900
grams instead of 1kg. What is his gain and gain %?
7. A man sold two cars for Rs.2,85,000 each. One he gained at 15%, whereas the other
he incurred a loss of 15%. Find the net gain or loss and Gain % or Loss %.

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 8. Rama sells a watch to shama at 20% gain. Shama sells to Bama at 15% gain and Bama
sells it to you at a loss of 10%. If you pay Rs. 1863, How much does Rama Pay?
(HINT: reverse calculation)

**********End of Unit -1***********

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