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Ending of Sri Lankan Civil War
Ending of Sri Lankan Civil War
Sumit Ganguly
Abstract: The Sri Lankan Civil War erupted in 1983 and dragged on until 2009. The origins of the con-
flict can be traced to Sri Lanka’s colonial era and subsequent postcolonial policies that had significantly
constrained the social and economic rights of the minority Tamil population. Convinced that political av-
enues for redressing extant grievances were unlikely to yield any meaningful results, a segment of the Tamil
78
arose from the animosity between the ma- when independence came to Sri Lanka in Sumit
jority Sinhalese and the minority Tam- 1948 (largely as a consequence of British co- Ganguly
il populations, finally drew to a close. The lonial withdrawal from India in 1947), Tam-
end of this war was especially bloody, with ils were disproportionately represented in
charges of rampant human rights violations public services, higher education, journal-
on the part of the two principal parties, the ism, and the legal profession.5
Sri Lankan armed forces and the Liberation The Sinhala elite, who had worked with
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (ltte). In the final the British from the early 1930s to bring
military assault that lasted from January to about an eventual transfer of power, had
early May 2009, some seven thousand eth- paid little heed to the inherently ethnical-
nic Tamils were killed.2 But the total num- ly plural features of the country. When uni-
ber killed in the civil war is a vigorously con- versal adult franchise was extended to all Sri
endnotes
1 James D. Fearon, “Civil War & the Current International System,” Dædalus 146 (4) (Fall 2017).
2 Matthew Weaver and Gethin Chamberlain, “Sri Lanka Declares End to the Tamil Tigers,”
The Guardian, May 19, 2009.
3 See International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, “Crisis in Sri Lanka,” http://
www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-sri-lanka.
4 Somini Sengupta, “War’s End in Sri Lanka: Bloody Family Triumph,” The New York Times, May
19, 2009.
5 Stanley J. Tambiah, Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy (Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press, 1986).
6 David Little, Sri Lanka: The Invention of Enmity (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of
Peace, 1994), 54–55.
7 Ibid., 56.
8 A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, The Break-Up of Sri Lanka: The Tamil-Sinhala Conflict (London: C. Hurst
and Company, 1988), 131.
9 Neil DeVotta, “The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in
Sri Lanka,” Asian Survey 49 (6) (2009): 1021–1051.
10 For a detailed discussion of the ltte’s adoption of a terrorist strategy, see P. Sahadevan, “On
Not Becoming a Democrat: The ltte’s Commitment to Armed Struggle,” International Studies
32 (2) (1995): 249–281.
11 Paul Moorcraft, Total Destruction of the Tamil Tigers: The Rare Victory of Sri Lanka’s Long War (Barn-
sley, United Kingdom: Pen and Sword, 2012), 13.
12 M. R. Narayan Swamy, Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerillas (New Delhi: Konark Publishers,
1995), 49–92.
13 Thomas A. Marks and Tej Pratap Singh Brar, “Sri Lanka: State Response to the Liberation Ti-
gers of Tamil Eelam as an Illicit Power Structure,” in Impunity: Countering Illicit Power in War and