UPSWING LEARNING CENTER - WEBINAR

Speaker: Dr. Maribel C. Tubera, UAP, PIEP, MsCM, DBA

• ARCHITECT
• ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNER
• MS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
• DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

• Email: maribeltubera@yahoo.com
WHAT IS YOUR PROFESSION?
Go to menti.com
enter code 5236 7709
Manage
Projects

Execute
 QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL

What is QA-QC in construction?

Construction project quality assurance, or

QA, and quality control, or QC, are two
fundamentally different processes with different goals
and purposes.

When each of the project participants knows

what aspects of QA and QC fall within their areas
of responsibility, they can execute the project to
the required standards.
 Why Quality Management?

• Quality means conformance to

specifications and fitness for use – i.e.

just what you need and not more

 Why Quality Management?

• Prevention is much cheaper than inspection

build quality in early to minimize

costs/maximize quality
 QUALITY ASSURANCE

QA –covers all activities from design

development, production, installation,
servicing and documentation.
 QUALITY CONTROL
• QC - Monitoring the quality of finished products
through statistical measures

• An overall corporate commitment to producing

defect-free products.
 Why Quality is Important?
1. QUALITY = Customer satisfaction
QUALITY = Business Growth
 Why Quality is Important?
2. QUALITY = Pride in delivery
= Higher Team Morale
 Why Quality is Important?
3. LACK OF QUALITY = COST
= Loss of costumer confidence
 Why Quality is Important?
4. LACK OF QUALITY = Loss of reputation
= difficulty in gaining new business
 Why Quality is Important?
5. LACK OF QUALITY = Loss of LIFE
Concepts of Quality Management
 Concepts of Quality Management
1. Gold plating – giving extras to customer
(higher functionality, better quality etc.)
 Concepts of Quality Management
2. Prevention over inspection – Quality must be
planned in, not inspected in.
 Concepts of Quality Management
3. Marginal analysis – looking for the point
where the benefits or revenue to be received
from improving quality equals the incremental
costs to achieve quality
• stop the point where more quality
does not add value.
4. Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)- looking
for small improvements continuously.

5. Just in Time (JTI)- having

materials/whenever it is needed. Reduce
stock costs.

6. Total Quality Management (TQM)- a

philosophy that encourages organizations
and employees to focus on finding ways to
continuously improve the quality of their
business practices and their products.
7. Responsibility for Quality – entire
organization has responsibility to
quality.
– Project manager is responsible for the quality of
the product of the project
– Team members must check their own work.
8. Impacts of poor quality :
– Low morale
– Low customer satisfaction
– Increased risk
– Rework
– Schedule delays
 How Do We Manage Quality?
• Three processes
– Plan Quality
• What is quality and how will we ensure it?
– Perform Quality Assurance
• Are we following the quality standards?
– Perform Quality Control
• Are we meeting the quality standards?

Plan Quality Perform

Quality Perform
Assurance Quality
Control
 Plan Quality
Inputs Tools & Techniques
Outputs
Scope Baseline Quality Management
❑Cost-benefit analysis Plan
Stakeholder Register ❑Cost of quality
Quality Metrics
❑Control charts
Cost Performance
Baseline ❑Benchmarking Quality Checklists
❑Design of experiments
Schedule Baseline Process
❑Statistical sampling Improvement Plan
Risk Register
❑Flowcharting
Enterprise Project document
Environmental Factors ❑ Proprietary quality
management methodologies updates
Organizational Process
Assets ❑Additional quality planning
tools

Plan Quality Perform

Quality Perform
Assurance Quality
Control
 Plan Quality Management
• The process of identifying quality requirements
and the required standards for the project and
its deliverables.

• It provides guidance and direction on how

quality will be managed and verified throughout
the project.

• It is performed once at predefined points in the

project.
 Quality Management Plan
• How to implement the policies, procedures
and guidelines to achieve the quality
objectives?

• What are the activities and resources

needed?
 Plan Quality
• Cost of Quality – Deming’s Costs of Quality
Evaluating the cost of
Cost of Cost of Non
conformance with the
Conformance Conformance
cost of
Quality training Rework
nonconformance to
reach a balance. Studies Scrap
Includes;
– Prevention Costs Surveys Inventory Costs
– Appraisal Costs
– Failure Costs Warranty Costs

85% of the costs of quality are the direct responsibility of management - Deming
 Quality Management Plan
may include but not limited to the ff:
• Quality standards that may be used by the project
• Quality objectives of the project
• Quality roles and responsibilities
• Project deliverables and processes subject to quality
review
• Quality control and quality management activities
planned for the project
• Quality tools that will be used for the project
• Major procedures relevant for the project such as
dealing with non conformance, corrective actions,
procedures and continuous improvement
procedures.
 Writing a Quality Management Plan
1. Know how you are going to control the quality
on the project.
2. Make it clear how you will control all areas of
the project that affect quality
3. Controlling materials, personnel,
subcontractors, and work procedures also play
an important role in ensuring quality results
4. Quality plan should instill confidence in your
clients that your quality controls will help them
get the quality project that they expect.
 Understand what the client is looking for

• See the specification or what are

mentioned in the contract documents
 Essential Elements of a Construction
Quality Control Plan
1. Project personnel
2. Quality communications
3. Quality Assurance surveillance
4. Subcontractors and suppliers
5. Project quality specifications
6. Inspection and tests
7. Control of non-conformances
8. Project completion inspections
 Project personnel
Creating a project quality organization chart is the
first Step.

• Project should have a designated quality manager –

the person in charge of the project quality. The client
needs to know who this person is and what his or her
quality responsibilities are. Include this information in your
quality plan along with the person’s qualifications for
holding this position.

• The project superintendents are primarily responsible for

the day-to-day field operations. Your project quality control
plan should indicate what responsibilities your project
superintendent(s) has and what his or her responsibilities
are.
• Make your QC organization chart specific to the project
• Pay attention to Contract Specifications
• Do not have the Quality Manager report to the Superintendent.
• Do not have your Superintendent report to your Project Manager.
• Have your subcontractors and crew foremen report to your Superintendent
• Show inspection and testing agencies reporting to your project Quality
Manager.
 Quality communication
• A communication plan will help you organize
how you will create, collect, and distribute
quality control-related information to your
construction project quality team.

• Quality communications are too important

to be left to chance.
 Communication Methods
• Meetings
• Status reports
• Records and documents
• Tool box talks
• Submittals
• Email/Text messaging
• Phone calls
 Elements of Quality Control
Communication Plan
• Point of Contact List
• Project Quality Organization Chart
• Pre-Construction Meeting
• Weekly Quality Control Meetings
• Work Task Preparatory Meetings
• Quality Control Record keeping
• Measuring Quality
• Reinforcing a Quality Culture
 Quality Assurance Surveillance
• Your audit will show you what’s working and
what’s not — so that you can get your
project quality on track.
 Perform Quality Assurance
Inputs Tools & Techniques Outputs
Organizational
Project Management Plan Process Assets
❑Plan quality and perform
Updates
quality control tools and
Quality Metrics
techniques
Change Requests
Work Performance ❑Quality audits
Information
❑Process analysis Project Management
Plan Updates
Quality Control
Measurements
Project Document
Updates

Plan Quality Perform

Quality Perform
Assurance Quality
Control
Steps to follow in conducting
quality audit
1. Talk to clients
2. Walk the jobsite-do a field quality review
3. Review quality records and reports
4. Reinspect work tasks
5. Talk to field personnel
6. Follow-up on previous audit action plan items
7. Record your findings
8. Create an action plan
 Subcontractors and suppliers
• Include the following in the quality plan
– Procedure to follow for qualifying
suppliers and subcontractors
– Listing of project suppliers and
subcontractors
– Records of supplier and subcontractor
qualifications
 Project quality Specifications
• Always comply with your customer’s
specifications.

• In many cases, the customer specifications do

not tell you which building codes or industry
standards apply to your scope of work.

• List them so there’s no confusion as to which

versions of what standards apply to your project.
 Inspections and Tests
• List all of the inspections and tests that you
expect to be performing during the course of the
entire project.

• Include the inspection forms and test reports

that you will use when the time comes.

• Most quality control plan specifications require

you to submit procedures for conducting task
inspections.
Your inspection procedures should include how
you do the following:

– Make sure that work is ready to begin

– Handle material receiving and inspections
– Monitor work in process
– Verify that completed work meets project
specifications
 Control of Nonconformance
• Make it clear how you will control non-
conformances so that you protect the overall
quality of the project.

• Define controlling non-conformances in such

a way that it does not include routine
corrections and punch items, or you may end
up creating a lot of extra paperwork for
yourself.
Typical nonconformance procedures
include:
–Preventing cover-ups
–Corrective actions
–Records you will keep of the incident
In QA we don’t use the term “non-
conformance” for all defects.
Example of a simple nonconformance.

•If you poured a concrete foundation that was

one inch too wide, you’d have to chip off the
extra inch or rework the foundation to make it
right.
•This situation may not have an adverse effect on
form, fit, or function. So, reworking it
probably doesn’t make sense.
If you decide to use-as-is, you’ll have to
get your customer’s approval.

This added step means you won’t be able to

deal with the defect quickly, thus you’ll need to
handle it as a nonconformance.
 Systematic process to manage
nonconformance
1. Marking- mark the area clearly to prevent use or
inadvertent cover-up
2. Controlling – stop work on the affected area until you
can correct the non-conformance
3. Recording- complete a non-conformance report.
Describe the deviation and present it to a higher
authority for a disposition.
4. Deciding on a disposition – standardized ways are:
(replace, repair, re-work and use-as-is)
5. Corrective actions
6. Reinspecting
7. Preventing – look for ways to improve quality and
prevent similar problem from happening in the future
 Corrective Actions

1. REPLACE: Use this corrective action when

replacing the nonconforming product or
material with a conforming product or
material will fix the deficiency.

2. REPAIR: Use this corrective action when

re- machining, reassembly, reprocessing,
reinstallation, or completion of the
required operations will fix the deficiency.
 Corrective Actions

3. REWORK: Use this corrective action when

reworking will make the nonconformance
acceptable for its intended use, even though it
may not meet all specification requirements. Your
customer must approve rework non-
conformances.

4. USE AS-IS: Use this corrective action when the

nonconforming item is satisfactory for its intended
use. Any use as-is items that do not meet all
specification requirements must be approved by
your customer.
If the actions WILL NOT bring the
nonconformance back into
specification, then you must
always seek your customer’s
approval.
 Project Completion Inspection
• Discuss how you will conduct inspections
and punch out near the end of the project to
assure that all the contracted work is
completed to specifications.
 Quality Assurance Inputs
• Quality Management Plan - describes the QA and
continuous improvement approaches to the project
• Process Improvement Plan – QA activities should
be supportive of and consistent with the
performing organization’s process improvement plan
• Quality metrics – provide an objective means of
measurement
• QC measurements – used to analyze and evaluate the
quality standards and processes of the performing
organization
• Project documents – may influence the quality assurance
work and should be monitored within the context of
a system for configuration management
QA LEVELS in Construction
ISO 9000
• Quality assurance (QA) is a way of preventing
mistakes and defects in manufactured products and
avoiding problems when delivering products or
services to customers;

• ISO 9000 defines as "part of quality management

focused on providing confidence that quality
requirements will be fulfilled".

• This defect prevention in quality assurance differs

subtly from defect detection and rejection in
quality control
 LEVEL 1 - QUALITY MANUAL
1. Quality Policy
2. Quality Objectives
3. Requirement Standard
4. Other Statutory and Regulatory
Requirements
 LEVEL 2 - QUALITY MANUAL
1. Control of Documents
2. Control of Records
3. Internal Quality Audits
4. Control of Non-conforming products
5. Corrective Action
6. Preventive Action
 LEVEL 3 - QUALITY MANUAL
1. Incoming Inspection Plan
2. In-progress inspection plan
3. Final-Test Report/ Inspection Plan
4. Work Instruction
 LEVEL 4 - QUALITY MANUAL
1. Testing Report forms
2. Commissioning Report forms
3. Inspection forms
4. Check Sheets/Check list
5. Miscellaneous Documentation forms
 ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
• At this level, QA activities ensure that the
program is successful by overseeing the system
implementation necessary for individual
projects.

• Making sure activities have the resources they

need to be successful.
 PROJECT LEVEL
Design, Estimate and Initiation

• At the project level, QA activities support the

success of an individual project by ensuring that
accurate information is channeled to the
right people at the right time so that the
decision can be made during project
implementation
 TECHNICAL LEVEL
• At the technical level, QA activities ensure that
the individual technical activities that generate,
process, or synthesize data for the decision
process are performing within accepted
limits.
 Role of QA/QC Department

1. Verify that requirements are followed

2. Verify that controlling and checking an activity
have been done
3. Ensure that approved working methods are
established.
4. evaluate the reported principal causes on non-
conformances
5. evaluate the effectiveness of corrective action
6. determine where improvements are required.
 Role of Quality Controller
1. Monitoring
2. Inspection
3. Reduction of Variation
4. Elimination of known causes
 Quality Management Objectives

• Zero defect (no defects on project hand-over)

• Identify and solve problems before

customer does

• Establish true quality control by making

quality “built-in” and not “inspected in”
 Benefits of Quality Management

• Better efficiency
• Fewer rejects
• Reduce if not eliminate customer
complaints
• Improve customer relation
• Improve supplier relation
 Perform Quality Control
Inputs Tools & Techniques Outputs
Project Management
Plan ❑Cause and effect diagram Quality Control
Measurements
Quality Metrics ❑Control charts
Validated Changes
❑Flowcharting
Validated Deliverables
Quality Checklists ❑Histogram
Organizational Process
❑Pareto Chart
Work Performance Assets Updates
Measurements ❑Run chart
Change Requests
Approved Change ❑Scatter diagram
Project Management
Requests
❑Statistical sampling Plan Updates
Deliverables ❑Inspection Project Document
Updates
❑Approved change requests
Organizational Process review
Assets

Plan Perform Perform

Quality Quality Quality
Assurance Control
 is a tool to ensure that the quality standards are
being met on the project.

It includes:

• indicating the schedule for review,

• who is responsible to perform the task and
• who is responsible to review
• indicating if there is a specific review
procedure to follow,
• i.e. a procedure for schedule analysis,
• code walk-through,
• peer review,
• interviews,
• lessons learned,
• test methodology
▪ to verify and record that a set of required
inspections have been performed

▪ to indicate that the minimum quality standard

has or has not been met

▪ record the measurements

▪ identify the expected risk cue or

measurement
• indicate the expected acceptability or tolerance

• indicate the rank of only the quality standards

where risk was found unacceptable

•indicate change in risk rank since previous review

•indicate a reference to which will describe
what was reviewed, who was interviewed, and
the information or reasoning that this quality
standard causes risk
Here’s some task that conduct by assigned
QC:

 Reviews (Documents, Witness Testing, Etc.)

Change Requests and Tracking (if the

QC has doubt of implementing quality
standards on site).
 CIVIL WORKS QUALITY ASSURANCE &
CONTROL QUALITY INSPECTION
• LINE & GRADE
• EXCAVATION & BACKFILLING
• REBAR WORKS
• FORMWORKS INSTALLATION
• CONCRETE POURING
• FORMWORKS STRIPPING
• POST CONCRETE INSPECTION
• ACTION MEMO
• NON-COMPLIANCE REPORT
 LINE AND GRADE

A line usually marked with stakes or

monuments, each having an elevation
referred to a common datum; by
measurement or computation from such
elevations and stakes, a grade is established
between the terminal points. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Architecture and Construction.
 CONSTRUCTION STAKING AND SITE LAYOUT

Construction Staking, also known as a Site Layout

Survey, is the process of interpreting construction
plans and marking the location of proposed new
structures such as roads or buildings. Construction
staking is performed to ensure a project is built
according to engineering design plans.
 The role of the Land Surveyor in
Construction Staking
Accurate construction staking is a critical step in
ensuring the success of a construction project.
Engaging an experienced and licensed surveyor will
guarantee accuracy and reliability of results.
 Site Layout Staking

• Site Layout Staking phase typically begins with

those features that are underground such as sanitary
sewer lines, storm drain lines, water lines, electrical
lines etc.

• The building corners are staked along with any interior

grid lines throughout the building, as well as
onsite items such as fire hydrants, curb and
gutter, walls/planters, catch basins and area drains.
Foundation Layout & Setting Out
 EXCAVATION WORKS
• Excavation

– It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and

underground.

• Excavation has a number of important

applications including exploration,
environmental restoration, mining and
construction.
Drawings Required for Excavation
•1. Centerline Drawing or Gridline Drawing
•Gridline drawings represents the grids marked in numbers and
alphabets whose measurements are shown for site marking out
reference. These grid lines are so aligned that the line falls on the
excavation and footing.
•2. Excavation Drawing
•Excavation drawing represents the length, width and depth of the
excavation. Excavation line is marked in dotted line.
 Scope of the work for Excavation

a. Setting out of corner benchmarks.

b. Survey for ground levels.
c. Survey for top levels
d. Excavation to approved depth.
e. Dressing of loose soil.
f. Making up to cut off level
g. Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
h. Marking boundaries of the building.
i. Constructing protection bunds and drains.
 How long should you wait to backfill
a new foundation?

• Whatever the material, backfilling a

basement foundation puts a
momentary stress on the walls. Let
the concrete cure for at least a
week before backfilling (28 days is
best).
 REBAR WORKS

• Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), collectively

known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement
steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires
used as a tension device in reinforced
concrete and reinforced masonry structures
to strengthen and aid the concrete under
tension.
SAMPLE REINFORCING STEEL CHECK LIST FORM
ENUMERATE REINFORCING STEEL
CHECKLIST

Go to menti.com
enter code 5236 7709
SAMPLE REINFORCING STEEL CHECK LIST FORM
THE COMPANY REBAR
•HOPE Steel rebar products are identifiable through the Company Logo
("PSW", short for HOPE Steel Works), which is hot-rolled and embossed
onto each bar at specified intervals. The Rebar Size Mark, which specifies
the nominal diameter of the bar, is also hot-rolled adjacent to the company
logo.
STANDARDS
HOPE Steel produces superior reinforcing steel bars in an array of sizes,
lengths, and grades in adherence to Philippine National Standard (PNS
49:2002), as well as the global ASTM Standard (ASTM A615/A706) established
by the American Society for Testing and Materials (now known as ASTM
International).
 BENDING TEST
The purpose of re-bend test is to measure the
effect of strain ageing on steel. Strain ageing has
embrittlement effect which takes place after cold
deformation by diffusion of nitrogen in steel.

The limitation stated in some design codes to

restrict the nitrogen content of steel to 0.012%.
 Bend Test
Bend tests deform the test material at the midpoint
causing a concave surface or a bend to form without
the occurrence of fracture and are typically performed
to determine the ductility or resistance to fracture by
deforming the sample into a specific shape.

The test sample is loaded in a way that creates a

concave surface at the midpoint with a specified radius
of curvature. Bending tests are as popular as tensile
test, compression test, and fatigue tests.
 Purpose of Bend Testing

To determine the ductility, bend strength, fracture

strength and resistance to fracture of the specimen

If a material begins to fracture or completely

fractures during a bend test it is valid to assume that
the material will fail under a similar in any
application, which may lead to catastrophic failure.
 TENSILE TEST
The aim of tensile test is to determine
certain material properties like Modulus of
Elasticity, Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength,
Elongation till fracture, and Reduction in area of the
specimen after it has been deformed.
ACTUAL TENSILE TESTING
TENSILE TEST (YIELD POINT)
 CORROSION
CORROSION is an electrochemical reaction between
a metal and its environment. Corrosion occurs
when steel reacts with chloride ions (Cl-), CO2 in
presence of toxic environment.

. NEVER USE SEVERELY RUSTED OR PITTED

REBARS.
 Note
All REINFORCING BARS shall be cleaned thoroughly
of all loose rust, soil or other material immediately
prior to placing concrete.
 Rusting/Corrosion are mainly caused due to:

1. Prolonged exposure of rebar to

atmosphere/rainfall without any precaution.

2. Aggressive/saline/toxic environment.
 NOTE
Never keep your rebar in direct contact with
ground, and without any tarpaulin cover for longer
period of exposure.

It is recommended that in case of longer storage,

the reinforcement bars should be stacked above
ground level by at least 150mm.
PROPER STAGING OF REBAR
 Epoxy coated rebar
Epoxy coated rebar or corrosion resistant rebar is
used instead of conventional reinforcing bars to
strengthen the concrete and protect against
corrosion.

The epoxy coating is applied in a factory to the

steel prior to shipping to ensure corrosion
resistance.
For tying epoxy-coated bars, use PVC ties (available
from American Wire Tie).

Proprietary snap - on ties are also available, such as

the Speed - Clip Rebar Tie.

This is a simple device that attaches rebar in parallel

or at any angle by hand.
EPOXY COATED REBAR
 IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SPACING
OF REINFORCEMENT
Spacing of Reinforcement in Concrete Beams and Slabs.
The minimum and maximum spacing reinforcement in
concrete structural members such as beams and slabs
are required as per standard codes.

The minimum reinforcement spacing is based on

maximum size of aggregates, so that concrete can be
placed and compacted properly.
 CONCRETE COVER
Reinforcement / bars Concrete cover acts as a
thermal insulation of reinforcement bars to protect
it from fire.

It provides enough embedding to reinforcement

bars to enable them to be stressed without slipping.
Protect the reinforcement from this phenomenon
called corrosion.
 CONCRETE COVER
Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to
protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide
resistance against fire. The thickness
of cover depends on environmental conditions and
type of structural member.
 CONCRETE COVER
Cover is the single most important factor in
protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion.

Cover is also necessary to assure that the steel

bonds to the concrete well enough to develop its
strength. The requirements for minimum cover are
usually listed in the project specifications or shown
on the drawings.
INSUFFICIENT CONCRETE COVER
KINDS OF SPACER FOR CONCRETE COVER
PROPER PLACING OF SPACER BLOCK
PROPER PLACING OF SPACER BLOCK
IMPROPER PLACING OF SPACER BLOCK
INSUFFICEINT CONCRETE COVER
Defend the illustration. Why ?
CONTACT SPLICE w/ TIE WIRE
 WELDED SPLICE CONNECTION

A weld joint is an area where the faying

surfaces of two or more materials are
joined together by a welding process
with or without the addition of filler
material.
WELDED SPLICE CONNECTION
 MECHANICAL COUPLER
Reinforcing Bar Couplers. Lapped joints are not
always an appropriate means of connecting rebar.

The use of Anchor Reinforcing Bar Couplers can

simplify the design and construction of reinforced
concrete and reduce the amount of reinforcement
required.
TYPES OF MECHANICAL COUPLER
MECHANICAL COUPLER
A confinement zone in a column
is a region where you require a
smaller spacing of stirrups for
higher ductility.

Concrete is a very brittle

material and it can easily split in
tension. During earthquake the
demand on reinforced concrete
members increase than the
capacity.

The requirements of
confinement zone are very strict
in codes as some serious failures
have occurred in past.
READY FOR POURING
 FORMWORKS

Formwork is temporary or permanent molds into

which concrete or similar materials are poured. In
the context of concrete construction, the false work
supports the shuttering molds.
FORMWORK is a mold with supporting structures
used to shape and help support the concrete until it
can attain a sufficient strength to support it’s own
weight.
 FORMWORK = MOLD

FORMWORK by name means “The

Mold” which means it is the casing
into which the casting material, usually
concrete, is poured to obtain the
desired structural shape.
SAMPLE FORMWORK CHECKLIST FORM
 why formwork is highly important for any
project?

1.Time Management - Good formwork systems help to minimize

floor to floor construction cycle time, thereby achieving
substantial indirect cost saving for the project.

2. Safety - Modern formwork systems provide designed solutions

against all superimposed loads thereby ensuring structural safety.
Also they integrate proper access and working platform
arrangements in the scheme to ensure workmen safety.

3. Quality - Surface finishing of any concrete is solely contributed

by quality & type of formwork used.
4. Project Planning - Proper knowledge of formwork
management facilitates on-time mobilization &
demobilization of formwork resources, effective set
movements, minimize idling, maximize repetitions and
minimize cost. It also helps in correct time & cost inputs
for tendering process.

5. Human Resource - Formwork activities requires

specialized skill sets for all levels of personnel involved.

6. Capital Management - Substantial quantum of

Formwork materials owned by any construction
company fall under asset category and travels from one
project to the next.
SLAB FORMWORKS
HIGH CEILING FORMWORKS
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
BEAM FORMWORK SYSTEM
 CONCRETE

Concrete is an artificial building material that is

obtained by mixing together cement, water and
some other inert materials.
Concrete production is the process of mixing
together the various ingredients—water, aggregate,
cement, and any additives—to produce concrete.

Concrete production is time-sensitive. Once the

ingredients are mixed, workers must put
the concrete in place before it hardens.
 TYPE OF SLUMP RESULT
The concrete slump can be classified according to the
nature of concrete fall. There are 3 types of the slump.
These are:
True slump: In a true slump concrete just subsides
shortly and more or less maintain the mould shape.
This type of slump is most desirable.
Shear slump: If one-half of the cone slides down in an
inclined plane, it is called a shear slump. Shear slump
indicates lack of cohesion in the concrete mix. Shear
slump may occur in the case of a harsh mix.
 TYPE OF SLUMP RESULT
Collapse slump: In this case, fresh concrete
collapses completely.
Zero Slump: If concrete maintains the actual shape
of the mould, it is called zero slump which
represents stiff, consistent and almost no
workability.
The true slump is the only reliable condition to get
an idea about the workability of concrete. If other
types occur, the test should be repeated.
TYPE OF SLUMP RESULT
SLUMP TEST
SLUMP TEST
SAMPLE CURING
CONCRETE VIBRATOR
POWER TROWEL
CONCRETING
CONCRETING
CONCRETING CHECKLIST FORM
CONCRETING CHECKLIST FORM
POST CONCRETE INSPECTION
POST CONCRETE INSPECTION
POST CONCRETE INSPECTION
If a project lacks quality assurance, the
consequences of a time overrun are always
serious and hard to resolve.
lack of quality assurance in construction is causing
litigation among architects, engineers,
subcontractors and material supplies since each
party is blaming each other for the problems at the
building site.
• How can quality be assured in design?

• What are the problems affecting

construction industry as a result of lack of
quality assurance?
 In most cases, the defects are found
to be the following:
• Inadequate supervision and verification on site.
• Misinterpretation of drawing and specification.
• Ambiguous instructions or unqualified operators.
• Use of superseded drawing and specification
• Poor coordination of subcontracted work
• Poor communication with the architects,
engineer, subcontractors and material suppliers.
 Quality assurance can be practice
• Organization has to be constituted and maintain a
quality management system in its day to day
operation.
• ensures that a proper type and amount of
verification is performed when and where it is
planned to be done.
• quality assurance is oriented towards prevention of
quality short coming.
• It also aims at minimizing the risk of making
mistakes in the first place, therefore avoiding the
necessity for rework, repair or reject.
Sample contents of Quality Management Plan