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Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes For Biology Chapter 3
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Plant Kingdom Classification Class 11 Notes

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1- Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of organism .

2- Zoospores - Motile spores with flagella .
3- Gametophyte - Haploid stage of plant, producing gametes.
4- Sporophyte - Diploid stage of plants producing spores.
5- Archegonium - Female reproductive structure.
6- Antheridium - Male reproductive structure.
7- Megasporangium - The structure which bears megaspores.
8- Sporophyll - Leaf bearing sporangia producing spores.

Classification system

- Numerical taxonomy - based on several features compared

collectively by computer.
- Cytotaxonomy- based on cytological features.
- Chemotaxonomy - based on chemical constituent.
Algae –
 - Group of chlorophyllous, simple, thalloid plants.
- Largely aquatic, grow on soil, stone, wood etc or symbiotic.
- Unicellular to large filamentous.

Reproduction

Economically useful as-

a) Large photo synthesiser, release 02 .

b)Food for aquatic animals, humans.
c)Produce Algin (Brown algae), carrageen (red algae), agar (gelidium, gracilaria)

- Chlorella, Spirullina- in space travel as protein rich food.

Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae

- Green algae chlorophyll a&b dominant.
Unicellular to filamentous.
- Chloroplast of different shape( cup, spiral, ribbon) with pyrenoids .
- Stored food starch.
- Reproduction
– vegetative-fragmentation Asexual
- by zoospores
- Sexual
- by gametes(iso, aniso and oogamus).
- egVolvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara etc.
-Brown algae.
- Xanthophyl, Fucoxanthin dominant others are chl. A, c cartenoid.
- Simple branched filamentous to profusely branched large body.
- Gelatinous coating on cell wall.
- Stored food Mannitoland Laminarin.Reproduction
- Vegetative by fragmentation Asexual By biflagellate (lateral) zoospores.
Sexual by gametes(Iso, Aniso and Oogamy).
- eg. Laminaria,Sargassum.
- phycoerythrin (dominant) and others chlorophyll a and d.
- Marine on surface or in great depths, multi cellular.
- Stored food
– Floridean starch.
-Red algae
- Reproduction
Vegetative by fragmentation Asexual by non motile spores Sexual by oogamy.
- Eg. Gracilaria, Gelidium

Bryophytes ( Amphibians of plant Kingdom) –

Group of autotrophic plants with thallus having true roots, stem and leaves with multi cellular
sex organs.
Occurs on damp, humid and shaded soil.
Root like rhizoids present.
-Main plant body gametophyte bears Antheridia and Archegonia. Biflagellate antherozoids
produced from Antheridium and reach through water to egg in Archegonium.
-Zygote forms sporophyte which produces haploid spores to give rise to new plants.
Types of Bryophytes

Liverworts

Mosses

1.Thallus dorsiventrally flattened (Liver shaped), leafy members with leaf like appendages.
2. Asexual reproduction by fragmentation , gemmae formation.
3.Sexual reproduction – antheridia and archegonia produced.
4. Antherozoids fuse with egg to form zygote which give rise to Sporophyte.
5. Sporophyte – with foot, seta & capsule.
6. Spores give rise to new plant (gametophyte).
Eg. Riccia, Marchantia etc.

Marchantia

- Thallus : Two stages (gametophyte) –

(a) Thread like Protonema (b)erect Leafy stage.
1. Reproduction :

Vegetative by Fragmentation of protonema

& Sexual by antherozoids &egg.
2. Zygote forms Sporophyte with foot, seta
&capsule.
-Sporophyte forms spores which germinate to form protonema.
Eg. Funaria, Polytrichum etc.

Funaria

Pteridophyte:
- Group of first terrestrial plants having vascular tissue viz. Xylem &
Phloem.
- True stem, root & leaf.
- Found on damp, shady places. Sporophyte makes main plant body.
- Sporophylls of Sporophyte bear sporangia (sori) onventral side producing
haploid spores.
- spores give rise to Prothallus which is leafy & autotrophic.
- Prothallus bears sex organs – male – Antheridium and female-
Archegonium.
- Fertilisation leads into zygote formation which produces diploid
Sporophyte.
Heterospory and Seed habit:
- Two types of spores Microspore and Megaspore are produced in some
members viz. Selaginella, Salvinia.
- called Heterospory.
- Heterospory is considered as beginning of seed habit in terrestrial plants.
Eg. Pteris, Dryopteris etc.
GYMNOSPERMS
 - Medium sized trees and shrubs.
- Main plant body Sporophyte
- In some members roots may have fungal association called Mycorrhiza.
-bilus.
- Microspore i.e. pollens reaches to ovules.Pollen tubes help to transfer
male gametes up to egg of archegonia present in female gametophyte of ovule.

Zygote develops in an embryo inside seed

- E.g. Cycas, Pinus ,Cedrusetc.
ANGIOSPERMS
Large no. of plants in varied habitats, small microscopic plants (Wolfia) to
large trees
- Group of plants having covered seeds in fruits.
- Produce flowers having reproductive organs.
- Most evolved plants.

Angiosperms

Flower has four part

-Androecium is male part and one unit is stamen.

-Gynoecium is female part and one unit is carpel and has ovules.
-Ovule bears embryo sac.
-Embryo sac is seven celled and has Egg

01 – haploid. Synergids
02 – haploid. Antipodals
03 - haploid. Secondary nucleus
04 – diploid.

-Reproduction by vegetative and sexual methods.

-In sexual reproduction pollens shed off and reach to stigma of Gynoecium by pollination.
-Pollen germinates to form pollen tube with two male gametes and one tube nucleus.
-One gamete fuses with egg (Syngamy) and other with secondary nucleus to form PEN
(primary endosperm nucleus). The whole process is called Double fertilization.
-Zygote forms embryo and PEN forms Endosperm in ovule which changes into seed inside fruit.
-Ovary wall changes into Pericarp (fruit wall).
-Alternation of generation occours.

Plant life cycle and alternation of Generation –

-Alternate stages of haploid (n) and Diploid (2n) phase in life cycle of plants.

- Three Patterns –

Haplontic

Diplontic
Haplodiplontic

- Dominating phase haploid (n).

-only zygote diploid (2n).
-Haploid spores form the main plant body

Eg. Algae viz. Ulothrix,Spirogyra etc.

-Dominating phase diploid

(2n).
-Haploid phase only in single cell or few celled gametophyte.
-Zygote forms embryo which
Forms Sporophyte (main plant body).
Eg.
Gymnosperms& Angiosperms

-Intermediate i.e.haploid &

Diploid stages equal.
-Gametophyte & Sporophyte stages both may be free living.

Eg. Bryophytes & Pteridophyte.

Plant Kingdom Classification Class 11 Notes

Important Links
Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Chapter 18 Body Fluids and Circulation
Chapter 1 the Living World
Chapter 2 Biological Classification
Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom
Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom
Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants
Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
Chapter 8 Cell – the Unit of Life
Chapter 9 Biomolecules
Chapter 11 Transport in Plants
Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition
Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants
Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development
Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption
Chapter 19 Excretjory Products and Their Elimnation
Chapter 20 Locomotion and Movement
Chapter 21 Neural Control and Coordination
Chapter 22 Chemical Coordination and Integration
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