FDN009: Theme: Global Issues

Assignment 2: Seminar Logs

Full Name: Wiktoria Turowska

Student ID Number: 1355538101
Degree Programme: Integrated Foundation Year in Law and Social Sciences
Module Code: FDN009
Module Name: Foundations in Law and Social Sciences
Word Count: 6992
Submission Date: 15th March 2018
Seminar Number 1:
Topic: Globalisation, Wealth and Poverty

What did you do to prepare for the seminar? What did you find out beforehand? (5 Marks)
To prepare for this seminar I firstly completed an online task that we have been asked to do. I researched the
poverty statistics and what is meant by BRIC economies. I found that BRIC is a group of large economic countries
which are: Brazil, Russia, India and China. These four countries are distinguished from a host of other promising
emerging markets by their demographic and economic potential to rank among world’s largest and most influential
economies in the 21st century (http://globalsherpa.org: Accessed 12 March 2018). From this I understood that these
countries have a big impact on the economy around the world as well as the future. They are rich in different types
of resources and are well developing countries. After completing these tasks, I read a commentary ‘Should
International Adoption be part of humanitarian aid efforts? Lesson from Haiti.’ The commentary explains earthquake
that happened in Haiti 12 of January 2010 and what were effects of this natural disaster. Throughout the article
author explains humanitarian aid organisation how they tried to help victims especially children who lost their
parents and were left on their own. ‘Ethically sound international adoption is distinguished from child trafficking only
when a child is willingly given up by a parent and not coerced, deceived, or acting out of extreme
desperation.’(Anderson, M.B. 1998). From this I understood that international adoption is not any form of child
trafficking. It must be such a pain for these little kids who were affected by an earthquake losing their loved ones but
their parents want them to have a better life in a safe country.

I was unsure about the term ‘globalisation’ so I did some more research based on it. In the Dictionary of Sociology, I
found a good explanation of this: ‘Worldwide integration of culture, ideas, media, and technology through cross-
cultural exchange due to advances in communication systems and economic interests.
(https://sociologydictionary.org/ Accessed 12 March 2018). This helped me to understand it as for example
operating the same organisations such as restaurants, banks, shops around the world or listening to the same song,
reading the same books in different languages in different countries. Another example that came to my head is using
the same forms of technology such as mobile phones, computers, internet. Albrow (1990) refers to globalisation as
‘to all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single society, global society’. From
this quote, I understood that globalisation destroys cultural diversity and people’s identity. It also kills artistic
creativity because corporations who have huge benefits from globalisation manipulate people. Their main aim is to
get consumers so they advertise what people want to see and hear.

As the seminar was based on globalisation I did some more research regarding this topic. I found an article called
‘Positive and negative effects of Globalization’ which I found very useful. This describes globalisation as making the
world global community as a one village and goods from different countries can now be found across the world.
(https://www.ukessays.com/. Accessed 12 March 2018). This shows that even not well developed countries can have
some benefits from globalisation because they can sell resources that can only be found in their country and make a
good profit. I also found that growth of globalisation allows industries and companies to buy new products and
services. I found that in 2012 Ireland was the most globalised nation in the world. The most globalised countries
outside of Europe are Singapore, Canada and Australia. There are many other globalised countries such as: Austria,
Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium and much more. I was surprised that so many countries around
the globe are involved in it. I found it extremely interesting that 20 countries that belong to European Union are
countries that are most globalised.
What was the seminar about, what did you learn from this seminar and how did you contribute to it? (5 Marks)
The seminar focused on the article ‘Should International Adoption be part of Humanitarian Aid Efforts?’ by Maureen
Kelly. As a class, we talked about the effects of earthquake that happened in Haiti and victims of this disaster. Article
explains that children are victims of humanitarian crisis. In terms of health and safety they had to organise an
international adoption for children because they could not provide any medical help and children couldn’t have been
safe in the country. Some of them lost their parents due to earthquake. We also talked about the ethical response of
the western world to the crisis and efforts that to support the infrastructure. We also talked about BRIC economies
and one of the students described what is meant by that clearly. We discussed what BRIC means for globalisation.
Someone mentioned that BRIC is needed because the world is changing.

The article also shows that there are humanitarian aid organisations which are against international adoption and
transferring children from one country to another just because of the natural disaster. They believe that kids should
stay together with their family because this is the most important thing to raise a child. Someone in the class
mentioned that parents should have an interest in raising their child and they should not be separated. We discussed
it as a class that it looks like a child or a parent does not have any rights when it comes to international adoption but
sometimes they do not have a different option if they want to protect a child. Regarding this global issue, it was a big
topic of discussion in media because different countries were involved in international adoption such as USA. One of
the students discussed an interesting point referring to child trafficking if this is the same as international adoption.
We discussed it as this is not the same thing because parents agree to find a new home for their son or daughter,
somewhere that they will be safe or sometimes children are left on their own without anyone to help them. ‘As is
typical in such extreme poverty, thousands of children living on their own are ‘social orphans’, children whose
parents are alive but unable to care for them, due to illness or economic hardship.’ This clearly shows the negative
site of globalisation. It shows that there is no access to medical help and no jobs for people.

What are your reflections and thoughts after the seminar on this topic? What did you do next? (5 Marks)
After the seminar, I gained some more knowledge about globalisation and now I am aware that this is not always
something that affects people in positive way. In some not well developing countries there are lots of problems that
people need to deal with. The main issues are that people cannot find a job or they have very limited medical care.
People do not have enough money to feed their families and care for them. After the seminar, I researched more
into humanitarian aid in Haiti because this is something that I found interesting. I found that humanitarian quite
often depend on political actions focusing on conflict resolution. Their environment is quite dangerous for those who
work in it. Also, I learnt that they do not always have a right to intervene when something happens and they want to
help in resolving this problem. (https://www.cbsnews.com/. Accessed 12 March 2018). I learnt that the total
donation for Haiti Earthquake in 2010 was 14.9 billion dollars and Haiti government has estimated loses for 8 billion
dollars. They estimated the cost of rebuilding between 8 and 14 billion. (https://www.cbsnews.com/. Accessed 12
March 2018). I found this interesting because I did not even realise that rebuilding would cost them that much
money and I cannot even imagine that lifechanging experience that these people discovered.
Alphabetical bibliography of sources used (5 Marks)

Anderson, M.B., Annan, K.A., Brauman, R., Dallaire, R.A., Goldstone, R.J., Granderson, C.T., Hassner, P., Hehir, J.B.,
Ignatieff, M., Martin, I. and Minear, L., 1998. Hard choices: moral dilemmas in humanitarian intervention. Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers.

13CBS News - Breaking News, Live News stream 24x7. 2018. CBS News - Breaking News, Live News stream 24x7.
[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/. [Accessed 7 February 2018].

Global Sherpa. 2018. Global Sherpa. [ONLINE] Available at: http://globalsherpa.org. [Accessed 7 February 2018].

Open Education Sociology Dictionary. 2018. Open Education Sociology Dictionary: Free Online Sociology Dictionary.
[ONLINE] Available at: https://sociologydictionary.org. [Accessed 7 February 2018].

UKEssays. 2018. UK Essays | UKEssays. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/. [Accessed 7 February
2018].
Seminar Number 2:
Topic: Green Crimes and Human Rights

What did you do to prepare for the seminar? What did you find out beforehand? (5 Marks)
To prepare for this seminar I firstly read an article ‘Outrages Against Personal Dignity: Rationalizing abuse and
torture in the War or Terror’, which explores the link between human rights abuse and green terror. From this
article, I was given a base understanding of what is meant by human rights abuse. Article describes Abu Ghraib
abuses in Iraq’s prison and how prisoners were tortured during the war by United States Army. ‘Abu Ghraib was not
an anomaly. Amnesty International asserts that the United States-led “war on terror” had produced the most
sustained attack on international law in 50 years’ (Sengupta 2004). From this quote, I understood that United states
believed that ‘war on terrorism’ basically, killing and torturing people in Afghanistan and Iraq will protect other
nations from terrorism. I also learnt that there were many ways of abuse and torture. This is a huge global issue
because lots of different countries from around the world took part in ‘war on terror.’ I also researched what ‘war on
terror’ means and I found that this is a military campaign launched by the Bush administration in response to all al-
Qaida terrorist attacks. (https://www.thebalance.com/ Accessed 14 February 2018).

I was unsure about the term ‘green crime’ so I did some more research to get a good understanding of this before
the lecture. I found that green crime is defined as crime against the environment and most of the threats to the
environment are human-made. (https://www.slideshare.net/ Accessed 14 February 2018). Beck (1992) argues that
today’s late modern society we can provide adequate resources for everyone. This means that these risks have
created ‘manufactured risks’ which could harm the environment and involve consequences for humanity. From this
I learnt that people’s actions have a big impact on environment and this is the main effect of green crime which
creates new issues all the time. White (2008) argues the proper subject of criminology is any action that harms the
physical environment or human and non-human animals within in, even if no law has been broken. From this
definition, I understood that any anything that harms the environment no matter if this is made by human or non-
human animal is a crime. There are different forms of crime in different countries. In some of the countries it might
be classed as a crime but in some other not.

As the seminar was based on green crimes and human rights I did some more research regarding this subject. I found
that everything what is happening in the world such as green crime can be linked to globalisation because this have
worldwide effects because in some countries it might turn into acid rain and in some others, it might include air
pollution or water pollution. I found this interesting and surprising because I did not realise that green crime is
classed as people do not pay attention to this type of violence. Regarding to the topic of human rights and
globalisation I learnt that ‘There are several gaps in the international human rights framework to prevent, sanction
and remedy abuses caused by the activities of business enterprises.’ (https://www.fidh.org/ Accessed 14 February
2018). From this quote, I understood that even now people are not treated equally and they are abused. This is hard
for us to imagine that as we live in well developing country but there are many countries even in Europe which are
involved in this problem. Globalisation and Human Rights article describes that victims often do not have any access
to justice. (https://www.fidh.org/ Accessed 14 February 2018). People are left on their own without any help and
rights.
What was the seminar about, what did you learn from this seminar and how did you contribute to it? (5 Marks)
The seminar focused article ‘Outrages Against Personal Dignity: Rationalizing Abuse and Terror in the War on Terror’.
As a class, we discussed what article was about and we mentioned the most interesting stuff. Article highlights luck
of human right in Iraq and Afghanistan during the war and what actions have been taken by USA Army. Article shows
the different types of actions in order to torture prisoners. Such as ‘the rape of a female detainee and the rape of a
15 to 18-year-old male detainee or a detainee being forced to bark like a dog and crawl on his stomach while MPs
(Military Police) spat and urinated on him’ (Georgy Hooks’). People were abused because armed USA government
decided to do so. Their main aim was to torture prisoners from Iraq and Afghanistan so other nations would not be
affected by terrorism.

During the seminar, we also watched a short video clip called ‘White Gold’ about illegal Ivory trade. This video
describes a form of green crime which is wild-life traffickers. They kill elephants in order to sell the ivory. This form of
crime has links with trafficking and smuggling. Last year in Africa they were 30 000 elephants killed and this is the
reason why 60% of these animals disappeared. Ivory goes over to China, India, basically on Black Market where
everything is illegal. This shows the violence that people are tempted to do just for money and various innocent
animals are affected by this.

What are your reflections and thoughts after the seminar on this topic? What did you do next? (5 Marks)
After the seminar, I understood that these issues that we talked about during the seminar affect the whole globe by
different aspects of crime. After that I researched more into Abu Ghraib prison because I found this quite interesting
and did not have any previous knowledge about that. I found that Americans took this prison over as a part of a war
terror which was also called ‘Global War on Terrorism’ after September 11 attacks that took place in USA. "America
is the friend of all Iraqi people."(https://www.aljazeera.com/ Accessed 14 February 2018). This is the sign that
Americans put at Abu Ghraib prison. I also found that this War on Terror is compared to Cold War.
(https://www.britannica.com/ Accessed 14 February 2018). This presents global political connections and
consequences of it. I also learn that Americans arrested hundreds of terrorists from around the world. I found that
president Bush declared the War on Terror on 20 September 2001. I found this interesting that Americans created a
military campaign which was on for 15 years. I did not even realise that they created such a huge global problems.

Alphabetical bibliography of sources used (5 Marks)

The Balance. 2018. War on Terror: Facts, Costs, Timeline. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/
[Accessed 14 February 2018].

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. war on terrorism | Summary & Facts | Britannica.com. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.britannica.com/ [Accessed 14 February 2018].

Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State Crime. 2018. Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State
Crime. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/ [Accessed 14 February 2018].

Maha Hilal. 2018. Abu Ghraib: The legacy of torture in the war on terror | Abuse | Al Jazeera. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.aljazeera.com/ [Accessed 14 February 2018].
Worldwide Movement for Human Rights. 2018. Globalisation & Human Rights - Worldwide Movement for Human
Rights. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.fidh.org/ [Accessed 14 February 2018].

Seminar Number 3:
Topic: Genocide

What did you do to prepare for the seminar? What did you find out beforehand? (5 Marks)
To prepare for this seminar I first read the article that I have been given for this week. ‘Ra/pe and War in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo’. An article is based on war that took place in Democratic Republic of Congo and it
describes in deep details how women were treated by soldiers during the war. Article also tells you that ‘The eastern
part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is home to some of world’s most horrific documented cases of
sexual violence against women’ (A Journal of Social Justice, 21:474). When I read this article, I found that women
were raped by soldiers and gangs, so it was easier for them to gain access to the women’s resources such as: metals,
oils, diamonds, fuel). Also, I understood that soldiers were underpaid so they did not have enough money to feed the
family and care for them. The best option that they could thought of was to rape women and steal their savings and
goods.

When I read this article, I was still unsure about the term ‘genocide’ and wanted to find a clear explanation before
the lecture. I went through the power point based on it to find some information and then I found the term in the
Dictionary that was much more understandable for me. Dictionary describes genocide as ‘the deliberate killing of a
large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group’. (Oxford Dictionary, 2018). This helped
me to understand what could be called genocide and the first thing that came to me mind was a Holocaust.
Holocaust when Nazi Germany killed million of Jewish during the World War II and they kept them in the death
camps. Shaw (2003) Refers to Genocide as ‘a form of war in which social groups are the enemy’. Regarding to this
quote is it clear that there is nothing different between genocide and war, these are the same and should not be
separated. Bauman (1989) agrees that Holocaust was a type of genocide where Nazi Germany used technology,
bureaucracy and rationalisation to dehumanise their victims. Referring to what Bauman said and make it more clear,
Nazi Germany did ‘brainwashing’ to their victims and their main aim was to manipulate people. They controlled
people’s minds to change their ideas and beliefs so Nazi Germany could carry out with their actions.
As the seminar was based on the Genocide I did some more research as I did not have much of understanding about
this topic. ‘The Rwanda Genocide was executed with the slash of machetes rather than the drop of crystals, with all
the gruesome detail of a street murder rather than the bureaucratic efficiency of a mass extermination’
(http://www.toptenz.net/ Accessed 18 February 2018).

This quote explains the difference between Holocaust and Rwanda genocide. Nazi Germany used few people to kill
large group of victims usually by putting them in gas chambers but in Rwanda they killed victims using their own
hands. I also found the most horrific genocide in the history and here are three examples of them: The Great Leap
Forward and Cultural Revolution in China (1949-1976), The Stalinist Era in the USSR (1929-1953), The Killing Fields of
Cambodia (1975-1978). (http://endgenocide.org/ Accessed 18 February 2018). I found this interesting because
people do not normally talk about that and in real life we will probably never know how many civilians were killed.
What was the seminar about, what did you learn from this seminar and how did you contribute to it? (5 Marks)
The seminar was based on the journal article ‘Ra/pe and war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’. As a class, we
looked closer at the word ‘Ra/pe’ to find out why it was written like that in the article. Author reconstructed word
ra/pe to show the reader that rape ‘separates a woman from her sense of self, security and community.’ (Carlsen
2012:475). When reading this article word ‘ra/pe’ shows that it is not only a simple word but a horrible thing that
happened to most of the women and children during the war in DMC.

This article also presents a huge difference between men’s and women’s rights, only soldiers and armed groups had
the power. (Carlsen, 2012:479). Article also shows that government forced men to rape their own sisters and
mothers to show that they had power in the community. Looking closely, I found out that one of the main reasons of
raping women was that soldiers were underpaid, and they did not have enough money to get something to eat, feed
the family and care for them. They used rape as a weapon, so they could then easily steal women’s materials which
helped them to survive. (Carlsen 2012). I found this interesting because it also describes government and political
problems within the country. It shows that people were forced to harm someone if they wanted to get basic stuff
that they needed to survive. One of the students also discussed that women were kept naked in the camps for such
a long time and they were backbone of the communities. This is another example showing that men had power over
women.

During the seminar, we also looked at genocide in Rwanda 1994. Tutsi population was murdered by Hutu
government. They killed 800,000 in 100 days which means that they killed 56,000 people in a week. It was mass
killing of people just because government wanted to get rid of Tutsi population. Hutu believed that Tutsi had no
rights to exist. Someone with more than 10 cattle was considered Tutsi, they also had their own identification card
with their classification stamped in. This was easier for Hutu to recognise Tutsi. As a class, we also watched a short
part of a film called ‘Hotel Rwanda’.

What are your reflections and thoughts after the seminar on this topic? What did you do next? (5 Marks)
After the seminar, I understood that government and political problems might really affect the whole society in a
negative way. It might cause many types of crime such as rape or murder. After the seminar, I researched into
genocide to find out a little bit more about what people did in the past. I found out that Cambodian genocide
happened between 1975-1979 and Khmer Rouge took control of Cambodian Government. Between 1.7 to 2 million
Cambodian were killed during this time of political problems in the country. (Mamdani, M., 2014). Also, I found that
‘the Killing Fields’ were a place set up all over the country where Khmer took people who could no longer work to be
killed.

After the seminar, I also watched a full film called ‘Hotel Rwanda’ to see how it looked during genocide in Rwanda.
This film shows that massacre that happened in Rwanda was the result of tribal differences.
Alphabetical bibliography of sources used (5 Marks)
Mamdani, M., 2014. When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton
University Press.

Oxford Dictionaries | English. 2018. genocide | Definition of genocide in English by Oxford Dictionaries. [ONLINE]
Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ [Accessed 18 February 2018].

United to End Genocide. 2018. Frontpage - United to End Genocide. [ONLINE] Available at: http://endgenocide.org.
[Accessed 18 February 2018].

Toptenz.net. 2018. Top 10 Lists : Toptenz.net. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.toptenz.net/ [Accessed 18
February 2018].

Seminar Number 4:
Topic: Human Trafficking and Sex Industry

What did you do to prepare for the seminar? What did you find out beforehand? (5 Marks)
To prepare for this seminar I firstly read an article ‘The Relationship of Drug and Human trafficking a global
perspective’ twice because it was quite hard for me to understand it properly. After reading it I did some more
research about human trafficking and smuggling because I was given just base understanding of what is meant by
that. From the article, I found that ‘drug trafficking is not related just to the business of sex trafficking’. (Shelley, L.,
2012). From this I understood that they use drugs to force other people to cooperate with them in different types of
trafficking. I learnt that these people use their victims to transport drugs from one country to another because they
want to keep their hands away from it if something happens. Throughout the article there are lots of connections
with drugs which are used roughly everywhere when it comes to selling people and other crimes related to it. I also
found out that another most common example related to this form of crime is transporting weapon from one
country to another.

I was struggling with understanding clearly what human trafficking and smuggling means so I did some research after
reading the article. Venla Roth describes human trafficking as transporting women and men for the purpose of
sexual exploitation and forced labour as well as for the commercial marriage market, selling of organs and adoption.
(Roth, V. 2011). This helped me to understand the concept of trafficking and I learnt that this is a huge global issue
which is happening in every part of the world. Traffickers kidnap people to make a good profit for themselves. It
does not matter if this is a child, man or woman. Victims very often have huge mental problems and they become
addicted to drugs. After this traumatic experience, they cannot go back to normal life. ‘‘The victims most of the time,
particularly in the third world counties are from a poor economic background and rural setup’’ (Mishra, V. 2013)
From this quote I understood that girls from poor countries are the main victims. Traffickers find girls that are easy to
manipulate and desperate for money. These women believe that traffickers will change their lives but it’s also hard
to recognise these bad people. I understood that women are promised a better life, good education or a modelling
career but they end up in the sex industry and are forced to prostitution. I also looked at some articles to get more
information about this subject. I found an interview with a girl called Kemi and she was promised a good job and
education abroad just like other victims. In her interview, she says, ‘I was ashamed to go back home, I was ashamed
to go back with nothing.’ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/ Accessed 4 March 2018). From this quote, it is obvious that she
promised her family that she will earn some money and will help them, so they can have a batter life. I also looked at
some statistics which show that ‘55% of trafficking victims around the world are women and girls and 45% are men
and boys’. (https://www.stopthetraffik.org/ Accessed 4 March 2018). This explains that there is no discrimination
when it comes to human trafficking. Men are rarely victims of this form of crime but they are mainly used for forced
labour.

As the seminar was based on drugs and human trafficking I did some more research as I did not have much
knowledge about this subject before and wanted to consider it a bit further. I found out that human trafficking,
smuggling or slavery is difficult to detect because people in real life cannot see that. This is an invisible form of crime.
Victims of human trafficking do not know that they are sold. I think this is true because people normally do not talk
about that. I also found out that the average age of entry into sexual industry is 14 years old. I found this quite
interesting as I did not even realise that traffickers sell young girls into sex industry when they are still children. The
age of women under 18 years old forced to prostitution is 53.2%. This is a huge amount of people and I think
traffickers are mainly interested in selling young girls. When it comes to women who are 30 years old or above the
percentage is only 0.01. I also learnt that there are much more different types of slavery than I thought. There are for
example domestic servitude, bonded labour or forced marriage. I did not know that there are 4.5 million victims
worldwide of sex trafficking and these are men, women and children. This is a huge amount of people that people
cannot even imagine.

What was the seminar about, what did you learn from this seminar and how did you contribute to it? (5 Marks)
The seminar focused on ‘The Relationship of Drug and Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective’ article by L. Shelly.
As a class, we went through the article the stuff that interested us the most. Someone mentioned using drugs when
it comes to human trafficking and selling women into sex industry. The article explains ‘When drugs are added to this
form of abuse, the damage is compounded. Individuals become completely dependent on their traffickers and will
work under the most extreme conditions in order to feed their habits.’ We discussed it a little bit further that women
must take drugs every day because they become easier to manipulate by traffickers. At the end, they become
addicted to it and do not have anyone to help them get away from it. The article explains that girls who return home
after they have been working for few months or even years in the sex industry, addicted to drugs and alcohol they
don’t get any treatments programs and help from the family. They are left on their own.

The article also highlights how trafficking business works. Instead of a large organisation they operate medium
networks. These organisations are mainly run by men. Women play smaller role in this form of business by recruiting
people. They have connections with traffickers who tell them what they must do. It is obvious that they get money
for recruiting young girls by telling them lies. These women are often from the neighbourhood and victims know
them quite well so they believe in every word they say about better life. I found this extremely interesting that
traffickers run small organisations to deceive their victims by using people who know them quite well.

During the seminar, we also looked at the video clip ‘Girls gone wild in Red Light District’ which I found extremely
emotional. Video clip shows prostitutes dancing in the window on the most famous street in Amsterdam. People on
the street stop and start recording this show, mainly men who are laughing and clapping their hands. At the end a
big billboard displays above the windows saying ‘Every year thousands of women are promised a dance career in
Western Europe. Sadly, they end up here.’ I think someone had a great idea by doing this controversial campaign.
Unfortunately, it shows that people in real life do not pay attention to this type of things. They happily use the
services but they never think if women chose this way of working by themselves.

What are your reflections and thoughts after the seminar on this topic? What did you do next? (5 Marks)
After the seminar, it became clear to me that most of the women, men and children in the world are victims of
human trafficking or smuggling. I think this is serious form of crime but people tend to ignore this quite often. I
researched more into it to gain some more knowledge about the purpose of their business. From this I found out
that their main aim is to exploit other human beings for profit. They sell people for financial or material benefits.
(https://www2.gov.bc.ca/. Accessed 4 March 2018). I researched that people in 2018 more often fight against
human trafficking and what governments are doing to stop this issue. Some countries create different policies
against human trafficking but in some other countries this problem is not happening. I also found out that some
countries talk about sex trafficking more than about labor trafficking. This is because people can see sex trafficking in
media more often compare to other forms of trafficking. I also read that ‘in 2003, the UN Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons established a universal trafficking definition and set a goal for countries
to prevent and combat trafficking and assist victims.’ (https://www.themuse.com/ Accessed 4 March 2018). I found
it interesting to see that governments are doing something to help these people get their lives back and reduce
human trafficking.

Alphabetical bibliography of sources used (5 Marks)

BBC News. 2018. Human trafficking: The lives bought and sold - BBC News. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ [Accessed 4 March 2018].

Mishra, V. ed., 2013. Human Trafficking: The Stakeholders' Perspective. SAGE Publications India.

Element 3: The Purpose of Exploitation, or Why it is Done - Province of British Columbia. 2018. Element 3: The
Purpose of Exploitation, or Why it is Done - Province of British Columbia. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/. [Accessed 4 March 2018]

Roth, V., 2011. Defining human trafficking and identifying its victims: a study on the impact and future challenges of
international, European and Finnish legal responses to prostitution-related trafficking in human beings. Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers.

Shelley, L., 2012. The relationship of drug and human trafficking: A global perspective. European journal on criminal
policy and research, 18(3), pp.241-253.

STOP THE TRAFFIK. 2018. The scale of human trafficking - STOP THE TRAFFIK. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.stopthetraffik.org/ [Accessed 4 March 2018].

What's Being Done to Stop Human Trafficking? . 2018. What's Being Done to Stop Human Trafficking? . [ONLINE]
Available at: https://www.themuse.com/ [Accessed 4 March 2018].
Seminar Number 5:
Topic: Terrorism

What did you do to prepare for the seminar? What did you find out beforehand? (5 Marks)
To prepare for the seminar I read an article ‘The psychology of Suicide Terrorism’ which explores the link between
terrorism in the different contexts as well as different religious groups related to it. From this I was given a base
understanding what is meant by terrorism and suicide terrorism. Throughout the article there are connections with
different religious and beliefs ‘Every Muslim believes that it is better to die fighting that die without the hope’ (Post,
J.M. 2009). From this I understood that it is better for Muslims to fight against different religion or fight in their own
country than live without any sense of life, even if they have family and children. I also understood that people
without hope are happy to join different organisations who have power so they can become suicide bombers. Article
explains clearly what suicide bombers mean. This is killing themselves in order to kill others by often using bomb
belts, the most common weapon for suicide bombers. Also, I learnt from the article that there are also three non-
religious groups associated with suicide terrorism. From this, I understood that terrorism does not always mean
killing in the name of God, it might have other connections than religion. I learnt from the article that little children
are taken away from their families and they must join terrorist groups. Even infants join these organisations and are
trained from the early years how to become a terrorist.

I was unsure about the difference between two terms ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’ so I did some research to get a clear
understanding of it. I read few articles based on it but I couldn’t find a clear explanation, although I found an
interesting article called ‘The difference between Terror and Terrorism’ which says that lots of terrorists create some
huge amounts of terror but this is not an act of terrorism. (http://progresoweekly.us/difference-terror-terrorism/.
Accessed 5 March 2018) From this I understood that the main aim of these terrorist groups is to make people scared
of them. I went through the power point before the lecture to create an image in my head what it was going to talk
about. Regarding the article that I’ve read Wilkinson (2006) believes that there are different ways of terrorism and
this is designed to created fear. This helped me to understand that the world that we live in becomes anxious and
this is what terrorist want to achieve. I also read that terrorist organisations, such as ISIS use strategy to fight against
a powerful nation-state. (http://progresoweekly.us/difference-terror-terrorism/. Accessed 5 March 2018). From this
I understood that it is not always about the religion. Most of the time it might be about government issues or
money. In the past before I started my Foundation course I read a book called ‘ISIS – Islamic State’ by Benjamin Hall.
I found this extremely interesting and this gave me a deep understanding of terrorist group and how they work.
Most of the people think that ISIS prepare the attacks and kill people in the name of God but this is not always true.
For most of the time we think that terrorist come from ‘third world countries’ such as Syria or Libya. If they come
from poor economic areas they should not have much money but they can prepare the attacks, travel from one
country to another and they also have brand new mobile or computer devices. Like I mentioned before their actions
are not always about the beliefs but about the power and money. Hoffman (2006) suggests that terrorism is about
power and the use of power to effect political change. From this I understood that terrorist organisations want to
take over well developing countries and have the most power in these countries.

As the seminar was based on terrorism I did some more research to get more information on this subject. I found
that in 2017 France reported 23 attacks, Italy 17, Spain 10, Greece 6, Germany 5, Belgium 4 and the Netherlands 1.
142 victims died in terrorist attacks and 379 were injured in the EU. (https://www.europol.europa.eu/. Accessed 5
March 2018). Regarding to these terrorist attacks that took place in 2017 large number large number of attacks does
not have any connections with jihadist attacks. I also found that average age of terrorist who killed people in those
countries is 25 years old. Terrorist also operate well on social media groups and promote their terrorist attacks for
example on twitter. I also did not realise that they create different campaigns and after every attack they admit to it
on social media.

What was the seminar about, what did you learn from this seminar and how did you contribute to it? (5 Marks)
During the seminar, we focused on the article ‘The Psychology of Suicide Terrorism’ and we talked about the stuff
that interested us the most. Someone mentioned little kids joining terrorist organisations and we talked about it in
more details that they train children to be terrorist because they do not even have any understanding of the world in
this age. The article explains that terrorists put pictures of infants with guns or bomb belts and we found this very
scandalous. I found this as they want to show the world their controversial campaigns by using children to show that
nothing can stop them.

The article also shows three non-religious terrorist groups such as Tamil Tigers (LTTE) of Sri Lanka, the Kurdistan
Workers Party (PKK) of Turkey and the Chechen separatists. One student discussed it in more details comparing non-
religious and religious groups together and we agreed that they all have the same aim – killing other people and
making everyone scared but they work in a different way. We also went through the power point and we agreed
that terrorism is quite difficult to define because there might be lots of different forms of terrorism such as dissent
terrorism which are terrorist groups against the government or criminal terrorists which are used to aid in crime and
criminal profit. There are also distinguishing types of terrorism, domestic terrorism and international terrorism. We
learnt that domestic terrorism does not include people from different states and international terrorism involves
people from different countries.

What are your reflections and thoughts after the seminar on this topic? What did you do next? (5 Marks)
After the seminar, I realised that terrorist does not always mean killing in the name of God but there are different
types of non-religious terrorism and this is something that I have never thought of. I have decided to do some more
research regarding terrorist attack that took place in America on 11 September 2001. I found that 2753 people were
killed at the World Trade Center site. The age of victims was from 2 to 85 years old and approximately 75-80% of
victims were men. Also 40 passengers and crew members died on board United Airlines Flight when the plane
crashed. (https://edition.cnn.com/. Accessed 5 March 2018). This is a huge amount of people who lost their lives in
this attack and lots of families of victims were affected by that. People also died after the 9/11 attack due to illness
caused by toxic dust and ash. They were very ill because of lung disease or cancers. (https://www.theguardian.com.
Accessed 5 March 2018. I found this interesting that I learnt something more about the terrorist attacks and I did not
realise that many people died because of the disease after 9/11.
Alphabetical bibliography of sources used (5 Marks)
CNN Library. 2018. September 11th Fast Facts - CNN. [ONLINE] Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/. [Accessed 5
March 2018].

Europol. 2018. 2017 EU Terrorism Report: 142 failed, foiled and completed attacks, 1002 arrests and 142 victims died
| Europol. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/. [Accessed 5 March 2018].

The Guardian. 2018. News, sport and opinion from the Guardian's UK edition | The Guardian. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.theguardian.com. [Accessed 5 March 2018].

Post, J.M., Ali, F., Henderson, S.W., Shanfield, S., Victoroff, J. and Weine, S., 2009. The psychology of suicide
terrorism. Psychiatry, 72(1), pp.13-31.

Progreso Weekly. 2018. The difference between terror and terrorism - Progreso Weekly. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://progresoweekly.us/difference-terror-terrorism/. [Accessed 5 March 2018].