PEE10L-M – ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES – LABORATORY 1

Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila
College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

LABORATORY NO.: 6

PEE10L – M
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES – LABORATORY

VOLTAGE REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY

Submitted By:
NAME SIGNATURE
<Surname>, <Given Name> <M.I.>
<Surname>, <Given Name> <M.I.>
<Surname>, <Given Name> <M.I.>
<Surname>, <Given Name> <M.I.>
<Surname>, <Given Name> <M.I.>
<Surname>, <Given Name> <M.I.>

BSEE – 3< Section>

GROUP NO. <Number>

Date Submitted:
Month DD, YYYY

Engr. Cheerjoy M. Curitana, RME

INSTRUCTOR
Theoretical Background

Efficiency of Transformer:
PEE10L-M – ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES – LABORATORY 2

Efficiency is defined as ratio of input and output power. Since there are losses occurring in
transformer, therefore the efficiency of the transformer is never 100%. However,
transformer’s efficiency is very close to it nearby 95% to 98%. The output power of the
transformer is always less than the input supplied power since some of the power is lost in
overcoming iron and copper losses. The efficiency of the transformer can be expressed as:

Output Power
η= Input Power x100%

Output Power
η = Output power + P corelosses + P copper losses
x100%

Voltage Regulation of Single-Phase Transformer:

Because of the voltage drop across the primary and secondary impedances, it is observed that
the secondary terminal voltage drops from its no load value (V NL) to load value (VFL) as load
and load current increases.

This decrease in the secondary terminal voltage expressed as a fraction of the no load
secondary terminal voltage is called regulation of a transformer.

Let: VNL = Secondary terminal voltage on no load.

VFL = Secondary terminal voltage on given load

Then mathematically voltage regulation at given load can be expressed as:

V NL−V FL
%VR = V FL x 100%

The secondary terminal voltage does not depend only on the magnetic of the load current but
also on the nature of the power factor of the load. If V FL is determined for load and specified
power factor condition, the regulation is called full load regulation.

As load current (IL) increases, the voltage drop tend to increase and V FL drops more and more.
In case of lagging power factor V NL > VFL and we get positive voltage regulation, while for
leading power factor VNL < VFL and we get negative voltage regulation.

Figure 1. Phasor diagrams for Different Loads

PEE10L-M – ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES – LABORATORY 3

LABORATORY PROCEDURE:
1. Make the transformer equivalent circuit in Simulink using the values from short circuit
test simulation.
2. Make sure to refer the transformer parameters to the secondary side.
3. Input appropriate values of load R, L and C.
4. Fill out the data and results.
5. With the help of measured values of data and results, calculate the efficiency and voltage
regulation for each case.
6. Attach full screen screenshot including Simulink circuit.

DATA AND RESULTS

Secondary Secondary Secondary Output
Input Power
LOADS Voltage Current Power Power
(P1)
(V2) (I2) Factor (P2)

No load 120 0 nan 0.01333 0

R = 900 Ω 6.512 0.007236 0.9919 0.06055 0.04362

R = 900 Ω

L=3H

R = 900 Ω

C = 10 F
PEE10L-M – ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES – LABORATORY 4

Calculation of Short Circuit Test:

Rm2 = 1.0804e+06

Lm2 = 2866 H → to get the Xm2, use Lm2/2πf =

7.35 e+05
a= =
3.15 e+05

1
Re2 = 2
R e1 =
a

1
Xe2 = 2
X e1 = →use Xe2/2πf to your laboratory
a

CALCULATION:
From the given data, determine the values of no-load voltage, the angle (Ɵ) for lagging and
leading load and for unity power factor.

No-load voltage =

Ɵ for lagging load =

Ɵ for leading load =

Ɵ for unity power factor =

LOADS Efficiency of each load Voltage regulation of each load

No load
0.7204
R = 900 Ω
R = 900 Ω
L=3H
R = 900 Ω
C = 10 F
PEE10L-M – ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES – LABORATORY 5

DISCUSSION:
<Start here>

CONCLUSION:
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DOCUMENTATION:
<Start here including the pictures of the data and group members>