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13-05-2024

Submitted to :Mam summaya

Submitted By:Fatima Raza (SM-22108)

Role of UN in peacekeeping

The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945 after World War II
with the goal of promoting international cooperation and peace,
preventing conflicts, and addressing global challenges such as poverty,
disease, and human rights abuses. It serves as a forum for member
states to discuss and resolve issues diplomatically, and it also
coordinates humanitarian aid and development efforts worldwide.

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six

principal organs of the UN, responsible for maintaining international
peace and security.It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote.
Under the Charter of the United Nations, all Member States are
obligated to comply with Council decisions. Its primary functions
include:
1.Peace and Security :The Security Council identifies threats to
international peace and security and takes action to address them. This
can include deploying peacekeeping missions, imposing sanctions, or
authorising the use of force to maintain or restore peace.
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2.Peacekeeping Operations:The Security Council authorises the

deployment of UN peacekeeping missions to conflict areas around the
world. These missions help to monitor ceasefires, facilitate political
processes, protect civilians, and support the implementation of peace
agreements.
3.Sanctions: The Security Council has the authority to impose economic
and diplomatic sanctions on countries or entities that threaten peace and
security. Sanctions can include arms embargoes, travel bans, and asset
freezes.
4.International Law and Justice: The Security Council can refer cases to
the International Criminal Court (ICC) for investigation and prosecution
of individuals responsible for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against
humanity.
5.Resolutions and Decisions: The Security Council adopts resolutions
and decisions on various issues related to international peace and
security. These resolutions are legally binding on UN member states and
are enforced by the Security Council.The principles regarding
peacekeeping in the United Nations Charter are primarily outlined in
Chapter VI.
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Chapter VI emphasises peaceful settlement of disputes through

negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and other peaceful means. It
encourages member states to seek solutions to conflicts without
resorting to violence. Peacekeeping missions under Chapter VI are
typically deployed with the consent of the parties involved in a conflict
and focus on maintaining peace and stability.
One of the earliest successful examples of United Nations
intervention to maintain peace among countries was the Kashmir conflict
between India and Pakistan in 1948. The conflict arose shortly after the
partition of British India in 1947, which led to the creation of India and
Pakistan as independent nations.Kashmir, a princely state with a
majority Muslim population ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, became a point
of contention between India and Pakistan. Both countries claimed
Kashmir as their own, leading to armed conflict.

In response to the escalating tensions, the United Nations

Security Council passed Resolution 47 in 1948, which called for a
ceasefire and outlined a process for resolving the dispute through a
plebiscite to determine the region's future status.The United Nations
Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was
deployed to monitor the ceasefire line between Indian-administered and
Pakistan-administered Kashmir. While the plebiscite outlined in
Resolution 47 was never held due to various reasons, including
disagreements between India and Pakistan over its implementation,
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UNMOGIP's presence helped to prevent further escalation of hostilities

and maintain relative stability in the region.
Although the Kashmir conflict remains unresolved to this day, the early
UN intervention helped prevent an all-out war between India and
Pakistan and provided a framework for managing the dispute peacefully.
Another straightforward example is the UN's role in
preventing a war between Ecuador and Peru in the 1990s. The two
countries had a longstanding border dispute over territory in the Amazon
region. Tensions escalated in 1995 when armed clashes broke out
between their respective militaries.The UN intervened diplomatically and
facilitated negotiations between Ecuador and Peru to resolve the conflict
peacefully. With the assistance of UN mediators and international
pressure, both countries agreed to a ceasefire and ultimately signed the
Brasilia Peace Agreement in 1998, ending the conflict and establishing a
framework for border demarcation and dispute resolution. The UN's
involvement helped to prevent a full-scale war and fostered a lasting
peace between the two nations.

In 1999, the UN helped a place called East Timor become

its own country. After people there voted for independence from
Indonesia, there was fighting. The UN sent peacekeepers to stop the
violence and make sure things calmed down.
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They stayed until East Timor could run its own government peacefully.
The UN's help prevented more fighting and let East Timor become a
peaceful, independent country.