Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Spherical Trigonometry

DEFINITION OF TERMS: -The sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE:
1. Great Circle - circle on the surface of a sphere, greater than 1800 and less than 5400. - Has none of its angles equal to 900
whose plane passes through the center of the
sphere. RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLE: Law of Sine
- is one with right angle. sin a sin b sin c
= =
2. Small Circle - circle constructed by a plane sin A sin B sin C
crossing the sphere not in its center.
Law of Cosine for Sides
3. Spherical Angle - an angle formed by the cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
intersection of two great circles. cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B
cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C
4. Spherical Triangle - a triangle on the surface of
the sphere formed by the intersection of three great Law of Cosine for Angles
circles. co = complement of cos A = - cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
Note: cos B = - cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b
5. Polar Distance – least distance on a sphere from a sin co-A = cos A cos C = - cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c
point on the circle to its pole. cos co-A = sin A
tan co-A = cot A AREA OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE:
6. Latitude – angular distance of the point from the r = radius/radius of sphere
equator ranges from 00 to 900 at the poles. Napier’s Rule: πr 2 E E = spherical excess
A=
Rule 1: (Sin-Ta-Ad Rule) 1800 = sum of angles - 1800
7. Longitude – angular distance between the prime The sine of any middle part is equal to the product = A + B + C - 1800
meridian and the meridian through the point of the tangents of its adjacent parts.
ranges from 00 at the prime meridian to 1800 1 1 1 1 1
tan = √tan s tan (s − a) tan (s − b) tan (s − c)
eastward and -1800 westward. Rule 2: (Sin-Co-Op Rule) 4 2 2 2 2
The sine of any middle part is equal to the product s = (a + b + c)/2
PROPERTIES OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE: of the cosines of its opposite parts.
Note:
Spherical Excess, Important Rules: Bi-rectangular spherical triangle
E = A + B + C - 1800 1. In a right spherical triangle, an oblique angle and - 2 angles are right angles
Spherical Defect, the side opposite are of the same quadrant. Tri-rectangular spherical triangle
D = 3600 – (a + b + c) - 3 right angles
- The greater side has the greater angle opposite to it. 2. When the hypotenuse of a right spherical triangle Terrestrial Sphere Problems:
- The sum on any two sides is greater than the third is less than 900, the two legs are of the same Note:
side. quadrant and conversely. 1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile
-The sum of the sides of a spherical triangle is less 3. When the hypotenuse of a right spherical triangle 1 nautical mile = 6080 ft
than 3600. is greater than 900, one leg is of the first quadrant 1 statute mile = 5280 ft
- The sum of any two angles is less than 1800 plus the and the other of the second and conversely. 1 nautical mile = 1.1516 statute mile
third angle. 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour

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 (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194  (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998
Civil Engineering May 2022
Sample Problems:
1. Solve the unknown angles and side of the
spherical triangle whose given parts are:
a = 720 27’ b = 610 49’ C = 900
2. Solve the triangle whose given parts are:
A = B = 640 37’, and b = 810 14’
3. Given the parts of spherical triangle, solve for
side C:
A = 1100 33’, C = 1400 48’ and a = 1520 19’
A. 18.280 C. 161.720
B. 20.19 0 D. 159.810
4. Find the area of the spherical triangle whose
angles are A = 600, B = 800, and C = 1040. The radius
of the sphere is 20 cm.
5. A plane left Manila (140 36’N, 1210 5’E) and flew
in the direction of S 320 E. At what longitude will it
cross the equator?
6. A Philippine Airlines Plane on one of its trip is to
fly from Manila (Latitude 14035’N, Longitude
120059’E) to Sydney, Australia (Latitude 33052’S,
Longitude 151012’E). Determine the distance in
nautical miles from Manila to Sydney.
7. Find the time it would take an airplane flying at
a speed of 1200 kph to fly along a great circle route
from Manila (14038’N, 12105’E) to Moscow
(55045’N, 37037’E).Find its course if it flew from
Manila and from Moscow.
Manila FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial
 (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194
Review Innovations Spherical Trigonometry
Problems for Practice:
1. A spherical triangle ABC has an angle C = 900 and
sides a = 500 and c = 800. Find the angle of side b in
degrees.
Answer: 74.330
2. Solve the spherical triangle whose given parts
are:
b = 72038’; A = 1150 51’; and C = 900
Answer: a = 1160 55’, c = 970 46’, B = 740 25’
3. Solve the spherical triangle whose given parts
are:
A = B = C = 1200
Answer: a = b = c = 109028.3’
4. In a spherical triangle ABC, A = 1160, B = 550 and
C = 800. Find the value of “a” in degrees.
Answer: a = 114.830
An airplane flew from Manila (140 36’ N, 1210 05’ E)
on a course S 300 W and maintaining a uniform
altitude.
5. At what point will the plane cross the equator?
6. What will be its course at that point?
Answer: (5) 1120 48’ E; (6) S 280 56’ W
An airplane flew from Manila (140 36’ N, 1210 05’ E)
at an average speed of 600 kph on a course S 32 0 E.
7. How long will it take to reach the equator?
8. At what point will it cross the equator?
9. What is the course of the airplane at the equator?
Answer: (8) 3.17 hours; (9) 1300 2’ E;
(10) S 300 51’ E
Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch
 (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998