Diksha Mission Economics No.

1
Population, Census 2011
Population
 In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans. Demography is a social
science which entails the statistical study of populations. Population, in simpler terms, is the
number of people in a city or town, region, country or world; population is usually determined
by a process called census (a process of collecting, analyzing, compiling and publishing data).
 In demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living, and
was estimated to have reached 7.8 billion people as of March 2020. It took over 200,000 years
of human history for the world's population to reach 1 billion, and only 200 years more to
reach 7 billion.
THEORY OF OPTIMUM POPULATION
 Optimum Population is the one at which per capita income is maximum.
 If with increase in population, the per capita income also increases, then population is less
than the optimum level and vice versa.
 The theory is based on the concept of balance between different resources.

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POPULATION TRENDS IN INDIA
1891-1921 Period of Stagnant Population
Growth rate of population = 0.19%

1921-1951 Period of Steady Growth

Death rate decreases and Birth rate remains constant.
Increasing population

1951 – 1981 Period of High Growth

Population increasing at a faster rate (Population Explosion in India)

1981 - 2011 Period of declining growth rate

Birth rate decreasing at a faster rate than Death Rate

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Causes of Population Growth
 High Birth Rate
1. Economic Factors:
➢ Predominance of agriculture
➢ Slow rate of urbanization
➢ High poverty ratio
➢ Low growth rate of income
2. Social Factors:
➢ Early marriage
➢ Universality of marriage
➢ Preference of male child
➢ Religious and social superstitions
➢ Lack of education

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 Relatively low Death Rate
1. Elimination of famines
2. Control of epidemics
3. Decline in incidence of malaria and tuberculosis
4. Other factors like safe drinking water, improved medical facilities, etc.

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY, 1976

➢ Announced on April 6, 1976
➢ Coercive methods used
➢ Treated family planning and economic development as substitutes
➢ The policy failed.
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY, 2000
Immediate Objectives: Address the unmet needs of contraception, health, infrastructure, health
personnel and to provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care.

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Medium Term Objectives: Decrease the total fertility rates to replacement level by 2010.
Long term Objectives: Achieve stable population by 2045

Other Objectives:
1. Decrease the Maternal Mortality Rate to below 100 per lakh live births.
2. Decrease the Infant Mortality Rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
3. Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
4. Counseling services related to fertility and contraception methods.
5. Promote delayed marriage for girls.
6. Prevent and control communicable diseases.
7. Promote the small family norm.
8. Make family welfare a people central programme.

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GOALS IN THE TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN
1. Decreasing maternal mortality rate to 1 per 1000 live births.
2. Decreasing infant mortality rate to 25 per 1000 live births.
3. Decreasing total fertility rate to 2.1
4. 50% ‘Gram Panchayat’ receive ‘Nirmal Gram Status’.
5. 50% of rural population should have access to 40 Lpcd(litre per capita per day) piped drinking
water.
6. Decreasing malnutrition among children of age group 0-3 to half its present level.
7. Raising sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 950 by 2016-17.

URBAN AGGLOMERATION
 An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining
outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without
outgrowths of such towns.

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➢ Introduced in Census 1971 in India.
➢ Includes suburban outgrowth of towns.
➢ Includes outgrown population
1971 9 1981 12
1991 23 2001 35
2011 53 2013 54
Out-Growths
Viable unit made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identified in terms of its boundaries and
location. Example: University Campus
CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN AREAS
Class I: Population 1,00,000 & above Class II: Population 50,000 - 99,999
Class III: Population 20,000 - 49,999 Class IV: Population 10,000 - 19,999
Class V: Population 5,000 - 9,999 Class VI: Population of less than 5,000

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CENSUS 2011
Year Percent of Population
Urban Population 2001 27.78%
2011 31.16%

Rural Population 2001 72.2%

2011 68.84%
Density of Population
State 2001 2011
Highest Delhi 9340 11,320
Chandigarh 7900 9258
Lowest Andaman & Nicobar Islands 43 46
Arunachal Pradesh 13 17

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Decadal Growth Rate State 2001-11
Highest Dadra & Nagar Haveli 55.5
Daman & Diu 53.54
Lowest Kerala 4.86
Nagaland -0.6
Sex Ratio (India: 943)
State 2001 2011
Highest Kerala 1058 1084
Puducherry 1001 1037
Lowest Dadra & Nagar Haveli 812 774
Daman & Diu 710 618

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Literacy Rate
(India: 73%; Male: 80.9%; Female: 64.6%)
State-wise Literacy Rate
State 2011 Male/Female
Highest Kerala 94% Male: 96.1%
Female: 92.1%
Lakshadweep 91.8% Male: 95.6%
Female: 89.3%
Lowest Arunachal Pradesh 65.4% Male: 72.6%
Female: 52.1%
Bihar 61.8% Male: 71.2%
Female: 51.5%

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Population Density:
 Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square
kilometer or square mile
2001: 325 2011: 385

NATIONAL POPULATION REGISTER

Objectives:
1. Collection of personal details of all residents of the country.
2. Take pictures of finger prints of people above 15 years in villages/ urban areas
Highest Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Index:
1. Kerala
2. Chandigarh
3. Goa

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Infant Mortality rates:
Area Infant Mortality rate (2011)
Rural 48
Urban 29
All 44
Lowest Infant Mortality Rate Goa, Manipur
Highest Infant Mortality Rate Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha

 India has a high population growth rate because:

1. Large size of population in the reproductive age-groups.
2. High fertility rate due to unmet need for contraception and high wanted fertility due to
prevailing high infant mortality rate.

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PROJECTED SCENARIO BY 2026
This was given by Technical group of National Population Commission constituted in July, 2000.
The
projections are as follows:
Total Projected population 140 crore
Birth rate 16 per 1000
Infant mortality rate 40 per 1000
Sex ratio 930 per 1000 males
Population density 426 persons per sq. km
Population growth (2001- 2026) 36%
Highest population growth Delhi (102%)
Lowest population growth Tamil Nadu (15%), Kerala (17%)

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NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION, 2005
 It aims to provide accessible, affordable and accountable quality health services to rural areas
with emphasis on poor persons and remote areas.
NATIONAL URBAN HEALTH MISSION (January 20, 2014)
Objective: Provide adequate and efficient urban public health delivery system for the urban poor.
➢ Importance to be given to sanitation, clean drinking water, vector control and other related
issues.
➢ Scheme would benefit migrant labour, slum dwellers, rag pickers and other marginalized
sections of the society.

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 QUESTIONS FOR THE DAY

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1. World population Day is on
A) July 11 B) June 12
C) September 12 D) December 11

2. India is the -------------- largest producer of tea in the world

A) First B) Second
C) Third D) Fourth

3. Blue revolution refers to revolution in

A) Oil seeds B) Fertilizer
C) Egg D) Fish production

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4. According to Census of India 2011, the literacy rate of India is
A) 65.73% B) 64.83%
C) 74.04% D) 75.05%

5. The States which do not have RRB’s

A) Goa and Sikkim B) Assam and Kerala
C) Bihar and Rajasthan D) Mizoram and Manipur

6. According to 2011 census, which is the most populous State in India?

A) Maharashtra B) Bihar
C) Uttar Pradesh D) West Bengal

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7. The rate at which the newly born girls replace their mothers is called
A) Net Reproduction Rate B) Gross Reproduction Rate
C) Completed Fertility Rate D) Standardized Fertility Rate

8. A mathematical sample which gives a view of death in a country and is the basis for measuring
the average life expectancy in a society.
A) Population Pyramid B) Vital Statistics
C) Life Table D) None of these

Answers:-
1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) A 6) C 7) A 8) C

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