CHE102

Compar
ati
veChemi
str
yofGr
oupI
A,I
IAandI
VAEl
ement
s

Fi
gur
e1.
1:t
heper
iodi
ctabl
eofel
ement
s
1.
0 Gr
oupI
A–Al
kal
iMet
als
Gr
oupI
Ael
ement
sar
echar
act
eri
zedbyt rns1v
hei alenceel
ect
ronconf
igur
ati
on(
wher
e
ni
stheper
iodnumberand1r
epr
esentt
hegr
oupnumber
),t
hei
rhi
ghr
eact
ivi
tywhi
chi
s
asar
esul
toft ow 1sti
hel oni
zat
ionener
gyt
heypossess,whi
chr
educesev
enf
urt
her
downt
hegr
oupandt
hei
rel
ect
roposi
ti
vi
ty,t
hisenabl
ethem t
oioni
zer
eadi
l
yther
eby
donat
ingel
ect
ronst
ofor
m el
ect
rov
alentcompounds.Themet
alsi
ngr
oupI
A[Li
thi
um
(
Li)
,sodi
um (
Na)
,Pot
assi
um (
K),Rubi
dium (
Rb)
,Caesi
um (
Cs)andFr
anci
um (
Fr)
]ar
e
knownasal
kal
imet
als,
thi
sisbecauset
heyr
eactwi
thwat
ert
ofor
m sol
ubl
ehy
droxi
des
t
hatwer
eoncecal
l
edAl
kal
i
es(
base)
.Int
hisr
eact
ion,
hydr
ogengasi
sgi
venof
fandt
he
cor
respondi
ngmet
alhy
droxi
decont
aini
ngI
Amet
alandahy
droxi
dei
oni
sfor
medas

1
showni
nfi
gur
e1.
2.

Fi
gur
e1.
2:r
eact
ionofI
Ael
ement
swi
thwat
ert
ofor
m al
kal
i

El
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onandel
ect
ronspershel
lofgr
oupI
Ael
ement
s:

-1s22s1 (
Li 2,1)

Na-1s22s22p63s1 (
2,8,
1)

K-1s22s22p63s23p64s1 (
2,8,
8,1)

Rb–[
Kr]5s1 (
2,8,
18,
8,1)

Xe]6s1 (
Cs–[ 2,8,
18,
18,
8,1)

Rn]7s1 (
Fr–[ 2,8,
18,
32,
18,
8,1)

Thechemi
str
yofal
kal
imet
alsi
sdomi
nat
edbyt
hei
rtendencyt
oloseanel
ect
ron
t
her
ebyf
ormi
ngposi
ti
vel
ychar
gedi
ons.

2
 Li +
Li+e- Rb Rb++e-

Na Na++e- Cs Cs++e-

K++e- +e-
+
K Fr Fr

1.
1 Chemi
calr
eact
ivi
tyofGr
oupI
AEl
ement
s

Al
kal
imet
alsexi
sti
nfi
xedoxi
dat
ionst
atesi
nthei
rcompounds,t
hei
roxi
dat
ionnumber
i
susual
l
y+1,hi
ghsecondi
oni
zat
ionener
giespr
ohi
bitt
hef
ormat
ionofdi
val
enti
ons
suchasNa2+.

a)React
ionwi
thnon-
met
als

Gr
oupI
Ael
ement
sreactwi
thnon-
met
alssuchasoxy
gen,hal
ogens,ni
tr
ogen,hy
drogen
andsul
phurt
ogi
veoxi
des(
regul
aroxi
des,
per
oxi
desandsuper
oxi
des)
,hal
i
des,
nit
ri
des,
hy
dri
des,
andsul
phi
der
espect
ivel
y.Howev
ert
her
eisanexcept
ionwi
thni
tr
ogen,
li
thi
um
al
onei
nthegr
oupr
eactdi
rect
lywi
thni
tr
ogent
ofor
mtr
il
it
hium ni
tr
ides(
Li3N)
,ot
her
sdo
notr
eactwi
thni
tr
ogenatal
l
.

Duet
othei
rhi
ghl
yreact
ivenat
ure,t
heyar
est
oredi
nanai
rt
ightcont
ainer
,underl
i
qui
d
par
aff
in,i
ner
tli
qui
dorani
ner
tgast
opr
eventcont
actwi
tht
heat
mospher
ebecause
t
heyr
api
dlyt
arni
shi
nai
r.Li
thi
um bur
nsi
nai
rtof
orm amonoxi
de,
sodi
um r
eactt
ofor
m
t
hemonoxi
deandal
soaper
oxi
de(
Na2O2)i
nexcesssuppl
yofai
r,ot
hermet
alsl
i
ke
pot
assi
um,
rubi
dium andcesi
um f
orm super
oxi
deswhenr
eact
edwi
thexcessoxy
gen.

4Li
s)+O
( 2(
g) 2Li
2O(
s)

Rb(s)+O2(g) RbO2(s)

2Na(s)+O2(g) Na2O2(s)

Cs(s)+O2(g) CsO2(s)

K(s)+O2(g) KO2(s)

b)React
ionwi
thwat
erandaci
ds
Theyr
eactwi
thcol
dwat
erv
igor
ousl
ytol
i
ber
atehy
drogengasandf
orm al
kal
i
s.Thi
s

3
r
eact
ionbecomesi
ncr
easi
ngl
yvi
gor
ousongoi
ngdownt
hegr
oupi
.e.l
i
thi
um r
eact
s
qui
etl
ywi
thwat
er;
sodi
um andpot
assi
um r
eactwi
thi
ncr
easi
ngst
rengt
hwhi
l
erubi
dium
andcaesi
um r
eactv
iol
ent
ly.
2K(s)+2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq)+H2(g)

2Na(s)+2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)

Expl
osi
ver
eact
ionsoccurwhenal
ltheal
kal
imet
alsr
eactwi
thaci
ds.

2.
0 Gr
oupI
IA–Al
kal
ineEar
thMet
als

El
ement
s[Ber
yll
i
um (
Be)
,Magnesi
um (
Mg)
,Cal
ci
um (
Ca)
,St
ront
ium (
Sr)
,Bar
ium (
Ba)
and Radi
um (
Ra)
]pr
esenti
n gr
oup I
IA ar
e cal
l
ed al
kal
i
ne ear
th met
als(
wit
hthe
except
ionofber
yll
i
um)becauset
hei
roxi
desr
eactwi
thwat
ert
ofor
m al
kal
i
s.Ber
yll
i
um
i
s notconsi
der
ed an al
kal
i
ne ear
th met
albecause i
ts oxi
de and hy
droxi
de show
amphot
eri
cbehav
iorr
athert
hanal
kal
i
ne.

Cal
ci
um r
eactv
erysl
owl
ywi
thcol
dwat
er,t
hisr
eact
ioni
shast
enedi
fthewat
eri
s
heat
ed.Magnesi
um r
eact
swi
thst
eam onl
y,bot
hli
ber
atehy
drogeni
nthepr
ocessbut
whi
l
ecal
cium f
ormsahy
droxi
de,magnesi
um f
ormsanoxi
de,t
hef
ormerdi
ssol
ves
spar
ingl
yinwat
ert
ofor
m aweakal
kal
i(cal
cium hy
droxi
de)whi
l
ethel
att
eri
spr
act
ical
l
y
i
nsol
ubl
einwat
er.

Mostoft
hechemi
str
yoft
heal
kal
i
neear
thmet
alscanbepr
edi
ctedf
rom t
hepr
oper
ti
es
andbehav
ioroft
heal
kal
imet
als(
IA)wi
thr
espectt
othesef
act
s:

(
i) Al
kal
i
neear
thmet
alsr
eadi
l
yloset
woel
ect
ronst
ofor
m di
val
enti Be2+,
ons(
Mg2+,
Ca2+…)t
her
ebyr
eachi
ngast
abl
econf
igur
ati
on.

(
ii
) Theyar
eal
sov
eryr
eact
ivet
houghl
essr
eact
ivet
hanal
kal
imet
als.Mgi
sless
act
ivet
hanNa,
Cai
sal
sol
essr
eact
ivet
hanK,
respect
ivel
yint
hator
der
.

(
ii
i) Theybecomemor
eact
iveaswegodownt
hegr
oupi
.e.r
eact
ivi
tyi
ncr
eases
wi
thi
ncr
easi
ngat
omi
csi
zet
hisi
sbecauset
her
eisal
argedecr
easei
n
i
oni
zat
ionener
gydownt
hecol
umn.

Mg Mg2++2e-

4
 Ba Ba2++2e-

2.
1Chemi
cal
react
ivi
tyofGr
oupI
IAEl
ement
s

Al
kal
iear
th met
alsal
so exi
sti
n af
ixed oxi
dat
ion st
atesi
nthei
rcompounds,t
he
oxi
dat
ionnumberi
susual
l
y+2.Theyar
ereadi
l
yoxi
dizedt
odi
val
enti keMg2+.The
onsl
i
t
hir
dioni
zat
ionener
giesofgr
oupI
IAel
ement
sar
ever
yhi
ght
her
efor
etr
ival
enti
onsl
i
ke
Mg3+ar
enotf
ormed.

a)React
ionwi
thnon-
met
als

Gr
oupI
IAmet
alsal
sor
eactwi
thnon-
met
alst
ogi
veoxi
des,hal
i
des,ni
tr
ides,hy
dri
des
andsul
phi
des.BeandMgdonotr
eactwi
thhy
drogent
ofor
m hy
dri
des.Becauset
hese
met
alsar
ever
yreact
ive,t
heyar
eal
sost
oredunderl
i
qui
dpar
aff
int
opr
eventcont
act
wi
tht
heat
mospher
east
heyt
arni
shr
api
dlywhenexposedt
oai
r(wi
tht
heexcept
ionof
ber
yll
i
um andmagnesi
um)
.Al
kal
i
neear
thmet
alsbur
ninai
rtof
orm nor
maloxi
des
hav
ingO2-i
on.St
ront
ium andbar
ium f
orm per
oxi
deonpr
olongedheat
ing.Thei
rnor
mal
oxi
desar
ever
yst
abl
eandonl
ymel
tathi
ght
emper
atur
e.Var
iat
ionsi
nthet
ypesof
oxi
desf
ormedi
sduet
othev
ary
ingsi
zesoft
hemet
als.

2Mg(s)+O2(g) 2MgO(s)

Ba(s)+O2(g) BaO2(s)

b)React
ionwi
thwat
er

Thegr
oupI
IAel
ement
sar
ethesecondmostr
eact
ivemet
alsi
ntheper
iodi
ctabl
e,j
ust
l
i
keal
kal
imet
alst
heyunder
goi
ncr
easi
ngr
eact
ivi
tyi
nthehi
gherper
iods.Ber
yll
i
um i
s
t
heonl
yal
kal
i
neear
thmet
alt
hatdoesnotr
eactwi
thwat
erorst
eam,
eveni
fthemet
ali
s
heat
edt
oredheat
.Ber
yll
i
um hasar
esi
stantout
eroxi
del
ayert
hel
ower
sit
sreact
ivi
tyat
l
owert
emper
atur
e.Amet
alr
eact
ingwi
thcol
dwat
erwi
l
lpr
oducemet
alhy
droxi
de,
buti
f
t
hemet
alr
eactwi
thst
eam,
met
aloxi
dei
spr
oducedasar
esul
toft
hemet
alhy
droxi
des
spl
i
tti
ngduet
oheat
.

M(s)+2H2O(g) MO(s)+H2(g)

M(s)+2H2O(l) M(
OH)s)+H2(
2( g)

5
Magnesi
um showsi
nsi
gni
fi
cantr
eact
ivi
tywi
thwat
er,
buti
tbur
nsv
igor
ousl
yinst
eam or
wat
erv
aport
opr
oducemagnesi
um oxi
deandhy
drogengas.Cal
cium,st
ront
ium and
bar
ium r
eactwi
thi
ncr
easi
ngv
igorbutt
hei
rhy
droxi
desar
eonl
ysl
i
ght
lysol
ubl
einwat
er.

Mg(s)+2H2O(l) Mg(
OH)s)+H2(
2( g)

Ca(s)+2H2O(l) Ca(
OH)
2(
l)+H2(
g)

c)React
ionwi
thaci
ds

Al
lthegr
oupI
IAmet
alsr
eactwi
thcommonaci
dst
ogi
vebubbl
esofhy
drogenandt
he
met
alsofcor
respondi
ngaci
dradi
cal
s/i
onsast
hecasemaybe,t
her
eact
ionsgetmor
e
v
igor
ousgoi
ngdownt
hegr
oup.

X(s)+2HCl
(
aq) XClaq)+H2(
2( g)

X(s)+H2SO4(aq) XSO4(aq)+H2(g)

Howev
er,r
eact
ionwi
thni
tr
icaci
dar
emor
ecompl
i
cat
ed,t
hisi
sbecausewhent
hese
met
alsr
eactwi
thmostaci
dst
heydosobyr
educi
nghy
drogeni
onst
ohy
drogengasby
addi
ngel
ect
ronst
othehy
drogeni
on,t
hemet
ali
soxi
dizedt
oposi
ti
vemet
ali
ons
becausei
tlosesel
ect
rons.Butni
tr
atei
onsar
eal
soeasi
l
yreducedt
opr
oduct
sli
ke
ni
tr
ogenmonoxi
de(
NO)andni
tr
ogendi
oxi
de(
NO2)
,somet
alsr
eact
ingwi
thni
tr
icaci
d
t
endt
ogi
veoxi
desofni
tr
ogenr
athert
hanhy
drogen.Ther
efor
e,asi
def
rom ber
yll
i
um
whi
chhasal
otofdoubt
saboutwhet
herornoti
twi
l
lreactwi
thni
tr
icaci
dduet
oit
s
possessi
onofst
rongoxi
del
ayerwhi
chsl
owsr
eact
ionsdownunt
ili
thasbeenr
emov
ed.
Asi
dest
hat
,ot
hergr
oupI
IAmet
alswi
l
lreactwi
thdi
l
uteni
tr
icaci
dtopr
oducehy
drogen
gast
hati
scont
ami
nat
edwi
thni
tr
ogenoxi
desandasol
uti
onoft
hemet
alni
tr
ate.

I
ftheni
tr
icaci
dsol
uti
oni
sver
ydi
l
ute:

X(s)+2HNO3(aq) Mg(
NO3)
2+H2

Atmoder
ateconcent
rat
ionofni
tr
icaci
d:

3X(s)+8HNO3(aq) 3Mg(
NO3)
2+2NO+4H2O

Andwi
thconcent
rat
edni
tr
icaci
d:

6
 X(s)+4HNO3(aq) Mg(
NO3)
2+2NO2+2H2O

3.
0 Gr
oupI
VA(
orGr
oup14)El
ement
s

Gr
oupI
VAel
ement
sar
ecar
bon(
C),si
l
icon(
Si)
,ger
mani
um (
Ge)
,ti
n(Sn)
,lead(
Pb)and
f
ler
ovi
um (
Fl)whi
chi
sar
adi
oact
iveel
ement(
li
tt
lei
sknownaboutt
hei
rchemi
cal
r
eact
ivi
ty)
.Theseel
ement
sbecomemet
all
i
condescendi
ngt
hegr
oupi
.e.car
boni
sa
non-
met
al,si
l
iconandger
mani
um ar
esemi
-met
al(
met
all
oids)whi
l
eti
nandl
eadar
e
met
als.Si
l
icon,ger
mani
um (
aver
yscar
ceel
ement
)andl
eadar
enotal
l
otr
opi
cbut
car
bonandt
inexhi
bital
l
otr
opy
.

Thet
ypeofal
l
otr
opyexhi
bit
edbycar
boni
sknownasmonot
ropy
,iti
schar
act
eri
zedby
t
hef
actt
hatal
ltheal
l
otr
opescanexi
stunderapar
ti
cul
arsetofcondi
ti
ons,t
her
eisno
t
ransi
ti
ont
emper
atur
eatwhi
choneal
l
otr
opechangesi
ntoanot
herandoneal
l
otr
opei
s
mor
est
abl
ethant
heot
her
,thel
essst
abl
efor
m ar
esai
dtobemet
ast
abl
e.Al
l
otr
opesof
car
bonar
egr
aphi
te,di
amondandf
ull
eri
teanddi
amondi
sthemet
ast
abl
efor
m of
car
bon.Char
coal
,cokeandcar
bonbl
ackar
emer
elyt
hei
mpur
efor
msofcar
bon.

Ti
nhowev
erexi
sti
nthr
eeal
l
otr
opi
cfor
mswhi
char
egr
eyt
in(
α-t
in)
,whi
tet
in(
β-t
in)and
r
hombi
cti
n(δ-
ti
n).Al
phat
ini
sthemostst
abl
efor
m oft
in,bet
ati
nist
hemost
commonl
yfoundal
l
otr
opeoft
inandgammat
inonl
yexi
stsatav
eryhi
ght
emper
atur
e.
Thet
ypesofal
l
otr
opyexhi
bit
edher
eisknownasenant
iot
ropyandi
tischar
act
eri
zedby
t
hef
actt
hatoneal
l
otr
opechangest
oanot
heratadef
ini
tet
emper
atur
eknownas
t
ransi
ti
ont
emper
atur
eandeachal
l
otr
opei
sonl
yst
abl
eov
eradef
ini
tet
emper
atur
e
r
ange.

Asi
nthecaseofgr
oupI
IA,t
her
eisanot
abl
edecr
easei
nioni
zat
ionener
gyand
el
ect
ronegat
ivi
tyofgr
oupI
VAel
ement
sfr
om car
bont
osi
l
icon.Li
tt
lechangesoccur
f
art
herdownt
hegr
oupaf
ter
war
ds,t
hisobser
vat
ionoccur
sinbot
hgr
oupsmai
nly
becauseel
ement
sfar
therdownt
hegr
ouphav
eful
l
yfi
l
leddsubshel
l
.

Gr
oupI
VAel
ement
spr
edomi
nant
lyf
orm cov
alentbonds,
thi
sisbecauset
hef
ormat
ion
oft
rue+4i
onsi
srat
herdi
ff
icul
tther
efor
e,i
nthei
r+4oxi
dat
ionst
ates,
all
groupsI
VA
el
ement
sent
erscov
alentcombi
nat
ionbyshar
ingpai
rofel
ect
rons(
shar
edpai
r)

7
bet
weent
her
eact
ingat
omssoast
oat
tai
nast
abl
econf
igur
ati
on.The+2oxi
dat
ion
st
ateofgr
oupI
VAel
ement
sispecul
i
art
otheel
ement
s(t
inandl
ead)downt
hegr
oupas
t
heyar
emor
est
abl
eint
hisst
atewhencompar
edt
othoseupt
hegr
oupt
hatexhi
biti
n
t
hei
r+4oxi
dat
ionst
ate.Thest
abi
l
ityoft
hecompoundsf
ormedat+2oxi
dat
ionst
ate
i
ncr
easesandt
hatoft
he+4st
atecompoundsdecr
easesongoi
ngdownt
hegr
oup.
Car
bonandsi
l
iconf
orm mor
est
abl
e+4st
atecompoundswhi
l
eti
nandl
eadf
orm mor
e
st
abl
e+2st
atecompounds.

CO CO2

Si
O Si
O2

GeO GeO2

SnO SnO2

PbO PbO2

(
+2oxi
dat
ion) (
+4oxi
dat
ion)
st
abi
l
ityi
ncr
eases st
abi
l
ityi
ncr
eases

3.
1 React
ivi
tyofGr
oupI
VAEl
ement
s

Onl
yti
nandl
eadar
eabov
ehy
drogeni
ntheel
ect
rochemi
calser
ies.Leadandt
inar
e
t
her
efor
eabl
etor
eleasehy
drogensl
owl
ywhenr
eact
edwi
thdi
l
uteaci
ds

Sn(s)+2HCl
(
aq) SnClaq)+H2(
2( g)

Car
boni
soxi
dizedbyhotconcent
rat
edaci
dssuchasconcent
rat
edni
tr
icandsul
phur
ic
aci
d.

C(s)+2H2SO4(l) CO2(g)+2H2O(l)+2HSO2(g)

Si
l
icondoesnotr
eactwi
thanyaci
dexcepthy
drof
luor
icaci
d.Al
lthegr
oupI
VAel
ement
s
exceptcar
bonr
eactwi
thal
kal
i
s.

8
 Si
s)+2
( NaOH(aq)+H2O(l) Na2Si
O3(aq)+2H2(g)

Sn(s)+2NaOH(aq)+H2O(l) Na2SnO3(aq)+2H2(g)

Pb(s)+2NaOH(aq) Na2PbO2(aq)+H2(g)

Al
lthegr
oupI
VAel
ement
sexceptl
eadr
eactwi
thoxy
genonheat
ingt
ofor
m di
oxi
des.
Howev
er,
leadcombi
neswi
thoxy
gent
ofor
mlead(
II
)oxi
de(
PbO)
.Car
boni
scapabl
eof
r
educi
ngst
eam t
ocar
bonmonoxi
de(
CO)
.

C(s)+O2(g) CO2(g)

2Pb(s)+O2(g) 2PbO(s)

C(s)+H2O(g) CO(g)+H2(g)