CHAP 12 LEADERS OF PAKISTAN.

FOUNDATION OF DEMOCRACY;
.LEGISLATIVE BODY;It make legislations(to makes laws and
regulations)
.EXECUTIVE BODY;one which executes the law,govt is one
which executes the law pm,cabinet,police and civil service.
.COURT;punish those who breaks the law.

2 GOVERNOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN

KHWAJA NAZIMUDDIN;
.He became the second governor general of pakistan after the
demise of muhammad ali jinnah.
.He was also the second prime minister of pakistan and played an
important role in the pakistan movement.
.He belong to east pakistan(bengal) and studied at aligarh
university as well as at cambridge university for higher education
.He was a close associate of Muhammad ali jinnah and was the
head of AML after independence.

.LIAQUAT ALI KHAN;

.He was the first prime minister of pakistan who was a lawyer by
profession.
,He was educated at aligarh university and went to university of
oxford for higher education.
.His greatest achievement was that the objective resolution which
became a basis of constitution of pakistan.
,He also solved the problem of refugees by signing a pact with
india.
,ACHIEVEMENTS;
.OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION;
.It was made to draft the constitution .
.It was presented for discussion.
.It was made by Basic Principle Committee (BPC).
.It was the foundation for the formation of the future constitution of
pakistan and was derived by liaquat ali khan.
.The constitution should observe the principles of
democracy,freedom,equality,tolerance,and social justice as laid
down by islam.
.Muslim would be allowed to live their live according to islamic
principle.
.other religious groups should be able to practice their religion
freely.
.Minorities should be protected from social injustice.
.All fundamental human rights should be guaranteed.
.The legal system should be independent of government.
CRITICISM ON OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION;
1)EAST PAKISTAN OBJECTED;
.Benagli should be national language.
.They want more representation in the national assembly.
.They want more share and higher position in govt.
.East pakistan wanted more officers in govt because they think
west pakistan is dominating them.
2)RELIGIOUS GROUPS OBJECTED;
.They wanted laws to be based upon shariat.
.They wanted a proper islamic state.
.They wanted quran and sunnah to be guidance of a country.
3)PROVINCIAL POLITICIANS OBJECTED;
.They oppose a strong central government.
.They wanted power distribution b/w provinces,wanted provincial
authority.
.Provincial politicians can understand the problems of provinces.

.PRODA(PUBLIC AND REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS

DISQUALIFICATION ACT)
.It was an act made under liaquat ali khan to make pakistan free
of corruption.
.It stated that people can launch complain about corrupt officers to
governor general or provincial governor.
.An inquiry would be launched against the aquste governor
officers and if the officers is found guilty and they would be
banned from the office permanently.
IMPACT;
.It was made to eliminate corruption but it led to the removal of
those harsh officers who were not ready to obey landlords.
.MINORITY PACT/LIAQUAT NEHRU PACT 1949
.Pact between liaquat and nehru.
.Minority on both side of the border would be protected.
.There would be a visa system introduced to cross the border.
.No free passage would be given for the cross border movement.
IMPACT;
.It was for the first time that the diplomatic ties were restore b/w
two countries who consider them enemy of each other.
.Muslim were secure in india and hindus were secure in pakistan
FAILURES;
1)MATTER OF KASHMIR AND HYDERABAD DECCAN;
.Liaquat ali khan was completely failed in resolving the matter of
kashmir.
2)ARMY LEADERSHIP;
.Muhammad ali jinnah appointed sir douglas gracey as the
commander chief of pakistan.
,After death of jinnah there were several complain from muslim
officers that higher position are taken by british in pakistan army.
.The pakistani muslim solldiers were unhappy about the
leadership of the army which led to the removal of sir doughlas
gracey.
.General ayub khan replaced him and became the new
commander chief of pakistan army.
3) RAWALPINDI CONTROVERSY 1951;
.In march 1951 a conspiracy was planned against the government
of liaquat ali khan by military officers.
.They were led by major general akbar khan along with the 14
officers of military who planned a coup to take over the
government.
.Ayub khan discovered the conspiracy and arrested military
officers and as well imprisoned them to save govt.
.This was famously known as rawalpindi conspiracy in which
government was protected by and in the same year liaquat ali
khan was shot dead.

MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD;

.He was first finance minister of pakistan.
.He presented first economic budget of pakistan.
.he was 3 governor general of pakistan.
.He was accountant by profession and served at a position of
financial position under british civil service.
MALIK GHULAM AND KHWAJA NAZIMUDDIN
ACHIEVEMENTS;
1)SIX YEAR ECONOMIC PLAN;
.In 1950 planning commission was set up for economic
development.
.In 1951, he presented his first six year plan,several sectors were
to be developed.
.Under this plan it was discussed that the sector of
agriculture,fuel,power,industry and mining,transport and
communication would be developed.
.The also planned social uplift schemes to help the people of
pakistan for the economic revival.
.In 1952,natural gas was discovered at sui,supplied to
karachi,there was industrial development.
.jute processing plant was also formed in east pakistan.
.From 1951 to 1953 there was drought which led to less jute
output.
.Due to end of war betwen east korea and west korea there was
reduction in export of cottoon from west pakistan .
IMPACT;
The progress of 6 year plan was halted by droughts and food
shortages.
2)CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT;
.After demise of liaquat ali khan,led by khwaja nazimuddin.
.There were some changes from the first constitution because of
criticism of ulamas.presented by BPC.
.In 1952,second draft was given.
.proposals were;
.Head of the state must be muslims.
.Muslim equal representation for east pak and west pak.
.Minorities have both representatives in national and provincial
level.
.Khwaja nazimuddin will report everything to National assembly
not to head of state.
Impact;reduction to the power of general;
.Islamic specialist committee will formed and ensure that all
legislations are according to islamic shariah.
.Official language should be choosen by assembly;
.CRITICISM;
.East pakistan want more share.
.East pakistan want bengali as a official language.
,Religous people still object that it is not acc to shariah they
wanted it more islamic.
.Provincial governor want more power.
MGM AND KHWAJA NAZIMUDDIN FAILURES;
1)NO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;.
There were food shortages which led to an economic crisis.
.No food was available for people and there was starvation in east
pakistan.
2)CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS;
.No one had agreed on the proposals;
.did not succeed to make the constitution for pakistan.
Impact;govt of india act 1935.
3)AHMADIS PROBLEMS;
.Zafarullah khan was the supporter of pakistan movement and
AML.
.Jinnah made him 1 foreign minister of pakistan.
.Jamat e islami protesr against zafar ullah khan that to remove
him as he is non muslim and he is on thr highest position of
pakistan.
.Violent protest spread all over lahore and around 200 to 250
people were killed.
Q)WRITE A NOTE ON SEATO?
Ans)SEATO was an anti communist bloc made by usa in south
asia.It was formed in 1954 and all together 8 member
countries.Pakistan also became the member of seato and receive
economy and military support from usa.It was dissolved in 1977
due to internal conflicts among the member states.
Q)WRITE A NOTE ON CENTO?
Ans)CENTO was an anti communist military alliance formed in
middle east.It was also called METO(Middle east treaty
organization) and was signed in baghdad in 1955.It had
altogether 5 members including UK,IRAN,IRAQ AND
TURKEY.Pakistan also become its member until it was dissolved
in 1979.
.MUHAMMAD ALI BOGRA;
.He was the pakistani bengali politician who served as third prime
minister of pakistan.
.He completed his education from university of calcutta and joined
foreign ministry of pakistan as a diplomat.
.He served as a embassador of pakistan in several countries such
as burma and us.
.As the prime minister of pakistan,he aligned pakistan with usa by
joining central treaty organization.(CENTO).
MGM AND MUHAMMAD ALI BOGRA ACHIEVEMENTS;
1)Secured western aid;
.Took wheat from usa ,canada and australia .
They have done this to solve food shortages in pakistan.
2)JOINED CENTO AND SEATO;
.They took money from usa.
.Supplies equipment and food.
.Pakistan get industrial experts.
Pakistan aligned with usa against communism/russian.
PROBLEMS
CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS OF 1954/55;
1 PARA;
In 1954 bogra called the meeting of national assembly and he
persuaded an assembly to pass a constitution to limit the power of
governor general by saying;
.That all his ministers the prime minister,must be members of the
assembly.
.that the assembly had to approve the cabinet.
.that the governor general had to take the advice of his ministers.
.the assembly repealed the PRODA act.
2 PARA;
.Malik ghulam muhammad announced an emergency in the
country.
.He dismissed bogra and dissolved NA and PA.
.Made anew cabinet with bogra as PM.
.Included General Ayub Khan in the cabinet.
.Announced new elections for NA and PA.
3 PARA;
.Maulvi tameezuddin was the speaker of the assembly .
.He challenged MGM decision in sindh high court.
..Sindh high court ruled in favour of maulvi tameezuddin.
Assembly and cabinet were restarted but decision was challenge
in federal court.
.Federal court ruled in favour of MGM.
.Then he got ill in 1955 and resigned .
MAJOR GENERAL ISKANDER MIRZA;(4 GOVERNOR
GENERAL)(1955-1958)
.He was retired major general who became politician from east
pakistan he served as the 4 governor general of pakistan and
introduce 1 constitution of pakistan in 1956.
.He also served as a first defence secretary by liaquat ali khan
and also served as governor of bengal.
.He implemented one unit scheme in pakistan to solve problems
b/w west pakistan and east pakistan.
.Iskander mirza removed MGM and welcomed Chaudhry
muhmmad ali as a prime minister.
.CHAUDHRY MUHAMMAD ALI.
.He was the 4 prime minster of pakistan who served for just one
year and resigned.
.He was an important member of pakistan movement and was an
accountant by profession.
.He served as a finance secretary under MGM after partition and
was a closed friend of him.
.Khwaja nazimuddin appointed him as a finance minister amd he
successfully implemented 6 year plan.
ISKANDER MIRZA AND CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI;
.1956 CONSTITUTION;
.After this pakistan came out from dominance of british.
.He change the governor general and started president form .
.He himself became a first president(iskander mirza)
.Based on the proposals given by basic principle committee .
.President had to take advice from cabinet of national assembly.
.president must be muslim.
.he must have to power to dissolve the assembly.
.He can choose a prime minister but it must be from national
assembly..
.Islamic committee was introduced to check all laws made by NA
weather they are in accordance to islamic power and the right to
veto the power.
1956 CONSTITUTION;
.Imposed on 23 march 1956.
.It was compromise between 2 most important parties ML (west
pakistan)and United front(east pakistan).
.United front dropped their demand for more than equal seats in
assembly as well as provincial autonomy and in return bengali
was accepted as an official language of pakistan.

.ONE UNIT POLICY;

5 OCT 1955
.Under one unit scheme ,the 4
. provinces of west pakistan were unified into a unit and were
altogether called west pakistan.
.Iskander mirza claimed that unification brings efficiency and rapid
development for west pakistan.
.Iskander mirza also claimed that unification will bring loyalty to
the state instead of a provice as they would be first pakistani to
serve their state.
.OPPOSITION TO ONE UNIT SCHEME;
.Iskander mirza promised for rapid development but he did not do
it.he do a improvement in punjab.
MODERNIZATION;
.Iskander mirza initiated industrialization program in pakistan to
develop economy of the country
.He also started a rural development program to provide basic
facilities to rural areas.
.In 1955 karachi airport was completed.
.He also started modernization of railway lines.
.Telephone was introduced in pakistan and was extended to
further areas tp develop communication system in pakistan.
.He also made provisions for health and education services in a
country for allocating a budget for it.
FAILURES OF ISKANDER MIRZA;
1)political failure;
.Removed bogra
.CH. M ALI resigned.
.then Hussaiin shaheed soharwady also resigned from PM
because he did not want to be a puppet.
.II CHUNDRIGAR was appointed (He was not able to form a
cabinet who can run a state) and if a cabinet was formed they
could not agree on single issue.he also resigned.
,Feroze khan noon was appointed and he made a cabinet of 26
members out of 80 members in assembly which created more
divisions among the politicians.
2)UNPOPULARITY OF ISKANDER MIRZA;
.No control on govt.
,Immense opposition to his rule ,people didnt appreciate him.
.Hussain soharwardy launched a campaign to land his rule.
.Leading politicians were united with soharwardy to end the rule of
iskander mirza.
Iskander mirza was in a great pressure and he realize his rule
was soon going to end.
3)MARTIAL LAW;
.Iskander mirza turned ti military for help.
.Emergency powers to dismiss the government.
.abolished 1956 constitutions in 1958.
.Ayub khan took over as a chief martial law administrator.
.Iskander mirza demanded that ayub khan would became PM and
iskander mirza himself as president but ayub khan asked to leave
pakistan.
4)DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW;(4 MARKS)
1)On oct 1958,Ayub khan declared 1 martial law of pakistan.
2)He abolished 1956 constitution.
3)Government assemblies were dissolved ,both national and
provincial assemblies.
4)All political parties were banned,until any alternative would be
made.
.There will be martial law in country.

AYUB KHAN;
.He was the first pakistani commander and chief of pakistan
armed forces and became the 2 president of pakistan.
.He was educated from Aligarh muslim university and joined the
british army to fight in WW2 against japanese.
.He became president of pakistan in 1958 and introduced several
reforms to develop pakistan including the green revolution.
.He made a strong alliance with USA and introduced 1962
constitution in pakistan to form a presidential form of government .
REFORMS;
1)POLITICAL REFORMS;
.Ayub khan introduce basic democracies order on 26 oct 1959
and claimed that he had brought democracy to the roots of the
country.
.It was a four tier system in which ordinary people will elect union
council member who in turn elected district and divisional
members.
.In 1962 constitution ,80000 basic democrats were form into an
electoral college for the election of president and the member of
central and provisional assemblies.
.In 1959,ayub khan decided to take vote of confidence from basic
democrats and received 95% of vote from them.
ACHIEVEMENTS
1962 CONSTITUTION;
.It was presented by ayub khan in 1962 and he described it a
combination of democracy with discipline.
.President have a power as he can pass and reject any law he
wants and he had also emergency power to dissolve government.
.The president have power to nominate head of judiciary and
head of provincial governors and as well as he can nominate the
members of cabinet.
.He also stated that president would not be removed unless there
is an impeachment by judiciary.
.Both urdu and bengali were recognized as the national language
of pakistan and session of national assembly was to be held in
Dhaka and Islamabad.
CRITICISM;
.It gave too much power to ruling elite.
.East pakistan criticize that all the power is given to civil and
military
officals of west pakistan. Although ayub khan made some
reforms.
.Politicians felt that they do not have any real power and ayub
khan dictated the, all the policies to be implemented in a country.
DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT
.AGRICULTURAL REFORMS;
.Ayub khan introduced those land reforms to increase the
agricultural production.
.The main idea of these reforms that instead of small subsistence
form there would be larger farms which can contribute to national
output.
.A law was passed saying that no farms could be smaller that
12.5 acres or larger than 500 acres(irrigated) or 1000 acres
(unirrigated).
.The larger farms were also redistributed which forced the land
owners to find tennants to cultivate their land which increases the
productivity of that farms.
.GREEN REVOLUTION;
.Ayub khan started mechanizing agriculture,introduced tractors.
.Three major damns were developed under him under a treaty of
indus water treaty.
.Ayub khan give loans to farmers to built wells for their agriculture
to reduce the dependence on canal agriculture.
Impact;
The dams and major canal which made under indus water treaty
,he took aid from then,pakistan had made all of these things but
they start depending on foreign currency;
This increasing output from farms was named as green
revolution.
CRITICISM;
Only the rich landlord were able to take advantage of ayub khan
reform,rest were not able to afford.
.These tractors were only brought by rich landlords,the poor
cannot purchase it,only the rich can earn profit from it.
INDUSTRIAL REFORMS;
.Pakistan was a plain agricultural country,there was no any
machinery to setup factories.
.Ayub khan had to start from the beginning.
.He took loan and aid from foreign countries to made industrial
infrastructure
.In 1962,oil refinery in karachi was introduced by him as it give
rise to all industries,as it was cheaper to buy crude oil instead of
its product which is expensive.
In 1962,mineral development corporation was made which mainly
focus on minerals only.
.In 1964 ,regional corporation development was developed under
it 3 countries joined Turkey,iran and pakistan.
.Afghanistan was offered but they denied,highway was linked
from karachi to quetta to iran to Turkey.
.It was very beneficial.
.It led to profit and higher productivity and profits of pakistan.
.It was made to develop to trade commerce and industry in
pakistan.
.Ayub khan announces Export Bonus Scheme in which incentive
were given to those factories for more export.
IMPACT;
All of these majors led an immense growth of pakistan,economic
growth led to 7%.
CRITICISM;
It came when the significant growth was happening,but only 22
families were becoming rich.
.It was also revealed that 22 families controlled 66% of pakistan
industrial asset and 80% of pakistan banking and insurance
companies.
.It was also found that most of these 22 families belong to west
pakistan and east pakistan resented it.
SOCIAL REFORMS;
.Rehabilitation of refugees with the help of army.
.He appointed general azam khan who was made rehabilitation
minister.
.75000 refugees were settled in new dwelling near karachi,
.The factory owner must provide accommodation to its worker.
.Family planning programme
.US wanted to implement this program in pakistan through
cinema,radio,newspaper that there should be smaller families,it
was introduced through US aid.
.Ayub khan was becoming unpopular because of it by ulamas that
natural things should not be interfere.
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS;
.A new curriculum was introduced in the school,new textbooks
were published.
,Government introduce literacy programme however people were
not ready to educate their children.
.New school were developed,New colleges were developed.
.Medical schools were made to educate children.
.Nursing training schools were also introduced.
IMPACT;
He mechanized the schooling system,he tried to improve literary
rate of pakistan but due to economic problem of people they did
not send their children to school.
.NEW CAPITAL;
PROBLEMS WITH KARACHI;
.It was economic city which means there was
transport,traffic,pollution,factories, and commercial activities.
.It was not a safe city as it was in a coastal region,there was a
major attack on karachi in 1965,attack by India at an oil refinery
and blazes were throughout the city. The Capital must be safe.
.It was not a planned city, there were no commercial blocks,there
were no residential blocks
.ADVANTAGES OF ISLAMABAD;
.Planned city.,as it has bloc for separate activity.
.It is divided into 8 self certain zones.Each having a separate uses
such as industrial sector,educational,residential and commercial.
.It is a safe city as it was surrounded by mountains which means it
is protected from four sides.
.Army headquarters are near islamabad so it can be easily
protected.
.Their is scenic beauty,it looks good capital city,looks attractive
city ,tourism and greenery.
.DECLINE OF AYUB KHAN;
1)DICTATORIAL RULE;
.Ayub khan can pass any law he wanted and rejected any law he
wanted.
.He didnot listen to the advice of any minister.
.He suppressed the political opposition against him.
.It was a one man government.
.He dictated the policies to the government.
IMPACT;
Many politicians think that they did not have any value,no
voice,Ayub khan just want them to follow his policies due to
this,they resented this dictatorial rule.Many of the politicians
joined the protest against them.
2)CORRUPTION OF BASIC DEMOCRATS;
.Basic democrats felt that they are too powerful as they are
supported by president,they started to misuse their power.
.They started to accept the bribe.
.Even for the legal rights for the citizen.
.They started corruption in for the landlords,landlords want them
to be corrupt.
.Basic democrats were very unpopular among the people. This
was blamed on Ayub khan because he introduced it.
3)ECONOMIC PROBLEMS;
.Even though pakistan was developing due to many policies but
were benefiting the rich industrialist and landlord.
.22 families had almost all the wealth of pakistan.66% of pakistan
industrial asset,80% of pakistan banking and insurance were
controlled by them,other people were poor and living on a poverty
line.
.Pakistan was ruled by a rich elite mostly from west pakistan.
IMPACT;
Because of this poverty and lack of resources,protest started all
over pakistan.
4)1965 WAR;
.War was started to free kashmir.
.It ends in pakistan defending himself hardly.
.Ayub khan from pakistan and lal bahadur shahstri both went to
tashkent in russia and Russia meditated india and pakistan but in
this agreement kashmir issue was not solved so people blamed
ayub khan that he is not able to solve kashmir issue in Tashkent.
.people started protest against him and in reaction to this issue he
removed foreign minister zulfiqar ali bhutto that he was not able to
solve the matter of kashmir.zulfiqar ali bhutto started protest all
over west pakistanthat ayub khan put him in jail which creates
more resentment.
5)1965 ELECTIONS;
.In january 1965,elections were held for the president of
pakistan,Ayub khan found a new party called convention Muslim
league to condense the election for the position of president.
.Opposition party joined together and agreed to support
Muhtarma fatima jinnah for the presidency of pakistan.
.Ayub khan won 64% of the votes and won the elections but there
were white scale association of rigging ,this led to riots and a law
and order situation to decline in a country.
.8 parties form an alliance called democratic action committee
and protested against the rule of ayub khan throughout the
country.
.By 1969 he realized that he has lost the support and resigned
from his position.
GENERAL YAHYA KHAN;
.He came after ayub khan,he become a chief of martial law
administration after this ayub khan became president.
.Yahya khan announced three major points;
.He said that basic democracies was not successful so he
dissolved it and restored the position of NA and PA.
.They announced that there would be elections and a properly
elected government of pakistan.
.He also abolished the one unit scheme which has brought lot of
criticism and restored provincial government in pakistan.
.Yahya khan also decided that the election would be based on
“one man one vote” to show his commitment towards democracy.
.
.