SMP SAINS MIFTAHUL HUDA

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1. Social Mobility
A. Social Interaction and Social Status
Reciprocal (social) relationships in the form of mutually influencing actions between individuals,
between individuals and groups, and between groups are called social interactions. Social interaction
will continue to occur continuously in social life. Growing interactions in this society will change the
mindset and enable social mobility. Someone who has experiencing social mobility means having
experience a change in social status. Thus, social mobility is a change or a change in a person's status in
a society. As For example, a teacher changes his status to become a principal.
2. Social Mobility
a. Definition of Social Mobility
Social mobility according to Paul B. Horton is the movement from one social class to another.
Meanwhile, according to Michael S. Bassis, social mobility is movement up or down the socioeconomic
environment change one's social status in society.
b. Forms of Social Mobility
Social mobility has the following forms:
1. Horizontal Social Mobility
Horizontal social mobility is the transition of individuals or social group from a social group to a
social group that is equals. There is no change in the degree of a person's position in this social mobility.
b. Forms of Social Mobility
Social mobility has the following forms:
1. Horizontal Social Mobility
Horizontal social mobility is the transition of individuals to individuals or social group to social
group that is equals. There was no change in the second degree distress someone in this social mobility.
For example, Mr. Suryo is an English teacher in Senior High School (SMA). Because he was not
matching at work, he decided to be an English teacher in Vocational High School (SMK). It can be
concluded that Mr. Suryo is not underwent a change in status. He remains as an English teacher at the
school.
2. Vertical Social Mobility
Vertical social mobility is the movement of individuals to individuals or social group to social
group from a certain social position that is unequal. There are two types of social mobility, namely
upward vertical social mobility and vertical social mobility down.
a) Vertical upward social mobility (social climbing mobility or (upward mobility) is the movement to
a higher social class than before. This type of mobility has two main forms are as follows:
1) Enter into a higher position. Example, Mrs. Siti is an Indonesian language teacher in one of high
school. Mrs. Siti has met the requirements so that she was appointed to be the principal of the
school. So, Mrs. Siti came in a higher position.

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2) Formation of a new group assigned to a higher degree than the position of the forming individual of
the group.
b) Downward vertical social mobility (social sinking mobility or downward mobility) is the
movement to a higher social class lower than before. This type of social mobility has two main
forms are as follows:
1) The decline of an individual's position to a higher position lower than before.
2) The decline in the degree of a group.
3. Intergenerational and Intragenerational Social Mobility
Social mobility in addition to being able to move vertically and horizontally can also move by descent.
a. Intergenerational mobility
Intergenerational mobility means the mobility of two generations or more, for example the father
mother generation, the generation of children, the generation of grandchildren. This mobility is
characterized by the development of standard of living, both rising and falling within a generation.
The emphasis is not on hereditary development, but rather on the transfer of social status from one
generation to another.
b. Intragenerational mobility
Intragenerational mobility is mobility that occurs within the same generation group. This
mobility can be marked with an increasing or decreasing in status.
4. Geographical Social Mobility
Geographical social mobility is also known as lateral mobility. Mobility Social-geography is the
movement of individuals or groups from one area to another which indirectly changes the social status.
Geographical social mobility can occur through transmigration, urbanization, and migration.
C. Social Mobility Encouraging and Inhibiting Factors
In the following we will discuss the factors and barriers to social mobility:
1. Factors Driving Social Mobility
a) Social Status
A person at birth already has a certain social status and he/she has the right to choose or
change the social status they receive. In an open society, individuals have the opportunity to carry
out social mobility between classes. As for closed society, mobility opportunities individual social
life can still occur even though it is very limited and slow.
b) Economic Situation
Every individual has a family economic background different. However, each individual will try
to improve his/her economic situation to be better. The drives to improve the state of the economy
become one of the drivers of social mobility. Economic Situation unfavorable surrounding areas can
also encourage horizontal mobility is the movement to another area that considered economically
better.
c) Population Growth
Population growth is sometimes not matched by the provision of needs so that it becomes a
burden on society. As a result, welfare levels may be reduced. This can encourage horizontal
mobility and geographic social mobility, when residents move to other areas that are considered
more profitable.
d) Political Situation
The stable political situation of a country allows the population performs vertical social
mobility as well as horizontally.
2. Social Mobility Inhibiting Factors
The following are some of the inhibiting factors for social mobility:
a) Racial and Religious Discrimination
Discrimination or racial discrimination can make a difference social status. This discrimination
will hinder social mobility due to the fact that the access of a group of people in various aspects
tends to be limited.

b) Class Discrimination

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Class discrimination can hinder social mobility. For example, during the Dutch colonial period,
formal schools cannot be followed by the children of the common people. They might attend only
Dutch descent, foreigners, and the native nobility supported by the colonial government.
c) Effect of Socialization of Social Class
Socialization is the process by which a child learns to participate becomes a member of society.
A person's social class can become a place for individuals to develop and experience the process
socialization. This can be a barrier to vertical mobility to on. The strong socialization influence of
the environment tends to strengthen the child to live with the mindset of the community in his
environment.
d) Poverty
Poverty can limit a person's opportunity to develop and achieve a certain social status.
e) Gender Difference
The social status of a certain gender should not be higher compared to other genders. But in
society, gender differences can have an effect on achievement, power, social status, and
opportunity to go forward. Men tend to be seen as superior and are more likely to experience social
mobility than women.
D. Social Mobility Ways and Channels
1. The Way of Social Mobility
Social mobility, especially upward vertical mobility, can be done in the following ways:
a. Changes in Living Standards
An increase in one's income can raise standards live economically. It will affect the increase
social status. For example, Mr. Budi got a promotion at the company so that they get a higher salary.
He then buys a luxury car so that his social status increases.
b. Changes of Residence
To improve social status, a person can move to a better place, with better facilities and security.
c. Changes in Behavior
In order to get a higher social status, people try raising their social status by practicing the forms
behaviour of a higher social class. Apart from behaviour, these changes can also include clothing,
speech, and favourite.
d. Wedding
Increasing social status to a higher level can be done through marriage. For example, a person
from a simple family marries a person from a rich and respected family in his society. The marriage
can raise the status of the person.
e) Join a Certain Organization
One can raise one's status by engaging themselves in a particular organization. One's social
status often associated with membership in a particular organization.
2. Social Mobility Channel
According to Pitirim A. Sorokin, in social mobility, especially upward social mobility, there are
certain channels in society. These channels are called social circulation are as follows:
a) Armed Forces
The organization of the armed forces can be used as a channel upward vertical mobility through
the stages of promotion.
b) Religious Institutions
Religion is considered a noble and important institution in society. A person who becomes a
religious leader is highly respected although he may not previously have been of high social status.
c) Educational Institutions
School educational institutions are generally the channel that evident for vertical upward
mobility. School is important as a channel of social mobility because it can be entered by various
social class of society. Educational institutions often even considered a "social elevator" that can lift
someone from a lower position to a higher position high.

d) Political Organization

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Political organizations can be channels of social mobility for its members. A member of a
political party has a chance gain a position in the party. In fact, there are the opportunities to become
a member of the People's Representative Council (DPR) as a candidate for that party.
e) Economic Organization
Economic organization has an important role as a channel for upward vertical social movement.
A person can improve his/her social status if he/she becomes a successful private entrepreneur or
has a position in a government economic organization such as a BUMN.
f) Expertise Organization
Expertise organizations can be a place for people with certain skills. Through organizational
membership expertise, a person can increase the social status in public.
g) Marriage Channel
A marriage can be a channel of one's mobility. A person who marries a person who has status
a nobleman will be respected because of the influence of his partner.
e. Impact of Social Mobility
Social mobility has both positive and negative impacts on public. The following is an explanation
of each of these impacts:
1. Positive Impact
Social mobility has a positive impact, among others, as follows:
a) Willing to strive to advance
b) Accelerating social change
2. Negative Impact
The rise and fall of social status certainly has consequences certain of the social structure of society.
The consequences have a negative impact. Here are some of them:
a) Causes anxiety and tension
b) Dissolved relationships
c) Generating conflict or interpersonal conflict
d) Cause interclass conflict
E) Generating intergroup conflict
F) Generating intergenerational conflict
B. Plurality of Indonesian Society
This plurality can also be called diversity.
1. Religious differences
a. Islam
Islam entered Indonesia is estimated that since the 7 th century and growing rapidly along with the
decline of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms around the 13 th century. As for a number of major days that are
owned by Muslims, among others, as follows:
 Eid Al-Fitr on the 1st of Shawwal
 Eid Al-Adha on the 10th of Zulhijah
 Islamic New Year on the 1st of Muharram
 Isra' Mi'raj on 27th of Rajab
 The Prophet's Birthday on the 12th of Rabiul Awal.
b. Protestant Christianity
Protestant Christianity developed in Indonesia, spread by the Dutch (17th century).
c. Catholic Christianity
Catholic Christianity spread during the colonial period from Maluku, spread mainly by the Portuguese
(16th century).
Protestant Christians and Catholic Christians have a number of holidays, including:
 Christmas on 25th December
 Jum’at Agung to commemorate the death of Jesus Christ
 Paskah
d. Hindu Religion

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Hinduism is thought to have entered Indonesia before the 5 th century. Hindus have a number of big
days, including:
 Nyepi
 Saraswati
 Galungan
e. Buddhist
Buddhism is thought to have entered Indonesia before the 5 th century. Buddhists have a number of big
days, including:
 Waisak
 Ashada
f. Confucianism
Confucianism has a number of holidays, including:
 Imlek
 Cap Go Meh
2. Cultural differences
The causes of cultural differences include:
 Geographical situation
 The influence of foreign culture
 Climatic conditions
3. Ethnic differences
The diversity of ethnic groups in Indonesia proves that Indonesian ethnic groups can live side by
side. Inter-tribal marriages have also become commonplace.
4. Job Differences
All residents are able to do work. The working age population is divided into the labor force and
the not-labor force. The labor force is divided into those who actively working and those who are
looking for work. They those who are looking for work are called unemployed. The non-labor force
group includes those who still in school, housewives, and retirees. There are workers who work in the
formal business sector and there is who work in the informal or non-formal business sector. Workers
who work in the formal business sector are called formal workers. As for workers those who work in
the informal business sector are called informal workers.
a) Formal sector workers
Formal sector workers include professionals, technicians, leadership and management personnel,
administrative staff, sales business personnel, and service workforce. To work in the formal sector in
general requires an adequate level of education.
b) Informal sector workers
Informal sector workers are people who work in an informal business environment or job field
created and managed by the workers themselves (such as entrepreneur).
5. Creating a Multicultural Society
The definition of multicultural society here is society of Indonesia, which recognizes the
diversity of cultural uniqueness in Indonesia, societies that recognizes differences, but not restrains
other groups. Difference or plurality is considered as an extraordinary force to build civilization better.
a. Multicultural Education
There are three basics that can be used as a reference for education multicultural, namely as follows:
1) Recognition of other cultural identities.
2) Customs and traditions that live in a society. It is the tie that binds the unity of behavior in society.
3) Progress made by groups in society is also seen as a contribution which is great for a wider group,
such as a country.

b. Problem Solving Stage Due to Cultural Differences

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To create a multicultural society that lives in harmonious atmosphere, it takes some ways to
solve problems that often arise as a result of cultural differences. There are at least three stages of
problem solving, which are as follows:
1) Orientation stage. At this stage, group members mutually ask and share information.
2) Evaluation stage. At this stage, each group member discusses information, and exchange opinions.
3) Control stage. At this stage, each group member suggests finding a way out in achieving a goal final
conclusion.
C. Conflict and Integration in Social Life
According to Surjono Sukanto, a contradiction or conflict, which is an individual or group
process that trying to fulfill its objectives by challenging the party’s opponent, accompanied by threats.
a. Factors Causing Conflict
Surjono Sukanto suggests four factors that can cause conflict in society, namely as follows:
1) Individual differences 3) Difference of interest
2) Cultural differences 4) Social differences
b. Forms of Conflict
1. Forms of Conflict According to Ralf Dahrendorf:
 Conflicts between social roles.
 Conflicts between social groups.
 Conflicts between organized and unorganized groups.
 Conflicts between national units, such as between parties’ politics, between countries, or between
international organizations.
2. Forms of Conflict According to Surjono Sukanto:
 Personal conflict
 Racial conflict
 Conflicts between social classes
 Political conflict
 International conflicts
c. Conflict Trigger Situation
From the point of view of social psychology, Ursula Lehr suggests situations that trigger conflict as
follows:
1. Conflict with parents 6. Conflict at school
2. Conflict with children 7. Conflict in job selection
3. Conflict with family 8. Religious conflict
4. Conflict with other people 9. Personal conflict
5. Conflict with husband or wife
d. Impact of Conflict
1. Positive aspects of the conflict include the following:
a. Help clarify aspects of life that are still has not been thoroughly studied.
b. Allows readjustment of norms, values, and social relations in the group concerned in accordance
with individual or group needs.
c. Increase solidarity among group members (in-group solidarity) who are experiencing conflict
with other groups.
d. Ways to reduce interdependence between individuals and groups.
e. Help revive old norms and create new ones.
2. Integration in social life
a. Definition of Social Integration
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) writes that integration assimilation to become a
unified whole or round.

b. Social Integration Terms

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According to William F. Ogburn and Mayer Nimkoff, the terms the realizations of social integration are
as follows:
1. Community members feel that they are successful meet each other's needs.
2. The community succeeded in creating an agreement (consensus) shared about social norms and
values that are preserved and used as a guide in interacting between one another, including agreeing
on things that are prohibited according to their culture.
3. Social norms and values are valid for a long time, don't they easy to change, and run consistently by
all community members.
c. Forms of Social Integration
Social integration can occur in the following three forms:
1. Normative Integration
2. Functional Integration
3. Coercive Integration
d. Social Integration Process
Social integration can occur through the following processes:
1. Assimilation
Assimilation is a social process characterized by efforts to reduce differences between
individuals or groups in society.
2. Acculturation
According to Koentjaraningrat, acculturation is a social process that occurs when social groups
with certain cultures are faced with different foreign cultures.
Foreign culture will be relatively easy to accept if it fulfills the following requirements:
1. No geographic barriers, such as hard-to-reach areas.
2. The culture that comes provides great benefits when compared to the old culture.
3. There are similarities with elements of the old culture.
4. The readiness of certain knowledge and skills.
5. Culture is material.
e. Factors that Promote Social Integration:
1. Tolerance for groups of people with different cultures
2. Balanced opportunities in the economy for various groups of people with different cultural
backgrounds
3. Mutual respect for other people with their culture.
4. Open attitude of the ruling class in society
5. Similarities of cultural elements.
6. Mixed marriage
7. There is a common enemy from outside.

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