IGCSE

10

Hkk"kk rj.kh IGCSE—Hindi As A Second Language

Hkk"kk rj.kh
IGCSE—Hindi As A Second Language

IGCSE

Hkk"kk rj.kh 10
IGCSE—Hindi As A Second Language 10

Price: ` 795.00
 BHASHA TARANI

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WORKBOOK
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I.G.C.S.E. HINDI
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For Class X
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ASHA VERMA  SREERAMAN RAMANATHAN

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vk'kk oekZ  Jhjkeu jkeukFku

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Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

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Phone : +91-11-43556600
Fax : +91-11-43556688

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Branches:

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Revised edition 2019

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ISBN: 978-93-5272-867-1
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Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.

19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)
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The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

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© New Saraswatihouse (India) Pvt. Ltd.

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All rights reserved under the Copyright Act. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
transcribed, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or
computer, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical,
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manual, photocopy or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any
person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal
©

prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Printed at: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Sahibabad (Uttar Pradesh)

Product Code: NSS3BTN102HINAA18IBN

This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/
have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any
copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In
the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has
been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.
 izkDdFku
;g vH;kl iqfLrdk ^Hkk"kk rj.kh&10* vkbZthlh,lbZ osQ u, ikB~;Øe osQ varxZr rS;kj dh xbZ rhljh iqLrd gS tks
d{kk&10 dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kh xbZ gSA blosQ Hkkx&1 esa 8 fo"k;ksa osQ vFkZxzg.k vH;kl 'kkfey fd, x, gSa ftuosQ
lkFk ikBka'k ij vk/kfjr iz'uksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk gS fd os bu iz'uksa dk lVhd ,oa laf{kIr
mÙkj fy[ksaA lkFk gh lkFk O;kdj.k ,oa 'kCnkoyh ij vk/kfjr vH;kl Hkh fn, x, gSaA ;g iqLrd eq[;r% IGCSE Paper 1,
Reading and Writing iz'u&i=k dh rS;kjh osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ gSA ;g ijh{kk loZizFke ekpZ 2019 esa gksus okyh gSA bl
iz'u&i=k osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks le>uk ykHknk;d gksxkA

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iz'u 5- iz;kstuewyd ys[kuµy?kq ys[ku dk;Zµ120 'kCnksa esaµ8 vad

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fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ ikBka'kksa ij vk/kfjr vH;kl [kaM&1 esa fn, x, gSaA mu fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r jpukRed ys[ku
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osQ iz'u Hkh vH;kl osQ var esa fn, x, gSaA le;≤ ij bu lHkh izk:iksa dk vH;kl ykHknk;d fln~/
gksxkA vius ys[ku esa fo"k; laca/h tkudkjh c<+kus osQ fy, ;s ikBka'k lgk;d lkfcr gksaxsA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk
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gS fd os fn, x, ikBka'kksa dks i<+dj le>sa vkSj funsZ'kkuqlkj ys[ku izdkj (i=k] Hkk"k.k] CykWx----------vkfn) dks
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pqudj dk;Z djsaA 'kks/ dk;Z osQ fy, Hkh oqQN iz'uksa dks tksM+k x;k gS ftuosQ ekè;e ls fon~;kFkhZ vuqla/ku dk;Z
dk vuqHko izkIr dj ldrs gSaA izR;sd [kaM esa 5 vH;kl 'kkfey fd, x, gSa ftuesa vFkZ xzg.k] eYVhiy eSfpax]
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fVIif.k;k¡] lkjka'k ys[ku ,oa jpukRed ys[ku osQ iz'u 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA iz'u 5 esa iwNs tkus okys y?kq ys[ku&dk;Z
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(Functional Prose) Hkh fn, x, gSaA

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Hkk"kk rj.kh Hkkx&8] 9 dh :ijs[kk dk ikyu djrs gq, jpukRed ys[ku osQ oqQN ys[ku izdkj] O;kdj.k vH;kl] okD;
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jpuk vH;kl] dky] eqgkojs] fojke fpg~u vkfn Hkh bl [kaM esa 'kkfey fd, x, gSa tks fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, cgqr
ykHknk;d fln~/ gks ldrs gSaA lVhd ,oa laf{kIr Hkk"kk 'kSyh izkIr djus gsrq okD; jpuk] fojke fpg~u] 'kCnkoyh dk
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fodkl ,oa dky (Tenses) dh tkudkjh cgqr t:jh gSA fyf[kr dk;Z dk Lrj lq/kjus gsrq mi;qZDr fo"k;ksa dk vH;kl
vR;ar vko';d gSA ,d iz'u i=k dk uewuk Hkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fgrkFkZ fn;k x;k gSA
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ge mu i=k&if=kdkvksa osQ izfr fo'ks"k vkHkkj izdV djuk pkgrs gSa ftudk lg;ksx gesa izkIr gqvkA ge bl volj ij
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^U;w ljLorh izdk'ku* osQ izfr viuh fo'ks"k ÑrKrk vfiZr djuk pkgrs gSa ftUgksaus bl dk;Z dks iz'kaluh; <ax ls laiUu
fd;kA ikBdksa ls fuosnu gS fd os viuk lq>ko bZ&esy }kjk HkstsaA gesa iwjk fo'okl gS fd igys dh rjg bl iqLrd dks
Hkh ekuuh; f'k{kdx.k dk lg;ksx ,oa izksRlkgu izkIr gksxkA bl iqfLrdk osQ lkFk f'k{kdksa osQ lgk;rkFkZ ,d funsZf'kdk
Hkh fy[kh tk jgh gSA
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/h#HkkbZ vackuh baVjus'kuy LowQy /h#HkkbZ vackuh baVjus'kuy LowQy
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 Preface

This workbook is the third in the Bhasha Tarani series which is prepared for grade 10 as per the
new IGCSE syllabus. In the Section-I, there are comprehension exercises covered along with
relevant questions connected to the passages and grammar with due emphasis on vocabulary
development. This book deals with the aspect of paper 1, Reading and Writing of the IGCSE
examination. It will be beneficial to understand the structure of paper 1 of the new IGCSE syllabus

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starting from March 2019.

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Question 1-Comprehension, short question-8 marks.

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Question 2-Multiple matching exercise-9 marks.

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Question 3-Short notes based on a passage-9 marks.
Question 4-Summary writing based on the same passage of short notes-10 marks.

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Question 5-Functional prose-A prose of 120 words, short prompt will be given-8 marks.

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Question 6-Continuous writing prose-A prose of 200 words of any of the text types-16 marks.

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Wherever there is a scope of providing a continuous writing task it has been included along with
the passage. The students are expected to understand the passage and select relevant points

a)
and present them according to the text type asked. Research questions are also incorporated in
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the exercises which will require some referencing. Every section has 5 exercises which consists
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of short comprehension, multiple matching, short notes and summary writing whereever they
are relevant. Functional writing topics are also included in order to enable students to practice
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on a regular basis.
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Section II
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Following the pattern of Bhasha Tarani 8 and 9 a few text types of creative writing with examples
along with topics of functional grammar and syntax are covered in this section. Simple and
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complex sentences, tenses, idioms and phrases, etc., have been provided for better understanding
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so that the students use refined and suitably developed language in their creative writing and
speaking. Since the new syllabus lays a lot of emphasis on sentence construction and use of
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appropriate vocabulary with use of correct spelling, it may be beneficial to stay focused on these
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details of written expression.

One sample question paper is also given for practice and a teacher's manual is also being
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prepared to help the teachers with strategies to teach these topic and skill areas.
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We would like to thank the newspapers and journals for their unconditional support without which
the preparation of this book would not have been possible. We would also like to express our
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sincere gratitude to New Saraswati House Publishers for doing such a wonderful job in publishing
this book in such short notice. We would appreciate the inputs and suggestions of the teachers
and students who are the users of this workbook.
Thanking you,
Sreeraman.Ramanathan  Asha Verma
rsreeraman@yahoo.com ashaharish@gmail.com
 fo"k;&lwph
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SECTION I

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1- Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i¼fr;k¡ 13

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2- ”kehu ij cSBdj [kkus ls ugha gksxh 'kfe±nxh 17

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3- u'ks dk dgj % dbZ ifjokjksa esa vc ,d Hkh iq#"k ugha cpk 21

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5- jkr dks tkxus okyksa dks lsgr dh leL;k,¡ ”;knk 28

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[k % i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy (Environment and Geography) 35&56

a)
1- vc Mjkus yxk gS ekSle
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2- ns'k dks fuxyrk iznw"k.k dk nkuo 41
3- lM+d ij c<+rk dkjksa dk cks> 45
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4- vius fgLls dh xaxk vkSj vius fgLls dk ;ksxnku] xaxk osQ Hkfo"; osQ fy, nwljksa dks ns jgk 48
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5- Xykscy okfe±x ls fge;qx esa gksxh nsjh 51

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x % i;ZVu (Tourism) 57&80

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1- fu'kkus ij lSykuh 59
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2- osQjy esa [kqf'k;ksa dh ckSNkj 63

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3- leqnz osQ uhps clk [kwclwjr E;wf”k;e 67

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4- ltx jgs] lqjf{kr jgs tc liQj djsa Vªsu esa 71

5- lákfnz dk xguk % yksukokyk 75
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?k % foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh (Science and Technology) 81&102

1- nkSM+rh Vªsuksa ls cusxh fctyh 83

2- varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku ij yXtjh gksVy cuk,xk :l 87
3- [krjukd Hkh gS xksn esa cSBk ySiVkWi 91
4- fctyh dh cpr ls vk,xk oafpr rcosQ osQ thou esa cnyko % dksfoan 93
5- u'kk usVofo±Qx dk--- 97
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Ä % laLÑfr vkSj lekt (Culture and Society) 103&126

1- firjksa osQ eks{k dk ioZ 105

2- jaxiapeh esa xqyky vkSj jaxksa dh gqbZ ckSNkj 109

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3- gkf'k, ij ijaijk 113

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4- txUukFk eafnj osQ peRdkj gSa jgL; 117

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5- lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dh gdhdr 120

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p % izk.kh txr (Animal World) 127&148

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1- getksyh % cpuk eqf'dy gS ckt cgknqj ls 129
2- taxy liQkjh esa jksekap dk [ktkuk
a) 132
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3- pwgs cusaxs lqij tklwl igpkusaxs foLiQksVd 135
4- eq[; ekxZ esa VkbZxj osQ 'kkod dj jgs gSa vB[ksfy;k¡ 138
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5- tho&tarqvksa dk laj{k.k 143

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1- lPph [kq'kh vkSj lqowQu 151

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2- lp gksrs liusµvkWuykbu xq# 155

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3- 'kgj NksM+dj tk clh xk¡o] vkSjrksa dh enn osQ fy, cukbZ ek.k iQkmaMs'ku 159
4- D;ksa yqHkkrh gSa gkWjj fI+kQYesa 163
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5- lcls de mez osQ vehj f[kykM+h 167

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SECTION II

t % ys[ku (Writing) 173&226

1- iz;kstuewyd ys[ku 175

2- jpukRed ys[ku 176
3- lkjka'k ys[ku 207
4- okD;&fo'ys"k.k 209
5- dky 212
6- fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.k 216
7- fojke fpg~u 219
8- eqgkojs 221

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9- le:ih fHkUukFkZd 'kCn 225

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vkbZ-th-lh-,l-bZ- uewuk iz'u&i=k 1 ls 6 (I.G.C.S.E. Model Question Paper-1 to 6) 227&240

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 Jherh uhrk vackuh] ps;j&ijlu /h#HkkbZ vackuh
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 Jheku vfHkeU;q cklq] fMIVh gsMA

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 lHkh i=k&if=kdk,¡ vkSj varjtkyA

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Jhjkeu jkeukFku] vk'kk oekZ

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Section I

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LokLF; (Health)

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1- Hkkjr esa fpfdRlk i¼fr;k¡
a) 13
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2- tehu ij cSBdj [kkus ls ugha gksxh 'kfe±nxh 17
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3- u'ks dk dgj % dbZ ifjokjksa esa vc ,d Hkh 21

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iq#"k ugha cpk

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4- oSQls cpsaxs fMizs'ku ls\ 25

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5- jkr dks tkxus okyksa dks lsgr dh leL;k,¡ ”;knk 28

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LokLF; 13

1 Hkkjr esa fpfdRlk i¼fr;k¡

fpfdRlk'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjr izFke
[kkstdrkZ ekuk tkrk gSA vFkoZosn fo'o
dk izkphure fpfdRlk 'kkL=k gS ftlesa

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chekfj;ksa osQ dkj.k tkuus osQ i'pkr

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muosQ bykt dh fof/;k¡ crkbZ xbZ gSaA

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   oSfnd xaFz kksa osQ ckn Hkkjrh; vkS"kf/'kkL=k

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osQ firk pjd rFkk egku 'kY; foKkuh

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lqJqr gq,A buosQ xzaFkksa ozQe'k% pjd lafgrk

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,oa lqJqr lafgrk esa Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk
dk xw<+ Kku Hkjk gqvk gSA lqJqr lafgrk esa

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eksfr;kfcan] iFkjh vkSj dbZ vU; jksxksa dk
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'kY;ksipkj crk;k x;k gSA pjd lafgrk
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Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk'kkL=k dk fo'odks'k

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gSA blesa Toj] oqQ"B] fexhZ rFkk {k; osQ

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vusd HksnksiHksnksa dk o.kZu gSA izkphudky osQ vk;qosZnkpk;Z vkSj 'kY; fpfdRldksa esa thod (egkRek cq¼ osQ
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fpfdRld)] ukxktqZu] ckXHkV~V rFkk /UoUrfj fo'ks"k:i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA ukxktqZu jl fpfdRlk osQ vkfo"dkjd
FksA mUgksaus fl¼ fd;k fd lksuk] pkanh] yksgk] rkack vkfn /krqvksa esa tfVy jksxksa osQ fuokj.k dh 'kfDr fo|eku
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gSA ukxktqZu us ikjn (ikjk) dk vkfo"dkj djosQ ve`rrqY; lathouh uked vkS"kf/ dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA ckXHkV~V
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dh Ñfr] v"Vkax ân; fpfdRlk'kkL=k dk egRoiw.kZ xzaFk gSA /UoUrfj xqIrdky osQ izfl¼ oS/ FksA og vk;qosZn osQ
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{ks=k esa bruk vf/d n{k Fks fd vk;qosZn dk i;kZ; /UoUrfj dks ekuk tkrk FkkA izkphudky esa cky fpfdRlk]
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raf=kdk foÑr] Hks"kt foKku rFkk d.kZd.B foKku jksxksa osQ vfHkKku rFkk mipkj ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk FkkA
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bl dky esa tyksipkj] tM+h&cwVh mipkj rFkk iF;ksipkj dh fof/;ksa dh iz/kurk FkhA vkS"kf/;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa
okuLifrd tM+h&cwfV;ksa dk gh vf/d iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
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Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i¼fr;ksa esa vk;qosZn] gksE;ksiSFkh] ;wukuh] fl¼ ;ksx rFkk izkÑfrd fpfdRlk 'kkfey
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gSaA ;s fpfdRlk i¼fr;k¡ izkphu dky ls gh lH;rk dk vfHkUu vax jgh gSaA ;|fi ;wukuh fpfdRlk i¼fr dk
Hkkjr esa vkxeu 10oha 'krkCnh esa gqvk vkSj gksE;ksiFS kh dk tUe&LFkku teZuh gS] rFkkfi os Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i¼fr dk egRoiw.kZ
vax cu xbZ gSaA vk;qosZn dk izpyu yxHkx laiw.kZ ns'k esa gSA
tcfd fl¼ i¼fr rfeyukMq rFkk mlosQ fudVorhZ {ks=kksa esa osaQfnzr gSA ;wukuh fpfdRlk i¼fr ,oa
;ksx dk izpyu ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa gSA bu i¼fr;ksa osQ rgr ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa] eq[;r% xzkeh.k
v¡pyksa esa yxHkx 5 yk[k iathÑr fpfdRld gSaA iwoZ Lukrd f'k{kk osQ fy, ns'k esa ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh
14 Hkk"kk rj.kh

fudk;ksa osQ rgr yxHkx 100 vk;qosZn] 17 ;wukuh ,oa 2 fl¼ egkfo|ky; pyk, tk jgs gSaA jk"Vªh;
vk;qosZn laLFkku] t;iqj osQ vykok dk'kh fganw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh ,oa xqtjkr vk;qosZn laLFkku gSaA
blosQ vykok] 22 vk;qosZn egkfo|ky; gSaA tgk¡ LukrdksRrj Lrj dh f'k{kk lqfo/k,¡ Hkh miyC/ gSaA dukZVd
ljdkj osQ lg;ksx ls osaQnz ljdkj }kjk cSaxyq# esa jk"Vªh; ;wukuh vkS"kf/ laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

iz'u vH;kl

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iz'u 1- ikB~;ka'k dks è;ku ls i<+dj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ laf{kIr mÙkj fyf[k,A

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(1) fdl {ks=k esa izFke [kkstdrkZ gksus dk Js; fdldks izkIr gS\

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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(2) fo'o dk izkphure fpfdRlk 'kkL=k D;k gS\

a)
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mÙkj
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(3) pjd vkSj lqJqr dkSu Fks\

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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(4) lqJqr lafgrk esa fdu jksxksa osQ mipkj osQ ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS\
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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(5) pjd lafgrk dks Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk 'kkL=k dk fo'odks"k D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\
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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(6) izkphu dky osQ fpfdRld dkSu gSa\ fdu&fdu dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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LokLF; 15

(7) ukxktqZu us D;k lkfcr fd;k\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(8) ckXHkV~V us fdl egRoiw.kZ xzaFk dh jpuk dh\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(9) vk;qosZn dk i;kZ; fdls ekuk tkrk gS\

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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(10) pfpZr dky esa jksxksa dk mipkj djus osQ fdrus izdkj crk, x, gSa \
mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
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(11) Hkkjr esa izpfyr eq[; fpfdRlk i¼fr;k¡ D;k&D;k gSa\

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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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(1) ;wukuh fpfdRlk i¼fr ,oa ;ksxµ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 3- ;ksX;rk foLrkj

(d) ys[k esa crk, x, fpfdRldksa osQ ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh bdV~Bk djosQ d{kk esa izLrqfr nsaA
([k) Hkkjr esa izpfyr fofHkUu fpfdRlk i¼fr;ksa ij vk/kfjr ikoj ikWbaV rS;kj dj d{kk esa izLrqr djsaA
16 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 4- fo|ky; esa vk;ksftr LokLF; f'kfoj esa Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i¼fr;ksa ij vk/kfjr ,d Hkk"k.k rS;kj dhft,A vkidk Hkk"k.k
yxHkx 200 'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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LokLF; 17

2 ”kehu ij cSBdj [kkus ls ugha gksxh 'kfe±nxh

A. le; osQ lkFk yksxksa dh ykbiQLVkby esa Hkh
cnyko vk;k gSA vktdy yksx gj ckr esa

d
^LVsV~l* ;k fLFkfr dk [;ky j[krs gSaA yksx

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Mkbfuax Vscy vFkkZr [kkus dh est ij cSBdj

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[kkuk ilan djrs gSa] D;ksafd uhps tehu ij

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cSBdj [kkus ls mUgsa 'kfe±nxh vkSj vlH;rk

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dk ,glkl gksrk gSA vk;qosZn osQ vuqlkj tehu

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ij cSBus rFkk [kkuk [kkus ls LokLF; dh

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n`f"V ls cgqr lkjs iQk;ns gSa blfy, iqjkus
tekus esa lHkh yksx uhps cSBdj [kkrs Fks vkSj
mudk LokLF; vkt osQ yksxksa dh vis{kk
a)
di
csgrj jgrk FkkA
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B. ”kehu ij ftl rjg cSBrs gSa og ,d izdkj dk ;ksxklu gS ftls ^lq[kklu* ;k ^v/Z in~eklu* dgk tkrk gSA
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bl vklu esa cSBus ls iwjs 'kjhj dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks vkjke feyrk gS] lkFk gh efLr"d dk ruko de gksrk
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gSA vxj bl rjg cSB dj [kkuk ugha Hkh [kk,¡ rks Hkh cSBus ls cgqr iQk;nk feyrk gSA ;s vklu /hjs&/hjs
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[kkus vkSj Hkkstu dks vPNh rjg ipkus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA ftlls olk osQ dkj.k otu vfu;af=kr ugha gks
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ikrkA Hkkjrh; ijaijkuqlkj ge tehu ij cSBdj Hkkstu djrs gSa] ftls lq[kklu ;k in~eklu dgk tkrk gSA
sw

bl rjhosQ ls cSBus ls vkidh jh<+ dh gM~Mh osQ fupys Hkkx ij tksj iM+rk gS] ftlls vkiosQ 'kjhj dks
vkjkenk;d vuqHko gksrk gSA blls vkidh lka¡l FkksM+h /heh iM+rh gS] ekalisf'k;ksa dk f[kapko de gksrk gS
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vkSj jDrpki esa Hkh deh vkrh gSA

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C. ”kehu ij cSBdj [kkus ls vkidks Hkkstu djus osQ fy, IysV ;k Fkkyh dh rjiQ >qduk gksrk gS] ;g ,d
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LokHkkfod eqnzk gSA yxkrkj vkxs gksdj >qdus vkSj fiQj ihNs gksus dh izfozQ;k ls vkiosQ isV dh ekalisf'k;k¡
N

fujarj dk;Zjr jgrh gSa] ftldh otg ls vkidh ikpu fozQ;k esa lq/kj gksrk gSA Hkkstu djus osQ fy, tc
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vki in~eklu esa cSBrs gSa rc vkiosQ isV] ihB osQ fupys fgLls vkSj owQYgs dh ekalisf'k;ksa esa yxkrkj f[kapko
jgrk gS ftldh otg ls nnZ vkSj vlgtrk ls NqVdkjk feyrk gSA bu ekalisf'k;ksa esa vxj f[kapko yxkrkj
cuk jgsxk rks blls LokLF; esa lq/kj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lgh <ax ;k gko&Hkko esa cSBus ls vkiosQ 'kjhj esa
jDr dk lapkj csgrj gksrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk vkidks ukfM+;ksa esa ncko Hkh de eglwl gksrk gSA ikpu
fozQ;k esa jDr lapkj dk vge dk;Z gSA ikpu fozQ;k dks lqpk: :i ls pykus esa ân; dh Hkwfedk Hkh vge
gksrh gSA tc Hkkstu tYnh ip tk,xk rks ân; dks Hkh de esgur djuh iM+sxhA
18 Hkk"kk rj.kh

D. ”kehu ij cSBdj Hkkstu djus ls vkidk iwjk 'kjhj LoLFk jgrk gS] ikpu fozQ;k nq#Lr jgrh gSA blosQ lkFk
gh lkFk ”kehu ij cSBus osQ fy, vkidks vius ?kqVus eksM+us iM+rs gSaA blls vkiosQ ?kqVuksa dk Hkh csgrj O;k;ke
gks tkrk gS] mudh ypd cjdjkj jgrh gS ftldh otg ls vki tksM+ksa dh leL;k ls cprs gSaA ”kehu ij
ikyFkh ekj dj cSBus ls isV] ihB rFkk owQYgs dh ekalisf'k;ksa esa f[kapko vkrk gS ftlls mudh lfozQ;rk c<+rh
gS vkSj 'kjhj osQ bu fgLlksa ls tqM+s vaxksa osQ LokLF; esa lq/kj gksrk gSA blls ihB dk nnZ Hkh pyk tkrk gSA
iSj osQ mQij iSj j[ks gq, ;kuh ozQkWl ysXl dh lgk;rk ls ”kehu ij cSBus ls vkiosQ 'kkjhfjd vklu ;kuh

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fd eqnzk esa lq/kj gksrk gSA LoLFk 'kjhj osQ fy, lgh vklu cgqr t:jh gS] blls vkidh ekalisf'k;ksa dks

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etcwrh feyrh gS ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk jDr lapkj esa Hkh lq/kj gksrk gSA

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(6) izkÑfrd -----------------------------------------------------------

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(7) fozQ;k -----------------------------------------------------------

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(8) lnk pyus okyk] yxkrkj -----------------------------------------------------------

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(9) dke esa yxk gqvk -----------------------------------------------------------

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(10) dfBurk] dfBukbZ -----------------------------------------------------------

(11) eq[; -----------------------------------------------------------

(12) eqM+uk] >qduk] pyus esa >qduk -----------------------------------------------------------

(13) cus jguk -----------------------------------------------------------

(14) fozQ;k esa yxk gqvk] fozQ;kRed :i ls gksus okyk -----------------------------------------------------------

LokLF; 19

iz'u 2- ^”kehu ij cSBdj [kkus ls ugha gksxh 'kfe±nxh* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, uhps fn, x,
vuqPNsnksa (A ls D) esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A
,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

mnk- % crkrk gS fd le; osQ lkFk yksxksa osQ thou thus osQ rjhosQ esa ifjorZu vk;k gSA

A. ü B. C. D.

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1- crkrk gS fd ;ksxklu dh eqnzk esa cSBus ls 'kjhj dks ykHk feyrk gSA

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2- crkrk gS fd ”kehu ij cSB dj [kkuk LOkkLF; osQ fy, vPNk gSA

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A. B. C. D.

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4- crkrk gS fd in~eklu esa cSBus ls 'kjhj dks vkjke feyrk gSA
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A. B. C. D.
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5- crkrk gS fd [kkuk [kkrs le; vkxs >qdus o ihNs gVus ls Hkkstu ipus dh fozQ;k esa lq/kj vkrk gSA
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A. B. C. D.
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6- crkrk gS fd vkt&dy yksx viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dk cgqr è;ku j[krs gSaA
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A. B. C. D.
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7- crkrk gS fd v/Z&in~eklu esa cSBus ls 'kkjhfjd otu fu;af=kr jgrk gSA

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A. B. C. D.
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8- crkrk gS fd ”kehu ij cSBus ls isV] ihB ,oa owQYgs dh ekalisf'k;k¡ Bhd <ax ls dke djrh gSaA
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A. B. C. D.
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9- crkrk gS fd in~eklu esa cSBdj [kkus ls nnZ tSlh ijs'kkuh ls futkr feyrh gSA
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A. B. C. D.

10- crkrk gS fd vkt dh rqyuk esa igys osQ yksx ”kehu ij cSBdj [kkuk [kkus ls LoLFk jgrs FksA

A. B. C. D.

11- crkrk gS fd ”kehu ij cSBdj Hkkstu djus ls ?kqVuksa esa yphykiu cuk jgrk gSA

A. B. C. D.
20 Hkk"kk rj.kh

12- crkrk gS fd ”kehu ij ;ksxklu esa cSBus ls iwjs 'kjhj dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks foJke feyrk gSA

A. B. C. D.

13- crkrk gS fd ”kehu ij cSBdj Hkkstu djus ls gM~fM;ksa osQ nnZ dh leL;k ls cps jgrs gSaA

A. B. C. D.

14- crkrk gS fd Hkkstu osQ ipkus dh fozQ;k esa [kwu osQ cgko dh eq[; Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

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A. B. C. D.

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iz'u 3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A

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lsou] xzkl] R;kx] pck&pckdj] vuqowQy] mUur] inkFkZ

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(1) mfpr ek=kk ,oa Írq osQ ------------------------------------- Hkkstu djus okyk LoLFk jgrk gSA

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'kjhj esa ok;q fodkj gksrs gSa rks pkoy vkfn ok;qdkjd ,oa [kV~Vs Hkkstu dk ---------------------------- dj nsuk pkfg,A

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fiÙk izÑfr okys dks xeZ] rys gq, ------------------------------------- ugha ysus pkfg,A
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(5) [kkuk [kkrs le; ekSu jgrs gq, ------------------------------------- Hkkstu djuk pkfg,A
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(6) ,d ------------------------------------- dks cÙkhl ckj ;k de ls de chl ckj rks pckuk gh pkfg,A
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lk;adky 'kh?kz lksuk ,oa izkr%dky 'kh?kz mBuk O;fDr osQ thou dks ------------------------------------- cukrk gSA
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LokLF; 21

ý u'ks dk dgj % dbZ ifjokjksa esa vc ,d Hkh

iq#"k ugha cpk
eè;izns'k esa lgfj;k lekt dh nqnZ'kk dk nkSj tkjh gSA oqQiks"k.k

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vkSj Hkq[kejh osQ ckn vc u'ks dk dgj bl vkfne tutkfr

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ij ,slk VwVk fd dbZ ifjokjksa esa ,d Hkh iq#"k ugha cpk gSA

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vusd xk¡oksa esa ;gh gky gSA ogk¡ gj ?kj esa fo/ok,¡ vkSj vukFk

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cPps gh fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA u'ks osQ dkj.k iq#"kksa dh vkSlr mez

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35&40 ij vk fleVh gSA

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Hkkjr dh 75 ladVxzLr tutkfr;ksa esa 'kqekj lgfj;k
tutkfr dk cM+k fgLlk eè;izns'k osQ ';ksiqj o f'koiqjh ftyksa
esa clrk gSA oqQiks"k.k osQ f'kdkj 150 ls vf/d cPpksa dh ekSr
a)
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osQ ckn ;s nksuksa ftys fiNys lky ppkZ esa vk, FksA ;gk¡ djhc 50 gtkj cPps oqQiks"k.k osQ f'kdkj ik, x,
FksA eè;izns'k dh oqQy vkcknh esa tutkfr;ksa dk fgLlk 14-7 iQhln gSA ;g vuqikr ns'k esa lcls vf/d gSA
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jkT; ljdkj dh reke igy ukdkiQh lkfcr gks jgh gSaA taxyksa osQ ?kVrs nk;js osQ pyrs lgfj;k lekt eq[;
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:i ls Ñf"k etnwjh ij fuHkZj gks x;k gSA mlosQ ikl u rks [kqn osQ Ñf"k lalk/u gSa vkSj u gh ty lalk/uA
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,sls esa 28-7 iQhln f'k{kk nj okys lgfj;k lekt osQ fy, csjkstxkjh vfHk'kki cu pqdh gSA gj ;qok]
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;gk¡ rd fd cPps vkSj fd'kksj u'ks dh tn esa vk pqosQ gSaA rjg&rjg osQ u'ks djrs gSaA ;g budh vle; ekSr
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dk dkj.k cu jgk gSA Vh-ch- Hkh otg cu jgh gS D;ksafd bu bykdksa esa vkt Hkh LokLF; lsokvksa dk vHkko gSA
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djkgy rglhy osQ oQkanj[ksM+k xk¡o esa js'keckbZ (22) dh 'kknh pkj lky igys gqoqQe vkfnoklh ls gqbZA
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'kknh osQ rhu lky ckn gh chekjh ls gqoqQe dh ekSr gks xbZA lkr tUe rd lkFk fuHkkus dk oknk djus okyk
ifr egt rhu lky esa gh vosQyk NksM+ x;kA ;g osQoy mnkgj.k gSA
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';ksiqj ftys esa ,sls gtkjksa vkfnoklh ;qok Hkjh tokuh esa ne rksM+ pqosQ gSaA lgfj;k lekt esa tokuh esa
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gh fo/ok gksus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+ jgh gSA iq#"kksa dh ekSr izk;% 30 vkSj vf/dre 45 o"kZ
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dh mez esa gks tk jgh gSA ftyk iz'kklu osQ ,d losZ esa Hkh ;g ckr lkeus vk pqdh gSA
djkgy osQ Hksyk] ikrkyx<+] Hkheyr o fot;iqj CykWd vxjk] mQejh osQ vykok dbZ xk¡o o lgfj;k
cLrh ,slh gSa tgk¡ fo/ok efgykvksa dh la[;k T;knk gSA blls Hkh fparktud gkyr ;g gS fd dbZ ifjokjksa esa
vc ,d Hkh iq#"k ugha cpkA ftys osQ 84 lgfj;k xk¡oksa esa] ,sls dbZ ifjokj gSaA ftys esa lgfj;k vkfnokfl;ksa
dh tula[;k djhc 1-70 yk[k gSA lgfj;k lekt esa fcuk ek¡&cki osQ cPpksa dh la[;k Hkh fopfyr djus
okyh gSA
22 Hkk"kk rj.kh

eSaus vius thou esa ,sls gkykr dgha ugha ns[ks] dguk gS iUukyky lksyadh] lsok fuo`Ùk dysDVj] ';ksiqj
dkA ';ksiqj esa lgfj;k lekt dh efgyk,¡ tokuh esa fo/ok gks jgh gSaA bls ysdj ftyk Lrj ij ,d losZ djk;k
Fkk mlesa vukFk cPps o fo/ok efgykvksa dh la[;k lcls T;knk lgfj;k lekt esa feyhA ;qokvksa dh ekSr dk
dkj.k u'kk o chekfj;k¡ gSa
eè;izns'k tulaioZQ foHkkx dh vkf/dkfjd osclkbV ,e-ih-bEiQks-] vkstkjth osQ eqrkfcd] lgfj;k dk
eryc gS 'ksj osQ lkFk jgus okykA ;g tutkfr eè;izns'k osQ mÙkj if'peh ftyksa esa izeq[krk ls iSQyh gqbZ gSA

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iqjkus le; esa ;g leLr {ks=k oukPNkfnr Fkk vkSj ;g tutkfr f'kdkj vkSj lap;u ls viuk thou;kiu djrh

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Fkh foaQrq vc vf/dka'k lgfj;k ;k rks NksVs fdlku gSa ;k etnwjA

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budk jgu&lgu vkSj /kfeZd ekU;rk,¡ {ks=k osQ vU; fganw lekt tSlh gh gSa foaQrq xksnuk xqnkus dh

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ijaijk ;gk¡ vHkh Hkh izpfyr gSA ;s eksVs vUu ij fuHkZj gSa ysfdu 'kjkc vkSj chM+h osQ fo'ks"k 'kkSdhu gSaA ^bafM;u

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dkmafly vkWiQ esfMdy fjlpZ* osQ losZ osQ eqrkfcd buesa {k; jksx lk/kj.k turk dh rqyuk esa dbZ xquk vf/d

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fo|eku gSA

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lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

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iz'u 1- ^u'ks dk dgj* xn~;ka'k dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, izR;sd 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr laf{kIr fVIi.kh
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LokLF; 23

(5) ftyk iz'kklu dk losZ{k.kµ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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esa fyf[k,A
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vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA
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24 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- gky gh esa vf/d ckfj'k ls eqacbZ osQ dbZ bykdksa esa cgqr vf/d yksx ck<+ osQ dgj ls izHkkfor gq, FksA fdlh ck<+xzLr
bykosQ dk vk¡[kksa ns[kk gky crkrs gq, ftyk/h'k dks ,d bZ&esy fyf[k,A
vius bZ&esy esa vki fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA vkidh bZ&esy 120 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• ckfj'k fdl bykosQ esa gqbZ\
• tuthou ij mldk D;k foijhr izHkko iM+k\
• mUgsa fdl rjg dh enn dh t:jr gS\

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LokLF; 25

4 oSQls cpsaxs fMizs'ku ls\

^^vDlj T;knkrj cqtqxks± esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ
fopkjksa osQ dkj.k fMizs'ku vfu;af=kr gks tkrk gS]

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fMizs'ku dks fu;af=kr djus dh vksj igyk dne

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;gh gS fd tYn&ls&tYn mldh igpku gks losQA**

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lk/kj.k yksxksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d detksj

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gksus osQ dkj.k] T;knkrj ofj"B viuh lqj{kk osQ

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laca/ esa fujarj ¯pfrr jgrs gSaA ;g t:jh gS fd

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mUgsa HkkoukRed vkSj 'kkjhfjd :i ls lqj{kk dk

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vk'oklu fnyk;k tk,A

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cPpksa dh rjg cqtqxks± dks Hkh ns[kjs[k vkSj di
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ns[kjs[k dk iwjk [;ky j[ksaA mudh [kq'kh bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd os vkiosQ fy, vge gSa vkSj blhfy,
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vki mudk [;ky j[k jgs gSaA Hkys gh vki mudk dkiQh [;ky j[krs gSa vkSj mudh lgk;rk djrs gSa] ysfdu
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fiQj Hkh vf/dka'k cqtqxks± dks vc Hkh muosQ thou ij oqQN Lok;Ùkrk ;k fu;a=k.k pkfg,] tks dke os [kqn dj
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ldrs gSaA [kqn dh dher de ekudj dbZ cqtqxZ [kqn dks vius vklikl osQ lHkh yksxksa ls vyx dj ysrs gSaA
blhfy, cqtqxks± dks ns[kHkky djus okys yksxksa dks cqtqxks± vkSj vius chp HkkoukRed tqM+ko fiQj ls LFkkfir
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djus osQ fy, igy djuh pkfg, vkSj rkfd cqtqxZ eglwl dj losaQ fd vkidks mudh t:jr gSA
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vius cPpksa osQ lkFk jgus okys cqtqxks± dks] [kkldj vkfFkZd :i ls ek¡&cki ij vkfJr yksxksa osQ eu
ra

esa] ;g vijk/cks/ gksrk gS fd os vius cPpksa dh ¯tnxh esa n[kyankth vkSj vM+pu Mky jgs gSaA blh rjg
Sa

vius cM+ksa dh ns[kHkky dj jgs yksxksa dks yxrk gS fd os vius ek¡&cki dks ml rjg dh lqfo/k ugha ns ik jgs
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gSa] tSlh fd mUgsa t:jr gSA vxj fdlh esa bl rjg dh Hkkouk ;k vijk/cks/ gS rks vius cM+ksa dks le>k,¡
N

fd mUgsa ,slk eglwl djus dh vko';drk ugha gS] vkSj vkius mudks vius lkFk j[kk gS D;ksafd vkidks mudh
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t:jr gSA
,sls yksx tks cM+h mez esa Hkh vius lekt esa lfozQ; vkSj ?kqys&feys gq, gksrs gSa os [kqn dks T;knk [kq'kgky
vkSj larq"V eglwl djrs gSaA njvly] lekt vkSj lewgksa esa jgus ls u osQoy mUgsa muls lac¼ gksus dh Hkkouk
eglwl gksrh gS cfYd lkFk gh mUgsa vius tSlh lksp j[kusokyksa ls feyus vkSj vius fopkj lk>k djus dk ekSdk
feyrk gSA blhfy, irk djsa fd vkiosQ vklikl cqtqxks± dk ,slk dksbZ xzqi lfozQ; gS D;k] vxj gk¡] rks vius
ekrk&firk dks Hkh ogk¡ ys tk,¡A
26 Hkk"kk rj.kh

fd'kksj vkSj ukStokuksa dh gh rjg cqtqxks± dks Hkh ,d Hkjh&iwjh ¯tnxh osQ fy, I;kj o nksLrksa dh t:jr
gksrh gS] blhfy, ges'kk cqtqxks± dks mu txgksa ij ys tkdj u, nksLr cukus dk ekSdk nsa tgk¡ muosQ vk;q oxZ
osQ vU; yksx feyrs&tqyrs gSaA gekjh vkSj vkidh rjg gh gekjs cqtqxks± us Hkh ,d o;Ld O;fDr dh ¯tnxh th
gS vkSj os viuh ¯tnxh esa FkksM+h fuftrk ;k izk;oslh t:j pkgsaxsA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

d
iz'u vH;kl

ite
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Li
iz'u 1- ^ oSQls cpsaxs fMizs'ku ls* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, izR;sd 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr laf{kIr

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fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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cqtqxks± dh lqj{kkµ

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a)
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(4) nksLrh vkSj vkReh;rkµ

(d) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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LokLF; 27

iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

^oSQls cpsaxs fMiszs'ku ls* osQ vk/kj ij cuk, x, uksV~l dks vk/kj cukdj mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k fyf[k, tks cqtqxks± osQ
fMizs'ku ls cpus osQ mik; crkus okys gksaA bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA
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28 Hkk"kk rj.kh

5 jkr dks tkxus okyksa dks lsgr dh leL;k,¡ ”;knk

jkr esa nsj rd tkxus dks oqQN yksx
eLrh dk uke nsrs gSa rks fdlh osQ

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fy, ;g etcwjh gSA ,d vè;;u

ite
esa dgk x;k gS fd ^jkr esa nsj

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rd tkxuk fny vkSj 'kjhj osQ

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p;kip;h pozQ osQ fy, dkiQh

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[krjukd gksrk gS A* 'kks/drkZvksa

iv
Pr
dk dguk gS fd ^nsj rd tkxus
okyksa dks lsgr laca/h leL;kvksa

a) ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA*

di
(In
nsj ls lksuk vkSj nsj ls tkxuk lsgr
se

dks fdruk uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS ;g

rks ge lHkh tkurs gSaA exj bl
ou

vknr osQ dkj.k vkidks tku dk [krjk Hkh gks ldrk gSA ^ukWFkZosLVuZ ;wfuoflZVh iQhucxZ LowQy vkWiQ esfMflu osQ
iH

'kks/drkZvksa dk dguk gS fd ^tYnh lksus vkSj tYnh tkxus osQ eqdkcys nsj ls lksus okyksa dks lsgr laca/h leL;k,¡
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vf/d jgrh gSaA ;g vè;;u 50 gtkj ls vf/d yksxksa ij fd;k x;k gSA fo'ks"kKksa dk nkok gS fd ,sls yksxksa dh
sw

e`R;q le; ls lk<+s Ng lky igys gks ldrh gSA 'kks/drkZvksa dh ekusa rks lqcg tYnh tkxus vkSj jkr dks tYnh lksus
ra

okys izÑfr osQ vf/d djhc jgrs gSa vkSj ;gh mudh lsgr dh [kkfl;r gksrh gSA izeq[k 'kks/drkZ vkSj U;wjksykWth
Sa

foHkkx esa ,lksfl,V izksisQlj fozQLVu uVlu dk dguk gS fd nsj ls tkxus dk 'kjhj ij cgqr cqjk izHkko gksrk gSA
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iwoZ esa gq, vè;;uksa esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd nsj rd tkxus dk cqjk izHkko ân; dh lsgr ij iM+rk gS vkSj 'kjhj
N

dk p;kip; ra=k Hkh izHkkfor gksrk gSA jkr esa tkxus okyksa dks [kjkc lsgr osQ dkj.k e`R;q dk [krjk 10 iQhlnh
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ls Hkh vf/d jgrk gSA ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ljsZ esa ozQksuksack;ksykWth osQ izksisQlj ekydu okWu 'ksaV~”k dk dguk gS fd
;g lkoZtfud lsgr dk ekeyk gS vkSj bls utjvankt ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 'ksaV~”k dk dguk gS fd gesa ;g
ns[kuk gksxk fd vkWfI+kQl vkSj vU; txgksa ij dke djus okyksa dks fdl rjg jkgr igq¡pkbZ tk ldrh gSA lkFk gh
;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk fd dkSu ls ,sls dke gSa ftUgsa tYnh [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS] rkfd yksx le; ij vius ?kj
tk losaQA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
LokLF; 29

iz'u vH;kl
iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
vFkZ 'kCn
(1) iBu] ikBuµfdlh fo"k; dh xgurk ls i<+kbZ -----------------------------------------------------------

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(2) jl izfozQ;k -----------------------------------------------------------

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(3) isQjk] pDdj -----------------------------------------------------------

m
Li
(4) 'kkjhfjd cy yxkrs gq, dksbZ iz;Ru djuk] rdjkj ;k gqTtr djuk -----------------------------------------------------------

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(5) ranq#Lrh] LokLF;

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(6) [kkl tkudkj -----------------------------------------------------------

Pr
(7) dk;kZy; dh 'kk[kk] fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z osQ fy, fuf'pr fd;k -----------------------------------------------------------

a)
gqvk {ks=k ;k [kaM
di
(In

(8) vlj] vPNk ,oa cqjk ifj.kke -----------------------------------------------------------

se

(9) igys gqvk gks] chrk gqvk le; -----------------------------------------------------------

ou

(10) lcls laca/ j[kus okyk -----------------------------------------------------------

iH

(11) è;ku u nsuk -----------------------------------------------------------

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sw

(12) vkjke] pSu] lq[k] og vkjke tks d"V] jksx vkfn esa deh gksus ij
ra

feyrk gSA
Sa

iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,A

ew

(1) jkr esa nsj rd tkxuk fdlosQ fy, [krjukd gksrk gS\
N

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(2) fdl vknr osQ dkj.k tku dk [krjk Hkh gks ldrk gS\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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30 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(3) nsj ls lksus okyksa ij fd, vè;;u ls D;k ifj.kke lkeus vk;k\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(4) 'kks/drkZvksa osQ vuqlkj lqcg tYnh tkxus vkSj jkr dks tYnh lksus okys yksx oSQls gksrs gSa\

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(5) nsj rd tkxus dk nq"izHkko 'kjhj osQ fdu vaxksa ij iM+rk gS\

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(6) jkr esa tkxus okyksa dks [kjkc lsgr osQ dkj.k e`R;q dk fdruk Hk; jgrk gS\
se

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(7) izksisQlj ekydu osQ vuqlkj de lksus osQ ckjs esa D;k ekuuk gS\
sw

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(8) 'ksaV~”k fdudks vkjke igq¡pkus dh ckr dg jgs gSa\

N

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(9) yksx le; ij vius ?kj tk losaQ blosQ fy, D;k djuk gksxk\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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LokLF; 31

iz'u 3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A

mQtkZoku] lsou] ekufld] FkdkoV] 'kkafr] vlarqfyr [kku&iku

(1) fdlh ijs'kkuh osQ dkj.k uhan ugha vkus ls ------------------------------------- vkSj Hkh T;knk c<+ tkrh gSA

(2) uhan iwjh u gksus dk vlj vkiosQ ---------------------------------------- vkSj 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ij iM+rk gSA

d
uhan u vkus osQ dkj.k 'kjhj iqQrhZyk vkSj -------------------------------------------------------------- ugha jgrk gSA

ite
(3)

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Li
;ksx ekufld ruko nwj dj vkidks ------------------------------------------ igq¡pkus esa dkiQh enn djrk gSA

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(5)

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(6) lksus ls igys pk; ;k dkWiQh vkfn dk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- u djsaA

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a)
iz'u 4- vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa euk, tkus okys ^LokLF; fnol* osQ volj ij vk;ksftr lHkk osQ le{k izLrqr djus osQ fy,
^i<+kbZ osQ lkFk oSQls ysa Hkjiwj uhan* fo"k; ij 200 'kCnksa dk ,d Hkk"k.k rS;kj dhft,A
di
(In

fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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32 Hkk"kk rj.kh

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LokLF; 33

'kjhj osQ vax

vk¡[k dk rkjk HkkSag thHk
iyd
cjkSuh
uFkquk
dksj iqryh

d
nk<+ osQ nk¡r elw<+k ukfldk

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vk¡[k nk¡r ukd ja/z@n~okj

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oaQ/k uk[+kwu

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tk¡?k
iksj

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dk¡[k ?kqVuk

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fiaMyh

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oqQguh xk¡B
ck¡g@Hkqtk

igq¡pk ekalisf'k;k¡

a)
vaxwBk dykbZ m¡xfy;k¡ di
gFksyh V[kuk
(In
rtZuh m¡xfy;k¡
ck¡g@Hkqtk vaxwBk ryok Vk¡x ,M+h m¡xyh
se

cky] osQ'k ekFkk flj

ou

vk¡[k ukd xyk

dku vksaB Nkrh
iH

dk¡[k
dku dh ykS fry
BqM~Mh@fpcqd gkFk
at

xyk ukfHk
duiVh
sw

xnZu isM+w
xky
ra

psgjk oaQ/k ?kqVuk

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ihB iSj Vk¡x

tcM+k
dej 'kjhj
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isV diky
/euh es#naM
N

ân;
ilfy;k¡
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gM~Mh jh<+ dh gM~Mh

isQiQM+k
ftxj@;Ñr owQYgs dh gM~Mh
xqnkZ@o`Dd

vek'k;
cM+h vk¡r
NksVh vk¡r
ew=kk'k;

'kjhj dh jpuk vkSj vaxksa osQ uke uj oaQdky@vfLFk iatj

34 Hkk"kk rj.kh

ekuo osQ eq[; vax ra=k ,oa LokLF; lac/

a h 'kCnkoyh
ekuo 'kjhj esa eq[;r% X;kjg (11) vax ra=k gSa %
• ikpu ra=k (Digestive system) • oaQdky ra=k (Skeletal system) • is'kh ra=k (Muscular system)
• raf=kdk ra=k (Nervous system) • var%Ïkoh ra=k (Endocrine system) • laogu ra=k (Cardiovascular

d
system) • 'olu ra=k (Respiratory system) • tuu ra=k (Reproductive system) • vkPNknu ra=k

ite
(Ropk) (Integumentary system)µ'kjhj dks <dus dk dk;Z • yfldk ra=k (Lymphatic system)

m
• mRltZu ra=k (Excretory system)A

Li
LokLF; laca/h 'kCnkoyh fuEufyf[kr gSa %

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LoLFkµranq#LrA

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pqLrµâ"V&iq"V] gV~Vk dV~VkA

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vk;qosZn] ,yksiSFkh] fln~/ oSn~;] ekufld LokLF;] ns'kh fpfdRlk iz.kkyh] ;wukuh] fl¼ vkSj gksE;ksiSFkh

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(vk;q"k)] oSdfYid fpfdRlk in~/fr] izkÑfrd fpfdRlk] ikn&fpfdRlk] tM+h&cwVh] è;ku] ;ksx] ;ksxkH;kl]
di
izk.kk;keA
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iks"k.kµvk/kfjr mipkj in~/fr;k¡] ekufld LokLF;] volkn] iks"kkgkj] ikjaifjd chekfj;k¡A

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'kjhj osQ vaxµisQiQM+s] xqnsZ] fiÙkk'k;] vkXus;k'k; (vek'k;)] ftxj] ;Ñr] NksVh vk¡r] cM+h vk¡r] fny
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(ân;)] Ropk] peZ] uk[kwu] nk¡r] elwM+s] gîóh] ulsa] /efu;k¡] ukM+h] Luk;qra=k] raf=kdkra=k] ikpura=k] 'olura=kA
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jksxµchekjh] laØked] egkekjh] 'kkjhfjd] tkuysok] ekufld] vkjksX;] fpfdRlk] fpfdRld] MkWDVj]
ifjpkfjdk] ulZ] mipkj] bykt] nokbZ] Vhdkdj.k] dhVk.kq] jksxk.kq] tk¡p] ijh{k.k] Ñfe] yky jDr
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dksf'kdk] 'osr jDr dksf'kdk] dk;kdYi diQ (cyxe)] jDr] [kwu] izR;kjksi.k] vaxnku] vLirky] chek
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lsgrean] olk] izksVhu] pchZ] xk<+k] [kfut] rsy] oqQiks"k.k] iks"k.k] ikSf"Vd Hkkstu] lknk [kkuk] xfj"V Hkkstu]
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jDrÏko] ân; xfr] is;] dC”k] tqykc rklhj] fiÙk uk'kd] iqf"Vo/Zd] ÅtkZ] lfØ;rk] 'oklksPNokl]
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O;k;ke laØe.k] y{k.k] Nwr] uC”k] 'koZQjk] dhVk.kq] laØked chekfj;k¡A

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LokLF; foKkuµLoPNrk] LoPN is;ty] rjy vkSj Bksl vif'k"V izca/u] jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku] izksVhu] olk]
foVkfeu] [kfut yo.k o ikuh izeq[k iks"k.k rRo] vPNk iks"k.k] ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke] ruko
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izca/u] izkFkfed fpfdRlk] Vhdkdj.k] egkekjh] vuqla/ku] 'kks/] udkjkRed izfrj{kk iz.kkyh] jksx izfrjks/d
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jksx fo'ks"kK] ukd&dku xyk jksx fo'ks"kK] vfLFk jksx fo'ks"kK] oQoZQ jksx fo'ks"kK] efLr"d jksx fo'ks"kK]
ân; jksx fo'ks"kK] 'olu jksx fo'ks"kK] L=kh jksx fo'ks"kK] cky jksx fo'ks"kK] LUkk;q jksx fo'ks"kK] thou 'kSyh
esa ifjorZu] ân; jksx] dksysLVªkWy] mPp dksysLVªkWy] mPp jDrpkiA
'kkjhfjd lfØ;rkµrst pyuk] jLlh owQnuk] nkSM+uk vkSj rSjkdh] vkgkj esa lar`Ir olk] 'kDdj] yky ekal]
vkSj ued dh ek=kkA
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1- vc Mjkus yxk gS ekSle di 37
2- ns'k dks fuxyrk iznw"k.k dk nkuo 41
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1 vc Mjkus yxk gS ekSle

^dHkh ekSle dk bartkj fd;k tkrk FkkA fdlh Hkh ekSle dkA Hkh"k.k
lnhZ&xjeh osQ d"V viuh txg jgrs Fks] ysfdu ;s ekSle Hkh tks nsrs

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Fks] mls ;kn j[kk tkrk FkkA vc ekSle Mjkrs gSaA fdl rjg Mjkrs gSa] ;g

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nh xbZ vkSj vkink jkgr dh ,tsafl;ksa dks rS;kj jgus osQ fy, dgk

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ls Hkh T;knk yksxksa dh tku xbZ FkhA ng'kr dk dkj.k ;g vk¡dM+k Hkh

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Hkkjr dk ugha gSA di
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(In

lcls cM+k dkj.k cu x;k gSA ,d vè;;u osQ vuqlkj o"kZ 1960 ls 2015 rd mÙkjh vesfjdk] ;wjksi vkSj
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,f'k;k esa tgk¡ ,d rjiQ rst jÝrkj ls ciZQ fi?kyh gS] rks ogha nwljh rjiQ m¡Qps bykdksa esa ciZQ teus esa yxHkx
10 iQhlnh dh deh vkbZ gSA tyok;q ifjorZu dk ,d cM+k vlj bl :i esa Hkh lkeus vk;k gS fd igkM+ksa esa
ou

ciZQ iM+us osQ le; esa Hkh ,d cM+k varj vk pqdk gSA fgeky; esa ciZQ fxjus dk mfpr le; uoacj&fnlacj gh
iH

gksuk pkfg, rkfd mls teus osQ fy, i;kZIr le; fey losQA tcfd tuojh&iQjojh esa iM+h gqbZ ciZQ rRdky
at

fi?ky tkrh gSA bl ?kVuk dks ljyrk ls ugha fy;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd tgk¡ ,d rjiQ ciZQ teus esa ladV vk
sw

pqdk gS] ogha c<+rs rkiozQe osQ dkj.k fge[kaMksa osQ fi?kyus dh jÝrkj rsth ls c<+ jgh gS vkSj ;g iwjh nqfu;k
esa gks jgk gSA
ra
Sa

ekSleh vkinkvksa dh vfr nqfu;k Hkj dks ijs'kku djus yxh gSA vesfjdk esa gfjosQu us VsDlkWl o
yqfl;kuk esa fiNys o"kZ cM+h rckgh epkbZ Fkh] gtkjksa yksx cs?kj gks x, FksA gky gh esa oSQfyiQksfuZ;k esa ciQhZys
ew

rwiQku us cM+k dgj <k;kA i;kZoj.k cnyko osQ lkFk gh iwjh nqfu;k esa tks gks jgk gS] mls le>us dh t:jr
gSA lp ;g gS fd fofHkUu ukeksa osQ coaMj izÑfr ls NsM+NkM+ dk gh urhtk gSaA
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if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj nf{k.k ;wjksi esa ywlhiQj coaMj ml cM+h yw dk gh nsu Fkk tks bu {ks=kksa esa
tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k pyh FkhA gesa ,d ljy lh ckr le> ysuh gksxh fd rwiQku rkiozQeksa osQ
varjksa ls iSnk gksrs vkSj pyrs gSaA eSnkuksa esa mPp rkieku vkSj nwljs bykdksa esa fuEu rkieku dk varj
gokvksa dk #[k cnyrk gS vkSj mPp rkieku osQ dkj.k fjDrrk dks Hkjus oQs fy, gok,¡ pyrh gSaA ftruk
cM+k ;g varj gksxk] mruk gh rst rwiQku o coaMj gksxkA gky esa gh vk;k coaMj ikfdLrku ckWMZj osQ
xk¡o uokc'kkg osQ mPp rkieku osQ dkj.k cuk FkkA ogk¡ vizSy osQ var esa rkieku 50 fMxzh lsfYl;l
ikj dj x;k FkkA bl rjg osQ rwiQku dks oSKkfud Hkk"kk esa ^Mkmu cYV* Hkh dgrs gSa vkSj ;gh coaMj
38 Hkk"kk rj.kh

jktLFkku] iatkc o mÙkj izns'k esa igq¡pus ij Fka Mj LVkWeZ cukA blh le; xjeh osQ dkj.k caxky dh [kkM+h
esa mPp rkiozQe esa ok"iksRlftZr gok us Hkh bl coa Mj dk lkFk fn;kA ;g fiNys 20 lky esa lcls cM+k
rwiQku jgkA
nqfu;k Hkj esa ?kV jgh ,slh pje ekSleh vkink,¡ cM+s [krjksa dh vksj laosQr dj jgh gSa vkSj bu lcosQ
ihNs ,d gh dkj.k gSa] /jrh dk c<+rk rkiekuA ekuk tkrk gS fd vxj rkieku blh rjg c<+rk jgk] rks bl
lnh osQ var rd rkiozQe esa ukS fMxzh iQkW jsugkbV rd c<+ksrjh gks tk,xhA Mj ;g gS fd 'kk;n mlosQ ckn okilh

d
vlaHko gksxhA bl cnyko esa ,d cM+k dkj.k okrkoj.k esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk c<+rk ?kuRo Hkh gSA vc

ite
nqfu;k osQ lcls cM+s ns'k vesfjdk dks gh yhft,] tgk¡ o"kZ 1981 ls 2016 osQ chp esa rkiozQe 1-8 fMxzh

m
iQkjsugkbV c<+k gSA bl ns'k esa VkWjusMks ls ysdj ciQhZys rwiQku o ck<+ us fiNys oqQN n'kdksa ls rckgh epk j[kh

Li
gSA c<+rk rkiozQe ek=k coaMjksa dks tUe ugha ns jgk gS] cfYd blls leqnzh ry esa o"kZ 1880 osQ ckn ls yxkrkj

e
c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA yxHkx vkB bap rd ;g ry c<+ pqdk gSA lc oqQN ,slk gh jgk] rks o"kZ 2100 rd osQ var

at
rd ;g ,d ls pkj iQhV rd c<+ tk,xk] D;ksafd Xysf'k;j igkM+ksa ls pydj leqnz esa fi?kyrs gq, igq¡p tk,¡xs

iv
vkSj leqnzksa esa mPp Tokj&HkkVk o leqnzh rwiQku dh vko`fRr c<+ tk,xhA

Pr
vesfjdh varfj{k ,tsalh uklk osQ vuqlkj] 1895 ls vkt rd lcls T;knk xje o"kZ nqfu;k esa 2016 gh

a)
jgk gSA ;gh og lky Fkk] tc lHkh rjg dh =kklfn;ksa us nqfu;k dks ?ksjk FkkA c<+rs rkiozQe o tyok;q ifjorZu
di
osQ dkj.k ekSle esa vuk;kl varj Hkh ns[kk tk jgk gS vkSj dHkh vpkud rkieku dk fxj tkuk ;k ekulwu dk
(In

,glkl fnyk tkuk] blh ls tqM+k gSA /jrh osQ c<+rs rkiozQe dk ,d vkSj igyw gS vkSj og gS oTkzikr] ;kuh
se

fctyh dk fxjukA ,d vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] vxj ;gh pyu jgk] rks bl lnh osQ var rd oTkzikr dh jÝrkj
50 iQhlnh c<+ tk,xh] D;ksafd gj ,d fMxzh lsfYl;l rkieku c<+us ij fctyh fxjus dh jÝrkj 12 iQhlnh
ou

c<+ tkrh gSA

iH

bu lc ?kVukvksa osQ 'kq#vkrh laosQr 18oha 'krkCnh ls gh feyus 'kq: gks x, Fks] tc nqfu;k esa vkS|ksfxd
at

ozQkafr dk tUe gqvkA blosQ gh ckn ge fodkl osQ ,d ohHkRl pozQO;wg esa i¡Qlrs pys x,A vkt gkykr ;s gSa
sw

fd dHkh coaMjksa ls ;k fiQj ck<+ ls ;k fiQj 'khr ygj ls nqcosQ iM+s gSaA blls eqDr gksus dk jkLrk vxj dgha
ra

gS] rks bu ?kVukvksa dks le>us vkSj bu ij lkspus dk gS] rkfd blls fuiVus dh j.kuhfr rS;kj dh tk losQ]
Sa

ojuk dHkh ,d cM+k rwiQku gekjs lkeus [kM+k gksxkA

ew

iz'u vH;kl
N

iz'u 1- ^ vc Mjkus yxk gS ekSle* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr laf{kIr fVIi.kh
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fyf[k,A
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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 39

(3) cM+s [krjsµ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(4) o"kZ 2016µ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

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^vc Mjkus yxk gS ekSle* osQ vk/kj ij cuk, x, uksV~l dks vk/kj cukdj bu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k fyf[k, tks ^tyok;q
di
ifjorZu osQ nq"ifj.kkeksa* osQ ckjs esa gSa A bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
(In

vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
se

mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

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40 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dk muosQ le:ih vFkZ okys 'kCnksa osQ lkFk lgh feyku dhft,A
'kCn le:ih 'kCn
mnkgj.kµHkh"k.k µ Hk;kog

(1) ekSle (i) eqlhcr

(2) ?kks"k.kk (ii) ifj.kke

d
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(3) vk'kadk (iii) ,syku djuk

m
(4) rckgh (iv) joS;k

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e
(5) vkink (v) [kkyhiu

at
iv
(6) coa Mj (vi) fouk'k@dgj

Pr
(7) urhtk (vii) rwiQku

(8) fjDrrk
a)
(viii) Hkki osQ :i esa fudyk gqvk
di
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(9) ok"iksRlftZr (ix) fpark
se

(10) #[k (x) tyok;q

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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 41

2 ns'k dks fuxyrk iznw"k.k dk nkuo

A. fo'o LokLF; laxBu dh vksj ls tkjh fo'o osQ lokZf/d
iznwf"kr 15 'kgjksa dh lwph esa 14 'kgj Hkkjr osQ gSaA bl

d
fyLV esa dkuiqj VkWi ij gS tcfd jkt/kuh fnYyh] NBs

ite
uacj ij gSA lwph esa okjk.klh] iQjhnkckn] x;k] iVuk]

m
y[kumQ] vkxjk] eqtÝiQjiqj] Jhuxj] xq#xzke] t;iqj]

Li
ifV;kyk] tks/iqj dk Hkh lekos'k gSA fnYyh dh gkyr

e
at
;g gks xbZ Fkh fd lk¡l ysuk rd eqf'dy gks x;k FkkA

iv
tc lfnZ;ksa esa dksgjk Nk tkrk gS vkSj gok mQij ugha mB

Pr
ikrh rc fnYyhokfl;ksa dks Hkkjh ?kqVu gksrh gSA vLFkek

a)
ihfM+rksa dh rks tku vkiQr esa iM+ tkrh gSA 2015 ls fnYyh osQ gkykr dkiQh fcxM+us yxsA gfj;k.kk esa cM+s
di
iSekus ij iQlyksa osQ Bw¡B (ijkyh) tyk, tkus ls ogk¡ dk tgjhyk /qvk¡ lh/k fnYyh dh vksj vkrk gSA
(In

fnYyh esa ok;q iznw"k.k dh xaHkhj leL;k ns[krs gq, ogk¡ okguksa dks vkWM&bZou uacj osQ fglkc ls vyx&vyx
se

fnu pykus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ rkfd xkfM+;k¡ de pysa vkSj iznw"k.k ?kVsA fnYyh esa us'kuy lsiQ LVSaMMZ ls
ou

rhu xquk T;knk iznw"k.k Lrj gSA

iH

B. fnYyh] vkxjk vkSj dkuiqj esa ok;q iznw"k.k dk Lrj dkiQh m¡Qpk gSA Hkkjr osQ 7 jkT;ksa osQ 14 'kgjksa esa 2-5
at

ih-,e- dk loksZPp iznw"k.k Lrj gSA yksx tgjhyh gok esa lk¡l ysus dks etcwj gSaA vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd
sw

okjk.klh] x;k] eqtÝiQjiqj o Jhuxj esa u rks iznw"k.k mRiUu djus okys T;knk m|ksx gSa vkSj u gh vf/d
okguksa dk mRltZu gS fiQj Hkh ogk¡ iznw"k.k dk mPp Lrj 2-5 cuk gqvk gSA bldk oSKkfud dkj.k dkuqij
ra
Sa

vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- osQ izksisQlj lfPpnkuan f=kikBh rFkk iq.ks osQ bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ VªkWfidy eSVªksyksth osQ
oSKkfud MkW- xqiQjku osx us crk;k fd xaxk dk dNkj ,d cgqr cM+h ?kkVh osQ leku gS tks fd mÙkj esa
ew

fgeky; vkSj nf{k.k esa foaè;kpy ioZr osQ chp fLFkr gSA bl ?kkVh ls ok;q iznw"k.k vU;=k iSQy ugha ikrk
N

vkSj ogha vVd dj jg tkrk gSA mÙkj Hkkjr esa fo'o dh cgqr l?ku vkcknh gSA ;gk¡ 60 djksM+ yksx jgrs
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gSaA ;gk¡ b±/u cgqr tyk;k tkrk gS ftldh otg ls gok esa ifVZoqQysV eSVj ;k ih-,e- dh ek=kk c<+rh gSA
C. bl xaHkhj leL;k dh fdlh dks dksbZ fiQozQ ugha gSA ;|fi osaQnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ us nkok fd;k fd
2016 dh rqyuk esa 2017 esa ok;q iznw"k.k osQ Lrj esa lq/kj gqvk gS ysfdu cksMZ us 2017 osQ fy, gok esa
ekStwn ifVZoqQysV eSVj ;k (ih-,e-) dk MsVk vHkh rd tkjh ugha fd;kA gok esa /wy vkSj /q,¡ osQ d.kksa rFkk
ir>M+ Hkj o`{kksa osQ iÙks o ijkxd.k iSQyus ls ikfVZdy eSVj c<+rk gS vkSj yksx 'ok¡l jksxksa o ,ythZ dk
f'kdkj gksrs gSaA
42 Hkk"kk rj.kh

D. gok o ekSle dk Hkh vlj gksrk gSA mÙkj Hkkjr esa if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh gok osQ dkj.k iznw"k.k
rRoksa dk vkdkj vkSj ?kuRo c<+rk pyk tkrk gSA m|ksxksa vkSj okguksa dk /qvk¡ Hkh laosaQfnzr gksdj /wezd.k
;k ikfVZdy esa o`n~f/ djrk gSA fnYyh ;k dkuiqj esa vf/dka'k ok;q iznw"k.k ckgj ls gok osQ }kjk vkrk gSA
bl {ks=k esa mPp vknzZrk ls Hkh ,jkslksy curs gSaA xSl o tyh; rRo feyus ls ifVZoqQysV eSVj c<+rk pyk
tkrk gSA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

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iz'u vH;kl

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iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A

at
vFkZ 'kCn

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(1) rkfydk] ozQec¼ ys[kk&tks[kk
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a)
(2) 'kkfey gksuk
di -----------------------------------------------------------
(3) oqQgjk] oqQgklk
(In

(4) ne ?kqVus dh voLFkk -----------------------------------------------------------

se

(5) tks ihM+k ls xzLr gks -----------------------------------------------------------

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(6) ladV] nq%[k] Dys'k -----------------------------------------------------------

iH

(7) bartke] izca/ -----------------------------------------------------------

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(8) loksZifj] lcls cM+k

ra

(9) ckgj fudyuk] fudyus okyk /qvk¡ -----------------------------------------------------------

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(10) nwljh txg] dgha vkSj -----------------------------------------------------------

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(11) jksd] #duk -----------------------------------------------------------

N

(12) ?kuk] xf>u -----------------------------------------------------------

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(13) fo'okliwoZd] gd ls dguk -----------------------------------------------------------

(14) /q,¡ osQ NksVs&NksVs d.k -----------------------------------------------------------

(15) LFkku] bykdk -----------------------------------------------------------

(16) ueh] rjyrk -----------------------------------------------------------

(17) ikuh osQ -----------------------------------------------------------

i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 43

iz'u 2- ^ns'k dks fuxyrk iznw"k.k dk nkuo* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, uhps fn, x, vuqPNsnksa
(A ls D) esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A
,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA
mnk- % crkrk gS fd fo'o esa lokZf/d iznwf"kr 'kgj Hkkjr osQ gSaA
A. ü B. C. D.

1- crkrk gS fd xaxk dk dNkj mÙkj esa fgeky; vkSj nf{k.k esa foaè;kpy ioZr osQ eè; esa fLFkr gSA

d
ite
A. B. C. D.

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2- crkrk gS fd iSQfDVª;ksa o xkfM+;ksa dk /qvk¡ ,d=k gksdj /q,¡ osQ d.kksa dks c<+krk gSA

Li

A. B. C. D.

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3- crkrk gS fd gok esa /wy ,oa /q,¡ osQ d.kksa dh otg ls ih-,e- c<+rk gSA

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iv

A. B. C. D.

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4- crkrk gS fd fnYyh esa lk¡l ysuk rd nq'okj gks x;k FkkA

a)

A. B. C. D.

5- crkrk gS fd yksx lk¡l osQ jksx vkSj ,ythZ ls ihfM+r gSaA

di
(In

A. B. C. D.
se

6- crkrk gS fd ?kkVh dk iznw"k.k nwljs LFkku ij ugha tk ikrk gSA

ou

A. B. C. D.
iH

7- crkrk gS fd fnYyh ;k dkuiqj esa vf/drj ok;q iznw"k.k ckgjh gok ls vkrk gSA

A. B. C. D.
at
sw

8- crkrk gS fd oqQgkls dh otg ls gok mQij ugha mB ikrh gSA

A. B. C. D.
ra
Sa

9- crkrk gS fd yksx fo"kkDr ok;q esa lk¡l ysus osQ fy, ckè; gSaA

A. B. C. D.
ew

10- crkrk gS fd if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh gok osQ dkj.k iznw"k.k rRoksa dk vkdkj vkSj ?kuRo c<+rk gSA
N

A. B. C. D.
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11- crkrk gS fd fnYyh esa izkekf.kd Lrj ls rhu xquk T;knk iznw"k.k Lrj gSA

A. B. C. D.

12- crkrk gS fd mÙkj Hkkjr esa ydM+h ;k dks;yk cgqr tyk;k tkrk gSA

A. B. C. D.

13- crkrk gS fd fnYyh esa okguksa dks uacj osQ fglkc ls pyk, tkus dk bartke fd;k x;kA

A. B. C. D.
44 Hkk"kk rj.kh

14- crkrk gS fd osaQnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ osQ vuqlkj 2016 osQ eqdkcys esa 2017 esa ok;q iznw"k.k esa deh vkbZ gSA

A. B. C. D.

15- crkrk gS fd nes osQ ejhtksa dh tku eqf'dy esa iM+ tkrh gSA

A. B. C. D.

16- crkrk gS fd xSl o ty osQ rRo feyus ls ih-,e- c<+rk gSA

A. B. C. D.

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iz'u 3- vkiosQ 'kgj esa fnuksa&fnu HkhM+ ,oa okguksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gS] ftlls iznw"k.k Hkh c<+ jgk gSA vki blls dkiQh

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fpafrr gSaA 'kgj osQ i;kZoj.k vf/dkjh dks i=k fy[k dj lq>ko nhft, fd bl leL;k ls oSQls futkr ik;k tk ldrk

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gSA vius i=k esa fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dk lekos'k djsaµ

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• HkhM+ ,oa okguksa dk c<+uk

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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 45

ý lM+d ij c<+rk dkjksa dk cks>

vHkh T;knk lky ugha xqtjs tc ns'k osQ nwljs 'kgjksa osQ
yksx fnYyh dh lM+dksa ls bZ";kZ djrs FksA yksx dgrs Fks

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fnYyh dh pkSM+h&pkSM+h [kwclwjr lM+dksa esa dkj pykus
dk etk gh oqQN vkSj gSA ysfdu vkt gkyr ;g gS fd

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Li
jkt/kuh dh Ng ysu okyh lM+osaQ Hkh dkjksa dk cks> ugha

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l¡Hkky ik jgh gSaA lM+dksa esa brus T;knk okgu gSa fd yxrk

at
gS fd os lM+dksa ij miQu jgs gSaA bldh nks cM+h otgsa gSa

iv
Pr
,d rks gekjk dkj izse vkSj nwljk gekjk cseryc dk ;k=kk
izseA ;w¡ rks iwjs ns'k esa gh dkjksa dks ysdj ikxyksa dh gn
a)
di
rd nhokuxh gS] ysfdu bl nhokuxh esa fnYyh ljrkt gSA ,d rjiQ tgk¡ ns'k esa ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa osQ eqrkfcd
(In
44 djksM+ ls T;knk yksxksa dks nksuksa oDr dk isV Hkj [kkuk ugha fey ikrk] ogha nwljh rjiQ fiNys ,d n'kd
ls nqfu;k osQ dkj m|ksx dks vxj fdlh ,d ns'k ls ftank jgus osQ fy, lokZf/d vkWDlhtu fey jgh gS rks
se

og ns'k Hkkjr gSA

ou

fiNys ,d n'kd ls yxkrkj nqfu;k esa lcls T;knk dkjsa fganqLrku esa fcd jgh gSa vkSj mlesa Hkh gj xqtjrs
iH

lky esa 10 iQhlnh ls T;knk dk b”kkI+kQk gks jgk gSA ns'k esa fiNys 10 lky esa lcls T;knk fons'kh fuos'k ftl
at

{ks=k esa vk;k gS] og dkj m|ksx gh gSA vosQys fnYyh esa vk/s ;wjksi ls T;knk dkjsa gSaA ;g gSjku djus okyh ckr
sw

ugha rks vkSj D;k gS fd ns'k esa 24 yk[k osQ vklikl gh oqQy ,sls dj nkrk gSa] ftudks gj lky dh vk; 10
ra

yk[k ls mQij gSa] ysfdu blh ns'k esa gj lky 25 yk[k ls T;knk dkjsa fcdrh gSaA ns'k esa ftruh dkjsa gSa] mruh
Sa

dkjsa lewps ;wjksih; egk}hi esa ugha gSaA blls vanktk yxrk gS fd ge fdl dnj ikxyksa dh gn rd dkj osQ
ew

nhokus gSaA
N

dkjksa dh gh rjg gekjh xSj t:jh ;k=kkvksa esa Hkh vikj fnypLih gSA ns'k osQ 40 iQhlnh ls T;knk
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jsyos VªSd ij ges'kk mldh {kerk ls 100 iQhlnh T;knk cks> jgrk gSA ns'k esa 1]219 ,sls VSªd gSa tks vius
fu/kZfjr cks> ls 90 iQhlnh T;knk otu <ks jgs gSa vkSj yxkrkj mUgsa ;g djuk iM+ jgk gSA ftl rjg ns'k esa
dkjksa dh fcozQh yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh gS] mlh rjg Hkkjrh; Vªsuksa esa ;kf=k;ksa dh la[;k esa Hkh yxkrkj b”kkI+kQk
gks jgk gSA fiNys 15 lkyksa esa 56 iQhlnh ls T;knk jsy;k=kh c<+s gSaA 2000&2001 esa tgk¡ oqQy ;k=kh Vªsuksa dh
la[;k 8]520 Fkh] ogha 2015&16 esa budh la[;k c<+dj 13]313 gks xbZ vkSj bl le; djhc 14]000 Vªsusa
iVfj;ksa ij nkSM+ jgh gSaA gekjh ;k=kh jsyxkfM+;ksa esa ges'kk ,d vkWLVªsfy;k lokj jgrk gSA ,slk ugha gS fd gekjh
46 Hkk"kk rj.kh

;s lHkh ;k=kk,¡ xSj t:jh gksrh gks] ysfdu fuf'pr :i ls Hkkjrh; jsyos dk viuk vkdyu gS fd 40 iQhlnh
ls T;knk ;k=kk,¡ xSj t:jh gksrh gSaA vxj ;s #d tk,¡ rks u fliZQ liQj osQ fy, fVdV dh leL;k [kRe gks
tk, cfYd 50 iQhlnh ls T;knk jsy nq?kZVuk,¡ Hkh de gks ldrh gSaA
vkf[kj ge dc le>saxs fd ge viuh reke leL;kvksa dh otg [kqn gSa\ ftl rjg ls ge vius 'kgjksa
dks ns[krs gh ns[krs okguksa osQ cks> ls <d nsrs gSa] mlls D;k ;g lkfcr ugha gksrk fd ge xSj t:jh ;k=kkvksa
osQ vknh gSaA ge 'kgjksa esa t:j jgrs gSa ysfdu lp ;gh gS fd 'kgjksa esa jgus yk;d vHkh gekjk flfod lsal

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ugha gS] ysfdu ges'kk gesa bl csrjrhch ls jgus dh NwV ugha fey ldrh] ceqf'dy vius ,d n'kd rd vxj

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geus vius bl joS;s esa lq/kj ugha fd;k rks gj lky 10 vjc MkWyj ls T;knk dk uqdlku mBk,¡xs vkSj gekjh

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reke vFkZO;oLFkk gh ugha lekt O;oLFkk Hkh pjejk tk,xhA blfy, ftruh tYnh gks gesa dkjksa osQ ikxyiu

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dh gn rd okys eksg vkSj va/k/qa/ dh tkus okyh xSj t:jh ;k=kkvksa dks ck;&ck; djuk gksxk] ojuk gekjk

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lewpk 'kgjh <k¡pk gekjh gh T;knrh ls èoLr gks tk,xkA

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iz'u 1- ^ lM+d ij c<+rk dkjksa dk cks>* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr laf{kIr
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fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
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(5) Hkfo"; dh fpark ,oa lq/kj osQ mik;µ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 47

iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

^lM+d ij c<+rk dkjksa dk cks>* ikB~;ka'k osQ vk/kj ij vkiosQ }kjk cuk, x, uksV~l osQ vk/kj ij ^lM+dksa esa c<+rs
;krk;kr dh leL;kvksa* ij vk/kfjr fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k fyf[k,A bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa
fyf[k,A
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

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48 Hkk"kk rj.kh

vius fgLls dh xaxk vkSj vius fgLls dk

4 ;ksxnku] xaxk osQ Hkfo"; osQ fy, nwljksa dks
ns jgk izsj.kk ^xq#nkl*

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okjk.klhA xaxk vkSj vkfn xaxk dgh tkus okyh xkserh osQ

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laxe rV ij eko±QMs; egknso /ke dh uxjh gS oSQFkh xzkeA

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xzke fuoklh 65 o"khZ; xq#nkl ukjk;.k xksLokeh lPps

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vFkks± esa xaxk lsod gSaA bUgksaus 25 o"kZ igys ,d fnu ,sls

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gh xaxk Luku djrs le; oSQFkh fLFkr jtok ?kkV ij iSQyh

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xanxh dks lkiQ djus dh 'kq#vkr dh Fkh tks vc ,d

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fe'ku cu xbZ gSA
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pkScsiqj osQ bl xk¡o osQ jgus okys xksLokeh th dh
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fnup;kZ gh ?kkV dh liQkbZ ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj iwjh
rjg ikWyhfFku] nkrwu] 'kSaiw&lkcqu osQ jSij vkfn gVk dj
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vkSj ?kkV dh liQkbZ djus osQ ckn gh xaxk Luku vkSj iwtu djrs gSaA
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ogha laè;k le; fof/&fo/ku ls xaxk vkjrh djrs gSa] fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g ozQe vkt rd ugha
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VwVkA vxj fdlh dkj.k fdlh fnu ;s ?kkV ij ugha tk losQ rks muosQ LFkku ij mudh iRuh ;k iq=kksa esa ls dksbZ
bl ftEesnkjh dk fuoZgu djrk gSA
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xq#nkl th crkrs gSa fd bl ?kkV ij izk;% 'konkg Hkh fd;k tkrk gS rks cM+h ek=kk esa diQu] iwtu
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lkexzh] vfLFk vo'ks"k Hkh tek gks tkrk gS ftls gVkus esa dfBukbZ vkrh gS] 'ks"k nSfud mi;ksx osQ dpjs dks
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gVkuk vis{kkÑr vklku gksrk gSA

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chp&chp esa xk¡o osQ ;qodksa osQ lkFk oSQFkh osQ vU; ?kkVksa vkSj laxe rV ij Hkh LoPNrk vfHk;ku pykus
okys xq#nkl xksLokeh dk ekuuk gS fd ek¡ xaxk dh LoPNrk osQoy ljdkjh iz;klksa ls ugha gks ik,xh] xaxkrV
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okfl;ksa dks gh ladfYir gksuk iM+sxkA xaxk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk iznw"k.k u gks] blosQ fy, vius fgLls dh
xaxk l¡okjus dk ftEek mBkus dh ”k:jr gSA
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ljdkj ls mudh vis{kk gS fd xaxk dks ck¡/ksa ls eqDr djosQ lnkuhjk cuk;k tk,] rkfd vfojyrk ls
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fueZyrk Hkh cuh jgsA xq#nkl xksLokeh osQ lrr dk;ks± ls izHkkfor gksdj ty&iq#"k jktsanz flag us mUgsa jktLFkku
ty fo'ofo|ky; esa lacks/u osQ fy, cqyk;k FkkA
oqQN ekg igys gh lkekftd laLFkk vk'kk VªLV }kjk mUgsa xaxk lsod lEeku ls Hkh uoktk x;k gSA fdlh
Hkh izdkj osQ rke&>ke vkSj fn[kkos ls nwj jgus okys xq#nkl ^,dyk pyks* osQ fl¼kar ij pyrs gq, yxkrkj
vius fe'ku esa yxs gq, gSaA mudk fo'okl gS fd ftl fnu xaxk rV oklh tkx`r gks tk,¡xs] xaxk dk iqu#¼kj
fuf'pr :i ls gks tk,xkA os dgrs gSa] tc rd thou jgsxk] ek¡ xaxk dh lsok dk ;g ozQe tkjh jgsxkA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 49

iz'u vH;kl

iz'u 1- x|ka'k dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ laf{kIr mÙkj fyf[k,A
(1) oSQFkh xzke dgk¡ ij fLFkr gS\
mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(2) 65 o"khZ; xqjnkl ukjk;.k xksLokeh dks lPps vFkks± esa xaxk lsod D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

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(3) xksLokeh th dh fnup;kZ oSQls 'kq: gksrh gS\

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(4) xaxk th osQ izfr muosQ leiZ.k dh Hkkouk oSQls irk pyrh gS\
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(6) xq#nkl th osQ vuqlkj xaxk dh LoPNrk dh ftEesnkjh fdu&fdu dh gS\

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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(7) xq#nkl th dh ljdkj ls D;k vis{kk,¡ gSa\

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mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(8) xq#nklth dks fdl lEeku ls uoktk x;k\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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50 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(9) xq#nkl th fdu fl¼karksa ij fo'okl djrs gSa\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(10) xaxk dk iqu#¼kj dc laHko gks ik,xk\

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft, %

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iz'u 3- Hkkjr dh eq[; ufn;ksa dk iznw"k.k Lrj fparktud gks x;k gSA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, ljdkj vkSj turk oSQls
fey&tqydj dke dj ldrh gSµbl fo"k; ij vk/kfjr ,d CykWx fyf[k,A vkidk CykWx 200 'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A
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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 51

5 Xykscy okfe±x (oSf'od rki o`f¼) ls

fge;qx esa gksxh nsjh
oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd xzhu gkml xSlksa osQ mRltZu osQ

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pyrs c<+rh Xykscy okfe±x ls fge;qx vkus esa nsjh gks ldrh
gSA fiNyk fge;qx yxHkx 11500 o"kZ igys rd jgk Fkk]

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ysfdu vxys osQ le; osQ ckjs esa oqQN Li"V ugha gSA foKku
dh if=kdk ^uspj ftvkslkbal* esa oSKkfudksa us fy[kk gS fd

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LohÑr [kxksyh; ekWMy osQ vuqlkj vxyk fge;qx 1500

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lkyksa osQ nkSjku vk ldrk gSA

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   /jrh dks BaMk gksus esa dkiQh oDr yxsxkµysfdu dkcZu

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mRltZu dh ek=kk bruh T;knk gS fd blesa nsjh gks ldrh gSA ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst yanu] ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ oSaQfczt
di
vkSj ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ÝyksfjMk osQ 'kks/drkZvksa us fy[kk gS fd dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl dk mRltZu vc #d
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Hkh tk, rks Hkh /jrh dks BaMk gksus esa dkiQh oDr yxsxkA vk¡dM+s ;g crkrs gSa fd blls fge;qx vkus esa gtkjksa
se

o"kZ dh nsjh gks ldrh gSA

;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ÝyksfjMk osQ izksisQlj vkSj fjiksVZ osQ lg ys[kd fte pSuy dk dguk gS fd ,slk yxrk
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gS fd ;g vPNh [kcj gS] ysfdu ,slk gS ughaA pSuy dk dguk gS fd vaVkoZQfVdk esa Xykscy okfe±x ls ciZQ
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dh eksVh ijrsa fi?ky jgh gSa vkSj blls leqnz osQ vkdkj esa c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA bl vè;;u osQ fy, [kxksyh;
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eaMy dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA ekStwnk iSVuZ ls laosQr feyrs gSa fd /jrh dh xehZ dk orZeku xzkiQ ij vxys
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1500 o"kks± esa jksd yx tkuh pkfg,A

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fge;qx esa baVjXysf'k;y vkSj fiQj okil fge;qx esa cnyus dk eq[; dkj.k /jrh osQ d{k esa ifjorZu
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gSA bu ifjorZuksa esa /jrh osQ lw;Z dh ifjozQek djus dk vuks[kkiu] mlosQ v{k osQ >qdko dk ifjek.k vkSj
mldh viuh /qjh ij /heh ?kw.kZ xfr 'kkfey gSA ;g lc oqQN gtkjksa lkyksa osQ varjky osQ ckn gksrk gSA yk[kksa
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lkyksa osQ varjky ij og fdl rjg /jrh dh tyok;q dks m".k baVjXysf'k;y ls 'khr fge;qx esa rCnhy djrk
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gS blosQ dkj.kksa dk oqQN irk ugha gSA oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj vius cycwrs muesa ;s {kerk ugha gS fd oks oSf'od
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rkieku osQ varj dks nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa ;kuh baVjXysf'k;y vkSj fge;qx esa 10 fMxzh lsaVhxzsM dk varj yk losaQA
gkyk¡fd 'kq: osQ oqQN cnykoksa ij dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM osQ mRltZu tSls dkj.kksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
fge;qx i`Foh osQ thou esa vkus okys ,sls ;qx dks dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa i`Foh dh lrg vkSj ok;qeaMy
dk rkieku yacs vjls osQ fy, de gks tkrk gSA ftlls egk}hiksa osQ cM+s Hkw&Hkkx ij Xysf'k;j iSQy tkrs gSaA ,slk
fge;qx i`Foh ij igys vk pqdk gS vkSj oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd og Hkfo"; esa vkrs jgsaxsA vkf[kjh fge;qx
yxHkx 20 gtkj o"kks± igys vius pje ij FkkA /jrh ij ciZQ dh eksVh pknj FkhA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
52 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u vH;kl

iz'u 1- ^oSf'od rkio`f¼ ls fge;qx esa gksxh nsjh* x|ka'k dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, izR;sd 'kh"kZd
osQ varxZr laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

(1) ^uspj ftvks lkbal* esa nh xbZ tkudkjhµ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 53

iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

izLrqr x|ka'k ^oSf'od rkio`f¼ ls fge ;qx esa gksxh nsjh* osQ vk/kj ij vius cuk, x, uksV~l dks eq[; fcanq ekudj
mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k yxHkx lkS 'kCnksa esa fyf[k, tks ;g crkrs gSa fd ^fdl rjg oSf'od rkio`f¼ osQ izHkko ls fge
;qx esa nsjh gksus okyh gSA* bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

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54 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- oSf'od rkio`f¼ D;k gS vkSj mlosQ nq"izHkko ls iwjh nqfu;k dks cpkus osQ fy, ns'kksa dks fdl rjg osQ dne mBkus gksaxsµbl
fo"k; ij i;kZoj.k if=kdk osQ fy, ,d CykWx fyf[k, ftlesa bl leL;k osQ eq[; igyqvksa ij yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa
izdk'k Mkfy,A
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwxksy 55

i;kZoj.k lac/
a h 'kCnkoyh ,oa oqQN mi;ksxh okD;ka'k
i;kZoj.k laca/h 'kCnkoyh fuEufyf[kr gSa %
rduhdh fodkl] vkSn~;ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k] tula[;k@vkcknh o`n~f/] vk/qfud thou&'kSyh] futh&LokFkZ] fodkl dh

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vkik/kih] jklk;fud vof'k"V] jklk;fud moZjd@dhVuk'kd] jsfM;ks ,fDVo dpjk] oSf'od rkieku dk c<+uk] gkfudkjd]

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nq"izHkko] izfrowQy vlj iM+uk] pisV esa vkuk] ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa] ty] ok;q] Hkwfe] èofu iznw"k.k] fo"kkDr] ukfHkdh; la;a=k]

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izk;ksfxd la;a=k] fctyh la;a=k] uxjh; vof'k"V] Tokykeq[kh] HkwL[kyu] HkwoaQi] tytyk] HkwMksy vyuhuksa] ”kgjhyh@rs”kkch o"kkZ]

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cnyko@ifjorZu] i;kZoj.k vlarqyu] izkÑfrd@uSlfxZd vkink,¡] Bksl dne mBkuk] ;ksxnku nsuk] feV~Vh dk Ïko@dVko]

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vfu;af=kr iznw"k.k] fodV deh] rVh; {ks=k] vkWDlhtu@izk.kok;q] dkcZu&Mkb&vkWDlkbM&nwf"kr] ?kkrd /krq] vkPNkfnr djuk]
oSf'od lksp dk fodkl] tutkx`fr] tkx#drk] fojklr] lkaLÑfrd izfreku] fouf"Vdj.k] ekuoh; xfrfof/;k¡] vuqla/ku]

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lpsr] lko/ku] xSl mRltZu] ljnh] ikyk] ciZQckjh] vksyk o`f"V] izkÑfrd vkink] pØokr] fgeL[kyu] ciQhZyk rwiQku]
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vkstksu ijr esa fNnz] xzhu gkWml izHkko] owQM+snku] owQM+s dk iqupZØ.k] oSf'od riu] tyok;q ifjorZu] lek/kuA
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o"kkZµvfro`f"V] ?kVk] ?ku?kksj o"kkZ] ckny iQVuk] vEyh; o"kkZ] ck<+] tyizy;] tyeXu] uko] ukSdk] eYykg] HkwL[kyu] ty
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rkaMo] egkekjh] tu&/u dh gkfu] ty tfur jksx] csekSle o"kkZ] lqukeh] Tokj&HkkVk] ygjsa] izÑfr dh j{kk] vuko`f"V] lw[kk]
vdky] i'kq] eos'kh] tehu dk iQVuk] fpyfpykrh /wi] cw¡n&cw¡n osQ fy, rjluk] ty ladV] fdlku] [ksrh dk uqdlkuA
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o`{kµouLifr] o`{kkjksi.k] isM+&ikS/s] taxy] nksgu] laj{k.k] ou lEink] [kkn~; mRiknu] ok;q'kks/u] nwf"kr xSlsaA
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mtkZ] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ] lkSj mQtkZ] tSo mQtkZ] v{k; mQtkZ] ijek.kq mQtkZ] iou mQtkZ] èofu mQtkZ] FkeZy mQtkZ] jklk;fud
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ÅtkZ] fo|qr mQtkZ] fctyh] dks;yk] v{k; ÅtkZ ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxw djuk] egklkxjh; lalk/uksa dk nksguA
i;kZoj.k tkx:drk] i;kZoj.k osQ izfr tkx#d] i;kZoj.k esa ok;q] ty] Hkwfe] isM+&ikS/s] tho&tUrq] ekuo vkSj mldh fofo/
xfrfof/;ksa osQ ifj.kke] fodflr] fodkl'khy] NksVh&NksVh nwjh dks iSny pydj] lkoZtfud okguksa dk iz;ksx djosQ] tUefnu
ij ikS/kjksi.k djsa] o"kkZ ty lap;u iz.kkyh rduhd iz;ksx esa yk,¡] owQM+k&djdV] lw[ks iÙks vkSj vif'k"V u tyk,¡] IykfLVd
fxykl] ikuh dh NksVh&NksVh cksry vkSj IysV osQ iz;ksx ls ijgst djsa] iQlyksa osQ vo'ks"k u tyk,¡A
56 Hkk"kk rj.kh

oqQN mi;ksxh okD;ka'k

iznw"k.k :ih jk{kl tSls viuh ck¡gsa iSQyk, l`f"V dks fuxy tkuk pkgrk gSA
ljdkj }kjk vius vk'okluksa dk fiVkjk [kksyuk]
i;kZoj.k foHkkx] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k la'kks/u osaQnz] c`gUeqacbZ egkuxjikfydk dk f”kEesnkfj;ksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk]
fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol ij ifjppkZ dk vk;kstu]

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xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj ;qok 'kfDr dh HkkxhnkjhA

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 [ka M & ^x*

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i;ZVu (Tourism)

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1- fu'kkus ij lSykuh 59

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2- osQjy esa [kqf'k;ksa dh ckSNkj di 63
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3- leqnz osQ uhps clk [kwclwjr E;wf”k;e 67

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4- ltx jgsa] lqjf{kr jgsa tc liQj djsa Vªsu esa 71

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5- lákfnz dk xguk % yksukokyk 75

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i;ZVu 59

1 fu'kkus ij lSykuh
fiNys fnuksa tEew d'ehj esa vyx&vyx txgksa ij
gq, geyksa us vkradokfn;ksa osQ ,d u, xse Iyku dk

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[kqyklk fd;k gSA 90 osQ n'kd osQ ckn ;g igyk ekSdk

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gS tc vkradokfn;ksa us i;ZVdksa dks bl rjg fu'kkuk

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cuk;kA tkfgj gS fd os iVjh ij ykSV jgh jkT; dh

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vFkZO;oLFkk ij vk?kkr djuk pkgrs gSaA VwfjTe d'ehj

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dh bdkWueh dh jh<+ gS] ;gk¡ dh ykbiQykbu gS vkSj

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tc ls ubZ jkT; ljdkj lÙkk ij dkfct gqbZ gS rc ls

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bl lsDVj dks fiQj ls etcwr cukus dh dksf'k'k dh
tk jgh gS vkSj mYys[kuh; liQyrk Hkh fey jgh gSA
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tEew d'ehj esa veu dh cgkyh dh dksf'k'kksa osQ rgr osaQnz ljdkj us VwfjTe ij gh lcls T;knk roTtks
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nh gSA osaQnz osQ 27 gtkj djksM+ #i;s osQ fjoaQLVªD'ku iSosQt esa VwfjTe ij lcls T;knk ekgkSy dk;e gqvk gS vkSj
vkradoknh okjnkrksa osQ ckotwn vke vkneh dk ljdkj ij Hkjkslk c<+k gSA fiNys fnuksa dh HkhM+ bl ckr dk
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lcwr gSA iz'kklu dh dksf'k'kksa ls yksx ljdkj osQ bjknksa dks ysdj vk'oLr gq, gSaA bldk vlj fn[kus yxk gSA
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;g vdkj.k ugha gS fd i;ZVdksa osQ geys dh ,d Loj ls fuank dh xbZ gS vkSj blesa lHkh tekrksa osQ yksx
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'kkfey gSaA
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'kqozQ gS] bu geyksa osQ ckn Hkh VwfjLVksa osQ gkSlys iLr ugha gq, gSa vkSj mudk vkuk cnLrwj tkjh gSA xqtjkr
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;k if'pe caxky osQ os yksx] ftUgksaus ?kkVh ;k=kk dh ;kstuk cuk j[kh Fkh] vius bjkns ij dk;e gSA lp rks ;g
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gS fd fiNys oqQN lkyksa esa i;ZVdksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+h gSA xr o"kks± esa tgk¡ 2 yk[k VwfjLV vk,] ogha orZeku
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esa budh rknkn 5 yk[k ls Hkh T;knk gks xbZA bl o"kZ 10 yk[k i;ZVdksa osQ vkus dh mEehn gSA vly esa ng'krxnhZ
osQ lcls [krjukd nkSj 90 osQ n'kd esa jkst&jkst yxus okys dÝ;wZ vkSj lqj{kk ryk'kh ls l?ku vfHk;ku osQ dkj.k
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i;ZVdksa us ?kkVh ls fdukjk dj fy;k FkkA blh nkSj esa gjdr my tsgknh osQ vkradokfn;ksa us 5 fons'kh VwfjLVksa dks
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vxok djosQ mUgsa gyky dj fn;k FkkA mlosQ ckn if'peh ns'kksa esa ukxfjdksa us ?kkVh dh rjiQ #[k djuk NksM+
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fn;k FkkA vkt Hkh dbZ ns'kksa us vius ukxfjdksa osQ d'ehj tkus ij ikcanh yxk j[kh gSA
bu lcosQ ckotwn cl lq[kn ckr ;g gS fd vius gh ns'k osQ vU; jkT;ksa osQ i;ZVdksa us d'ehj osQ e`rizk;%
iM+s VwfjTe baMLVªh dks ,d u;k thou ns fn;k gSA muosQ vkus ls f'kdkjk okyksa] iQksVksxzkiQjksa vkSj VwfjTe ls tqM+s
gj rcosQ osQ psgjs ij jkSud ykSV vkbZ gSA vxj vkradokfn;ksa us i;ZVdksa ij geys tkjh j[ks vkSj ljdkj mudh
fgiQktr djus esa dk;e jgh rks fLFkfr fiQj fcxM+ ldrh gSA d'ehfj;ksa osQ fy, fiQj eqlhcrsa [kM+h gks tk,¡xh
vkSj ljdkj osQ fd,&djk, ij ikuh fiQj ldrk gSA blfy, fdlh Hkh dher ij i;ZVdksa osQ fo'okl dks cuk,
j[kuk gksxkA
60 Hkk"kk rj.kh

nwljh jkmaM Vscy dkWUizsaQl dks lacksf/r djrs gq, rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh us Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd d'ehj
leL;k dks lqy>kus dh n`f"V ls fnYyh&Jhuxj laca/ osQ lkFk&lkFk fnYyh&bLykekckn laca/ Hkh ek;us j[krk
gSA bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ?kkVh esa tks cnyh gqbZ fiQtk utj vk jgh gS og cgqr oqQN
Hkkjr&ikd osQ chp nksLrh osQ gky dh dksf'k'kksa dh Hkh nsu gSA bldk ,d euksoSKkfud vlj rks gqvk gh gSA
fo'o&fcjknjh osQ ncko esa gh lgh tujy ijost eq'kjZiQ us mxzoknh laxBuksa ij yxke dlhA ckotwn blosQ [krjk
de ugha gks x;k gSA
ljdkj dks cgqr lko/ku jguk gksxkA ;g mldk fyVel VsLV gSA fdlh Hkh dher ij i;ZVdksa esa Mj ugha

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iSnk gksuk pkfg,A vxj VwfjLVksa osQ vkus dk flyflyk tkjh jgk rks ;g ljdkj dh cM+h dke;kch ekuh tk,xhA

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lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

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'kCn vFkZ

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mnkgj.k % vkrad iSQykus okys vkradokfn;ksa
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(1) lSykfu;ksa
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(3) Kkr -----------------------------------------------------------

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(4) lgh ekxZ ij

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(5) okil vkrh

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(8) thou js[kk -----------------------------------------------------------

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(9) vFkZO;oLFkk -----------------------------------------------------------

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(10) ftldk dCtk gks -----------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 2- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fn, x, gSaA vki lgh tksM+s feykb,A
'kCn vFkZ
mnkgj.k % vke Ä (d) Lrqfr

(1) fiNys ([k) vliQyrk

(2) fnu (x) 'kkafrfiz;

i;ZVu 61

(3) u, (?k) iwoZ

(4) liQyrk (Ä) [kkl

(5) vdkj.k (p) jkr

(6) fuank (N) thforizk;%

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(9) e`rizk;% (×k) vxys

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vaxzsth 'kCn fganh vFkZ
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(2) VwfjTe -----------------------------------------------------------

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(5) fjoaQLVªD'ku
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(9) baMLVªh -----------------------------------------------------------

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(10) fyVel VsLV -----------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 4- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k, ,oa eqgkojksa ls okD; Hkh cukb,A

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62 Hkk"kk rj.kh

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iz'u 5- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,A

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(4) d'ehj dh turk ij ljdkj osQ veu pSu cgkyh osQ iz;kl dk D;k vlj iM+k\
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(5) vkradoknh geys dk lSykfu;ksa ij oSQlk izHkko iM+k\

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(6) Hkkjr osQ fdu&fdu jkT;ksa osQ lSykuh ?kkVh dh ;k=kk osQ fo"k; esa D;k fopkj j[krs gSa] Li"V dhft,A
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(7) i;ZVd dc o fdu dkj.kksa ls ?kkVh dh ;k=kk ls drjkrs Fks\

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(8) fons'kh i;ZVd ?kkVh dh ;k=kk ij D;ksa ugha vkrs Fks\

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i;ZVu 63

2 osQjy esa [kqf'k;ksa dh ckSNkj

Hkkjr osQ gj dksus esa izÑfr us viuk uwj cjlk;k
gS vkSj ,sls gh oqQN 'kgjksa esa lky Hkj i;ZVdksa dk

d
vkuk&tkuk yxk jgk gSA osQjy esa vki lky Hkj dHkh

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NqV~fV;k¡ fcrkus dh Iykfuax dj ldrs gSaA pkjksa rjiQ

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iSQyh gfj;kyh vkSj lqanj utkjs osQjy dh [kkfl;r

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gSaA ;g txg guhewu diy osQ chp dkiQh ilan dh

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tkrh gSA osQjy dk ekSle i;ZVdksa dks vius leqnzrVksa

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osQ chp [khap gh ykrk gSA ydM+h osQ lqanj cksV

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gkml esa jgus dk yqÝr mBkuk pkgrs gSa rks osQjy ls

a)
csgrj nwljh dksbZ txg ugha gks ldrhA
di
osQjy vkSj i;ZVu yxHkx ,d nwljs osQ i;kZ;okph gSa] Hkjiwj VªkWfidy ;kuh mQ".kdfVca/h; gfj;kyh]
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ukfj;y osQ isM+] rVksa ij nwj rd iSQys ike] xnxn dj nsus okyh ikuh ij rSjrh gkmlcksV] dbZ eafnj] vk;qosZn
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dh lqxa/] nqcZy >hysa ;k leqnzh >hysa] ugj] }hi vkfn osQjy osQ ckjs esa u badkj dh tk ldus okyh Nki NksM+rs
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gSa] ftls fliZQ osQjy esa gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tks yksx nqfu;k Hkj dh lSj osQ I;kls ;kfu pgsrs gksa] muosQ fy,
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osQjy dk liQj ;knxkj gksxkA

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osQjy ftruk [kwclwjr izkar gS] mruk gh tk;osQnkj ;gk¡ dk [kku&iku gSA pkoy ;gk¡ dk eq[; Hkkstu gS
sw

vkSj pkoy ls cus dbZ rjg osQ O;atu yksx pko ls [kkrs gSaA pkoy ftruk gh egÙoiw.kZ gS ukfj;yA ukfj;y osQ
rsy esa gh osQjy osQ T;knkrj O;atu idk, tkrs gSaA pkoy ls ;gk¡ Mkslk] bMyh] iqV~Vw] bfM;kie] ikyIie vkfn
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cuk;k tkrk gSA lfCt;ksa esa vfo;y ;kuh feDl lCth izeq[k gSA blesa lkaHkj vkSj jle eq[; rRo gksrs gSaA pkoy
osQ lkFk ikiM+e Hkh ilan fd;k tkrk gSA rksju ;kuh ukfj;y ls cuh lw[kh lCth ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dks [kwc Hkkrh gSA
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[kkus osQ lkFk eksj djh ;kuh NkN Hkh ijkslk tkrk gSA ehBs esa ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dh igyh ilan gS ik;le ;kuh [khjA
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osQyk ;gk¡ dk izeq[k iQy gSA dksbZ Hkh lekjksg osQys osQ fpIl osQ fcuk v/wjk ekuk tkrk gSA ukjafx;k osYye ;kuh
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uhacw ikuh lRdkj dk [kkl izrhd gSA pk; o dkiQh rks pyrh gh gSA ;gk¡ [kkuk&ihuk lLrk gSA izeq[k 'kgjksa esa
13 #i;s esa Hkh Fkkyh fey tkrh gS vkSj ,d lkS #i;s o vf/d esa HkhA T;knkrj txg osQys osQ iÙks ij gh [kkuk
ijkslk tkrk gSA vki dgsaxs rHkh gh Fkkyh esa loZ fd;k tk,xkA
bl jkT; osQ gj 'kgj] Vkmu vkSj nwj&njkt osQ xk¡o dks Hkxoku osQ futh ns'k osQ :i esa uoktk x;k gSA
tks yksx viuh vk¡[kksa ls ;gk¡ osQ nqyZHk utkjs ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa ;g jkT; 'kkar cqykok nsrk gS vkSj ;gk¡ vkus
ij viuh lkjh nkLrku viuh [kwclwjrh esa c;ku dj nsrk gSA osQjy jkT; esa oqQy 14 ftys gSa] ftuesa dkljxksM]
64 Hkk"kk rj.kh

dUuwj] ok;ukM] dks>hdksM] ekykIiqje] iyDdM+] f=k'kqj] ,ukZoqQye] bMqdh] dksV~V;e] vyIiq>k (vysIis)]
iFkkueFkhV~Vk] dksYYe] fr:ouariqje lcls T;knk izfl¼ i;ZVu LFkyksa esa ls gSaA i;ZVu LFky gksus osQ dkj.k bu
LFkyksa dh osQjy esa T;knk izflf¼ gS] oSls ;gk¡ osQ vU; ftys Hkh dkiQh lqanj gSaA Hkze.k djus osQ 'kkSdhu i;ZVdksa
osQ fy, osQjy] i;ZVu osQ fy, {kSfrt LFky gS] ;kuh ;gk¡ vkdj i;ZVd ,d lkFk dbZ LFkkuksa ij lSj djosQ nqfu;k
osQ lcls lqanj izkÑfrd utkjksa dks ns[k ldrs gSaA osQjy i;ZVu [ksy esa dbZ jax gSaA jsrhys rVksa ij lSj] eu dks
iziqQfYyr dj nsus okys cSdokWVlZ] izÑfr dh lqanjrk ls Hkjiwj fgy LVs'ku] J¼kyqvksa osQ fy, vla[; /kfeZd

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LFky] vkfnA ;gk¡ i;ZVd osQ fy, gj os pht gSa tks mudh NqV~fV;ksa dks vkjkenk;d vkSj ewM izsQ'k dj nsus okyk

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cukrk gS] mudh NqV~fV;k¡ etsnkj gks tkrh gSa] lkgfld xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkh vkuan vkrk gS] lkFk&gh&lkFk jkseSafVd

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eqykdkr ;knxkj gks tkrh gS vkSj HkDrksa dks 'kkar okrkoj.k esa rhFkZLFkyksa osQ Hkh n'kZu gks tkrs gSaA

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ooZQyk] csdy] dksoye] ehuoqQUuw] psjbZ rV] iO;ecye rV] 'kkaxqeq[kEe] eq>qIihykax<+ rV vkfn

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,sls eueksgd rV gSa tks osQjy osQ i;ZVu dks vuwBk cukrs gSaA osQjy vius eueksgd cSd okWVj osQ fy, Hkh

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cgqr gh izfl¼ gS] ftlesa vysIih] oqQekjdkse] dkljxksM] dksYye vkSj fFk#oYye dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k
gSA ;s LFkku NqV~fV;k¡ eukus osQ fy, fdlh LoxZ ls de ugha gSaA ;gk¡ cSd okWVj ij vkidks <sj lkjh eueksgd
gkml cksV ns[kus dks feysxh] ftldks ns[kdj vki cl ea=keqX/ gks tk,¡xsA osQjy esa igys ukSdkvksa
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}kjk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tk;k tkrk Fkk] vkt ;gh ukSdk,¡ gkml cksV dk :i ys pqdh gSa] ;gk¡ vkus
okys liZ ukSdk nkSM+ t:j ns[ksaA bl ukSdk nkSM+ dk 'kqekj fo'o dh mu nkSM+ksa esa gS] ftls ns[kus osQ fy, nwj&nwj
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ls yksx vkrs gSaA

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osQjy esa eqUukj ,d izkphu vkSj izkÑfrd ioZrh; LFkku gS] gkykafd vHkh Hkh nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ dbZ vU;
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fgy LVs'kuksa dh rqyuk esa ;gk¡ T;knk O;olk;hdj.k ugha gqvk gSA jkT; osQ ok;ukM ftys esa fLFkr guhewui xarO;
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LFky ij jksekafVd lSj osQ ckn blh fgy LVs'ku dh lcls T;knk ek¡x gS] okxkekWu] iksueqMh] FksDosQMh] ihjesM+
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vkfn ;gk¡ osQ vU; fgy LVs'ku gSa] ftUgsa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA FksDosQMh dks oU;thou vkSj taxyksa dh lSj osQ fy,
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Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tgk¡ tkdj i;ZVd lkgfld dk;Z esa Hkh #fp ysrs gSaA osQjy i;ZVu esa fgy LVs'kuksa dh xksn esa
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'kkunkj NqV~fV;k¡ fcrkbZ tk ldrh gSa tks ;gk¡ osQ ;knxkj LFkku gSaA
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lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

iz'u vH;kl
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iz'u 1- vkidk fe=k osQjy dh ;k=kk ij tkusokyk gSA mls fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vk/kj ij lacaf/r tkudkjh dks fn, x, LFkkuksa
ij fy[kdj nhft,A
(1) osQjy osQ ioZrh; LFkkuµ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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i;ZVu 65

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(4) i;ZVd LFkyksa esa fofHkUu jaxµ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

at

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(5) izeq[k iQyµ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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66 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

osQjy esa i;ZVdksa osQ fy, D;k [kkl vkd"kZ.k gSµikB~;ka'k osQ vk/kj ij bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100
'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA
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i;ZVu 67

ý leqnz osQ uhps clk [kwclwjr E;wf”k;e

E;wf”k;e ,d ,slh txg gS] tgk¡ vki vius izkphu laLÑfr dh tkudkjh
ys ldrs gSaA ogha] nqfu;k esa ,sls dbZ vuwBs vkSj vthcksxjhc E;wf”k;e
gSa] tksfd viuh vuks[kh [kkfl;r osQ dkj.k i;ZVdksa dks viuh vksj

d
vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA exj ,d ,slk E;wf”k;e Hkh gS] tks leqnz osQ uhps

ite
clk gSA ftldh fxurh fo'o osQ lcls [kwclwjr E;wf”k;e esa gksrh gSA

m
   Lisu osQ oSQujh }hi ij cuk ^eq,lks vVykafVdks* E;wf”k;e nqfu;k

Li
dk igyk vaMjokWVj (ikuh osQ Hkhrj) cuk E;wf”k;e gSA ;g E;wf”k;e

e
leqnz dh lrg ls 12&15 ehVj uhps gSA bl E;wf”k;e esa ns[kus osQ

at
fy, cgqr&lh [kwclwjr dykÑfr;k¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA LukWoZQfyax] Mkbfoax djus okys bl dykÑfr;ksa vkSj

iv
E;wf”k;e dk iwjk etk mBk ldrs gSaA ;g E;wf”k;e ewfrZdkj tslsu MhD;sfjt dh dYiuk Fkh] ftlus vaMjokWVj esa

Pr
,d ubZ nqfu;k clkbZ gSA mUgksaus bl E;wf”k;e esa j[ks tkus okyh f'kYiÑfr;ksa dks cukus osQ fy, nks lky bl }hi

a)
ij gh fcrk,A mlosQ ckn mUgksaus bl [kwclwjr }hi dks cuk;kA di
bl E;wf”k;e esa ekuo] tkuoj vkSj isM+&ikS/ksa osQ chp laca/ dks fn[kkus okyh f'kYiÑfr ekStwn gS] ftls
(In
ns[kdj gj dksbZ gSjku gks tkrk gSA bl E;wf”k;e dks cukus okys tslsu us ;gk¡ nks rjg osQ yksxksa dks fn[kk;k]
ftlesa liQy vkSj vliQy yksx ekStwn gSaA bl E;wf”k;e dks cukrs le; bl ckr dk Hkh [;ky j[kk x;k gS fd
se

leqnz dk bdks u"V u gksA blfy, bls cukus osQ fy, i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy lkeku dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA bl
ou

E;wf”k;e esa vkidks fjÝ;wth] lsYiQh ysrs gq, i;ZVd] ikS/ksa vkSj vknfe;ksa dh vkÑfr;k¡ Hkh ns[kus dks feysxhA
iH

^eq,lks vVykafVdks* iwjs ;wjksi vkSj vVykafVd esa igyk ,slk E;wf”k;e gS ftls 100 lky ,sls gh cus jgus osQ
fglkc ls fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA lSykuh bl vn~Hkqr E;wf”k;e vkSj bldh [kwclwjrh dks ns[kus osQ fy, nwj&nwj ls
at

vkrs gSaA
sw

vVykafVdks E;wf”k;e esa tkus osQ fy, vkidks vkWDlhtu ekLd iguus dh t:jr iM+sxhA leqnz osQ vanj
ra

cuh bu 400 dykÑfr;ksa dks ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS ekuks oks ikuh osQ vanj ugha cfYd tehu ij gh [kM+h gSaA
Sa

lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
ew

iz'u vH;kl
N

iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fn, tk jgs gSaA x|ka'k dks i<+dj vki 'kCn <w¡f<+, vkSj fn;s x, vFkZ osQ lkeus fyf[k,A
©

vFkZ 'kCn
(1) vtk;c?kj ------------------------------------
(2) foy{k.k ------------------------------------
(3) x.kuk ------------------------------------
(4) dyke;h jpuk ------------------------------------
68 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(5) ubZ ckr lkspuk] eu dh mit ------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6) xksrk[kksjh ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(7) nLrdkjh dk dkS'ky ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(8) ikfjfLFkfrd ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9) vkfJr] iukgxhj] 'kj.kkxr] 'kj.kkFkhZ ------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
(10) jpuk] :i] x<+u ------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
(11) vk'p;Ztud ------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
Li
(12) udkc] eq[kkSVk ------------------------------------------------------------------------

e
at
iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d okD; esa fyf[k,A

iv
(1) izkphu laLÑfr dh tkudkjh dgk¡ ikbZ tk ldrh gS\

Pr
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
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di
(In
(2) vuks[kh fo'ks"krk osQ dkj.k i;ZVdksa dks viuh vksj dkSu vkdf"kZr djrs gSa\
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se

mÙkj %
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ou
iH

(3) ^eq,lks vVykafVdks* nqfu;k dk igyk ikuh osQ Hkhrj cuk E;wf”k;e dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
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at

mÙkj %
sw

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ra

(4) ^eq,lks vVykafVdks* leqnz dh lrg ls fdruk uhps gS\

Sa

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

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N

(5) E;wf”k;e esa D;k ns[kus dks feyrk gS\

©

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(6) bu dykÑfr;ksa vkSj E;wf”k;e dk iwjk etk fdl izdkj osQ i;ZVd mBk ldrs gSa\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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i;ZVu 69

(7) ewfrZdkj tslsu MhD;sfjt us nks lky }hi ij D;ksa fcrk,\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(8) E;wf”k;e esa fdl izdkj dh f'kYiÑfr;ksa dks ns[kdj yksx gSjku gks tkrs gSa\

d
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
m
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Li
e
(9) E;wf”k;e dks cukrs le; fdl ckr dk [;ky j[kk x;k gS\

at
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iv
mÙkj %

Pr
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a)
(10) bls cukus osQ fy, fdl izdkj osQ lkeku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS\
di
(In

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
se

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ou
iH

(11) bl E;wf”k;e esa vkidks fjÝ;wth] ikS/ksa vkSj vknfe;ksa osQ vykok vkSj fdl izdkj dh vkÑfr ns[kus dks feysxh\
at

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sw

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ra
Sa

(12) E;wf”k;e osQ Hkfo"; vkSj fMtkbu djrs le; fdl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gS\
ew

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N

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©

(13) leqnz osQ vanj cuh 400 dykÑfr;ksa dks ns[kdj oSQlk yxrk gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iz'u 3- vius 'kgj osQ vtk;c?kj vkSj laxzgky;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d=k djosQ viuh d{kk esa izLrqfrdj.k nhft,A
70 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 4- vki vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk fdlh leqnzh rV ij iwjk fnu O;rhr djus osQ bjkns ls x, FksA leqnz rV dh n'kk dks ns[kdj
vkidk eu O;fFkr gks mBk vkSj vkius fLFkfr dks lq/kjus osQ fy, eu esa Bku fy;kA LFkkuh; vf/dkjh dks i=k fy[kdj
leqnz rV dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjus osQ mik; lq>ko osQ :i esa 200 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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i;ZVu 71

4 ltx jgsa] lqjf{kr jgsa tc liQj djsa Vªsu esa

A. fganqLrku esa liQj dk lcls lLrk vkSj lqyHk

d
lk/u jsy gSA 'kk;n ;gh otg gS fd nqfu;k

ite
esa nwljs uacj dk gekjk lcls cM+k jsyos

m
usVooZQ] ges'kk ;kf=k;ksa ls miQurk jgrk gSA

Li
vizSy 1853 ls 'kq: gqvk jsyos dk liQj vkt

e
gj fnu rdjhcu 1 djksM+ fdyksehVj dh nwjh

at
r; djrk gSA djhc <kbZ djksM+ ;k=kh ges'kk

iv
Hkkjrh; jsyksa esa ekStwn jgrs gSa] tks 1]15]000

Pr
fdyksehVj osQ jsyos VªSd ij 7]172 jsyos

a)
LVs'kuksa ls xqtjrs gq, viuh eafty rd igq¡prs di
gSaA Hkkjrh; jsy dk u fliZQ ns'k osQ ;krk;kr
(In
osQ lk/uksa esa cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gS vfirq ;g
ns'k osQ fodkl esa Hkh cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS]
se

ysfdu fnu&jkr jsy ls liQj djus okys reke ;k=kh Hkh dbZ ,slh ckrsa ugha tkurs] tks mUgsa tkuuh pkfg,
ou

D;ksafd bu ckrksa dks u tkuus dk eryc gS vkidk dbZ rjg dh eqlhcrksa esa i¡Ql tkukA ;g fLFkfr vkiosQ
iH

fy, eqf'dysa [kM+h dj ldrh gSA

at

B. dbZ yksx lkekU; ntsZ dk fVdV [kjhndj vkjf{kr fMCcs esa tkdj cSB tkrs gSaA jsyos fu;eksa osQ eqrkfcd
sw

;g ,d tqeZ gSA bl tqeZ osQ crkSj ;k=kh dks u fliZQ iSusYVh (tqekZuk) dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS cfYd
ra

fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mls ,d eghus rd dh tsy Hkh gks ldrh gSA blfy, ftl Js.kh dk fVdV ysa] mlh
Sa

Js.kh osQ fMCcs esa cSBsaA vxj fdlh otg ls vki ,slh Js.kh esa cSBs gSa] ftldk fVdV vkiosQ ikl ugha gS rks
Vh-Vh- ls feydj vius fVdV dks oS/ djk ysaA Vªsu esa fliZQ ik¡p lky osQ cPps dk gh fVdV ugha yxrk
ew

ysfdu vxj cPpk ik¡p lky ls cM+k gS vkSj ckjg lky ls NksVk gS rks mldk vk/k fVdV gj gkyr esa
N

ysaA gkykafd jsyos osQ fu;eksa osQ eqrkfcd vk/s fVdV dks Hkh iwjh lhV feyrh gSA exj bl fu;e osQ lkFk
©

yksx bl fcuk ij f[kyokM+ djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd vius 11 lky osQ cPps dks Hkh Vh-Vh- ls ik¡p
lky dk crkus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA exj ;kn j[ksa fd tqckuh <ax ls ,slh tkudkjh dk dksbZ eryc ugha
gSA vxj Vh-Vh- us dg fn;k fd mls ;dhu ugha gS rks vkidks lcwr osQ rkSj ij cPps dh tUefrfFk dk dksbZ
nLrkost fn[kkuk iM+sxkA rHkh vkidh fVdV dks oS/ le>k tk,xkA vxj vki ;s ugha djrs rks bls dkuwuu
vijk/ le>k tk,xk vkSj bl vijk/ osQ fy, tqekZus dk izko/ku Hkh gSA vxj cPps dk vk/s fVdV dh
dher <kbZ lkS #i, ls de gS rks tqekZus osQ rkSj ij <kbZ lkS #i, fy, tk,¡xs] ysfdu ;fn cPps dh fVdV
<kbZ lkS ls T;knk dk gS rks tqekZuk Hkh T;knk gks ldrk gSA
72 Hkk"kk rj.kh

C. bafM;u jsyos ,DV 1989 osQ eqrkfcd Vªsu esa fcuk mfpr fVdV osQ ;k=kk djuk xSj dkuwuh vijk/ gSA ,slk
djrs gq, ik;s tkus ij ,d gtkj #i, dk tqekZuk ;k N% eghus dh tsy gks ldrh gSA blfy, pkgs ftruh
tYnh gks fcuk fVdV dh ;k=kk u djsaA vxj vki ftl fVdV osQ tfj, ;k=kk dj jgs gSa og fdlh vkSj uke
ls dVk gS rks ;g naMuh; vijk/ gSA blosQ fy, vkidks rhu lky dh tsy gks ldrh gS vkSj 5000 #i,
rd dk tqekZuk Hkjuk iM+ ldrk gSA vxj vkius fdlh ,sls O;fDr ls fVdV [kjhnh gS tks voS/ gS rks vkiosQ
fVdV dks jn~n ekuk tk,xk vkSj blosQ fy, Hkh vkidks tqekZuk nsuk iM+sxkA
D. u fliZQ Vªsu osQ Hkhrj cfYd pyrh gqbZ Vªsu esa njokts osQ ikl [kM+s gksdj Hkh /weziku dh dRrbZ btktr ugha

d
ite
gSA btktr rks NksfM+, ;g Hk;adj vijk/ gSA fliZQ Vªsu esa gh ugha cfYd jsyos LVs'ku ;k lewps jsy ifjlj
esa dgha ij Hkh chM+h&flxjsV ihuk l[r euk gksrk gSA ,slk djus ls Vªsu esa vkx yx ldrh gS vkSj blls

m
lSdM+ksa yksxksa dh tku tk ldrh gSA jsyos ,DV 1989 esa /weziku dks fu"ks/ djkj fn;k x;k gSA bl fu;e

Li
dk mYya?ku djus ij tqekZuk Hkh gks ldrk gSA

e
at
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

iv
Pr
iz'u vH;kl
a)
di
(In
iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
vFkZ 'kCn
se

(1) tks vklkuh ls fey tk,] ftls izkIr djus esa fo'ks"k dfBukbZ -----------------------------------------------------------
ou

;k ifjJe u gks
iH

(2) vkuk&tkuk] xeukxeu -----------------------------------------------------------

at

(3) fdlh osQ dke esa lg;ksx nsuk -----------------------------------------------------------

sw

(4) osQ leku] fdlh rjg] fdlh dh rjg ij -----------------------------------------------------------

ra

(5) fof/ lEer] fof/ dh n`f"V esa Bhd] fof/ osQ vuqowQy -----------------------------------------------------------
Sa

(6) vuqlkj -----------------------------------------------------------

ew

(7) dkuwu ;k fu;e -----------------------------------------------------------

N

(8) tks oS/ u gks vFkkZr~ tks fof/ ;k fo/ku osQ vuqowQy u gks] xSjdkuwuh -----------------------------------------------------------
©

(9) iwjs] laiw.kZ -----------------------------------------------------------

(10) fdlh LFkku osQ vkl&ikl dh Hkwfe ;k [kqyk eSnku -----------------------------------------------------------

(11) eukgh] tgk¡ tkus dh vkKk u gks -----------------------------------------------------------

(12) bdjkj] le>kSrk -----------------------------------------------------------

(13) vkKk] fu;e] dk ikyu u djuk -----------------------------------------------------------

i;ZVu 73

iz'u 2- ^ltx jgsa] lqjf{kr jgsa tc liQj djsa Vªsu esa* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, uhps fn, x,
vuqPNsnksa (A ls D) esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A

,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

mnk- % crkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ;k=kk djus dk lcls lLrk vkSj vklku ekè;e jsy gSA

A. ü B. C. D.

d
ite
1- crkrk gS fd ik¡p lky lsa de osQ cPpksa dk jsy ;k=kk osQ nkSjku fVdV ugha yxrk gSA

m
A. B. C. D.

Li
2- crkrk gS fd /weziku dks Hk;adj vijk/ dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA

e
at

A. B. C. D.

iv
3- crkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; jsy dk ns'k dh mUufr esa dkiQh cM+k gkFk gSA

Pr

A. B. C. D.

a)
di
4- crkrk gS fd cgqr lh ckrksa ls vatku gksus osQ dkj.k ;k=kh ijs'kkuh esa i¡Ql ldrs gSaA
(In

A. B. C. D.
se

5- crkrk gS fd fdlh vU; O;fDr osQ uke osQ fVdV ij ;k=kk djus ls 3 lky dh ltk gks ldrh gSA
ou

A. B. C. D.
iH

6- crkrk gS fd tqekZuk fVdV dh dher osQ vk/kj ij fy;k tk,xkA

at

A. B. C. D.
sw

7- crkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; jsy usVooZQ nqfu;k osQ cM+s usVodks± esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA
ra

A. B. C. D.
Sa

8- crkrk gS fd jsyos osQ dkuwu n~okjk /weziku dh l[r eukgh gSA

ew

A. B. C. D.
N

9- crkrk gS fd jsy fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj vk/s fVdV ij iwjh lhV feyrh gSA
©

A. B. C. D.

10- crkrk gS fd fcuk fVdV ;k=kk djuk dkuwuu vijk/ gSA

A. B. C. D.

11- crkrk gS fd pkyw fVdV ysdj vkjf{kr fMCcs esa cSBus ij tsy Hkh gks ldrh gSA

A. B. C. D.
74 Hkk"kk rj.kh

12- crkrk gS fd voS/ O;fDr ls [kjhnh xbZ fVdV dks xSj&dkuwuh eku mls jn~n dj ;k fujLr ekuk tk,xkA

A. B. C. D.

13- crkrk gS fd LVs'ku ;k jsy ifjlj esa flxjsV&chM+h ihus ls ;kf=k;ksa dh tku dks [krjk gks ldrk gSA

A. B. C. D.

14- crkrk gS fd Vh-Vh- n~okjk mez laca/h nLrkost ek¡xs tkus ij fn[kkuk vko';d gSA

d
ite

A. B. C. D.

m
iz'u 3- vki vius ifjokj osQ lkFk fdlh igkM+h LFky dh ;k=kk ij x, FksA bl ;k=kk dh jksekapd ckrksa osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, vius

Li
fe=k dks bZ&esy fyf[k,A vius bZ&esy esa fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dk lekos'k djsaµ

e
• dc] fduosQ lkFk vkSj fdl LFky dh ;k=kk ij x,

at
• ;k=kk dh rS;kjh

iv
• jsy ;k=kk osQ nkSjku ns[ks x, izkÑfrd n`';ksa dk o.kZu

Pr
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i;ZVu 75

5 lákfnz dk xguk % yksukokyk

yksukokyk Hkkjr osQ egkjk"Vª jkT; esa iq.ks ftys dk [kwclwjr igkM+h
{ks = k gS A ;g iq . ks os Q mÙkj&if'pe es a fLFkr gS A yks u kokyk dks
^lákfnz Js.kh dk xguk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ dh 'kkar tyok;q] 'kkar

d
okrkoj.k vkSj LoPN gok yksukokyk dks NqV~Vh fcrkus osQ fy, ,d vkn'kZ

ite
LFkku cukrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij ukSlSfud izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA iq.ks osQ bl

m
Li
izfl¼ LFky esa i;ZVd izkphu ckS¼ eafnj] HkO; fdys vkSj igkfM+;k¡ vkfn

e
Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA 'kgj dh Hkkx&nkSM+ vkSj 'kksj ls nwj iwjs o"kZ Hkj ;g igkM+h

at
{ks=k viuh rktk] iznw"k.k eqDr okrkoj.k vkSj lq[kn tyok;q osQ dkj.k LokLF; ykHk osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA ?kjsyw

iv
Pr
rFkk fons'kh i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ :i esa lkykuk vPNh vk; dk lk/u Hkh gSA

a)
yksukokyk dks ^lákfnz dk xguk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g yach iSny ;k=kk vkSj VªSfoaQx osQ fy, ,d yksdfiz;
di
xarO; gSA blosQ vfrfjDr bl txg osQ lkFk dbZ ,sfrgkfld fdys] izkphu xqiQk,¡ vkSj vkl&ikl dh 'kkar >hysa
(In
tqM+h gqbZ gSaA ;gk¡ dh tyok;q Hkh lq[kn gS vkSj LokLF; osQ fy, ykHknk;d gSA yksukokyk osQ ,d vksj nDdu dk
se

iBkj vkSj nwljh vksj dksad.k rV osQ euksje n`'; gSaA ;gk¡ dh 'kkafr dk vuqHko djus osQ fy, ekulwu ls csgrj
ou

ekSle dksbZ ugha gSA ;gk¡ vkl&ikl O;kid >jus vkSj gfj;kyh Hkh gSaA
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tkuk ilan djrs gSa rks jkteph oU;tho vHk;kj.; ,d vPNh txg gSA jkteph IokbaV ls f'kokth osQ izfl¼
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yksukokyk leqnz ry ls 625 ehVj dh m¡QpkbZ ij fLFkr gSA ;g igkM+h LFkku Hkksj ?kkV njs± ij gSA blh
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njsZ ls gksdj iq.ks&eqacbZ jsyekxZ vkSj lM+d ekxZ xqtjrk gSA yksukokyk iq.ks ls 64 fdyksehVj vkSj eqacbZ ls 96
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fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA ;gk¡ NksVk&lk 'kSykokl rFkk ^VkVk tyfo|qr ;kstuk* dk eq[;ky; Hkh gSA
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yksukokyk esa ;kno jktkvksa dk 'kklu FkkA ckn esa eqX+kyksa us bls vius vf/dkj esa ys fy;kA mUgksaus bl {ks=k osQ
lkefjd egÙo dks le>rs gq, yksukokyk ij dkI+kQh le; osQ fy, viuk 'kklu cuk, j[kkA lu~ 1871 esa eqacbZ
osQ xouZj lj ,fYiaQLVu us yksukokyk dh [kkst dhA bldh [kkst osQ le; ;g ,d ?kus taxy osQ :i esa Fkk vkSj
osQoy oqQN eqV~Bh Hkj yksx gh ;gk¡ ij cls gq, FksA
76 Hkk"kk rj.kh

NqV~Vh fcrkus okyksa osQ fy, yksukokyk esa 'kkar vkSj lq[knk;d ekgkSy jgrk gSA gkyk¡fd] T;knkrj ekSleh
;k=kh ekulwu osQ nkSjku yksukokyk tkuk ilan djrs gSaA yksukokyk esa ,d vR;ar vkeaf=kr djus okyh tyok;q gksrh
gSA ;gk¡ ekSle iwjs o"kZ osQ nkSjku lq[kn vkSj esgekuuokt cuk jgrk gSA
eqacbZ vkSj iq.ks ls egt 100 fdyksehVj nwj] bl LFkku ij ok;qekxZ] lM+dekxZ vkSj jsy }kjk vklkuh ls
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jktekxZ rFkk eqacbZ&iq.ks ,Dlizsl&os ij fLFkr gSA iq.ks gokbZ vM~Mk ;gk¡ dk fudVre gokbZ vM~Mk gS] tks

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i;ZVu 79

i;ZVuµlSj&likVk lac/
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i;ZVu m|ksx] ?kqeDdM+h] i;ZVd] lSykuh] ;k=kh] ?kqeDdM+] lSj&likVkA

i;ZVu osQ izdkjµi;ZVu LFkyksa dk Hkze.k] lkekftd mn~ns';ksa osQ lkFk i;ZVu] 'kSf{kd i;ZVu] LokLF; i;ZVu]

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euksjatu i;ZVu] O;olk; i;ZVu] /kfeZd i;ZVu] tkrh; i;ZVu] [ksy i;ZVu] lkgfld i;ZVu] ns'k i;ZVu]

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xzkeh.k i;ZVu] izÑfr i;ZVu] varjjk"Vªh; i;ZVu] ?kjsyw i;ZVu] ikfjfLFkfrdh i;ZVuA

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Tokykeq[kh] ?kkVh] ou] taxy] vj.;] dkuu] ioZr Ük`a[kyk] nyny] >hy] >juk] unh] jsfxLrku] chgM+]

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fuR; gfjr ouA

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dc tk,¡µolar] xzh"e] o"kkZ] 'kjn] gsear] f'kf'kjA

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vkxeu] izLFkku] vkcks&gok] tyok;q] O;oLFkk] vkokl] je.kh;] izkÑfrd NVk] lq"kek] vkd"kZd] iou]
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gok] lehj] rkieku] [kku&iku] iks'kkd] ijaijkxr] jhfr&fjokt] cI+kQhZyh pksfV;k¡A

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vkj{k.k] ;k=kh] eafty] ;k=kk&fooj.k] ;k=kk] ;k=kk chek] NqV~Vh] i;ZVu] O;kikj ;k=kk cqd] cqfoaQx jn~n djukA
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cuk,xk :l 87
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1 nkSM+rh Vªsuksa ls cusxh fctyh

ekbd gkVZ dk vkbfM;k deky dk gSA os pkgrs gSa fd
jsyos baftu tks fctyh ;k fiQj Mhty ls pyrs gSa os ,d

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va/sjs esa Mwc x;k FkkA mlh va/sjs esa ekbd gkVZ dks ;g fopkj dkSa/k FkkA ekbd gkVZ us reke oSKkfudksa ls lykg
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fnuksa jsy ea=kh us ;g Lohdkjk fd bl rjiQ iz;kl tkjh gS vkSj 'kks/ dh rS;kjh dh tk jgh gSA
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ikS/ksa&isM+ksa dh [ksrh dh tk,xhA bl ckcr Hkh izca/ gks jgs gSaA
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84 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u vH;kl
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(12) lhfer gS] D;k\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 85

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varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku ij yXtjh gksVy

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varfj{k esa pgydneh dk ekSdk Hkh feysxkA :lh Lisl dkWUVªSDVj vkj-osQ-osQ- ,uftZ;k dks bl gksVy osQ
fuekZ.k dh ftEesnkjh nh xbZ gSA bldks cukus esa Hkh cgqr vf/d [kpkZ vk,xkA oaQiuh dk dguk gS fd ;fn
gj lky djhc 12 iSlsatlZ ,d lIrkg dk le; varfj{k LVs'ku esa cuus okys gksVy esa fcrk,¡xs] rc vxys
oqQN lkyksa esa bldh ykxr olwyh tk losQxhA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr VkbEl
88 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u vH;kl

iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
vFkZ 'kCn
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(4) vuqlkj -----------------------------------------------------------

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(9) ubZ ckr lkspuk] eu dh mit -----------------------------------------------------------

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(10) vlfy;r] okLrfodrk -----------------------------------------------------------

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(11) vfLrRo esa vk;k gqvk] lp lkfcr gqvk -----------------------------------------------------------

at
sw

(12) bartke] izca/ -----------------------------------------------------------

ra

(13) fo'ks"k -----------------------------------------------------------

Sa

(14) n`'; -----------------------------------------------------------

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(15) pqdkuk] vnk djuk -----------------------------------------------------------

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(16) ns[k&js[k -----------------------------------------------------------

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(17) BsosQnkj -----------------------------------------------------------

(18) cukuk] jpuk -----------------------------------------------------------

(19) mÙkjnkf;Ro -----------------------------------------------------------

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foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 89

iz'u 2- ^varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku ij yXtjh gksVy cuk,xk :l* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy,
uhps fn, x, vuqPNsnksa (A ls D) esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A

,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

mnk- % crkrk gS fd varfj{k esa thou [kkstk tk jgk gSA

A. ü B. C. D.

d
ite
1- crkrk gS fd varfj{k esa tkus osQ lius ns[kus okys yksxksa osQ fy, Bgjus dh Hkh lqfo/k gksxhA

m
Li
A. B. C. D.

e
2- crkrk gS fd gksVy esa vk/qfud lqfo/kiw.kZ dejs gksaxsA

at
iv

A. B. C. D.

Pr
3- crkrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh varfj{k osQ vkyh'kku gksVy esa oqQN le; fcrk ldrk gSA

A. B.
a)
C. D.
di
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4- crkrk gS fd djksM+ksa #i, [kpZ djus okyk O;fDr ,d ;k nks gÝrs vkyh'kku gksVy esa jg ldrk gSA
se

A. B. C. D.
ou

5- crkrk gS fd varfj{k i;ZVu osQ fy, ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ tk jgh gSaA

iH

A. B. C. D.
at

6- crkrk gS fd varfj{k esa fo'ks"kK dh fuxjkuh esa Vgyus osQ fy, 2 djksM+ MkWyj vfrfjDr nsuk gksxkA
sw

A. B. C. D.
ra
Sa

7- crkrk gS fd fpfdRlk ,oa LoPNrk dh lqfo/k Hkh miyC/ gksxhA

ew

A. B. C. D.
N

8- crkrk gS fd vesfjdk dh izkbosV oaQifu;k¡ lkekU; tu dks varfj{k dh lSj djkus dh rS;kjh dj jgh gSaA
©

A. B. C. D.

9- crkrk gS fd varfj{k esa vkyh'kku gksVy cukus esa cgqr [kpZ vk,xkA

A. B. C. D.

10- crkrk gS fd :l oqQN cM+k djus dh rS;kjh esa yxk gSA

A. B. C. D.
90 Hkk"kk rj.kh

11- crkrk gS fd 4 djksM+ MkWyj [kpZ djus okyk O;fDr 1&2 gÝrs bl gksVy esa Bgj ldrk gSA

A. B. C. D.

12- crkrk gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku esa vkyh'kku gksVy cuk;k tk,xkA

A. B. C. D.

d
13- crkrk gS fd varfj{k osQ gksVy esa jgus osQ fy, fdlh dks Hkh cgqr vf/d [kpZ djuk gksxkA

ite

A. B. C. D.

m
Li
14- crkrk gS fd gksVy esa O;k;ke djus osQ midj.k Hkh miyC/ gksaxsA

e
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A. B. C. D.

iv
Pr
iz'u 3- fodflr ns'kksa esa bZ&vif'k"V osQ iqupZozQ.k dh lqfo/k,¡ rks miyC/ gSa ysfdu fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ;g dk;Z izk;% gkFk ls
fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj bl dk;Z ls tqM+s dfeZ;ksa ij bZ&vif'k"V esa ekStwn fo"kSys inkFkks± dk izHkko iM+rk gSA ^bZ&vif'k"V

a)
osQ mipkj dk ,dek=k gy iqupZozQ.k gS*µfo"k; ij ,d CykWx fyf[k,A vkidk CykWx 150&200 'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A
di
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 91

ý [krjukd Hkh gS xksn esa cSBk ySiVkWi

ySiVkWi esa lhlk gksrk gSA blosQ vykok blesa ikWyhfouk;y
DyksjkbM] ozQksfe;e] czksekbu vkSj ch-,iQ-vkj- ;kuh czksfeusVsM

d
Ýyse fjVkMsaV tSls osQfedy gksrs gSaA ;s osQfedYl lsgr osQ

ite
fy, cgqr [krjukd gSaA ySiVkWi osQ LozQhu ij ekStwn lhlk gekjs

m
uoZl flLVe dks izHkkfor djrk gSA lhlk ls [kwu vkSj fnekxh

Li
fodkj gksus dk [krjk c<+rk gSA ySiVkWi esa ekStwn ih-oh-lh- vkSj

e
at
ozQksfe;e tgjhyk gksrk gSA

iv
dkisZYVu flaMªkseµnsj rd ySiVkWi ij Vkbi djus vkSj

Pr
blosQ jsfM,'ku osQ laioZQ esa vkus osQ dkj.k m¡xfy;k¡ lqUu iM+ tkrh gSa] dykbZ o cktw osQ fgLlksa esa lwtu o
nnZ gksrk gSA
a)
di
;fn vki okW;jysl ySiVkWi dk iz;ksx vf/d djrs gSa rks ;g vkiosQ fy, vkSj T;knk [krjukd lkfcr
(In
gks ldrk gSA okW;jysl ySiVkWi ls bysDVªksesXusfVd jsfM,'ku ls vf/d xehZ vkSj okbczs'ku dk vlj vkidh
lsgr ij iM+rk gSA blosQ vykok okbZiQkbZ usVooZQ osQ tfj, gksus okyk ok;jysl jsfM,'ku lsgr ij dkiQh cqjk
se

vlj Mkyrk gSA bl jsfM,'ku dks ysdj vc Hkh fjlpZ tkjh gSA
ou

ySiVkWi osQ jsfM;s'ku ls Lej.k 'kfDr ij izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj blosQ dkj.k vkidh ;knnk'r de gks
iH

ldrh gSA ySiVkWi dk yxkrkj bLrseky vkSj blosQ jsfM,s'ku ls gekjh Lej.k'kfDr detksj gksrh gS vkSj vYtkbej
tSlh leL;k,¡ lkeus vkrh gSaA ySiVkWi ij gsMiQksu osQ lkFk nsj rd dke djus ls gj le; yxrk gS fd dkuksa
at

esa oqQN xw¡t jgk gSA uhan vkus esa Hkh ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA
sw

ySiVkWi dh LozQhu ls yxkrkj lkWÝV jsfM,'ku fdj.ksa fudyrh jgrh gSa] ftudk vk¡[kksa ij cgqr cqjk vlj
ra

iM+rk gSA vk¡[kksa osQ ckgjh fgLls ij ikuh tSlk ,d nzO; ik;k tkrk gS ftlls gekjk n`'; lkiQ gksrk gSA bldh
Sa

deh ls n`f"V nks"k o vk¡[kksa esa nnZ tSlh leL;k,¡ gksrh gSaA blls cpus osQ fy, vk¡[kksa dks vkjke nsuk gksrk gS]
tks iydksa osQ >idus ls mUgsa feyrk gSA ysfdu ySiVkWi LozQhu ls fudyus okyk jsfM;s'ku bl nzo dks izHkkfor
ew

djrk gSA bu jsfM;s'ku fdj.kksa ls O;fDr dks nwj n`f"V nks"k gksus dh vk'kadk c<+ tkrh gSA
N

iz'u vH;kl
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iz'u 1- ^ [krjukd gS xksn esa cSBk ySiVkWi* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr
fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k,A
(1) dkisZYVu flaMªkseµ

(d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(2)
ok;jysl ySiVkWi dh fo'ks"krk,¡µ
(d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3)
ekufld LokLF; ij vljµ

d
(d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
m
([k) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Li
e
(4) vk¡[kksa ij izHkkoµ

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(d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Pr
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(x) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
di
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iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku
^[krjukd gS xksn esa cSBk ySiVkWi* osQ vk/kj ij cuk, x, vius uksV~l dks vk/kj cukdj mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k fyf[k,
se

tks ySiVkWi osQ vfu;af=kr mi;ksx ls gksusokyh leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa gksA bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa
ou

esa fyf[k,A
iH

vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA
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foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 93

fctyh dh cpr ls vk,xk oafpr rcosQ osQ

4 thou esa cnyko % dksfoan
jk"Vªifr jkeukFk dksfoan us Hkkjr tSls Ñf"k iz/ku ns'k esa mQtkZ dh cpr

d
ite
dks vge crkrs gq, vkt dgk fd ;g detksj rcosQ dks vkfFkZd lqj{kk

m
dk dop nsdj muosQ thou esa cnyko dk ekè;e cu ldrh gSA

Li
Jh dksfoan us ;gk¡ vk;ksftr jk"Vªh; mQtkZ laj{k.k fnol

e
lekjksg&2017 dks lacksf/r djrs gq, dgk fd mQtkZ dh cpr gh mQtkZ

at
dk mRiknu gS] blfy, ?kj] dk;kZy; vkSj m|ksx&/a/ksa esa fctyh dh

iv
cpr osQ izfr tkx:drk iSnk dh tkuh pkfg,A

Pr
nSfud thou esa bLrseky gksus okys midj.k [kjhnrs le; Hkh bl ckr dk è;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd

a)
os mQtkZ n{k gksaA bu mik;ksa ls cpk;h fctyh ls detksj ,oa oafpr rcosQ dks vkfFkZd lqj{kk feysxh vkSj muosQ
di
thou esa cnyko vk,xkA cM+s m|ksxksa esa mQtkZ n{krk vkSj laj{k.k ls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa fctyh dh [kir
(In

de gksxh ftldk iQk;nk NksVs ,oa e¡>kSys m|ksxksa dks feysxkA

se

Hkou fuekZ.k osQ {ks=k esa mQtkZ laj{k.k osQ mik;ksa dks t:jh crkrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd 'kkfiax ekyksa esa
ou

cpk;h xbZ fctyh ls dksYM LVksjst py losaQxs ftlls fdlkuksa dh iQy ,oa lfCt;k¡ [kjkc ugha gksaxhA mUgksaus
iH

fctyh dh c<+rh ek¡x dks iwjk djus osQ fy, m|ksxifr;ksa dks ^mQtkZ cSad* LFkkfir djus dk vkg~oku fd;kA
jk"Vªifr us ^lkSHkkX; ;kstuk* osQ rgr gj O;fDr dks fctyh nsus osQ ljdkj osQ ladYi dh iz'kalk djrs
at

gq, dgk fd blls mu xjhcksa] vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj fiNM+s rcosQ dh va/sjh >ksifM+;ksa esa mtkyk igq¡psxk tks vktknh
sw

osQ 70 o"kZ ckn Hkh bl ewyHkwr t:jr ls oa fpr gSaA

ra

lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
Sa

iz'u vH;kl
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N

iz'u 1- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dks muosQ lgh vFkZ ls feykdj mldk v{kj cDls esa fyf[k,A
©

'kCn vFkZ
(1) Ñf"k (d) leqfpr j{kk

(2) mQtkZ ([k) fgiQktr] ikyuk&iksluk] j{kk djuk

(3) vge (x) [kpZ

(4) rcosQ (?k) leLr] oqQy

94 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(5) vkfFkZd (Ä) ;a=k

(6) lqj{kk (p) v/hu

(7) dop (N) [ksrh&ckM+h

(8) cnyko (t) cqykok] oS/kfud :i ls vkns'k djuk

d
(9) ekè;e (>) 'kfDr] cy] dke djus esa O;; gksus okyh 'kfDr

ite
m
(10) laj{k.k (×k) egÙoiw.kZ

Li
(11) tkx:drk (V) n`<+ fu'p;] fopkj] bjknk] izfrKk

e
at
(12) midj.k (B) ,slk vkoj.k tks ckgjh vk?kkr ls j{kk djus osQ fy, gks

iv
Pr
(13) n{k (M) eè;e vkdkj osQ] chp osQ

a)
(14) oafpr (<) ekSfyd] ewy ls lacaf/r
di
(15) ldy (.k) vFkZlaca/h ;k #i;s&iSls dk ladV
(In

(16) ?kjsyw (r) euq";ksa dk oxZ ;k lewg

se

(17) [kir (Fk) tkxrs jgus dh voLFkk] lroZQrk] lko/kuh

ou
iH

(18) ea>kSys (n) oqQ'ky] fuiq.k

at

(19) vkg~oku (/) n~okjk] tfj;s

sw

(20) rgr (u) ?kj dk] ?kj laca/h

ra

(21) ladYi (i) izkIr u gksuk

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(22) ewyHkwr (iQ) ifjorZu

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iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,A

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(1) Hkkjr oSQlk ns'k gS\

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(2) jk"Vªifr th us fdldks cpkuk eq[; ekuk gS\
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foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 95

(3) cpkbZ xbZ mQtkZ fduosQ thou esa cnyko yk ldrk gS\
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(4) Jh dksfoan us jk"Vªh; mQtkZ laj{k.k fnol lekjskg osQ volj ij mQtkZ osQ ckjs esa D;k dgk\
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(5) ?kj] nÝrj vkSj m|ksxksa esa fdlosQ izfr tu&tkx`fr iSnk dh tkuh pkfg,\
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(6) jkstejkZ osQ thou esa bLrseky esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs le; D;k è;ku j[kuk pkfg,\
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(7) cM+s m|ksxksa ,oa NksVs ?kjsyw mRikn esa fctyh dh de [kir ls fdudks ykHk feysxk\
di
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(8) dksYM LVksjst osQ pyus esa fctyh dgk¡ ls izkIr gksus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\
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(9) fctyh dh c<+rh ek¡x dks ns[krs gq, fduls ^mQtkZ cSad* [kksyus dk vkg~oku fd;k\
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(10) jk"Vªifr th us ljdkj dh fdl ;kstuk dh iz'kalk dh\

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(11) ljdkj dh ;kstuk osQ v/hu fdu yksxksa osQ ?kjksa esa mtkyk igq¡psxk\

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96 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
lk/uksa] izkFkfedrk] ;FkklaHko] mi;ksx] Hkkxhnkj] fu;fer
(1) tc -------------------------------------------- esa u gks fctyh dk cYc cq>k nsuk pkfg,A
(2) V~;wc ykbV] cYcksa rFkk vU; midj.kksa ij teh /wy dks -------------------------------------------- :i ls lkI+kQ djuk pkfg,A
(3) ges'kk vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- eqgj yxs fctyh midj.kksa vkSj -------------------------------------------- dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

d
(4) 'kknh&fookg tSls lkekftd ,oa /kfeZd vuq"Bku -------------------------------------------- fnu esa gh djuk pkfg,A

ite
ftu izdk'k cfRr;ksa dk lokZf/d mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS muosQ LFkku ij -------------------------------------------- osQ vk/kj

m
(5)
ij lh-,iQ-,y- ySai dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

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e
(6)
lksyj oqQdj vkSj lksyj okVj ghVj dk mi;ksx dj ge cgqewY; fo|qr mQtkZ laj{k.k dj jk"Vªfgr esa

at
-------------------------------------------- cu ldrs gSaA

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iz'u 4- ^fctyh dk lcls lLrk fodYi cusxh lkSj mQtkZ* fo"k; ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A ;g ys[k vkiosQ fo|ky; dh if=kdk esa

a)
Nkik tk,xkA vkidk ys[k 150&200 'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A di
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 97

5 u'kk usVofo±Qx dk---

A. ,d fjlpZ osQ vuqlkj ;qokvksa esa lks'ky ehfM;k dk
O;lu flxjsV vkSj vYdksgy ls Hkh T;knk cqjk gSA

d
rHkh rks lks'ky izksiQkby psd djus osQ fy, os uhan

ite
rd ls le>kSrk dj ysrs gSaA lks'ky usVofo±Qx lkbV~l

m
Li
dh 'kq#vkr Hkys gh nwj cSBs yksxksa dks usV ij feykus
o ckr djus dk ekSdk nsus osQ fy, gqbZ Fkh] ysfdu

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at
vc utkjk FkksM+k cny x;k gSA njvly] ,d&nwljs

iv
dk gky&pky tkuus osQ fy, bZtkn fd;k x;k ;g

Pr
eap ;qokvksa osQ fy, ,d yr cu pqdk gSA deyk

a)
usg: dkWyst dh LVwMsaV lqfo efyd Lohdkj djrh gSa fd os ,iQ-ch- ;kfu isQlcqd dh vknh gSaA og dgrh
di
gSa] vxj eSa lksrs le; ,iQ-ch- ls ykWx vkmV djrh gw¡] rks fcLrj ij tkus osQ ckn Hkh eksckby ls ,iQ-ch- ij
(In

uksfVfiQosQ'kal (vf/lwpuk) ns[krh jgrh gw¡A vxj ;s T;knk nsj rd isafMax ;k ckdh jg tk,] rks eq>s cspSuh
se

gksus yxrh gSA bl ckjs esa lekt'kkL=kh fguk 'kkg dk dguk gS fd vUreqZ[kh LoHkko okys yksxksa esa ;g yr
ou

T;knk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA njvly] okLrfod thou esa T;knk lks'ky ugha gks ikus dh otg ls os opqZvy
iH

oYMZ esa viuh ekStwnxh fn[kkus dk dksbZ ekSdk ugha NksM+rsA ,sls LoHkko okys yksxksa osQ fy, vtufc;ksa ls
at

nksLrh djuk dksbZ cM+h ckr ugha gksrhA

sw

B. cs'kd ,iQ-ch- o V~foVj ij yksx [kwc fpiosQ jgrs gSa] ysfdu vius dke dh dher ij ughaA rHkh rks oqQN
ra

ijh{kkvksa ls igys osQ gÝrksa esa os isQlcqd ozr j[krs gSaA ;kuh rc os bl ij fcYoqQy ykWx&bu ugha djrsA
Sa

;gh otg gS fd lqfo buosQ fy, ikxyiu dks vYdksgy dh rjg dk yr ekuus ls budkj djrh gSaA mudk
dguk gS fd vYdksgy ysus osQ ckn vki vyx rjg O;ogkj djrs gSa] tcfd V~foVj vdkmaV fMyhV ;kuh
ew

u"V gksus ij vkidh vksj ls ,slh izfrfozQ;k ugha vkrhA vxj gky gh esa vkbZ ,d fjlpZ dh ekusa] rks bldh
N

[kkfrj yksx viuh uhan rd dh ijokg ugha djrsA euksoSKkfudksa dh ekusa] rks lks'ky ehfM;k ikjLifjd
©

fopkj osQ vknku&iznku dks ,d u, ysoy ij ys tkrk gSA oSls] bl yr dh ,d [kkl otg ;g gS fd bl
eap esa ges'kk oqQN&u&oqQN pyrk jgrk gSA ,sls esa nwljksa osQ ckjs esa tkuus o vius viMsV~l ls mudks izHkkfor
djus dh pkgr bl yr dh ,d otg gS] rks ;gk¡ feyus okyh rkjhisaQ ,d vyx gh vkRefo'okl nsrh gSaA
C. oSls] usV dk iz;ksx djus okys ;g ekurs gSa fd os bu lkbV~l ij nsj rd ykWx&bu jgrs gSa] ysfdu bls os
yr ugha ekursA ehfM;kdehZ c`teksgu nqXxy dh ekusa] rks dk;kZy; esa O;Lrrk dh otg ls yksxksa dks ckgj
tkdj fe=kksa ls feyus&tqyus dk oDr ugha fey ikrkA ,sls esa bu lkbV~l ij nksLrksa osQ viMsV ls irk py
98 Hkk"kk rj.kh

tkrk gS fd mudh ykbiQ esa u;k D;k py jgk gSA oSls Hkh] bu fnuksa jktusrk n~foVj ij gh viuk viMsV
nsrs gSaA blfy, ;g muosQ O;olk; dh Hkh t:jr gSA ogha] Mh-;w- osQ fon~;kFkhZ izrhd [kqjkuk us vius E;wftd
cSaM osQ fy, isQlcqd ist fozQ,V ;k cuk;k gqvk gSA ,sls esa vxj og izfrfnu okWy viMsV ugha djsaxs vkSj
iz'kaldksa osQ tokc ugha nsaxs] rks ;g vO;olkf;d yxsxkA
D. vxj vkidks Hkh ,iQ-ch- ij yxkrkj ?kaVksa xqtkjus dh vknr gS] rks csgrj gksxk fd Lo;a vuq'kklu esa jgus
osQ fy, oqQN ckrksa dks ekusaA tkusa bl ckjs esa fo'ks"kK dh jk;µvkWuykbu le; dh fuxjkuh djus osQ fy,

d
ite
LVkWiokp dk iz;ksx djsa ;k fiQj dksbZ le; lhek r; djsaA blosQ iwjk gksus ij gj gky esa ykWx vkmV dj

m
nsaA fe=kksa ls tqM+s jgus osQ fy, iQksu djsaA muls lh/s ckr djosQ vkidks isQlcqd osQ lans'k ls csgrj eglwl

Li
djk,¡xsA fdlh lks'ky lkbV~l ij viuh ekStwnxh fn[kkus dh gksM+ esa u jgsaA fdlh ,d gh usVooZQ dh lnL;rk

e
ysaA blls vkidk le; cpsxkA isQlcqd vkSj V~foVj dks vius dke osQ fy, lk/u dh rjg ls bLrseky djsa]

at
u fd gj fdlh osQ tqM+s jgus osQ ;k gj fdlh dks iQkWyks djus osQ fy,A viuh izksiQkby viMsV djus ;k

iv
iQksVks cnyus esa le; [kjkc u djsaA tc rd vkidh O;olkf;d t:jr u gks] rc rd isQlcqd ;k V~foVj

Pr
dks iQksu ij u j[ksaA

a) lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
di
(In

iz'u vH;kl
se
ou

iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
iH

vFkZ 'kCn
at

(1) cqjh vknr] yr -----------------------------------------------------------

sw

(2) n`'; -----------------------------------------------------------

ra

-----------------------------------------------------------
Sa

(3) [kkst] vkfo"dkj

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ew

(4) cqjh vknr

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N

(5) vH;Lr] ftls yr iM+ xbZ gks] O;luh

©

(6) tks de cksyrk gks] vius eu dh ckr Hkhrj j[ks -----------------------------------------------------------

(7) vifjfprksa -----------------------------------------------------------

(8) ladYi] miokl -----------------------------------------------------------

(9) dke esa yxk gqvk -----------------------------------------------------------

(10) izfrdkj] fozQ;k osQ fojks/ esa gksus okyh ?kVuk -----------------------------------------------------------
foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 99

(11) dke esa Mwcs gksuk -----------------------------------------------------------

(12) fcrkus -----------------------------------------------------------

(13) ns[kHkky] fujh{k.k -----------------------------------------------------------

(14) izfrLi/kZ -----------------------------------------------------------

d
ite
iz'u 2- ^u'kk usVofo±Qx dk---* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, uhps fn, x, vuqPNsnksa (A ls D) esa

m
ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A

Li
,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

e
at
mnk- % crkrk gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k dh vknr flxjsV vkSj 'kjkc ls vf/d [kjkc gSA

iv
Pr
A. ü B. C. D.

1- crkrk gS fd ,d gh lks'ky lkbV~l dh lnL;rk le; cpkus osQ fy, ysaA

a)
di
(In
A. B. C. D.
se

2- crkrk gS fd ;qok blosQ vknh gks pqosQ gSaA

ou

A. B. C. D.
iH

3- crkrk gS fd ijh{kk osQ gÝrksa igys isQlcqd dk iz;ksx can dj nsrs gSaA
at
sw

A. B. C. D.
ra

4- crkrk gS fd de feyulkj O;fDr vkHkklh nqfu;k esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkus dk dksbZ volj ugha NksM+rsA
Sa

A. B. C. D.
ew

5- crkrk gS fd yksx lks'ky lkbV~l ij nsj rd ykWx&bu jgrs gq, Hkh vius dks bldk O;luh ugha ekursA
N

A. B. C. D.
©

6- crkrk gS fd yksx 'kjkc osQ u'ks esa vyx rjg dk crkZo djrs gSaA

A. B. C. D.

7- crkrk gS fd izksiQkby viMsV ;k iQksVks cnyus esa le; cckZn u djsaA

A. B. C. D.
100 Hkk"kk rj.kh

8- crkrk gS fd vkWfiQl osQ dke dh O;Lrrk dh otg ls fe=kksa ls fey ikus dk le; ugha fey ikrk gSA

A. B. C. D.

9- crkrk gS fd yksx ,d&nwljs osQ ckjs esa tkuus o vius ckjs esa uohure tkudkjh vkSj vlj Mkyus dh pkgr gh O;lu gSA

A. B. C. D.

10- crkrk gS fd lks'ky usVofo±Qx dk mn~ns'; yksxksa dks feykus o ckr djus dk volj nsus osQ fy, gqvk FkkA

d
ite

A. B. C. D.

m
Li
11- crkrk gS fd lks'ky lkbV~l n~okjk nksLrksa dh ftanxh esa D;k gks jgk gS dk irk pyrk gSA

e

A. B. C. D.

at
iv
12- crkrk gS fd lks'ky usVofo±Qx osQ eap ij ges'kk oqQN&u&oqQN pyrk jgrk gSA

Pr

A. B. C. D.

a)
di
13- crkrk gS fd vatku yksxksa ls nksLrh djuk de feyulkj yksxksa osQ fy, vklku gSA
(In

A. B. C. D.
se

14- crkrk gS fd vkWu ykbu jgus osQ fy, le; lhek dks fu/kZfjr djuk vko';d gSA
ou

A. B. C. D.
iH
at

iz'u 3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
sw

iznku] Hkzked] leL;k] okLrfodrk] lapkj] rksM+&ejksM+dj] vklkuh

ra

(1) lks'ky ehfM;k cgqr rst xfr ls gksus okyk ------------------------------------------------------------ dk ekè;e gSA
Sa

(2) lks'ky ehfM;k ljyrk ls lekpkj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- djrk gSA

ew

iQksVks] ohfM;ks] lwpuk] MkWD;wesaV~l vkfn dks ------------------------------------ ls 'ks;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA
N

(3)
©

(4) lks'ky ehfM;k cgqr lkjh tkudkjh iznku djrk gS ftuesa ls cgqr&lh tkudkjh ------------------------------ Hkh gksrh gSA

(5) lks'ky ehfM;k ij tkudkjh dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ------------------------------- is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(6) fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dk Lo:i cnydj og mdlkos okyh cukbZ tk ldrh gS ftldk ------------------------------------- ls
dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gksrkA

(7) lk;cj vijk/ lks'ky ehfM;k ls tqM+h lcls cM+h ------------------------------------------------------------------ gSA
foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh 101

iz'u 4- vki dk fe=k lks'ky ehfM;k dk vf/d bLrseky djus yxk gS ftlls mlosQ ifjokj okys cgqr fpafrr gSaA mlosQ ekrk&firk
dks yxrk gS fd vkiosQ le>kus dk ml ij vlj iM+sxkA lks'ky ehfM;k osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djrs gq,
vius fe=k dks i=k fyf[k,A vius i=k esa fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dk lekos'k djsaµ
• nSfud thou esa lks'ky ehfM;k dk izHkko
• fon~;kFkhZ thou vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
• lks'ky ehfM;k dk lhfer iz;ksx 'kCn la[;kµ120
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(In
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se

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ou

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sw

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102 Hkk"kk rj.kh

foKku lac/
a h 'kCnkoyh
foKku] oSKkfud] vkfo"dkj] [kkst] vuqla/ku] 'kks/] losZ{k.k] iz;ksx] iz;ksx'kkyk] midj.k] ij[kuyh]
uewus] ekinaM] ijh{k.k] izkSn~;ksfxdh] dkS'ky] ;ksX;rk] oqQ'kyrk] gquj] leL;k] lek/ku] eqík] ekeyk]

d
fodkl] fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'k] vfHk;ku] vkanksyu] eqfge] vlkekU;] vlk/kj.k] lehdj.k] bdkbZ]

ite
vo/kj.kkA

m
fl¼kar] lSn~/kafrd] O;ogkj] O;ogkfjd] xq#Rokd"kZ.k cyA

Li
e
Bksl] rjy ,oa xSlµinkFkZ dh rhu voLFkk,¡A

at
iznw"k.kµty] Fky] feV~Vh] ok;qA

iv
Pr
Hkwxksy] HkkSxksfyd] HkweaMyhdj.k] rkieku] Xysf'k;j] leqnz] lkxj] egklkxj] laLFkk] laLFkku] laxBu rduhd]

a)
rduhdh] rduhdhdj.k] la;a=k] ijek.kq la;a=k] i;kZoj.k] okrkoj.k] ekgkSy] ok;qeaMy] vkcksgokA
di
varfj{k] xzg] mixzg] Ñf=ke] izkÑfrd] [kxksy foKku] u{k=k foKku] vk;qfoZKku] tho ;k tUrq foKku]
(In

ouLifr foKku] HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku] Ñf"k foKkuA

se

mQtkZ] uohdj.kh; mQtkZ] lkSj mQtkZ] tSo mQtkZ] v{k; mQtkZ] ijek.kq mQtkZ] iou mQtkZ] èofu mQtkZ] FkeZy
ou

mQtkZ] jklk;fud mQtkZ] fo|qr mQtkZ] fctyh] dks;yk] ijek.kq mQtkZ] oSdfYid Ïksr] ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxw
iH

djuk] egklkxjh; lalk/uA

at

Ñf"k] fdlku] [ksfrgj] vEy] {kkj] vEyh; o"kkZ] vfro`f"V] vuko`f"VA

sw
ra
Sa
ew
N
©
 [ka M & ^Ä*

d
ite
laLÑfr ,oa lekt

m
Li
(Culture and Society)

e
at
iv
Pr
1- firjksa osQ eks{k dk ioZ 105

a)
2- jaxiapeh esa xqyky vkSj jaxksa dh gqbZ ckSNkj 109
di
(In

3- gkf'k, ij ijaijk 113

se

4- txUukFk eafnj osQ peRdkj gSa jgL; 117

ou
iH

5- lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dh gdhdr 120

at
sw
ra
Sa
ew
N
©
©
N
ew
Sa
ra
sw
at
iH
ou
se
(In
di
a)
Pr
iv
at
e
Li
m
ite
d
laLÑfr ,oa lekt 105

1 firjksa osQ eks{k dk ioZ

fir` riZ.k ,oa fiaM nku dh ijaijk ikSjkf.kd dky ls pyh vk jgh
gSA Hkkjr ns'k esa bl ijaijk osQ fuokZg esa rhu rhFkZ LFkyksa dk'kh] xaxk

d
vkSj iz;kx dh f=k/kjk cgrh jgh gS] Hkxoku jke us Hkh xaxk osQ rV

ite
ij fiaM nku dj vius iwoZtksa dk riZ.k fd;k] ek¡ lhrk us Hkh fiaM
nku dj vius iwoZtksa dk riZ.k fd;kA ^x;k* esa lhrk oqaQM dk mYys[k

m
gS] iz;kx esa vk tkus ls gh lkjs iki u"V gks tkrs gSaA

Li
e`r ifjtuksa dks eks{k izkfIr dh dkeukvksa osQ lkFk fir` i{k

e
at
eqfDr egkioZ esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, ;gk¡ cM+h la[;k esa ns'k&fons'k

iv
ls fiaMnkfu;ksa dh HkhM+ tqVus yxh gS] ;g ioZ vkt ls 'kq: gks jgk

Pr
gS] e`r ifjtuksa dks thou&ej.k osQ pozQ ls eqfDr fnykus dk 15 fnolh; vuq"Bku 'kqozQokj vkB flracj dks
jkef'kyk ioZr ij ;e vkSj muosQ nks oqQÙkksa osQ le{k fiaMnku osQ lkFk gh izkjaHk gks tk,xk] ns'k&fons'k ls bl lky

a)
djhc nl yk[k fiaMnkfu;ksa osQ esys esa 'kkfey gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS] lkFk gh oSfnd ea=kksPpkj osQ lkFk
di
cq/okj dks fo".kqin eafnj izkax.k esa bl esys dk fof/or mn~?kkVu fd;k tk,xkA
(In

fganw /eZ'kkL=kksa osQ vuqlkj e`r ifjtuksa dh eqfDr vkSj eks{k osQ fy, bl f=kLFkyh esa Jk¼] fiaMnku ,oa
riZ.k dk fo/ku gS] ogha iz;kxjkt] dk'kh/ke vkSj x;k/ke dks f=kLFkyh dh laKk nh xbZ gS ftlesa x;k dks bu
se

rhuksa esa loZJs"B LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ok;q iqjk.k esa dgk x;k gS fd x;k esa fiaMnku ls euq"; dks tks iQy feyrk
ou

gS] mldk o.kZu djksM+ksa dYi esa ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] blosQ vfrfjDr in~e iqjk.k vkSj x#M+ iqjk.k vkfn /eZ
iH

xzaFkksa esa Hkh x;k esa fiaMnku osQ egRo dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd x;k esa fiaMnku ls 108 oqQy vkSj
lkr ih<+h rd dks ujd Hkksx ls eqfDr fey tkrh gS] x;k esa fiaMnku dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ bldh dksbZ fuf'pr
at

frfFk dh tkudkjh dgha miyC/ ugha gS] ysfdu fganw /eZxazFkksa esa bldh ppkZ gS fd lkD; oa'kh; jktk vkSj fl¼kFkZ
sw

xkSre osQ firkeg v;ks/u us x;k esa fiaMnku fd;k FkkA ckS¼ xzaFk ^efUt?ke* osQ vuqlkj v;ks/u dks fiManku osQ
ra

nkSjku fujatuk vkSj eksguk unh osQ iwohZ rV ij fLFkr Mwxs'ojh ioZr ij Hkfo";ok.kh lqukbZ iM+h Fkh fd rqEgkjs oa'k
Sa

esa ,d O;fDr ijeiwT; izrkih gksxk] tks bl ioZr ij vkdj ?kksj riL;k djsxk vkSj iwjs fo'o esa [;kfr vftZr
djsxk] ml Hkfo";ok.kh osQ vuq:i gh v;ks/u osQ ikS=k fl¼kFkZ xkSre us blh ioZr ij ?kksj riL;k dh vkSj cq¼Ro
ew

dks izkIr dj izflf¼ ikbZA iqjk.kksa vkSj /eZxzaFkksa esa bl ckr dk Hkh mYys[k gS fd Hkxoku Ñ".k dh lykg ij
ikaMoksa us x;k esa pkj eghus rd izokl dj /eZjkt ;qf/f"Bj osQ usr`Ro esa vius iwoZtksa osQ eks{k osQ fy, prqekZL;
N

;K fd;k Fkk] /eZ xzaFkksa osQ vuqlkj jktk n'kjFk osQ fu/u osQ ckn Hkxoku jke vkSj lhrk us Hkh eks{k dh izkfIr osQ
©

fy, fiaMnku fd;k Fkk] jke vkSj lhrk us tgk¡ fiaMnku fd;k Fkk] og LFky ckn esa jke oqaQM vkSj lhrk oqaQM osQ
uke ls fo[;kr gqvk] /kfeZd ijaijkvksa osQ vuqlkj ns'k&fons'k ls fir`i{k eqfDr egkioZ esa vk, yk[kksa fiaMnkuh
vkxkeh 'kqozQokj dks loZizFke fo".kqin eafnj ls ,d fdyksehVj nwj jkef'kyk ioZr ij ^;e* vkSj muosQ nks oqQÙkksa
osQ le{k fiaMnku djsaxsA izFke pj.k osQ vuq"Bku osQ ckn fiaMnkuh izsrf'kyk ioZr ij izsrksa dks vkSj mlosQ ckn
dkdofy vkSj v{k;oV ij fiaMnku djrs gSa] mlosQ ckn fofHkUu ljksojksa esa Luku rFkk czkg~e.k nf{k.kk osQ lkFk gh
;g vuq"Bku lekIr gks tkrk gS] bl chp fir`i{k esys esa ns'k&fons'k ls vk jgs yk[kksa fiaMnkfu;ksa dh lqj{kk vkSj
mudh lqfo/kvksa osQ fy, ftyk iz'kklu dh vksj ls O;kid izca/ fd, x, gSa] mÙkj esa cks/ x;k ls ysdj nf{k.k
esa jkef'kyk vkSj izsrf'kyk rd yxHkx 25 fdyksehVj esa iSQys esyk {ks=k esa 17 iqfyl f'kfoj vkSj vfrfjDr iqfyl
106 Hkk"kk rj.kh

Fkkus LFkkfir fd, x, gSa] lkFk gh vkokxeu dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, 82 iksLV cuk, x, gSa] lqj{kk O;oLFkk
osQ fy, ?kqM+lokj iqfyl osQ vfrfjDr eksVjlkbfdy ls pkSchlksa ?kaVs fo'ks"k iqfyl x'r dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ
gSA bl chp fcgkj osQ eq[; lfpo th-,l- oaQx us fir`i{k esyk dh rS;kfj;ksa dh lkseokj dks mPpLrjh; leh{kk
osQ ckn nkok fd;k gS fd esys osQ liQy vk;kstu osQ fy, dh tk jgh rS;kfj;k¡ iwjh dj yh xbZ gSaA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

iz'u vH;kl

d
ite
iz'u 1- ikB osQ vk/kj ij iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,A

m
Li
(1) Hkxoku jke us xaxk osQ fdukjs D;k fd;k Fkk\
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e
mÙkj %

at
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iv
Pr
(2) dkSu&dkSu ls izfl¼ LFkkuksa dk mYys[k x|ka'k esa fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ yksx firjksa osQ fy, fiaMnku djus tkrs gSa\
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a)
mÙkj %
di
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(3) fir`i{k eqfDr egkioZ dgk¡] oSQls 'kq: gksus okyk gS\
se

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ou

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iH

(4) fganw /eZ'kkL=kksa osQ vuqlkj e`r ifjtuksa dh eqfDr osQ fy, f=kLFkyh esa fdu deks± dk fo/ku gS\
at

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sw

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ra
Sa

(5) x;k esa Jk¼ djus dk D;k egRo gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

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N

(6) v;ks/u dkSu Fks vkSj muosQ ikS=k dk ifjp; nhft,A

©

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(7) vuq"Bkuksa dh lekfIr esa fdUgsa] D;k fn;k tkrk gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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laLÑfr ,oa lekt 107

(8) ftyk iz'kklu dk bl egkioZ esa D;k ;ksxnku gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(9) esyk {ks=k dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd iSQyk gqvk gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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d
ite
(10) th-,l- oaQx dkSu gS\ mUgksaus D;k nkok fd;k gS\

m
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Li
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e
at
iv
iz'u 2- ;ksX;rk foLrkj

Pr
fir`i{k ij fy[ks x, izLrqr ys[k dk lkj ys[ku yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,µviuh Hkk"kk&{kerk dk iz;ksx ;FkklaHko
djsaA

a)
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA di
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Sa

iz'u 3- x|ka'k esa iz;qDr fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fn, x, gSaA mu 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A
ew

mnk- % i{k  µ  i[kokM+k  µ  nks gÝrksa dk le;

flracj eghus esa fgUnh i[kokM+k euk;k tkrk gSA
N

(1) /eZxzaFk (/eZ ij fy[kh xbZ iqLrd] mnkgj.k % Hkxon~xhrk)µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(2) eks{k (ykSfdd thou ls eqfDr)µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(3) iz'kklu ('kklu ls lacaf/r dk;Z djus okyk foHkkx)µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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108 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(4) fiaMnku (Jk¼deZ dk ,d fgLlk ftlesa pkoy dks xksykdkj esa dkSvksa dks f[kyk;k tkrk gS)µ ---------------------------------
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(5) vkokxeu (vkoktkgh) µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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d
[;kfr (izflf¼)µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
(6)
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m
Li
(7) pkrqekZL; ;K (tks vuq"Bku pkj eghuksa dk gksrk gS) µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e
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at
iv
(8) fu/u (e`R;q) µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pr
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a)
iz'u % fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk muosQ lgh vFkZ osQ lkFk feyku dhft,A
di
(In
'kCn mÙkj vFkZ
mnkgj.k % riZ.k (xiv) (i) ifjokj osQ lnL;
se

(1) fuokZg (ii) 'kkL=kkuqlkj

ou
iH

(2) iwoZt (iii) fuHkkuk

at

(3) fir`i{k (iv) Jk¼ djus okys

sw

(4) fiaMnkfu;ksa (v) igys tUes yksx

ra

(5) ioZr (vi) ,d oSfnd deZdkaM

Sa

(6) vuqeku (vii) igkM+

ew

(7) ea=kksPpkj (viii) 'kq#vkr

N

(8) fof/or (ix) ejs gq,@fnoaxr

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(9) izkax.k (x) Jk¼ i{k

(10) mn~?kkVu (xi) ea=kksa dk ikB

(11) e`r (xii) vanktk

(12) ifjtu (xiii) vk¡xu

(xiv) r`Ir djus dh fozQ;k

laLÑfr ,oa lekt 109

2 jaxiapeh esa xqyky vkSj jaxksa dh gqbZ ckSNkj

jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa jaxiapeh osQ ikou ioZ ij
lHkh txg xqyky vkSj jaxksa dh ckSNkj fn[kkbZ nhA

d
ite
pkSd&pkSjkgksa] lM+dksa lfgr vusd txg gqfj;kjs

m
?kwers gq, fn[kkbZ fn,A dgha diM+k iQkM+ rks dgha

Li
osQoy xqyky ls gh Vhdk dj gksyh eukbZ xbZA

e
dbZ lektksa lfgr vU; izfrf"Br yksxksa }kjk gksyh

at
iv
feyu lekjksg dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k x;k] ogha

Pr
'kgj osQ fofHkUu LFkkuksa esa jaxiapeh py lekjksg

a)
difudkys x,A
iqjkus Hkksiky esa izfro"kkZuqlkj bl o"kZ Hkh fgUnw mRlo lfefr dk py lekjksg lqHkk"k pkSd ls vkjaHk gksdj
(In

pkSd] tqesjkrh] NksV HkS;k dkuZj] tudiqjh] fla/h ekosZQV] Hkokuh pkSd lkseokjk] y[ksjkiqjk] ihiy pkSd] brokjk]
se

eaxyokjk] tSu eafnj jksM] ?kksM+k uDdkl vkfn {ks=kksa ls xqtjrs gq, guqekuxat esa lekIr gqvkA ukjk;.k flag oqQ'kokgk
ou

us py lekjksg esa lHkh vfrfFk;ksa dks xqyky] panu] Hkxok ,oa xeNk igukdj mudk Lokxr fd;kA py lekjksg
iH

esa eq[; vkd"kZd dk osaQnz bankSj dh rtZ ij gqfj;kjksa dh Vksfy;k¡ ukprs&xkrs gq, m¡QV] ?kksM+s] cXxh] Mhts cSaM&ckts]
at

<ksy] rk'ks] nqy&nqy ?kksM+h rFkk dbZ euksjatu dk;ZØe FksA

sw

Jh fgUnw mRlo lfefr osQ jaxiapeh py lekjksg esa lkaln vkyksd latj] egkikSj vkyksd 'kekZ] fo/k;d
ra

lqjsanzukFk flag] fo'okl lkjax] jkes'oj 'kekZ] uxj fuxe vè;{k lqjthr flag pkSgku] chMh, vè;{k vkse ;kno]
Sa

,evkbZlh lnL; Ñ".keksgu 'kekZ] euh"k JhokLro] Hkxokunkl lcukuh] xksfoan xks;y] ihlh 'kekZ] ik"kZn~ latho
xqIrk] iwoZ egkikSj lquhy lwn vkfn fo'ks"k :i ls ekStwn jgsA txg&txg jaxiapeh py lekjksg ij ikuh] jax vkSj
ew

xqyky dh ckSNkjsa dh xb±A

N

blh izdkj 'kgj osQ vU; {ks=k tgk¡xhjkckn] fyyh VkWdht] 'kgiqjk] fc'ku ekosZQV] ckxlsofu;k¡] xksfoaniqjk]
©

Hksy] vkuan uxj] 'kkgtgk¡ukckn] cSjkx<+] xka/huxj lfgr vU; txgksa ij Hkh jaxiapeh py lekjksg dh /we jghA
vusd txgksa ij gqfj;kjs jaxiapeh osQ jax esa Mhts vkSj cSaM&cktksa dh /qu esa ukprs utj vk,A ogha oqQN LFkkuksa
ij ukprs&ukprs yksxksa us ,d&nwljksa osQ diM+s Hkh iQkM+ fn,A vusd txg efgykvksa dh Vksfy;k¡ Hkh jaxiapeh ij
gksyh osQ jax esa jaxh utj vkb±A
ujsyk esa fudyk py lekjksgµujsyk fo/kulHkk esa izfro"kZ osQ vuqlkj] bl o"kZ Hkh jaxiapeh py
lekjksg fo/k;d fo'okl lkjax osQ usr`Ro esa fudkyk x;k] tks vUuk uxj ls lqcg 8 cts vkjaHk gksdj xkSre uxj]
110 Hkk"kk rj.kh

jpuk uxj] izHkkr pkSjkgk] v'kksdk xkMZu 80 fiQV] usojh] ,s'kckx] ckx iQjrviQtk] vksYM lqHkk"k uxj] dEew
dk ckx] pkanc<+] LVs'ku ctfj;k] }kjdk uxj] Nksyk] f'kouxj] fo'odekZ uxj] gkmflax cksMZ] ihiy pkSjkgk]
djksan pkSjkgk gksrs gq, 20 fdeh dh nwjh r; dj fo/kulHkk osQ 17 okMks± ls gksrk gqvk tsy jksM] vf[kys'oj
f'ko eafnj Jhjke VªkaliksVZ djksan eksrhyky uxj esa lekIr gqvkA bl py lekjksg dk leLr fo/kulHkk {ks=k esa
vusd txg jax] xqyky] ikuh vkSj iwQyksa ls LVst yxkdj Lokxr fd;k x;kA fo/k;d fo'okl lkjax gksyh osQ
xkuksa ij fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij tedj ukps] ogha gkmflax cksMZ pkSjkgs ij vYila[;d ekspkZ osQ ubZd HkkbZ osQ usr`Ro

d
ite
esa py lekjksg dk Lokxr xqykc osQ iwQyksa ls fd;k x;kA

m
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

Li
iz'u vH;kl

e
at
iv
iz'u 1 - fn, x, ikB~;ka'kksa dks if<+, vkSj funsZ'kkuqlkj mÙkj nhft,A

Pr
(1) gksyh feyu lekjksg dk vk;kstu fduosQ }kjk gqvk\

a)
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mÙkj %
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(2) iqjkus Hkksiky 'kgj esa py lekjksg fdl LFkku ij lekIr gqvk\
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iH

mÙkj %
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sw

(3) py lekjksg esa vfrfFk;ksa dk Lokxr oSQls fd;k x;k\

ra

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

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N

(4) gqfj;kjksa dh Vksfy;k¡ fdl rjg [kqf'k;k¡ euk jgh Fkha\

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mÙkj %
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(5) LFkku&LFkku ij py lekjksg dk Lokxr oSQls fd;k tk jgk Fkk\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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laLÑfr ,oa lekt 111

(6) ujsyk fo/ku lHkk esa fdlosQ usr`Ro esa py lekjksg fudkyk x;k\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(7) iwjs fo/kulHkk {ks=k esa bl lekjksg dk Lokxr fdl izdkj fd;k x;k\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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d
ite
m
iz'u 2- ikB~;ka'k esa ls 'kCnksa dks <w¡<+dj fyf[k,A

Li
Øekad 'kCn vFkZ ifjPNsn

e
at
1- ----------------------------------------------- ifo=k ifjPNsn&1

iv
2- ----------------------------------------------- tkus&ekus] x.kekU; "

Pr
3- ----------------------------------------------- lkFk "

a)
di
4- ----------------------------------------------- tSls gj o"kZ gksrk gS ifjPNsn&2
(In

5- ----------------------------------------------- esgeku "

se

6- ----------------------------------------------- euksfouksn "

ou
iH

7- ----------------------------------------------- mifLFkr ifjPNsn&3

at

8- ----------------------------------------------- laln dk lnL; "

sw
ra
Sa

iz'u 3- izk;ksfxd fØ;kdyki (Practical Activity)

gksyh vkSj jaxiapeh ls lacaf/r ,d ikWoj ikbaV izLrqfr Nk=k lewgksa esa rS;kj djsa vkSj d{kk esa izLrqr djsaA
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112 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 4- izLrqr ikB~;ka'k (fjiksVZ) }kjk ys[kd D;k dguk pkgrs gSa\ lkjka'k yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 4 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, 6 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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laLÑfr ,oa lekt 113

3 gkf'k, ij ijaijk
u`R; esa vkè;kfRed izse dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA eq>s yxrk
gS] vyx&vyx HkDr dh HkfDr dk vyx&vyx jax

d
ite
gSA HkfDr tc mPp ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡prh gS rc lHkh

m
dh HkfDr&Hkkouk ,d&tSlh gh izrhr gksrh gS] og

Li
jaxfoghu gksrh gSA ,d iy osQ fy, og Lora=k gksrh

e
gS] og ,d {k.k dk tknw gS_ ,d {k.k dk frjksgu gS]

at
og esjs fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA

iv
Pr
u`R; esjk thou gSA eq>s u`R; dh izsj.kk ek¡

a)
ls feyhA eSa ekurh gw¡ fd esjs u`R; ij esjs xq#vksa
dk izHkko jgk gSA eq>s Ük`axkj osQ lkSan;Z dk ifjp;
di
(In
dykfuf/ vEek us djok;kA xq# dY;k.k lqanje ls cgqr oqQN lh[kk] ysfdu ek¡ dh ,d ckr ges'kk ;kn jgrh
gS fd os dgrh Fkha fdµ^vxj vki ryk'k djksxs rHkh oqQN vkidks feysxk] rHkh vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk feysxhA*
se

eq>s ;kn vkrk gS cpiu esa tc eSa lkr&vkB lky dh Fkh] rc ek¡ eq>s ysdj ;kfeuh Ñ".kewfrZ] la;qDrk
ou

ikf.kxzgh] lksuy ekuflagµtSlh u`R;kaxukvksa osQ dk;ZozQe esa ysdj tkrh FkhA eSa oqQN le; ns[krh vkSj oqQN
iH

le; lks tkrhA tc os dykdkj u`R; osQ ozQe esa oqQN [kkl
at

LVsIl is'k djrha] rks ek¡ eq>s fgykdj txkrha vkSj mUgsa ns[kus
sw

dks dgrh] fiQj eSa gkSys ls txrh vkSj u`R; ns[kus yxrhA mlh
ra

nkSjku eq>s ckyk ljLorhth dk u`R; ns[kus dk volj feykA

Sa

muosQ vfHku; vkSj ,d&,d Hkko dh lw{e ckjhfd;k¡ eq>s eu

ew

osQ vanj rd Nw xbZ FkhaA

   eSa vke cfPp;ksa dh rjg cpiu ls gh u`R; lh[kus yxh
N

FkhA eSaus ratkoqj 'kSyh dks xq# dY;k.klqanje fiYyS vkSj oktqoqj
©

'kSyh dks xq# jktkjRue osQ lkfUuè; esa lh[kkA blosQ ckn] xq#
dykfuf/ ukjk;.ku osQ lkfUuè; esa vfHku; dh ckjhfd;ksa dks
vkRelkr fd;kA lh[kus dh 'kq#vkr rc Hkh ^rS;k&rsfg* ls
gksrh FkhA vkt Hkh ogh igyh ik;nku gSA vkt eSa ns[krh gw¡
fd tc vjaxs=ke lekjksg gksrk gS] rks og ,d ifo=k volj u
gksdj lks'ky bosaV T;knk cu x;k gS] gkyk¡fd ;g rks fdlh
114 Hkk"kk rj.kh

lh[kusokys osQ fy, eap izLrqfr dh ,d 'kq#vkr Hkj gksrh gSA ijaijk esa ;g cnyko eq>s vPNk ugha yxrkA eSa
vjaxs=ke lekjksg esa dksbZ Hkk"k.k ugha j[krh vkSj u gh fdlh dks eq[; vfrfFk osQ rkSj ij cqykrh gw¡A njvly]
vjaxs=ke ,d ubZ u`R;kaxuk osQ fy, Lof.kZe fnu gksrk gSA vjaxs=ke lekjksg osQ volj ij fn[kkos vkSj izn'kZu
ns[kdj esjs eu esa loky vkrk gS fd lp] D;k ge ;gh pkgrs gSa\ ysfdu] vktdy osQ cPps lk/uk osQ ctk;
nwljs jkLrksa dks pqurs gSaA ;g lc mudh lksp vkSj ijofj'k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA ijaijk dk ,slk nksgu nq[kn gSA
blesa 'kd ugha fd vkt dh ;qok u`R;kaxuk dkiQh rS;kj gSaA rduhdh i{k cgqr vPNk gS] ij mUgsa Mkal

d
dks cM+s oSQuokl esa ns[kuk pkfg,A mUgsa ,d ijiQkW es±l osQ ckn nwljs ijiQkW es±l dh gksM+ esa iM+us osQ ctk;] u`R;

ite
dk tks vkfRed lEeksgu vkSj tknw gS mls eglwl djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A vki vxj dyk osQ jl esa

m
Mwcsaxs] rks og u`R; osQ okLrfod vkuan ls vkidks ljkcksj djrh gSA blls dyk esa tks fu[kkj vkrk gS] og

Li
vkidks vU;re vkSj HkhM+ ls vyx igpku fnykrk gSA D;ksafd eSa ns[krh gw¡ fd dqN Mkalj rks viuh Vhpj dh
Dyksu dh rjg cu tkrh gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd viuh xq# dh xyr eqnzkvksa dh Hkh udy dj ysrh gSaA eSa ijaijk osQ

e
at
uke ij dkcZu dkWih dks mfpr ugha ekurhA eSa viuk Dyksu ugha cukuk pkgrh gw¡A esjs ikl lh[kus osQ fy, tks

iv
Hkh vkrk gS] mlls lcls igys eSa ;gh dgrh gw¡ fd vki esjh udy ugha djsaA vki eq>ls izsfjr t:j gksb,]

Pr
ij viuh Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k vius O;fDrRo osQ vuq:i fodflr dfj,A
vyx&vyx nkSj esa dykdkjksa dks vyx&vyx pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA igys dh ihf<+;ksa
a)
dks lekt }kjk dyk dh LohÑfr osQ volj dh ryk'k FkhA ogha ckn dh ihf<+;ksa dks viuh igpku vkSj u,
di
ifjos'k osQ le{k [kqn dks izLrqr djus dh pqukSrh FkhA tcfd] vkt ;qok dykdkjksa osQ le{k fiQYeh nqfu;k]
(In

fj;fyVh 'kks] baVjusV vkSj reke rjg dh pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA ge tc ;qok Fks] ml le; bruk ncko ugha Fkk] ftruk
se

vkt osQ ;qok dykdkjksa dks lguk iM+ jgk gSA ;qok dykdkjksa dks LFkk;h lg;ksx dh t:jr gSA eè;e ntsZ osQ
ou

ctk; fof'k"V izfrHkkokys dykdkjksa dks pqudj] mUgsa vkxs c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ lkFk
gh] mUgsa yxkrkj izksxzke fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd mUgsa igpku feys vkSj yksx mUgsa volj nsaA ;qok dykdkjksa
iH

dks lh[krs le; 'kq#vkr esa tks xq# fl[kk,¡] mldk iw.kZ vuqdj.k djuk pkfg,A oqQN lkyksa ckn] vius [kqn
at

osQ O;kdj.k dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A mlosQ ckn] [kqn dh ryk'k djuh pkfg, fd mudk eu D;k pkgrk gS\
sw

og viuh dyk ;k vius&vki ls D;k pkgrs gSa\ D;ksafd dyk dh ;k=kk vuar gSA ;g yack liQj gSA bl ;k=kk
dks liQy cukus osQ fy, NksVs&NksVs iM+ko rks cukus iM+saxs] rHkh vki liQy dykdkj cu ldrs gSaA blosQ fy,
ra

vkidks yxkrkj izsfjr gksus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

Sa
ew

iz'u vH;kl
N
©

iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCn fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ [kkstdj fyf[k,A
'kCn vFkZ
(1) vkè;kfRed ----------------------------------------

(2) ijkdk"Bk ----------------------------------------

(3) frjksgu ----------------------------------------

(4) Ük`axkj ----------------------------------------

laLÑfr ,oa lekt 115

(5) vkRelkr ----------------------------------------

(6) ^rS;k&rsgh* ----------------------------------------

(7) ik;nku ----------------------------------------

(8) vjaxs=ke ----------------------------------------

----------------------------------------

d
(9) lk/uk

ite
(10) nksgu ----------------------------------------

m
Li
iz'u 2- ^gkf'k, ij ijaijk* ikBka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, izR;sd 'kh"kZoQ osQ varxZr laf{kIr

e
at
uksV fyf[k,A

iv
Pr
(1) u`R; dh fo'ks"krk,¡µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
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di
(In

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(2) cpiu vkSj u`R; dk izf'k{k.k vkSj izeq[k xq#tuµ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ou

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iH
at

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sw

vjaxs=ke ls lacaf/r fopkjµ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ra

(3)
Sa

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©

(4) vkt dh u`R;kaxukvksa dks lykgµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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116 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- izLrqr ikBka'k ^gkf'k, ij ijaijk* esa vius cuk, uksV~l (fVIi.kh) osQ vk/kj ij mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k yxHkx 100 'kCnksa
esa fyf[k, tks u`R; osQ f'k{k.k esa cnyrh gqbZ ijaijk osQ ckjs esa izfl¼ u`R;kaxuk ekyfodk l:dkbZ }kjk crk;k x;k gSA
bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA
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laLÑfr ,oa lekt 117

4 txUukFk eafnj osQ peRdkj gSa jgL;

Jh txUukFk eafnj ,d fganw eafnj gS] tks Hkkjr osQ
vksfM'kk jkT; osQ rVorhZ 'kgj iqjh esa fLFkr gSA

d
txUukFk 'kCn dk vFkZ txr osQ Lokeh gksrk gSA

ite
budh uxjh gh txUukFkiqjh ;k iqjh dgykrh gSA

m
bl eafnj dks fganqvksa osQ pkj /ke esa ls ,d fxuk

Li
tkrk gSA ;g oS".ko lainz k; dk eafnj gS] tks Hkxoku

e
fo".kq osQ vorkj JhÑ".k dks lefiZr gSA bl

at
iv
eafnj dk okf"kZd jFk ;k=kk mRlo izfl¼ gSA blesa

Pr
eafnj osQ rhuksa eq[; nsork] Hkxoku txUukFk]
muosQ cM+s Hkzkrk cyHknz vkSj Hkfxuh lqHknzk rhuksa]
a)
rhu vyx&vyx HkO; vkSj lqlfTtr jFkksa esa
di
(In
fojkteku gksdj uxj dh ;k=kk dks fudyrs gSaA eè; dky ls gh ;g mRlo vrho g"kksZYykl osQ lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA
txUukFk eafnj osQ f'k[kj ij fLFkr >aMk ges'kk gok dh foijhr fn'kk esa ygjkrk gSA
se

iqjh esa fdlh Hkh LFkku ls vki eafnj osQ 'kh"kZ ij yxs lqn'kZu pozQ dks ns[ksaxs] rks oks vkidks lnSo vius
ou

lkeus gh yxk fn[ksxkA

iH

eafnj esa izlkn cukus osQ fy, lkr crZu ,d&nwljs osQ mQij j[ks tkrs gSaA bl izlkn dks ydM+h tykdj
at

idk;k tkrk gSA bl izfozQ;k esa [kkl ckr ;g gS fd lcls mQij osQ crZu dk izlkn igys idrk gSA
sw

eafnj osQ flag }kj ls igyk dne vanj j[kus ij gh vki leqnz dh ygjksa ls vkus okyh vkokt dks ugha
ra

lqu ldrs] ysfdu tSls gh vki eafnj ls ,d dne ckgj j[ksaxs] oSls gh leqnz dh vkokt lqukbZ nsus yxrh gSA
Sa

'kke osQ oDr ;s ,glkl vkSj Hkh vykSfdd vkSj vn~Hkqr izrhr gksrk gSA
ew

veweu gj eafnjksa osQ f'k[kj ij i{kh dks cSBs vkSj mM+rs ns[kk gksxk] ysfdu txUukFk eafnj osQ mQij ls
dksbZ i{kh ugha xqtjrkA ;gk¡ rd fd gokbZ tgkt Hkh eafnj osQ mQij ls ugha fudyrkA
N

eafnj esa gj jkst oqQy 2 gtkj yksxksa ls ysdj 20 gtkj yksx n'kZu osQ fy, vkrs gSa vkSj Hkkstu Hkh
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djrs gSaA fiQj Hkh vUu dh deh ugha iM+rh gSA gj le; iwjs o"kZ osQ fy, HkaMkj Hkjiwj jgrk gSA
eafnj dk ,d iqtkjh eafnj osQ 65 ehVj f'k[kj ij fLFkr >aMs dks gj jkst cnyrk gSA ,slh ekU;rk gS
fd vxj ,d fnu Hkh >aMk ugha cnyk x;k] rks eafnj 18 o"kks± osQ fy, can gks ldrk gSA >aMk cnyus dh jhfr
1800 lkyksa ls pyh vk jgh gSA
bl eafnj dk fMtkbu Hkh dkiQh jgL;e;h gS] D;ksafd fnu osQ fdlh Hkh le; txUukFk eafnj osQ eq[;
f'k[kj dh ijNkb± ugha curhA
118 Hkk"kk rj.kh

eafnj osQ f'k[kj ij yxs pozQ dh dgkuh Hkh dkiQh jkspd gSA bl pozQ dh LFkkiuk dk bfrgkl 200
lky iqjkuk gS] tks fd vkt Hkh lHkh osQ fy, ,d vulqy>h igsyh dh rjg gSA
oSls gok leqnz ls tehu dh rjiQ pyrh vkSj 'kke dks /jrh ls leqnz dh rjiQ] ysfdu iqjh esa blosQ
fcYoqQy mYVk gksrk gSA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

d
iz'u vH;kl

ite
m
Li
iz'u 1- ^txUukFk eafnj osQ peRdkj gSa jgL;* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr

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fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k,A

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èotµ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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di
eafnj esa izlkn dk fuekZ.kµ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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eafnj dk flag }kjµ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(3)
iH

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i{kh vkSj gokbZ tgktµ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(4)
ra

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(6) izfrfcacµ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(7) gok dh foijhr fn'kkµ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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laLÑfr ,oa lekt 119

iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

^txUukFk eafnj osQ peRdkj gSa jgL;* osQ vk/kj ij cuk, x, vius uksV~l dks vk/kj cukdj mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k
fyf[k, tks bl eafnj dh peRdkjh ckrsa crkus okyh gksaA bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA
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iz'u 3- gky gh esa vkius iqjh osQ izfl¼ txUukFk eafnj dh ;k=kk dhA txUukFk eafnj dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, vius
iH

fo|ky; dh if=kdk osQ fy, ,d ;k=kk&fooj.k yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
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120 Hkk"kk rj.kh

5 lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dh gdhdr

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh mUufr esa mldh laLÑfr] lH;rk]
ewY;] ijaijkvksa vkSj lgsth xbZ /jksgjksa dk cgqr egÙo
gksrk gSA exj foMacuk gS fd gekjh izkphu yksddyk,¡

d
ite
vkt ek=k jk"Vªh; ioks± ij >k¡dh&izn'kZuh ;k fo'ks"k
lkaLÑfrd egksRloksa esa iznf'kZr gksus rd lhfer jg

m
xbZ gSA okV~l&,i ij vk, ,d ohfM;ks esa oqQN fL=k;k¡

Li
<ksy&ethjs dh Fkki ij xhr xk jgh Fkhaµ^Mhts okys

e
at
ckcw esjk xkuk rw ctk---*] ^csch Mkye lksus nh*] ^vkt

iv
Cyw gS ikuh ikuh---*A bu xkuksa dks lquuk vk'p;Ztud

Pr
Fkk fd flusekbZ laLÑfr us yksdlaLÑfr dks fdl gn
rd uqdlku igq¡pk;k gSA ;g laLÑfr;ksa osQ Vdjko

a)
dk le; gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh laLÑfr] ml ns'k esa fuokl djus okys lkekU; tu osQ jgu&lgu] vkpkj&fopkj]
di
[kku&iku] oL=k&vkHkw"k.k] u`R;&xhr&laxhr] tUe] fookg] e`R;q vkfn laLdkjksa ls fufeZr gksrh gSA blfy, vxj
(In

fdlh ns'k osQ ewY; vkSj laLÑfr osQ okLrfod vkSj izkÑfrd Lo:i dks fuj[kuk&ij[kuk gks rks bldk lcls vPNk
se

lzksr ml ns'k dh laLÑfr vkSj eq[; :i ls yksdlaLÑfr gSA

ou

fo'o iVy ij Hkkjr [kkldj viuh iqjkru yksdlaLÑfr osQ fy, tkuk&igpkuk tkrk gSA gekjs yksdu`R;]
yksdukV~;] yksdlaxhr] yksddyk,¡] yksdijaijk,¡ gekjh vueksy /jksgj gSaA Hkkjrh; yksdu`R;ksa esa gksus okyk
iH

tu&thou dk LokHkkfod fp=k.k fdlh dks Hkh fofLer dj ldrk gSA yksdu`R;ksa esa muosQ yksdthou dh ltho
at

>k¡dh fn[krh gSA ^NmQ* Hkkjr dk izkphure u`R; gSA blesa egkHkkjr] jkek;.k vkfn ;k LFkkuh; yksdlkfgR; ij
sw

vk/kfjr dFkk&o`Ùkkarksa ij vfHku; fd;k tkrk gSA

ra

gekjh yksddyk,¡ vius esa ,d bfrgkl lekfgr fd, gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd osQoy 'kkL=kh; u`R; ugha]
Sa

yksdu`R;ksa dks Hkh lh[kus osQ fy, fons'kh L=kh&iq#"k ykykf;r jgrs gSaA ij foMacuk gS fd yksdokn~; ;a=kksa ij
ctrh laxhr Loj ygfj;ksa dh e/qjrk vkt osQ jhfeDl laxhr osQ chp yqIr gksus osQ dxkj ij gSA xzkekapyksa
ew

esa Hkh flusekbZ laLÑfr gkoh gS] vc rks yksdxhrksa dh /quksa ij Hkh fiQYeh laxhr dk vlj fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA
N

fLFkfr ;g gS fd vkt lkaLÑfrd egksRloksa esa Hkh fiQYeh vkbVe xhr ctk;k tkrk gSA blls yksdjax dk {kj.k
gqvk gSA 'kknh&fookg osQ voljksa ij Hkh <ksy&ethjksa vkSj ?kqa?k#vksa dh vkok”k yqIr gksrh tk jgh gSA vkt ^Mhts*
©

laLÑfr pje ij gSA

gekjs yksdthou esa 'kjhj ij xksnuk xqnokus dh izFkk cgqr izkphu gSA vkt Hkh cgqr ls ?kjksa esa nknh&ukfu;ksa
osQ gkFk&iSjksa ij ftlesa ifr osQ iwjs uke ;k uke osQ igys v{kj osQ lkFk iwQy&iÙkh vkfn fpg~u Hkh xqnok,
tkrs gSaA igys ;g xksnuk ,d laLÑfr fo'ks"k dk izrhd FkkA cukjl osQ oqQN LFkkuksa ij vkt Hkh 'kknh esa xksnuk
xqnokus dh ijaijk gSA ij vkt xksnus dk vk/qfud :i VSVw lkeus vk;k gS] tks ,d oxZ&fo'ks"k osQ fy, ^LVsVl
flacy* ;k iSQ'ku dk i;kZ; cu x;k gSA fiQYeh flrkjksa us Hkh blesa [kklh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
laLÑfr ,oa lekt 121

blosQ lkFk gh yksddyk,¡ mfpr laj{k.k osQ vHkko esa viuh vafre lk¡lsa fxu jgh gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
gkFk ls cuk, Myok] ekSuh] fiVkjh vkfn] tks ewat] lsBk vkSj fljdh dks jax dj] lqanj dykÑfr;k¡ mosQjrs gq,
cuk, tkrs gSa] vc de gh fn[krs gSaA ck¡l dh fljdh osQ cus ^csuk* dk LFkku vc IykfLVd vkSj iQksfYMax ia[kksa
us ys fy;k gSA
IykfLVd vkSj iQkbcj osQ pyu us oqQEgkj osQ cuk, oqQYgM+ dks feV~Vh esa feyk fn;k gSA oqQEgkj osQ
cuk, fLizax yxs flj fgykrs cw<+s ckck] rhu nhid okyh Xokfyu vkSj ^x`gLFkh* okys pDdh&pwYgs vc cPpksa
osQ euksjatu dh pht ugha jgs] D;ksafd vc pkHkh ls lapkfyr gksrs fons'kh f[kykSus izpyu esa gSaA vkt fdrus

d
ite
,sls cPps gksaxs] ftUgksaus Mksfj;ksa ij fFkjdrh dBiqrfy;ksa dk ukp ns[kk gksxkA ;s lHkh yksddyk,¡ vius vafre

m
fnu fxu jgh gSaA

Li
lSdM+ksa o"kZ iqjkuh yksddyk,¡ ljdkjh laj{k.k vkSj mfpr lqfo/kvksa osQ vHkko esa LFkkfir igpku cukus

e
dks rjl jgh gSaA foMacuk gS fd ;wusLdks us ftu yksdu`R;ksa dks (jktLFkku osQ dkycsfy;k] vksfM'kk] >kj[kaM vkSj

at
if'pe caxky osQ NmQ u`R; vkSj osQjy osQ eqfM,V~Vw yksdu`R;) fo'o /jksgj lwph esa lfEefyr dj oSf'od Lrj

iv
ij mUgsa igpku fnykbZ] os vius gh ns'k esa misf{kr gSaA mÙkj izns'k dh ukSVadh] cSlokM+s dk iQkx] egkjk"Vª dk

Pr
rek'kk vkfn Hkkjrh; yksdrÙo dh nqyZHk fojklr gSaA vosQys osQjy esa gh ipkl ls vf/d yksdu`R; izpfyr gSaA

a)
cl vko';drk muosQ mfpr laj{k.k vkSj lao/Zu dh gSA vkt tc iwjk fo'o ,d cktkj cu pqdk gS] gekjh
nqyZHk yksddyk,¡ cktkj ls unkjn gSaA
di
(In
lkHkkj % tulÙkk
se
ou

iz'u vH;kl
iH

iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls bu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
at

vFkZ 'kCn
sw

(1) fofp=krk ----------------------------------------

ra

----------------------------------------
Sa

(2) cgqr cM+k mRlo ;k lekjksg

(3) lk/kj.k tu&lekt esa izpfyr ;s lc ckrsa tks fl¼karr% laLÑfr osQ {ks=k ls lac¼ gksa ----------------------------------------
ew

(4) VdjkgV] fHkM+ar ----------------------------------------

N

(5) è;kuiwoZd ns[kuk ----------------------------------------

©

(6) xq.k&nks"k vkfn dks tk¡puk] vPNs&cqjs dh igpku djuk ----------------------------------------

(7) iqjkuk] izkphu] lcls igys dk ----------------------------------------

(8) vekur] Fkkrh] iwoZtksa ls izkIr lkaLÑfrd vekur ----------------------------------------

(9) tho;qDr] thfor] rst] iqQrhZyk] izk.kh] tho/kjh ----------------------------------------

(10) fdLlk dgkuh dk o.kZu] fooj.k ----------------------------------------

122 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(11) fNik gqvk] xk;c] vn`'; ----------------------------------------

(12) fdukjk] m¡Qpk fljk ----------------------------------------

(13) xk¡o osQ ,d Hkkx esa] {ks=k esa ----------------------------------------

(14) oqQ'ky] n{k] izoh.k] tks vius xq.k] cy] fo'ks"krk vkfn osQ dkj.k nck ys ;k ----------------------------------------

ijkHkwr dj nsA

d
----------------------------------------

ite
(15) fgiQktr] ikyuk&iksluk] j{kk djuk

m
(16) iRFkj] ydM+h] yksgs vkfn dM+h phtksa ij Nsuh vkfn ls uDdk'kh djuk ;k ----------------------------------------

Li
csy&cwVs cukukA

e
at
(17) ck¡l dk cuk gqvk ia[kk ----------------------------------------

iv
----------------------------------------

Pr
(18) ftldk lapkyu fd;k x;k gks ;k fd;k tk jgk gks

(19) ftldh mis{kk dh xbZ gks] ftldk vknj&lEeku u fd;k x;k gks vFkok ftldh ----------------------------------------

a)
vksj mfpr è;ku u fn;k x;k gks] frjLÑr
di
(In

(20) o`f¼ djus okyk] ikyu&iks"k.k] mUur gksuk ----------------------------------------

se

(21) dfBurk ls izkIr gksus okyk] nq"izk; ----------------------------------------

ou

(22) tks u jg x;k gks] xk;c] yqIr] [kkyh ----------------------------------------

iH

iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k, %

at
sw

(1)
vkt gekjh izkphu yksddyk,¡ fdlesa fleV dj jg xb± gSa\
ra

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Sa

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(2)
flusekbZ laLÑfr us fdldks uqdlku igq¡pk;k gS\
N

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(3)
vkt dk le; laLÑfr;ksa osQ fy, oSQlk gS\
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laLÑfr ,oa lekt 123

(4)
fdlh ns'k osQ ewY; vkSj laLÑfr osQ okLrfod Lo:i dks oSQls tk¡pk vkSj ij[kk tk ldrk gS\
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(5)
ge viuh vueksy /jksgj fdUgsa ekurs gSa\
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d
ite
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m
Li
(6)
fdl u`R; esa ikSjkf.kd ,oa LFkkuh; yksdlkfgR; ij vk/kfjr dFkk&o`Ùkka rksa ij vfHku; fd;k tkrk gS\

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(7)
fons'kh L=kh&iq#"kksa esa 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ vykok vkSj dkSu&lk u`R; lh[kus dh ykylk jgrh gS\

a)
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di
(In

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se

(8)
vkt lkaLÑfrd egksRloksa esa dkSu&ls xhr ctk, tkrs gSa\
ou

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iH

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at
sw

(9)
vkt fdu ekSdksa ij <ksy&ethjksa vkSj ?kqa?k#vksa dh vkokt ugha lqukbZ nsrh gS\
ra

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Sa

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ew

(10) izkphu le; esa xksnuk fdldk izrhd Fkk\

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(11) xksnus dk vk/qfud :i VSVw D;k cu dj jg x;k gS\

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124 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(12) ck¡l dh fljdh osQ cus ^csuk* dk LFkku vc fdlus ys fy;k gS\
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(13) ^x`gLFkh* okys pDdh&pwYgs cPpksa osQ euksjatu dh phtksa dk LFkku fdlus ys fy;k gS\
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d
ite
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m
(14) lSdM+ksa o"kZ iqjkuh yksddyk,¡ fdldh deh osQ dkj.k viuh igpku cukus dks rjl jgh gSa\

Li
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e
at
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Pr
(15) fo'o /jksgj lwph esa lfEefyr yksdu`R;ksa dh vkt D;k fLFkfr gS\
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a)
di
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(In

(16) fo'o cktkj esa nqyZHk yksddykvksa dh D;k fLFkfr gS\

se

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iH
at

iz'u 3- ikBka'k esa vk, eqgkojksa dks pqfu,] ftuosQ vFkZ gSaµ
sw

vFkZ eqgkojk
ra

(1) ekSr djhc gksuk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sa

(2) fcyoqQy [kRe dj nsuk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ew
N

iz'u 4- Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu izns'kksa osQ yksd u`R;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d=k pkVZ ;k ikoj IokbaV cukdj viuh d{kk esa izLrqrhdj.k
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nhft,A
laLÑfr ,oa lekt 125

laLÑfr ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh

mÙke ;k lq/jh gqbZ fLFkfrµlaLÑfrA
yksd laLÑfr] yksdthou] yksdjax] yksdlkfgR;] yksdukV~;] yksdijaijk,¡] vkfnoklh dyk] Hkko&Hkafxekvksa] foyqIr]

d
fofo/rk] ,drk] vusdrk] lH;rkA

ite
yksdu`R;µx.kxkSj] iaMokuh] fcgw] ukSVadh] xjck] ;{kxku] fxík] HkkaxM+k] ?kwej] dkycsfy;k] rsjgrkyh] cjh] HkokbZ] rek'kk]

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yko.kh] dtjh] NkSfy;k] owQn naMhukp] jQmQI+kQ] Nisyh] nkaxh] Fkkyh] NmQ] fonsfl;k] tkV&tfru] dFkdyh] eksfguhvV~Ve]

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yhe] Nksax] tk=kk] <kyh] NkmQ] eanh] <duh] vksfMlh] /qejk] iaFkh u`R;A

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at
u`R;dykµ'kkL=kh; u`R;] lkijk (laFkkyh) vkfnoklh u`R;] ykL; vkSj rkaMo] oqQfpiqM+h] dFkd] dFkdyh] eksfguhvV~Ve]

iv
vksfMlh] iwohZ rV] ef.kiqjh vkSj lfR=k;k u`R; vleA

Pr
u`R;] urZd] urZdh] u`R;kaxukA

a)
yksdlaxhrµlaxhr Loj ygfj;k¡] dtjh xhr] R;ksgkj] fookg] tUeksRlo] izseh NsM+us dks izsfedk&NsM+NkM+ okys Hkjs xhr] iu?kV
di
(In
o ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs] [ksrksa esa xk, tkus okys vkfn fL=k;ksa osQ oqQN [kkl xhr gSaA Bqejh] VIik] rjkuk] cafn'k] lqj] rky] Hktu]
[;ky] laxhr] xk;u] oknu] oknd] xk;d] xkf;dkA
se

yksddyk,¡µe/qcuh] okjyh] fuekM+ dh fp=k ijaijk] ?kkl f'kYi] f'kYi] iRFkj f'kYi] oL=k f'kYi] dykRed egs'ojh lkM+h]
ou

Nhik f'kYiA
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ok| ;a=kµlarwj] rcyk] ljksn] 'kgukbZ] flrkj] lkjaxh] ljLorh oh.kk] #nz oh.kk] eksgu oh.kk] ok;ksfyu] ?kVe] e`naxe]
at

eSaMksfyu] i[kkokt] lqjcgkj] fxVkj] =kh;ks (ckalqjh)] gkjeksfu;e] tyrjax] <ksy] eathjk] MiQ] chu] ?kaVk] Me:] ,drkjkA
sw

dyk,¡µokLrqdyk] ewfrZdyk] f'kYidyk] LFkkiR;dyk] fHkfÙkfp=kA

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u`R;&xhrµlaxhr&?kq¡?k:
Sa

jk"Vªh; lkaLÑfrd fojklrµiwoZtksa] iqj[kksa] ih<+h nj ih<+h] ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h] vkus okyh ihf<+;k¡] ewY;] izFkk] ijaijk]
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ijaijkxr] jhfr&fjokt] jLe] lgsth xbZ /jksgjA

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lkaLÑfrd egksRloksaµflusekbZ] laLÑfr] lk>h laLÑfrA

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xksnuk xqnokukµvk/qfud :i VSVwA

Myok] ekSuh] fiVkjh
R;ksgkj] ioZ] ozr] rht R;ksgkj] mRlo
lkekftd vkpkj O;ogkj] vkpj.k
efgykvksa vkSj cqtqxks± osQ izfr fo'ks"k lEekuA
126 Hkk"kk rj.kh

loZ/eZ leHkkoµeafnj ls eU=kkspkj dh èofu] efLtn ls vtku] xq:n~okjs ls 'kcn dhrZu dh vkok”k] ppZ ls izkFkZuk dh
iqdkj] cksy&pky] [kku&iku] jgu&lgu] thou&i¼fr] vkpkj&fopkj] lgu'khyrk] ijksidkj] etkjksa vkSj edcjksa ij
fganqvksa n~okjk pknj p<+kuk vkSj nwljs laiznk; osQ yksxksa dk eafnjksa vkSj xq:n~okjksa ij n'kZu djuk] eRFkk Vsduk vke ckrA
izÑfr dks gj rjg ls iwtk x;k gS] pkgs og ok;q] ty] iqFoh] vfXu ;k vkdk'k gks HkkSfrd] ekufld vkSj vkè;kfRed] ;gh
ozQe'k% lH;rk] laLÑfr vkSj laLdkj dgykrs gSaA

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dyk] laxhr] lkfgR;] okLrqfoKku] f'kYidyk] n'kZu] /eZ vkSj foKku lHkh laLÑfr osQ i{k gSa] lkFk gh laLÑfr esa jhfrfjokt]

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ijEijk,¡] ioZ] thus osQ rjhosQ vkSj thou osQ fofHkUu i{kksa ij O;fDr fo'ks"k dk viuk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh 'kkfey gSaA lkspus]

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fopkjus] dk;Z djus] [kkus&ihus] cksyus] u`R;] xk;u] lkfgR;] dyk] okLrq] os'kHkw"kk] Hkkstu] ?kjsyw lkekuA

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laLÑfr vkUrfjd vuqHkwfr ls lEcn~/ ftlesa eu vkSj ân; dh ifo=krk fufgr gSA

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lkekftd okrkoj.k] laLFkkvksa] izFkkvksa] O;oLFkkvksa] /eZ] n'kZu] fyfi] Hkk"kk rFkk dykvksa dk fodklA

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 [ka M & ^p*
izk.kh txr (Animal World)

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1- getksyh % cpuk eqf'dy gS ckt cgknqj ls 129

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2- taxy liQkjh esa jksekap dk [ktkuk 132

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3- pwgs cusaxs lqij tklwl igpkusaxs foLiQksVd 135

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4- eq[; ekxZ esa VkbZxj osQ 'kkod dj jgs gSa
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vB[ksfy;k¡ 138
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5- tho&tarqvksa dk laj{k.k 143

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izk.kh txr 129

1 getksyh % cpuk eqf'dy gS ckt cgknqj ls

m¡Qph mM+ku] etcwr idM+ vkSj iSuh fuxkg] bu rhu xq.kksa dks ,d lkFk
iznf'kZr djus esa ckt dk eqdkcyk fdlh vkSj ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ckt dks bldk vaxzsth uke ^gkWd* feyk gh bl otg ls gS fd blosQ

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iats cgqr uqdhys vkSj etcwr idM+ okys gksrs gSaA dbZ izkphu lH;rkvksa

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esa bls 'kfDr ls Hkjk nSoh; i{kh ekuk x;k gS rks ogha vk/qfud fo'o dh

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egk'kfDr vesfjdk rd us bls viuk jktfpg~u cuk;k gSA

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vaVkoZQfVdk dks NksM+ dj ckt nqfu;k Hkj osQ }hiksa vkSj egk}hiksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA nqfu;k Hkj esa ckt

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dh NksVh&cM+h 250 iztkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA iztkfr;ksa osQ vk/kj ij ckt taxyksa] nynyh Hkwfe] ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa

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Pr
vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd jsfxLrku esa clsjk djrs gSaA
ckt jSIVj lewg dk lnL; gS] bldk eryc gS og f'kdkjh i{kh] tks jkr dh txg fnu esa f'kdkj djrs

a)
gSaA mdkc] phy] x#M+] fx¼ vkfn bl lewg osQ oqQN vU; lnL; gSaA iztkfr;ksa osQ vk/kj ij cktksa osQ vkdkj
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esa cgqr varj ns[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ckt dh ,d cgqr vke iztkfr vesfjdu osQLVªy dh yackbZ yxHkx
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27 lsaVhehVj vkSj ia[kksa dk iSQyko yxHkx 61 lsaVhehVj gksrk gS] ogha nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k ckt jiQ ysXM
se

yxHkx 56 lsaVhehVj yackbZ okyk vkSj blosQ ia[kksa dk iSQyko yxHkx 142 lsaVhehVj gksrk gSA lHkh iztkfr;ksa
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esa eknk ckt vkdkj esa uj ls cM+h gksrh gSA

iH

ckt dh vk¡[ksa vU; if{k;ksa dh rqyuk esa cM+h vkSj vfr fodflr gksrh gSaA budh lgk;rk ls ;g tehu
ls 12 fdyksehVj mQij rd dh m¡QpkbZ ls NksVs ls pwgs dks lkiQ&lkiQ ns[k ldrk gSA ;g ,d oqQ'ky mM+kdk gS
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vkSj gok esa xksrk ekjdj ,d lsosaQM osQ nlosa Hkkx esa tehu ij igq¡pdj ncksp ysrk gSA vius uqdhys uk[kwuksa
sw

vkSj eqM+h pksap ls ;g f'kdkj dks phj&iQkM+ Mkyrk gSA ;g mM+rs gq, Hkh nwljh NksVh fpfM+;ksa dk f'kdkj djus
ra

esa l{ke gSA

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eq[; rkSj ij cktksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSµ,flfiVj] iQkWYdu vkSj C;wVksA ,flfiVj
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osQ ia[k NksVs xksy ?kqeko okys rFkk iw¡N yach gksrh gSA ;g ewyr% ?kksalyksa esa vkjke dj jgh NksVh fpfM+;ksa vkSj
muosQ vaMksa dks [kkrs gSaA iQkWYdu eè;e vkdkj osQ gksrs gSa vkSj ;g gok esa mM+rh fpfM+;ksa dks ncksprs gSa tcfd
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gok esa e¡Mjkrs gq, fo'kkydk; C;wVks tehu ij jgus okys NksVs Lru/kfj;ksa ij >iV~Vk ekjrs gSaA
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fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa osQ vk/kj ij cktksa dh [kqjkd NksVh fpfM+;ksa] dkSoksa] fxygfj;ksa] pwgksa] [kjxks'kksa]
es<dksa] lk¡iksa vkSj dhM+s&edksM+ksa rd foLr`r gSA dbZ ckt ek¡l osQ lkFk f'kdkj dh gfM~M;k¡] peM+h vkSj jks,¡
Hkh [kk tkrs gSaA buesa ls tks phtsa mudk 'kjhj ugha ipk ikrk] mudks os mYVh djosQ ckgj fudky nsrs gSaA
cM+h fpfM+;ksa dh rjg uj ckt Hkh eknk dks fj>kus osQ fy, u`R; djrs gSa] ysfdu ;g tehu ij ugha]
gok esa gksrk gSA bl izfozQ;k esa dbZ uj eknk osQ lkeus mM+rs] xksrk yxkrs rFkk dykckft;k¡ [kkrs gSaA eknk buesa
ls loZJs"B uj dks pqu ysrh gS vkSj fiQj ;g tksM+k ftanxh Hkj lkFk&lkFk jgrk gSA
130 Hkk"kk rj.kh

,flfiVj vkSj C;wVks fdLe osQ ckt isM+ dh m¡Qph 'kk[kkvksa ij Vgfu;ksa ls ?kksalyk cukrs gSa tcfd iQkWYdu
uLy osQ ckt ?kksalyk cukus dh txg pV~Vkuksa osQ njks±] isM+ osQ dksVj ;k fdlh nwljh fpfM+;k dks [knsM+ dj
mlosQ cuk, ?kksalys esa jgrs gSaA eknk ckt ,d ckj esa yxHkx lkr vaMs nsrh gS vkSj f'k'kqvksa osQ cM+s gksus rd
,d ekg osQ dky esa uj gh ek¡ vkSj cPpksa osQ Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

iz'u vH;kl

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iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSaA ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A

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vFkZ 'kCn

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mnk- % 'kfDr'kkyh etcwr

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(2) fn[kkuk
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(3) bZ'ojh;
(4) lqij ikoj
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(5) ljdkj dk izrhd -----------------------------------------------------------
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iz'u 2- ^cpuk eqf'dy gS ckt cgknqj ls* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr
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fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k,A
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(1) nqfu;kHkj esa clsjkµ

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(4) cktksa dh iztkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.kµ

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izk.kh txr 131

(5) ckt dh ikpu fozQ;kµ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(6) gok esa ukpµ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(7) ftEesnkj firk dh Hkwfedkµ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 3- lkjka'k ys[ku

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^cpuk eqf'dy gS ckt cgknqj ls* osQ vk/kj ij cuk, x, vius uksV~l dks vk/kj cukdj mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k fyf[k,

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tks bl ^f'kdkjh i{kh dh eq[; iztkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh* crkus okyh gksaA bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100

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'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

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vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk
mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

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132 Hkk"kk rj.kh

2 taxy liQkjh esa jksekap dk [ktkuk

taxy dh nqfu;k ftruh lqanj vkSj 'kkar gS mruh gh jgL;iw.kZ o
jksekapd Hkh gS] Hkkjr osQ taxyksa esa if{k;ksa osQ eqdkcys tkuojksa

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dks ns[kus esa vf/d dfBukb;k¡ vkrh gSaA ;gk¡ osQ taxy ?kus gSaA

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;gk¡ dh rqyuk esa vizQhdh taxy vf/d [kqys&[kqys gSaA ogk¡

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tkuojksa osQ cM+s&cM+s >qaM fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;gk¡ tkuoj u osQoy

Li
NksVs >qaMksa esa cfYd dHkh&dHkh vosQys Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA fiQj

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Hkh dbZ jk"Vªh; m|kuksa esa bUgsa ns[k ikuk vc lqyHk gks x;k gSA

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mÙkj izns'k] mÙkjk[kaM] eè; izns'k] NÙkhlx<+ vkSj jktLFkku bl

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ekeys esa [kkl rkSj ij laiUu jkT; gSaA
mÙkj izns'k dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ikoZQ gS nq/ok us'kuy ikoZQA 1965 rd ;g oU; tho vHk;kj.; FkkA
a)
Hkkjr&usiky lhek ij mÙkj izns'k osQ y[kheiqj [khjh ftys esa fLFkr bl ikoZQ dk mÙkj Hkkx usiky dh lhek ls
di
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yxk gS rFkk blosQ nf{k.kh Nksj ij lqgsy unh gSA i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dbZ nqyZHk iztkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA rsanqvk
;gk¡ dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k gSA ;gk¡ xzsV bafM;u] czkmu fiQl] iQkWjsLV bZxy] VkWuh fiQ'k o gkWUMZ vkmy osQ vykok
se

taxy vkmysV ,oa dbZ rjg osQ lkjl vkSj LVkWdlZ Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA
ou

dkcsZV m|ku mÙkjk[kaM jkT; osQ ikS<+h x<+oky rFkk uSuhrky osQ igkM+ksa esa gSA fo'ks"k :i ls ck?k] rsanq,
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vkSj gkfFk;ksa osQ fy, izfl¼ bl ikoZQ osQ {ks=kiQy dks c<+kus gsrq dbZ ;kstukvksa ij dk;Z py jgk gSA bl ikoZQ
esa pkj izdkj osQ fgj.k (phry] ikM+k] ddM+ vkSj ckfo±Qx fM;j)] taxyh lqvj] dkyk Hkkyw] lksu oqQÙkk]
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xhnM+] usoyk] yaxwj] canj vkfn Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA ikoZQ osQ nf{k.k esa dkykx<+ ck¡/ gSA ;gk¡ osQ ikuh esa dbZ
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ns'kh&fons'kh tyi{kh 'kj.k ysrs gSaA yacs FkwFkus okys ?kfM+;ky o exjePN /wi lsadrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA Lru/kjh oU;
ra

izkf.k;ksa dh 50] if{k;ksa dh 580 rFkk jsaxus okys tho&tarqvksa dh 25 iztkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ ns[kh xbZ gSaA dbZ rjg dh
Sa

cÙk[ksa] ckj gsMM xwt] xzsySx] xszV ozsQLVM xzsc] Lukbi] lSUM ikbij] Iyksoj] xyw] okxVsy] MkVZj] dkSjeksjsaV]
bxzsV] gsjksu osQjLVM] ljisaV bZxy vkfn ;gk¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;gk¡ Hkkjh o"kkZ gksrh gSA lfnZ;ksa esa vPNh BaM rFkk
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xfeZ;ksa esa dkiQh xehZ gksrh gSA

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eè; izns'k dk cka/ox<+ taxy ck?kksa osQ fy, izfl¼ gS] izkstsDV Vkbxj osQ varxZr ;g Vkbxj fjtoZ
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Hkh gSA bl {ks=k esa izÑfr o bfrgkl dk vuwBk laxe ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;gk¡ ou{ks=k esa gh ekStwn ,d fdys
esa 2000 o"kZ iqjkuk eafnj rFkk 18oha lnh esa cuh xqiQk,¡ gSaA blosQ vykok jhN] fgj.k] lkaHkj] fl;kj] taxyh
lqvj] yaxwj] ykseM+h] canj] ckjgflaxk] fcPNw] lsagh vkfn ;gk¡ ik, tkrs gSaA if{k;ksa esa ihys vkSj ukjaxh jax
osQ ia[kksa okyh xksYMu vkSfj;y] taxyh eqxkZ] uhyoaQB] gjs dcwrj] jSosQV Vªsy] Mªksaxksa] iSjkMkbt] ÝykboSQpj]
eksj] iQk[rk] ckt] /us'k] eSuk] tydkSvk] czkmufiQ'k] vkmy] fx¼] oszQLVM ljisaV bZxy vkfn bl taxy dh
/jksgj gSaA m|ku esa thi rFkk gkFkh] nksuksa }kjk tk;k tk ldrk gSA cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku tkus osQ fy, jsyekxZ
ls mefj;k igq¡pdj ogk¡ ls thi vkfn ls 32 fd-eh- dk jkLrk r; djosQ igq¡pk tkrk gSA
izk.kh txr 133

eè; izns'k dk dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku ns'k dk lcls cM+k m|ku gSA jkT; osQ iBkjh Hkkx esa iSQys bl m|ku
ls gh #b;kMZ fdifyax dks taxy cqd tSlh izfl¼ Ñfr ,oa eksxyh tSls pfj=k jpus dh izsj.kk feyhA izkstsDV
Vkbxj osQ varxZr dkUgk dk taxy Vkbxj fjtoZ Hkh gS] oqQN rjg osQ fgj.k] lkaHkj] yaxwj] canj] fl;kj] dkys
e`x] pkSflaxk] uhy xk;] taxyh lqvj] ckjgflaxk] ckfoaQx Mh;j] [kjxks'k] xkSj] lksu oqQÙkk vkfn ;gk¡ ik, tkrs
gSaA dHkh&dHkh taxy esa ?kwers le; isM+ ls mrjrk ;k lM+d osQ fdukjs ?kwerk rsanqvk Hkh fn[k tkrk gSA ;gk¡
if{k;kssa dh yxHkx 260 iztkfr;k¡ ns[kh xbZ gSaA eksj] gjs dcwrj] uhyoaQB] taxyh eqxkZ] jSosQV Vªsy Mªksxks] Vªh
ikbZ] IykbZ osQ;j] fx¼] ckt] /us'k] eSuk] tydkSvk] lkjl] czkmu fiQ'k vkmy rFkk vU; dbZ i{kh ns[ks tk

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ldrs gSaA lcls cM+k m|ku cuus ls igys le;&le; ij blesa vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa dks tksM+k x;kA ,d fo'ks"k

ite
dkuwu cukdj bl {ks=k dks 1955 esa jk"Vªh; m|ku ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA izkstsDV Vkbxj osQ varxZr dbZ vU; {ks=k

m
dkUgk esa tksM+s x,A lky osQ taxy] gjs&Hkjs eSnku rFkk lqyoqQe vkSj catj ekSleh ufn;k¡] ;s lHkh blosQ uSlfxZd

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lkSan;Z dh lhek,¡ r; djrs gSaA

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lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

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iz'u vH;kl

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a)
iz'u 1- ^taxy liQkjh esa jksekap* ys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr laf{kIr uksV
fyf[k,A di
(d) nq/ok jk"Vªh; m|kuµfLFkfr ,oa [kkl vkd"kZ.k µ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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([k) dkcsZV osQ [kkl tkuoj ,oa i{kh µ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(x) cka/ox<+µizÑfr ,oa bfrgkl dk vuwBk laxeµ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(Ä) dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku dh fo'ks"krk,¡µ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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134 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(p) dkUgk&foLrkj dk dk;Zµ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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iz'u 2- lkjka'k ys[ku

izLrqr ikB~;ka'k ^taxy liQkjh esa jksekap* osQ vk/kj ij crk, x, viuh fVIif.k;ksa osQ vk/kj ij mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k

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fyf[k, tks izeq[k jk"Vªh; m|kuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij vk/kfjr gksA bl fo"k; osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa

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fyf[k,A

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vius lkjka'k esa vf/d&ls&vf/d pkj (4) eq[; fcanqvksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa ozQe esa fy[ksaA ikB~;ka'k ls cM+k va'k mrkjuk

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mfpr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

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izk.kh txr 135

3 pwgs cusxa s lqij tklwl igpkusxa s foLiQksVd

gaVj dkWyst osQ izksisQlj vkSj izeq[k fjlpZj MkW0 'kkWjysV dgrs
gSa] ge lc ,d foLiQksVd igpkuus okyk pwgk fodflr djuk
pkgrs gSa ftldk iz;ksx dksdhu tSls Mªx dks Hkh idM+us esa

d
fd;k tk,xkA

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fo'o esa tkuojksa dk] [+kqfiQ;k vfHk;kuksa o lans'kokgd

m
osQ :i esa iz;ksx gtkjksa lkyksa ls gksrk vk;k gSA dcwrj vkSj

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oqQÙkksa osQ iz;ksx dh dgkfu;k¡ rks vdlj vkrh jgrh gSa]

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ij oSKkfud bl dke osQ fy, igys ls vf/d l{ke tho

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fodflr djus ij dke dj jgs gSaA njvly vejhdh oSKkfud

Pr
pwgksa dh ,d ,slh uLy fodflr djus ij dke dj jgs gSa] ftldh lw¡?kus dh {kerk lkekU; pwgksa ls dbZ xquk
T;knk gksxhA gkyk¡fd pwgs vkSj oqQÙkksa esa vkuqokaf'kd :i ls ,slh xa/ igpkuus dh {kerk gksrh gS] ysfdu lqij
a)
fLuiQj pwgksa dk iz;ksx voS/ :i ls rLdjh fd, tk jgs Mªx o foLiQksVdksa dks igpkuus esa csgrj rjhosQ ls
di
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fd;k tk losQxkA
U;w;koZQ flVh ;qfuoflZVh osQ gaVj dkWyst esa ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] MkW0 isaQlVkbu osQ vuqlkj] mudk bjknk
se

?kj ls ckgj dh lqj{kk osQ fy, tkuojksa dk lgh iz;ksx djuk gSA oSKkfud pwgs dh ubZ uLy fodflr djus osQ
ou

fy, mlosQ thu esa ifjorZu djsaxsA vHkh izkFkfed Lrj dk iz;ksx tSlfeu vkSj fiijfeaV tSlh xa/ dks igpkuus
iH

ij fd;k x;k gSA vxys pj.k esa Mªx vkSj foLiQksVd igpkuus dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA crk nsa fd dbZ
vizQhdh ns'kksa esa igys ls gh ck:nh lqjaxsa igpkuus esa pwgksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
at
sw

lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
iz'u vH;kl
ra
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iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
ew

vFkZ 'kCn
N

(1) fu;e osQ fo#n~/] xSj&dkuwuh -----------------------------------------------------------

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(2) pksjh ls lhek ij eky ys tkus dh fozQ;k -----------------------------------------------------------

(3) u'khyh nok -----------------------------------------------------------

(4) tksj dh vkokt] iQVuk -----------------------------------------------------------

(5) vf/d vPNk -----------------------------------------------------------

(6) fNik gqvk] xqIr -----------------------------------------------------------

136 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(7) eqfge -----------------------------------------------------------

(8) [kcj ys tkus okyk -----------------------------------------------------------

(9) leFkZ -----------------------------------------------------------

(10) okLro esa -----------------------------------------------------------

(11) ;ksX;rk] dkfcfy;r -----------------------------------------------------------

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(12) oa'k ijaijk ls izkIr] oa'kkuqozQfed -----------------------------------------------------------

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m
(13) iztkfr

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(14) cnyko -----------------------------------------------------------

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(15) tk¡p&ij[k] ijh{kk ysus dh fozQ;k

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iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,A

MkW0 'kkWjysV D;k fodflr djuk pkgrs gSa\

a)
(1)
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(2)
foLiQksVd igpkuus okys pwgs dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj dh u'khyh nok dks idM+us esa fd;k tk,xk\
se

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ou

[+kqfI+kQ;k vfHk;kuksa o lans'kokgdksa osQ :i esa fdudk iz;ksx gtkjksa lkyksa ls gksrk vk;k gS\
(3)
iH

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at

(4)
dcwrj vkSj oqQÙkksa osQ iz;ksx osQ vykok oSKkfud vkSj fdl izdkj dk tho fodflr djus ij dke dj jgs gSa\
sw

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ra
Sa

(5)
vejhdh oSKkfud oSQlh uLy osQ pwgs fodflr djus ij dke dj jgs gSa\
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(6)
voS/ :i ls rLdjh fd, tk jgs Mªx o foLiQksVdksa dh igpku fdlosQ n~okjk dh tk losQxh\
N

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MkW0 isaQlVkbu dk dgk¡ dh lqj{kk osQ fy, tkuojksa osQ lgh iz;ksx djus dk bjknk gS\
(7)
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(8)
oSKkfud pwgs dh ubZ iztkfr fdl izdkj fodflr djsaxs\
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izk.kh txr 137

(9)
izkjafHkd Lrj dk iz;ksx fdldh xa/ dks igpkuus ij fd;k x;k gS\
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(10) vizQhdh ns'kksa esa pwgksa dk iz;ksx igys ls gh fdlfy, fd;k tkrk gS\
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iz'u 3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A

d
ite
?kkrd] mM+ku] izek.k] xqckj] djrc] lSfud dk;ks±

m
(1) rksrk vkSj eSuk nksuksa i{kh fl[kk, tkus ij euq";ksa dh rjg cksyus rFkk ------------------------------------ djus yxrs gSaA

Li
dcwrj vius lqanj :i] izseh LoHkko vkSj viuh ---------------------------------------- osQ fy, lnk ls yksdfiz; jgk gSA

e
(2)

at
iVk[kksa dk /qvk¡ tho&tarqvksa] i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ fy, ------------------------------------------------- lkfcr gksrk gSA

iv
(3)

Pr
(4) dcwrjksa dk ------------------------------------------------- esa Hkh mi;ksx gksrk jgk gSA

(5)
a)
eqxkZ&eqxhZ vkSj rhrj] cVsj ikyu osQ ------------------------------------------------- izkphu dky esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA
di
(In
(6) fnokyh osQ nkSjku /qvksa osQ ------------------------------------------------- ls ifjanksa ij chekfj;ksa dk Hkh [krjk cu x;k gSA
se

iz'u 4- ^tSo fofo/rk ,oa fujhg i'kq&if{k;ksa ij oSKkfud ijh{k.k* fo"k; ij 200 'kCnksa dk CykWx fyf[k,A
ou

fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
iH

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138 Hkk"kk rj.kh

eq[; ekxZ esa VkbZxj osQ 'kkod dj jgs gSa

4 vB[ksfy;k¡
A. iUuk VkbZxj fjtoZ esa c<+rh ck?kksa dh la[;k dks ysdj

d
ite
ck?k izca/u viuh miyfC/ crk jgk gSA ogha bu ck?kksa osQ

m
fjgk;'kh bykdksa esa fujarj fopj.k dj ,oa xzkeokfl;ksa ij

Li
fd, tk jgs geyksa ls iUuk osQ vekuxat {ks=k osQ xzkeh.k

e
vapyksa esa Hk; dk okrkoj.k O;kIr gks x;k gSA xzkeoklh

at
iv
pkSchl ?kaVs vius i'kq/u ,oa ifjtuksa dh tku cpkus dh

Pr
fiQjkd esa yxs jgrs gSaA fofnr gks fd fiNys dbZ eghuksa

a)
ls Vh&7] ih&213 ,oa vU; ck?k iUuk ls vekuxat ekxZ osQ eè; eq[; ekxZ ij ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fujarj
di
Hkze.k dj jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd ikoZQ izca/u budh O;oLFkk cukus esa t:j yxk gqvk gS] ijarq ,slk ekuk tkrk gS
(In

fd gj ck?k dk ,d fuf'pr ,fj;k gksrk gS] ftlosQ pyrs ck?kksa dks ikoZQ lhek 'kk;n vc de iM+us yxh
se

gSA blh dkj.k ck?k fujarj VkbZxj fjtoZ lhek dks ikj dj fjgk;lh bykdksa esa izos'k dj jgs gSaA
ou

B. ?kVuk dh tkudkjh ysus gsrq iUuk VkbZxj fjtoZ osQ lgk;d lapkyd jfodkar feJk ls nwjHkk"k ij laioZQ djuk
iH

pkgk rks mUgksaus iQksu ugha mBk;kA bl ij vekuxat ciQj tksu osQ jsatj Jh oqQ'kokgk ls nwjHkk"k ij ppkZ
at

dh xbZ rks mUgksaus crk;k fd mDr efgyk ij 'kkod }kjk mlh osQ [ksr esa izkr% geyk fd;k x;k FkkA ck?k
sw

us ,d iatk gh ekjk Fkk ijarq efgyk oaQcy vks<+s gq, Fkh lkFk gh vanj xeZ diM+s igus gq, Fkh] ftl dkj.k
ra

mlosQ oaQ/s ij ekjs x, iats dk xaHkhj ?kko ugha gks ik;k gSA efgyk dks leLr dk;Zokgh i'pkr mipkj osQ
Sa

fy, vekuxat fpfdRlky; yk;k x;kA ih&213 osQ 'kkod }kjk geyk fd, tkus dk vuqeku yxk;k tk
jgk gSA fiQygky mlosQ iatksa osQ fu'kkuksa osQ vk/kj ij Vhe tk¡p dj jgh gSA mlosQ ckn gh Li"V gksxk fd
ew

fdl ck?k osQ }kjk efgyk dks iatk ekjk x;k gSA gkyk¡fd bl {ks=k esa ,d yEcs vjls ls vusdksa ck?k ?kwe jgs
N

gSa] ftls è;ku esa j[krs gq, VkbZxj fjtoZ osQ mPp vf/dkfj;ksa osQ ekxZn'kZu ,oa vkns'kksa osQ ikyu esa vusdksa
©

txg lwpukFkZ cksMZ yxk fn, x, gSaA vketu dks Hkh vkxkg fd;k x;k gSA
C. iUuk osQ ;k vklikl osQ xk¡oksa osQ vketu tks lqcg&'kke lSj osQ fy, fudyrs gSa] mudks tkus osQ fy, euk
fd;k x;k gSA blosQ fy, mÙkj oueaMy osQ {ks=k esa efgyk lfgr dbZ deZpkjh ;gk¡ ij rSukr dj fn, x,
gSaA jsatj Jh oqQ'kokgk us crk;k fd vekuxat ls iUuk jksM osQ eè; ,oa xzkeksa esa foHkkx }kjk yxHkx 20
lh-lh-Vh-oh- oSQejs yxk fn, x, gSa ftuls ck?kksa ij fujarj utj j[kh tk jgh gSA lkFk gh vkius crk;k fd
izk.kh txr 139

ck?kksa dh c<+rh la[;k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, VkbZxj fjtoZ dk {ks=kiQy c<+kus dh dk;Zokgh mPp vf/dkfj;ksa
}kjk dh tk jgh gSA ftlesa neksg] Nrjiqj ,oa iUuk ftys dh lhekvksa esa btkiQk fd;k tk,xk rkfd ck?kksa
dks viuk ,fj;k lqjf{kr djus esa lgwfy;r fey losQ vkSj ck?k VkbZxj fjtoZ dh lhek ls ckgj u vk losaQA
tc rd ;g dk;Zokgh iw.kZ ugha gksrh rc rd lh-lh-Vh-oh- oSQejksa ,oa mÙkj oueaMy o VkbZxj fjtoZ osQ
lg;ksx ls jksM ls ysdj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fujarj Hkze.k dj vketu dks lpsr fd;k tk jgk gSA

d
D. vkt lqcg vekuxat jksM osQ xzke foozQeiqj ls rex<+ osQ eè; VsM+h foozQeiqj osQ ikl fpjb;kikuh {ks=k esa

ite
efgyk vius [ksr esa cus fut fuokl ls lqcg pkj ls ik¡p osQ eè; ckgj fudyh mlh nkSjku ,d 'kkod us

m
efgyk ij geyk cksy fn;k ftlus efgyk osQ oaQ/s vkSj xys osQ eè; f'kdkj djus dh uh;r ls iatk ekjkA

Li
efgyk dh ph[k&iqdkj dh vkokt lqudj vU; yksxksa osQ ckgj vkus ls mDr 'kkod taxy dh vksj Hkkx

e
at
x;kA rRdky gh ?kk;y efgyk eaxw ckbZ dks mipkj gsrq vekuxat fpfdRlky; esa HkrhZ djk;k x;kA tgk¡

iv
mldk mipkj py jgk gSA MkWDVjksa osQ vuqlkj efgyk dh gkyr larks"ktud cuh gqbZ gSA ,slk ekuk tk jgk

Pr
gS fd mDr 'kkod ih&213 dk gS] ftlus efgyk ij geyk fd;k FkkA

a) lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
di
(In

iz'u vH;kl
se
ou

iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A
iH

vFkZ 'kCn
at

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sw

(1) izkfIr] xzg.k dh ;ksX;rk

ra

(2) yksxksa osQ jgus dk LFkku] tgk¡ yksxksa osQ ?kj gksa -----------------------------------------------------------
Sa

(3) yxkrkj] fcuk #osQ -----------------------------------------------------------

ew

(4) ?kweuk&fiQjuk -----------------------------------------------------------

N

(5) ns'k ;k izkar dk ,d Hkkx -----------------------------------------------------------

©

(6) iSQyk gqvk -----------------------------------------------------------

(7) ifjokj osQ lnL; vkSj lacaf/r ukSdj&pkdj -----------------------------------------------------------

(8) pDdj -----------------------------------------------------------

(9) tkuk gqvk] Kkr -----------------------------------------------------------

140 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(10) bartke] izca/ -----------------------------------------------------------

(11) gn] ljgn -----------------------------------------------------------

(12) nkf[ky gksuk -----------------------------------------------------------

(13) esy] lkFk -----------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------

d
(14) vLirky

ite
(15) vankt] vVdy -----------------------------------------------------------

m
Li
(16) le;] vof/ -----------------------------------------------------------

e
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at
(17) lwpuk osQ fy,

iv
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Pr
(18) lk/kj.k yksx
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a)
(19) lpsr
di -----------------------------------------------------------
(20) Vgyuk
(In

(21) fu;qDr -----------------------------------------------------------

se

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ou

(22) o`f¼] c<+ksÙkjh

iH

(23) vklkuh -----------------------------------------------------------

at

(24) vkxkg] lroZQ -----------------------------------------------------------

sw

(25) vius -----------------------------------------------------------

ra
Sa

(26) rqjar] mlh le; -----------------------------------------------------------

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ew

(27) bykt] fpfdRlk

N

iz'u 2- ^eq[; ekxZ esa VkbZxj osQ 'kkod dj jgs gSa vB[ksfy;k¡* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, uhps
©

fn, x, vuqPNsnksa (A ls D) esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A

,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

mnk- % crkrk gS fd iUuk vH;kj.; esa ck?kksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksÙkjh dks ysdj ck?k izca/u viuh 'kkcklh crk jgk gSA

A. ü B. C. D.
izk.kh txr 141

1- crkrk gS fd geys osQ le; efgyk mQuh diM+s igus o oaQcy vks<+s FkhA

A. B. C. D.

2- crkrk gS fd gj ck?k dk fuf'pr bykdk gksus dh otg ls ljgn vc de iM+us yxh gSA

A. B. C. D.

d
3- crkrk gS fd efgyk dh ph[k&fpYykgV lqudj vU; yksxksa osQ vkus rd 'kkod taxy esa Hkkx x;kA

ite

A. B. C. D.

m
Li
4- crkrk gS fd lh-lh-Vh-oh- oSQejksa }kjk ck?kksa ij utj j[kh tk jgh gSA

e

A. B. C. D.

at
iv
5- crkrk gS fd efgyk dh gkyr Bhd gSA

Pr

A. B. C. D.

a)
6- crkrk gS fd gj ck?k dk viuk {ks=k gksrk gSA
di
(In

A. B. C. D.
se

7- crkrk gS fd 'kkod }kjk geyk fd, tkus dk vanktk yxk;k tk jgk gSA
ou

A. B. C. D.
iH

8- crkrk gS fd xk¡o okys pkSchlksa ?kaVs vius eosf'k;ksa ,oa ifjokj okyksa dh tku cpkus osQ pDdj esa yxs jgrs gSaA
at
sw

A. B. C. D.
ra

9- crkrk gS fd ou eaMy }kjk efgyk deZpkjh lfgr dbZ deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;qDr dj fn;k x;k gSA
Sa

A. B. C. D.
ew

10- crkrk gS fd lqcg pkj ls ik¡p osQ chp 'kkod us efgyk ij vkozQe.k dj fn;kA
N

A. B. C. D.
©

11- crkrk gS fd tk¡p osQ ckn gh irk py ik,xk fd fdl ck?k us iatk ekjk gSA

A. B. C. D.

12- crkrk gS fd {ks=kiQy c<+us ls ck?k lqjf{kr eglwl djsaxsA

A. B. C. D.
142 Hkk"kk rj.kh

13- crkrk gS fd 'kkod us efgyk osQ oaQ/s vkSj xys osQ eè; iatk ekjkA

A. B. C. D.

14- crkrk gS fd fjgk;'kh bykdksa esa ck?kksa oQk izos'k djuk ikoZQ oQh lhek dh deh gSA

A. B. C. D.

d
15- crkrk gS fd xk¡o okyksa dks lqcg&'kke Vgyus tkus osQ fy, euk dj fn;k x;k gSA

ite

A. B. C. D.

m
Li
iz'u 3- gky gh esa vki viuh d{kk osQ vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lkFk fo|ky; }kjk vk;ksftr nks fnu osQ taxy f'kfoj osQ fy, x,

e
at
FksA bl f'kfoj osQ ckjs esa fo|ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z dks ,d fjiksVZ fyf[k,A vkidh ;g fjiksVZ fo|ky; dh if=kdk esa Nkih

iv
tk,xhA

Pr
fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA

a)
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izk.kh txr 143

5 tho&tarqvksa dk laj{k.k
Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa cgqr igys oSf'od Lrj ij ;g /kj.kk vke gh Fkh
fd ;g ns'k lk¡i&lisjksa] tknw&Vksuksa dk ns'k gS] ysfdu flDosQ dk
nwljk igyw vokZphu dky ls izcy jgk gS fd Hkkjr og ns'k gS tgk¡

d
ite
NksVs&NksVs tho&tarqvksa ls ysdj cM+s taxyh tkuoj rd nsoh&nsorkvksa

m
osQ lkFk tqM+s gSaA os yksd ekU;rkvksa esa lEeku iwtk&/kfeZd fozQ;kvksa esa

Li
egRo ikrs jgs gSaA

e
;gh gekjs /eZ dk oSKkfud vkSj i;kZoj.kh; igyw jgk gSA blosQ ihNs

at
ea'kk ;gh Fkh fd lekt esa ;g lans'k tk, fd tSls ge vkjkè; dh iwtk

iv
djrs gSa oSls gh muls tqM+s 'ksj] gkFkh] eksj] oqQÙkk] pwgk] liZ] exjePN] eNyh] dNqvk] dkSos ls yxkdj vU;

Pr
NksVs&NksVs tho&tarqvksa dks le;&le; ij lEeku Hkko izdV djrs jgrs gSaA tSo&fofo/rk osQ lalkj osQ izfr ;g

a)
Hkko gh Hkkjr dk vuwBk vkSj oSKkfud n'kZu jgk gSA bldk eq[; edln Hkh i;kZoj.k vkSj tSo&fofo/rk lalkj
di
dk laj{k.k djuk jgk gSA ge 'ksj iwtd lekt jgs gSaA bldk lans'k lkiQ gSµ;fn fdlh {ks=k esa 'ksj fopj.k djrs
(In

gSa rks lef>, lexz i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls ogk¡ gkykr vuqowQy gSaA
se

;g ,d vPNk laosQr gS fd osaQnz ljdkj viuh ,d iqjkuh xyrh lq/kjus tk jgh gSA iz/kuea=kh dh vè;{krk
esa jk"Vªh; oU; tho cksMZ dh cSBd laiUu gqbZA i;kZoj.k ea=kky; osQ ,d izLrko dks blesa gjh >aMh nh xbZA blesa
ou

dgk x;k fd yqIrizk; NksVs oU; tho&tarqvksa dk i;kZIr laj{k.k ;kstuk cukdj fd;k tk,A bl rjg osQ 57
iH

thoksa dh lwph rS;kj dh xbZ gSA blesa i{kh] dhM+s&edkSM+s] eNfy;k¡] typj&Fkypj o vU; tarq 'kkfey gSaA budk
at

iztkfr iquokZl dk;ZozQe Hkh rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ljdkj ls vis{kk gS fd bl dk;ZozQe dks fozQ;kUo;u Lrj ij Hkh
sw

'kh?kz ykxw djokdj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh gj dM+h dk laj{k.k fd;k tk,A blosQ fy, {ks=k Lrj ij vyx&vyx
ra

;kstuk,¡ cukuh gksaxhA

Sa

osQoy tSo fofo/rk dk gh laj{k.k ughaµvfirq buls tqM+h vU; ijaijkvksa o yksd ekU;rkvksa dk laj{k.k
vkSj ubZ ih<+h osQ chp iSQyko Hkh t:jh gSA rkfd os ;g tku losaQ fd Hkkjr osQ n'kZu esa foKku rFkk i;kZoj.k
ew

i{k vge jgs gSa vkSj bl lc ij vey ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks etcwrh iznku djsxkA blosQ lkFk gh tSo&fofo/rk
N

ls tqM+h dgkorsaµyksdekU;rkvksa dks Hkh izdk'k esa iqu% yk;k tkuk pkfg,A
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eè; izns'k osQ lanHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ueZnk unh dks lefiZr vkfn xq# 'kadjkpk;Z th }kjk jfpr ueZnk"Vd rks
ueZnk th osQ bdksykWftdy flLVe osQ laj{k.k dk gh b'kkjk djrk gSA eNfy;k¡] dNq,] exjePN] if{k;ksa dk
dyjoµblosQ eq[; fo"k; gSa] ysfdu viQlksl dh ckr gS fd ueZnk esa exjePN] eNfy;k¡ vkSj dNqvksa osQ thou
ij xgjk ladV Nk jgk gSA dHkh bl unh dh igpku jgh egk'khjk eNyh rks yqIr gh gks jgh gSA blfy, oU;
izkf.k;ksa osQ lexz laj{k.k osQ fy, vko';d gS fd gekjs izkÑfrd lalk/uksaµioZr] taxy] ufn;k¡] ukyksa osQ Hkh
laj{k.k dk ekgkSy cusA ;s lalk/u gh ekuo rFkk vU; tho&tarqvksa osQ thou dk cqfu;knh vk/kj gSA
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr
144 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u vH;kl
iz'u 1- x|ka'k dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj iz'uksa osQ laf{kIr mÙkj fyf[k,A
(1) iwjh nqfu;k Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprh Fkh\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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d
ite
(2) fdl ckr ls irk pyrk gS fd /kfeZd ekU;rkvksa esa tho&tarqvksa osQ laj{k.k dh ckr dgh xbZ Fkh\

m
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mÙkj %

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iv
(3) Hkkjr dk vuwBk oSKkfud n'kZu D;k gS\

Pr
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(4) fdlh {ks=k esa LoPNan fopj.k djus okys 'ksj fdl ckr dk lwpd gS\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
se

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ou
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(5) jk"Vªh; oU;tho cksMZ dh cSBd esa D;k fu.kZ; fy;k x;k\
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at

mÙkj %
sw

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ra

(6) lajf{kr tkuojksa dh lwph esa tkuojksa dh fdu&fdu iztkfr;ksa osQ uke gSa \
Sa

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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N

(7) Hkkjr osQ n'kZu esa dkSu&dkSu ls i{k izeq[k jgs gSa\
©

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(8) tSo fofo/rk osQ laj{k.k osQ lkFk vkSj D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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izk.kh txr 145

(9) ueZnk v"Vd dh jpuk fdlus] fdl mís'; ls dh\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(10) ueZnk unh osQ tho&tarqvksa dh vkt D;k fLFkfr gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
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ite
m
(11) izkÑfrd lalk/uksa osQ laj{k.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

Li
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(12) xn~;ka'k osQ vuqlkj thou dk vk/kj D;k gS\

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mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
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iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk muosQ le:ih vFkZ okys 'kCnksa osQ lkFk lgh feyku dhft,A
se

mnkgj.k µ laj{k.k l cpko

ou
iH

'kCn mÙkj vFkZ

(1) /kj.kk (d) vk/qfud
at

(2) vokZphu ([k) vkB 'yksd

sw

(3) ea'kk (x) vey

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(12) lexz (<) fo'okl
146 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- izkÑfrd lalk/uksa osQ lkFk tho&tarqvksa dk laj{k.k i;kZoj.kh; larqyu osQ fy, vko';d gSA bl dFku osQ i{k esa vius
fopkj izdV djrs gq, fo|ky; osQ i;kZoj.k lEesyu esa izLrqr djus gsrq ,d Hkk"k.k rS;kj dhft,A vkidk Hkk"k.k 200
'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A
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izk.kh txr 147

izk.kh txr lac/

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izk.kh] tho&tarq] dhM+s&edkSM+s] tho/kjh Fkypj] uHkpj] mHk;pj] lfjliZ] jsaxusokys] Lru/kjh vkfnA

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iztuuµuj&eknk

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tkuojksa dh cksfy;kaµfefe;kuk] fcyfcykuk] fgufgukuk] HkkSaduk] pgpgkuk] xqVjxw djuk vkfnA

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pksap] iw¡N] dyxh] ia[k] ij] xnZu vkfnA

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vHk;kj.;] lajf{kr ou] uS'kuy ikoZQ

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rLdjh] 'kks"k.k] vfrØe.k] taxyh o ikyrw] vR;kpkj] lkSan;Z&izlk/u] laj{k.k] ”kgjhyk] fuxyuk] 'ksj]
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usoyk] lsgh] osaQpqvk] 'kqrqjeqxZ vkfn uke lh[ksaA

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eD[kh] ePNj] irax] frryh] tqxuw vkfnA

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isM+ksa osQ ukeµvke] ihiy] cjxn] gj¯lxkj] dVgy] lky] egqvk] 'kh'ke] beyh] ccwy] ve:n] ukfj;y
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dkSvk] rksrk] eSuk] cr[k] eqjXkh] g¡l] lkjl] eksj] cqycqy] dks;y] iihgk vkfnA
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?kksalyk] uhM] iztkfr] uLy] larqyu] 'kkdkgkjh] ekalkgkjh] feJgkjhA

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3- 'kgj NksM+dj tk clh xk¡o] vkSjrksa dh enn 159

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osQ fy, cukbZ ek.k iQkmaMs'ku

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fofo/ 151

1 lPph [kq'kh vkSj lqowQu

gesa oqQN ugha pkfg,] FkksM+h bTtr
vkSj vius cPpksa dk I;kj fey tk,]

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thus osQ fy, ;g gh cgqr gSA thou

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osQ vkf[kjh iM+ko ij ,d cqtqxZ

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dks vius cPpksa osQ I;kj dh ”k:jr

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gksrh gS ysfdu cPps cM+s gksdj ;g

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Hkwy tkrs gSa fd ftl ekrk&firk dks

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os o`¼kJe esa NksM+ nsrs gSa] mUgksaus

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viuk lc oqQN cPpksa dks cM+k djus

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esa x¡ok fn;kA ;g dgrs gq, o`¼kJe

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esa fiNys 11 lky ls jg jgha izseyrk
nsoh dh vk¡[ksa ue gks tkrh gSaA
di
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o`¼kJe esa fiNys 4 lky ls jg jgha jkedyh nsoh dgrh gSa fd cqtqxks± dks muosQ ifjokj osQ yksx gh bl
gky esa NksM+dj pys tkrs gSaA tks balku viuh iwjh ftanxh ?kj cukus esa yxk nsrk gS] o`¼ gksus osQ ckn mldks gh
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?kj ls ckgj fudky fn;k tkrk gSA vc cPpksa esa laLdkj dh deh utj vkrh gSA os vius cM+s&cw<+ksa ls ,sls O;ogkj
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djrs gSa tSls gekjs gksus dk dksbZ eryc gh ugha gSA

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8 lky ls o`¼kJe esa jg jgha foans'ojh nsoh us dgk fd vkt cqtqxks± dks cks> ekuk tkrk gSA viuh larkusa
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gh ekrk&firk dks o`¼ gksus ij lM+dksa ij NksM+ nsrh gSa rc mUgsa ,sls o`¼kJe esa jguk iM+rk gSA larkuksa osQ ikl
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vius cPpksa osQ fy, le; gS ij vius ekrk&firk osQ fy, le; ughaA o`¼kJe esa jg jgha cqtqxZ ekrkvksa dks ;gk¡
lHkh lqfo/k,¡ feyrh gSaA vkt ;s ekrk,¡ viuh thou osQ ml iM+ko ij gSa tgk¡ bUgsa lcls T;knk ns[kHkky vkSj I;kj
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dh ”k:jr gSA ,sls fnolksa ij Lo;alsoh laLFkk,¡ vkSj LowQyksa dh vksj ls vk;ksftr dk;ZozQeksa ls o`¼ ekrkvksa dks
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oqQN nsj dh [kq'kh rks fey tkrh gS] ysfdu vius ifjokj ls vyx jgus dk nnZ budh vk¡[kksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA tc ,sls vkJeksa esa vkus okys cqtqxks± dh la[;k de gks tk,xh rc cqtqxZ fnol eukus osQ vlyh ek;us lkeus
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u”kj vk,¡xsA
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ftlls eu dks lqowQu feys ogh lPph [kq'kh gS vkSj nwljksa dh [kqf'k;ksa dh otg cuuk gh lPph [kq'kh
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ikus dk ,d ekè;e gSA gj balku ijs'kku gS] f”kanxh osQ bl Hk¡oj esa [kqf'k;k¡ ck¡Vrs jguk gh ,d mik; gS buls
fudyus dkA
,slh gh ,d lPph [kq'kh ,d lTtu dks 2010 esa feyh FkhA muosQ ,d fe=k gSa ftudk uke g"kZo/Zu flag
gS oks bykgkckn esa jgrs Fks] ,d fnu oks muosQ ?kj cukjl vk, gq, FksA oqQN fnuksa dh NqfV~V;ksa osQ ckn tc mUgsa
bykgkckn dh vksj tkus okyh cl esa cSBk dj okil vius ?kj osQ fy, vkWVks fjD'kk esa cSBs gh Fks fd ,d cqtqxZ
vk, vkSj vkWVks okys ls dgk fd eq>s yadk (cukjl dk ,d {ks=k) tkuk gS] ysfdu esjs ikl fdjk, osQ iwjs iSls
ugha gSaA
152 Hkk"kk rj.kh

;g ckrsa lqurs gh vkWVks okys us ;g dgrs gq, cSBkus ls euk dj fn;k fd lqcg gh og ,d ifjokj dks
ysdj vk;k Fkk ysfdu mUgksaus iwjs iSls ugha fn,] blfy, og ml cqtqxZ dks ugha cSBk ldrk gSA fiQj ml cqtqxZ us
vkxs c<+rs gq, nwljs vkWVks okys ls ckr dh ysfdu og cqtqxZ ml vkWVks okys osQ ikl ls Hkh mnkl gksrs gq, okil
vk jgs FksA
eu esa ,d vthc&lh cspSuh gks jgh Fkh vkSj eu dj jgk Fkk fd ml cqtqxZ dks dgsa cSBus dks ysfdu dg
ugha ik jgs FksA fiQj tc ,sls gh og cqtqxZ rhljs vkWVks osQ ikl ls Hkh mnkl gks dj ykSV jgs Fks fd rHkh mUgksaus

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dgk fd ^ckck vkb, bl vkWVks esa cSB tkb,A* irk ugha mQij okys dh eq> ij oSQlh Ñik Fkh fd dgus osQ oqQN

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lsosaQM ckn gh nwljs vkWVks esa cSBs ,d nf{k.k Hkkjrh; ifjokj ls ,d O;fDr ckgj vk;k vkSj cqtqxZ dks cSBus osQ

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fy, dgkA ysfdu igys dgus dh otg ls og cqtqxZ muosQ okys vkWVks esa vk dj cSB x,A ,d vyx&lh [kq'kh

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dk ,glkl gks jgk FkkA

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mrjrs le; tc eSaus muosQ fgLls dk Hkh fdjk;k vkWVks okys dks fn;k rks ckck oqQN iSls ns jgs Fks] foaQrq

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ysus ls badkj fd;k vkSj dgk fd ^ckck] cl viuk vk'khokZn ns nhft,A*

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iz'u 1- ^lPph [kq'kh vkSj lqowQu* ikBka'k dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj blosQ vk/kj ij uhps fn, x, izR;sd 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr la f{kIr
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fofo/ 153

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iz'u 2- izLrqr ikBka'k ^ lPph [kq'kh vkSj lqowQu* esa vius cuk, x, uksV~l osQ vk/kj ij mu fcanqvksa dk lkjka'k yxHkx 100 'kCnksa

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esa fyf[k, tks ;g crkrs gSa fd ekrk&firk ;qok ih<+h dh mis{kk ls fdl rjg uk[kq'k gSaA vkidk lkjka'k vf/dre 100

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154 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A

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fofo/ 155

2 lp gksrs liusµvkWuykbu xq#

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gSnjkckn osQ vkbZ-vkj-,l- vuqnhi nqjh'ksV~Vh gksa ;k fiQj

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osQjy esa ,ukZoqQye jsyos taD'ku ij dke djusokyk oqQyh

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JhukFkA nksuksa us gh ns'k dh lcls eqf'dy dgykus okyh

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vkb-,-,l- dh ijh{kk ikl dh gSA blosQ vykok bu nksuksa

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osQ chp ,d lekurk ;g Hkh gS fd bu nksuksa us blosQ fy,

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fdlh rjg dh dksbZ dksfpax Dykl dh enn ugha yh cfYd

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vkWuykbu i<+kbZ djosQ viuk liuk iwjk fd;k gSA
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vuqnhi bl ckj osQ vkbZ-,-,l- VkWij gSaA mUgksaus ijh{kk dh rS;kjh osQ fy, vkWuykbu dksfpax yh gS] tcfd
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JhukFk us rhljs iz;kl ls osQjy ifCyd lfoZl deh'ku dh fyf[kr ijh{kk ikl dh gSA JhukFk osQ ckjs esa lcls
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cM+h ckr ;g gS fd os rS;kjh osQ nkSjku fdrkcksa esa Mwcus osQ ctk; ;kf=kvksa dk lkeku <ksus dk dke djrs gq,
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LekVZiQksu vkSj bZ;j iQksu osQ lgkjs i<+kbZ djrs jgs gSaA 'kq#vkr esa mUgksaus LVs'ku ij miyC/ izQh okbZ&iQkbZ dh lqfo/k
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dk bLrseky fd;k] mlosQ ckn izfrfnu feyus okys ekscky iQksu esa MsVk ls baVjusV ij viuh i<+kbZ osQ fo"k;
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dk ysDpj lqudj rS;kjh dhA vkt vuqnhi vkSj JhukFk tSls gtkjksa ;qok vkWuykbu dksfpax osQ lgkjs izfr;ksxh
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ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA fMftVy pyu osQ tekus esa vk, bl cnyko osQ lkFk vxj dbZ ubZ rduhd ls
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tqM+h laHkkouk,¡ fleVh gqbZ gSa rks bl lanHkZ esa ljdkj vkSj eg¡xh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dks ysdj oqQN loky Hkh
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baVjusV osQ tfj, pyus okys ;wV~;wc vkSj vkWuykbu dksfpax iksVZy ls gj rjg dh izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa
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dh rS;kjh dkiQh vklku gks xbZ gSA blus ^vkWuykbu xq#vksa* dh ,d ubZ tekr iSnk dh gS] ftUgksaus yksxksa dks
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VsDuksykWth dk ldkjkRed bLrseky djuk fl[kk;k gSA ik¡poha d{kk ls ysdj gkbZLowQy vkSj dkWyst dh d{kkvksa
dh xf.kr osQ my>kus okys loky gksa ;k fiQj fiQftDl] osQesLVªh] ck;ykWth] T;ksxzkiQh] th;ksykWth] lkbdksykWth
vkfn osQ pSIVj] ;wV~;wc vkSj ,tqosQ'ku ls lacaf/r vkWuykbu dksfpax iksVZyksa ij bu reke fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r gtkjksa
V~;wVksfj;y osQ ohfM;ks Hkjs iM+s gSaA buls u osQoy fo"k; dh ljyrk ls tkudkjh fey tkrh gS] cfYd buesa fn, x,
izSfDVl ls'kal osQ tfj, bls le>uk vkSj lh[kuk Hkh dgha T;knk vklku gks x;k gSA lks'ky ehfM;k esa CySdcksMZ
156 Hkk"kk rj.kh

osQ lkFk i<+kus dk rjhdk ;k fo'ys"k.k osQ lkFk fn;k x;k ysDpj dkiQh O;fDrxr gksus dk vuqHko nsrk gSA pw¡fd
vkWuykbu dksfpax ysus okys ;k ,tqosQ'ku iksVZyksa ij ohfM;ks 'ks;j djus okys yksx ikjaifjd :i ls t:jh ugha
fd vdknfed yksx gh gksaA ;s ,sls vke yksx gSa ftUgsa fo"k; dh le> gSA bl otg ls i<+kus vkSj le>kus dh
budh Hkk"kk'kSyh ljy&lgt gksrh gSA vkWuykbu ysDpj esa vko';drk osQ vuqlkj xzkfiQDl vkSj rLohjksa dk Hkh
bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS] tks bu ysDpjksa dks vkSj egRoiw.kZ cukrh gSaA blh rjg ls eq[;/kjk ls tqM+h lelkef;d

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ls lacaf/r isphnfx;ksa ij cus V~;wVksfj;y Hkh dkiQh vklkuh ls le> vk tkrs gSaA

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,slh gSa] tks Hkys gh vesfjdh ekudksa osQ fglkc ls rS;kj dh xbZ gksa] ysfdu muosQ yfu±x ekWM~;wy dks Dykl dh

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rjg cuk;k x;k gSA os eksckby izSaQMyh gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk gj czkmtj ij vPNs ls pyrh gSaA xwxy Vªkalys'ku osQ
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fofo/ 157

(5) vkWuykbu xq#vksa us D;k fl[kk;k gS\

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(6) vkWuykbu dksfpax iksVZyksa esa miyC/ V~;wVksfj;y osQ ohfM;ks osQ D;k iQk;ns gSa\
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3 'kgj NksM+dj tk clh xk¡o] vkSjrksa dh

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e
at
fd;k rkfd xk¡o osQ fy, oqQN dke fd;k tk,A ;g uke u;k

iv
ugha gS] vxj vki osQ-ch-lh- ;kuh dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr 'kks

Pr
ns[krs vk, gSa rks lky 2017 esa psruk dks vk;q"eku [kqjkuk
osQ lkFk bl 'kks esa ns[kk gksxkA psruk us xk¡o dh efgykvksa dks

a)
izsj.kk nsus osQ fy, 'kgj NksM+us dk iSQlyk fy;k vkSj ^ek.k iQkmaMs'ku* dh uhao j[khA
di
(In
eqacbZ dh jgus okyh psruk us dkWelZ vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k esa i<+kbZ dhA og 1970 osQ n'kd esa t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
osQ Nk=k vkanksyu ls tqM+h jgha] bl nkSjku og xjhc vkSj fiNM+s oxZ osQ yksxksa osQ laioZQ esa jghaA muosQ fdlku ifr
se

lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ Hkh gSaA 'kknh osQ ckn psruk egkjk"Vª osQ lrkjk ftys osQ EgloM xk¡o esa vkdj jgus yxhA
ou

tc mUgksaus xk¡o esa vkdj jguk 'kq: fd;k rks ogk¡ dk jgu&lgu fcYoqQy vyx FkkA ogk¡ voljksa dk iwjh
iH

rjg ls vHkko FkkA eaxylw=k u iguus tSlh ckrksa dks ysdj mls cgqr oqQN lquuk iM+kA blosQ vykok ikuh vkSj
at

iSlksa dh deh ls Hkh mldh ftanxh esa ijs'kkfu;k¡ c<+us yxhaA mlus eqlhcr ls ijs'kku gksus dh ctk; bls volj
sw

osQ :i esa ns[kkA

tc mUgksaus ek.k iQkma Ms'ku dh uhao j[kh rks igys&igy xk¡o okyksa dks mu ij ;dhu djus esa oDr yxkA
ra

yksx /hjs&/hjs muosQ ikl viuh eqf'dysa ysdj vkus yxsA ,d ckj psruk dks rc cgqr gSjkuh gqbZ tc muosQ ikl
Sa

,d efgyk vkbZ vkSj dgk fd cSad okyksa us muosQ iSls tek djus ls euk dj fn;k vkSj blosQ ihNs dh otg
ew

cSad okyksa us de iSls gksus dh otg crkbZA bl dkj.k 1997 esa psruk us ^ek.k ns'kh cSad* [kksyk ftlesa efgyk,¡
de iSls Hkh vklkuh ls tek djok ldrh gSaA ;g cSad vkt Hkh efgykvksa dk] efgykvksa n~okjk vkSj efgykvksa
N

osQ fy, dke dj jgk gSA

©

bl cSad dks [kksyus osQ fy, Hkh psruk osQ lkeus dbZ eqf'dysa vkb± A igyh ckj mlosQ cSad [kksyus osQ
izLrko dks vkj-ch-vkbZ- osQ vf/dkfj;ksa us [kkfjt dj fn;kA bldh otg izLrko ij efgykvksa osQ nLr[kr dh
txg vaxwBs osQ fu'kku FksA fiQj nksckjk 6 eghus ckn fiQj izLrko ysdj efgyk,¡ vkj-ch-vkbZ- osQ nÝrj igq¡phA bl
le; mUgksaus izLrko ij nLr[kr fd,A ;g cSad [kqyk vkSj vkt ;g cSad egkjk"Vª osQ lcls cM+s ekbØks iQkbusal
cSad esa ls ,d gSA bl cSad esa LekVZ dkMZ dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA efgykvksa dks dtZ ysus dh Hkh lqfo/k feyuh
'kq: gqbZA
160 Hkk"kk rj.kh

blosQ ckn psruk us xk¡o dh efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr djus dk chM+k mBk;k vkSj ek.k ns'kh iQkmaMs'ku us
n`';&JO; d{kk,¡ 'kq: dhA bl iQkmaMs'ku us u fliZQ efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k cfYd mUgsa vius iSjksa ij [kM+s
gksus dh fgEer Hkh nhA cfPp;ksa dks f'k{kk izkIr djus dh Hkh blls izsj.kk feyus yxhA blh rjg psruk us yksxksa
dh ijs'kkuh dks ns[krs gq, i'kqvksa dk dSai LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA blesa eqf'dysa rks vkb± ysfdu ns[krs
gh ns[krs ;g dke Hkh laHko gks x;k vkSj yksx blls tqM+us yxsA vkt mudk dke dbZ vkSjrksa osQ fy, izsj.kk cu
x;k gSA
lkHkkj % iatkc osQljh

d
ite
iz'u vH;kl

m
Li
e
iz'u 1- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa osQ ikBka'k osQ vk/kj ij muosQ lgh vFkZ feykdj ml v{kj dks cDls esa fy[ksa ftls vki lgh le>rs gSaA

at
'kCn vFkZ

iv
(1) tTck (d) cqfu;kn] tehu osQ vanj [kksn dj j[kh tkus okyh cqfu;kn

Pr
(2) iSQlyk ([k) rkSj&rjhdk] thou thus dk rjhdk
(3) izsj.kk (x) dkj.k
a)
di
(In
(4) uhao (?k) ekSdksa
(5) n'kd (Ä) dk;kZy;
se
ou

(6) nkSjku (p) fu.kZ;

iH

(7) jgu&lgu (N) fo'okl

at

(8) voljksa (t) ml le;

sw

(9) vHkko (>) udkjuk] euk djuk

ra

(10) ;dhu (×k) tquwu] tks'k] gkSlyk

Sa

(11) otg (V) gLrk{kj

ew

(12) [kkfjt (B) nl o"kks± dk le;

N

(13) nLr[kr (M) deh

©

(14) nÝrj (<) fdlh dke dks djus osQ fy, c<+kok nsuk

iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fyf[k,A

(1) psruk us 'kgj NksM+dj xk¡o esa jgus dk iSQlyk D;ksa fy;k\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fofo/ 161

(2) ^ek.k iQkmaMs'ku* dh uhao fdl mn~ns'; ls j[kh xbZ\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) psruk dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk D;k gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
ite
(4) 70 osQ n'kd esa psruk fdl vkUnksyu ls tqM+h jgha\

m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Li
mÙkj %
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e
at
iv
(5) psruk dk fookg fdlosQ lkFk gqvk\

Pr
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
di
(In
(6) xk¡o esa jgus ij psruk dks fdu dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
se

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ou

(7) xk¡o esa psruk dks fduosQ vHkko ls ijs'kkfu;k¡ c<+us yxh\
iH

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
at
sw

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ra

(8) ek.k iQkma Ms'ku dh uhao j[kus ij xk¡o okyksa dh D;k izfrfØ;k jgh\
Sa

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

(9) cSad okyksa us efgyk osQ iSls tek djus ls D;ksa euk dj fn;k\
N

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
©

mÙkj %
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(10) ^ek.k ns'kh cSad* fdl fln~/kar ij dk;Z dj jgk gS\

mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
162 Hkk"kk rj.kh

(11) vkj-ch-vkbZ- osQ vf/dkfj;ksa us igyh ckj cSad [kksyus osQ izLrko dks D;ksa [kkfjt dj fn;k\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(12) ekbØks iQkbusal cSad esa efgykvksa dks D;k&D;k lqfo/k,¡ fey jgh gSa\
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
m
(13) efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr djus osQ fy, ek.k ns'kh iQkmaMs'ku us fdl izdkj dh d{kk,¡ 'kq: dha \

Li
mÙkj % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e
at
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv
Pr
(14) ek.k ns'kh iQkmaMs'ku esa efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr djus osQ vykok vkSj D;k fd;k tkrk gS\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
mÙkj %
di
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(In

iz'u 3- uhps fn, x, eqgkojksa osQ muosQ vFkks± ls tksM+s cukb,A

se

eqgkojk vFkZ
ou

(1) chM+k mBkuk (d) lkgl u NksM+uk

iH

(2) vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gksuk ([k) nkf;Ro ysuk] ftEesnkjh ysuk
at

(3) fgEer u gkjuk (x) Lokoyach gksuk

sw

iz'u 4- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
ra
Sa

udkjk] izfrfuf/] tu&dY;k.k] jkstxkjijd] t:jreanksa] lekt lsoh

(1) Hkkjro"kZ esa lfn;ksa ls ------------------------------------------------- dh Hkkouk ls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa dk;Z gksrk jgk gSA
ew

(2) xjhc yksxksa dh t:jrksa dks ns[krs gq, dbZ ------------------------------------------------- laLFkkvksa us igy dh gSA
N

(3) lekt fgrS"kh dk;ks± esa lekt lsoh laxBuksa osQ lg;ksx dks fdlh Hkh lwjr esa ------------------------------------------------- ugha tk
©

ldrk gSA
(4) cslgkjksa] xjhcksa ------------------------------------------------- dks [kqf'k;k¡ nsus osQ fy, gh ge ;gk¡ gSaA
(5) laLFkkvksa osQ ------------------------------------------------- fu"dke Hkkouk ls yksxksa dh lsok djrs gSaA
(6) lekt esa f'k{kd dh egÙkk osQ lkFk ------------------------------------------------- f'k{kk dks egRo nsuk csgn t:jh gSA
fofo/ 163

4 D;ksa yqHkkrh gSa gkWjj fI+kQYesa

A. tc dHkh Vh-oh- ij gkWjj fI+kQYesa fn[kkbZ
tkrh gSa] vki lHkh n`';ksa dks ns[kus dks

d
ite
mrkoys gks tkrs gSa] ftUgsa vkius igys

m
Hkh oaQcy esa Nqidj ns[kk Fkk] ij osQoy

Li
vki vosQys gh ,sls ugha gSa] tks ,slh
fI+kQYeksa ls nwj Hkkxuk pkgrs gq, Hkh mlosQ

e
at
Mj ls o¡Qik nsus okys vkd"kZ.k esa c¡èk tkrs

iv
gSaA fo'ks"kK dgrs gSa fd tgk¡ dbZ yksx

Pr
viuh Mj lgus dh lhek dk ijh{k.k

a)
djrs gSa] geesa ls dbZ Mjus osQ jksekap dk
di
vkuan ysrs gSaA ^lHkh yksx Mjkouh fI+kQYeksa dk mruk vkuan ugha mBkrs] ftruk fd oqQN jksekap ilan O;fDrRo
(In
okys yksx mBkrs gSa] ftUgsa ,slh fI+kQYeksa dk vuqHko mQtkZ nsrk gS] crkrs gSa fnYyh osQ eSDl gsYFkosQ;j osQ
euksjksx foHkkx osQ vè;{k MkWDVj lehj eYgks=kkA
se

B. ^fn ,sfeVhfoys gkWjj* oks igyh gkWjj fI+kQYe gS] tks eSaus ns[kh Fkh] crkrh gSa equequ pkS/jh] 38] ysDpjj]
ou

^^rc eSa lkroha d{kk esa i<+rh Fkh vkSj eq>s vc Hkh ;kn gS fd eSaus oks iwjh fI+kQYe viuh vk¡[kksa dks gkFk
iH

ls <ddj m¡xfy;ksa osQ chp ls ns[kh FkhA mlls Hkh T;knk Mjkouh Fkh fiQYe osQ ckn viuh cgu osQ lkFk
at

flusek gkWy ls ?kj ykSVus dh ;k=kk] D;ksafd rc rd 'kke gks pqdh Fkh vkSj jkLrk isM+&ikS/ksa osQ >qjeqV ls
sw

Hkjk gqvk Fkk] ysfdu esjs Hkhrj vthc&lk jksekap Hkh ekStwn FkkA fo'ks"kKksa osQ vuqlkj] Mjkouh fI+kQYesa ns[kus
esa feyus okys vkuan dh otg Mj osQ dkj.k iSnk gqvk mRlkg vkSj jksekapA fnYyh osQ euksjksx fo'ks"kK
ra

MkW0 vo/s'k 'kekZ crkrs gSa ^^tc ge Mjrs gSa rks gekjs efLr"d ls Mksikekbu vkSj uksjSbZMªsukfyu uked
Sa

oSQfedy lzkfor gksrs gSa] tks gekjs Hkhrj jksekap vkSj mRlkg dk lapkj djrs gSaA**
ew

C. efLr"d ls Mksikekbu dk lzkfor gksuk gh bl ckr dh O;k[;k djrk gS fd ge D;ksa viuh vknrksa dks ugha
NksM+ ikrs ;k muosQ xqyke cus jgrs gSaA ;g laHko gS fd Mjkouh fiQYesa ns[kus ls feyus okys vkuan osQ dkj.k
N

dksbZ ,slh fI+kQYe ns[kus dk vknh gks tk,] MkW0 'kekZ dgrs gSaA ^^gkyk¡fd ;g Hkh lp gS fd bu Mjkouh
©

fI+kQYeksa dks ckj&ckj ns[kus ij buosQ vknh gks tk,] mldh izfrfozQ;k uhjl gks tk, vkSj mlh mÙkstuk dk
vuqHko djus osQ fy, gesa vkSj T;knk Mjkouh fI+kQYe ns[kus dh bPNk gksA** ;gh dkj.k gS fd Mjkouh fI+kQYesa
vkSj T;knk Mjkouh cukbZ tkus yxh gSaA ^^eq>s ;kn gS fd tc eSaus igyh ckj fI+kQYe lkbdks ns[kh Fkh rks
eSa cqjh rjg Mj xbZ Fkh] ysfdu tc nqckjk eSaus Vh-oh- ij ;s fI+kQYe ns[kh rks eq>s mruk jksekap eglwl ugha
gqvkA** crkrh gSa 'kgukt iVsy] 25] cSadjA ^^;s jksekap iSnk dj nsus okyh tkikuh gkWjj Dykfld tw&vkWu
izksM~;wl ftruh jksekapd ugha yxhA**
164 Hkk"kk rj.kh

D. fo'ks"kK dgrs gSa fd jksekap vkSj mÙkstuk dh otg ls gh gesa ckj&ckj Mjkouh fI+kQYesa ns[kus dh bPNk gksrh
gSA vki iwN ldrs gSa fd ,slk jksekap gesa okLrfod thou dh fLFkfr;ksa ls D;ksa ugha feyrk\ ^^Mjkouh
fI+kQYe ns[kus dk ,d cM+k etk ;s gS fd fI+kQYe esa gR;k djus okyk O;fDr] insZ ls ckgj rks vkus okyk gS
ugha**] dgrh gSa lquhrk >k] 29] fjlpZ vflLVsaVA MkW- 'kekZ osQ vuqlkj] euq"; LokHkkfod rkSj ij mRlqd
gksrs gSa vkSj vuns[kh] vuphUgh phtksa osQ ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrs gSa vkSj Mjkouh fI+kQYe ;g tkuus dk vPNk
tfj;k gksrh gS fd ge Mjkouh fLFkfr esa oSQlk eglwl djsaxs\

d
lkHkkj % uoHkkjr

ite
m
iz'u vH;kl

Li
e
at
iz'u 1- uhps oqQN 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[ks x, gSa] ikBka'k esa ls mu vFkks± osQ 'kCn [kkstdj fyf[k,A

iv
vFkZ 'kCn

Pr
(1) vkrqj] cspSu -----------------------------------------------------------

a)
(2) fo"k; dk iwjk Kku j[kus okyk -----------------------------------------------------------
di -----------------------------------------------------------
(3) gn] ljgn
(In

(4) tk¡p] ij[k -----------------------------------------------------------

se

(5) vlkekU; fo'ks"krk] O;fDr dh fo'ks"krk ;k xq.k -----------------------------------------------------------

ou

(6) ?kuh >kfM+;ksa dk lewg -----------------------------------------------------------

iH

(7) cgus ;k fudyus dh fozQ;k -----------------------------------------------------------

at

(8) g"kZ] vk'p;Z] Hk; vkfn osQ dkj.k 'kjhj osQ jksvksa dk [kM+k gksuk -----------------------------------------------------------
sw

(9) iSQyuk -----------------------------------------------------------

ra

-----------------------------------------------------------
Sa

(10) foospu] fooj.k

(11) vH;Lr] ftls yr iM+ xbZ gks -----------------------------------------------------------
ew

(12) fdlh fozQ;k osQ cnys esa gksus okyh fozQ;k -----------------------------------------------------------
N

(13) jl&ghu] iQhdk] 'kq"d -----------------------------------------------------------

©

(14) Hkkokos'k] mHkkjuk] mdlkuk -----------------------------------------------------------

(15) dke dh tkudkjh] rtqckZ] izR;{k Kku -----------------------------------------------------------

(16) okLro ;k vly esa gksus okyk -----------------------------------------------------------

(17) izkÑfrd] iSnkb'kh -----------------------------------------------------------

(18) vifjfpr] vuigpkuk -----------------------------------------------------------

fofo/ 165

iz'u 2- ^D;ksa yqHkkrh gSa gkWjj fI+kQYesa \* ikB~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,] iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, uhps fn, x, vuqPNsnksa
(A ls D) esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlosQ lkeus osQ dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu'kku yxkb,A

,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA

mnk- % crkrk gS fd Vh-oh- ij Mjkouh fI+kQYeksa dk izlkj.k gksrk gSA

A. ü B. C. D.

d
ite
1- crkrk gS fd 'kke osQ le; >kfM+;ksa Hkjs jkLrs osQ ckotwn eu esa vthc&lk jksekap Hkh ekStwn FkkA

m
A. B. C. D.

Li
2- crkrk gS fd cgqr ls yksxksa dks Mj jksekafpr djrk gSA

e
at

A. B. C. D.

iv
3- crkrk gS fd ckj&ckj Mjkouh fI+kQYesa ns[kus ls mldh izfrfozQ;k,¡ iQhadha iM+ ldrh gSaA

Pr

A. B. C. D.

a)
4- crkrk gS fd Mj osQ le; efLr"d ls jlk;u fudyrk gSA
di
(In

A. B. C. D.
se

5- crkrk gS fd euq"; vutkuh phtksa dks tkuus dh bPNk j[krk gSA

ou

A. B. C. D.
iH

6- crkrk gS fd gks ldrk gS fd Mjkous flusek ns[kus ls feyus okyh [+kq'kh osQ dkj.k dksbZ mldk vH;Lr gks tk,A
at

A. B. C. D.
sw

7- crkrk gS fd vki u pkgrs gq, Hkh Mjkouh fI+kQYeksa dh vksj f[akps pys tkrs gSaA
ra

A. B. C. D.
Sa

8- crkrk gS fd Mjkouh fI+kQYeksa ls ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd ge Mj dh fLFkfr esa oSQlk vuqHko djsaxs\
ew

A. B. C. D.
N

9- crkrk gS fd oqQN yksxksa dks Mjkous flusek dk rtqckZ mRlkg iznku djrk gSA
©

A. B. C. D.

10- crkrk gS fd igys dh rqyuk esa vkt vf/d Mjkouh fI+kQYesa cukbZ tkus yxh gSaA

A. B. C. D.

11- crkrk gS fd Mjkouh fI+kQYe ns[k dj ?kj ykSVrs le; cgqr Mj yx jgk FkkA

A. B. C. D.
166 Hkk"kk rj.kh

12- crkrk gS fd vf/d mRlkfgr gksus osQ dkj.k ckj&ckj Mjkouh fI+kQYe ns[kus dh bPNk gksrh gSA

A. B. C. D.

13- crkrk gS fd vki fI+kQYe osQ mu utkjksa dks Hkh ns[kus osQ fy, cspSu gks tkrs gSa ftUgsa ns[kus esa vki Mjrs FksA

A. B. C. D.

14- crkrk gS fd Mjkouh fI+kQYe dks nqckjk ns[kus esa igys osQ eqdkcys de jksekap gksrk gSA

d

A. B. C. D.

ite
15- crkrk gS fd gkWjj fI+kQYesa ns[kus ls feyus okyk vkuan Mj osQ dkj.k mRiUu tks'k o jksekap gSA

m

A. B. C. D.

Li
16- crkrk gS fd fI+kQYeksa ls ,slk jksekap feyrk gS tks vly ftanxh esa izkIr ugha gSA

e
at

A. B. C. D.

iv
Pr
17- crkrk gS fd efLr"d ls fudys jlk;u osQ dkj.k viuh vknrksa osQ f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA

A. B. C. D.

18- crkrk gS fd vki fI+kQYe esa fn[kk, tkus okys lHkh n`'; ns[kus osQ fy, O;koqQy gks tkrs gSaA
a)
di
(In

A. B. C. D.
se

iz'u 3- vkiosQ fo|ky; esa varjfo|ky;h Hkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk vk;ksftr dh xbZ gS] ftldk fo"k; gS ^fiQYesa euksjatu osQ lkFk&lkFk
ou

f'k{kk dk vHkwriwoZ lk/u gSaA* vki bl izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx ysuk pkgrs gSaA fo"k; osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa izLrqr djus osQ fy,
200 'kCnksa dk ,d Hkk"k.k fyf[k,A
iH

fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
at

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sw

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ra

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sa

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ew

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

N

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

©

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fofo/ 167

5 lcls de mez osQ vehj f[kykM+h

iQksClZ bafM;k us 30 lky ls de mez osQ 30 vehj Hkkjrh;ksa dk uke tkjh fd;k gSA bl fyLV esa [ksy txr osQ
Hkh 4 f[kykM+h viuh txg cukus esa dke;kc jgsA bu f[kykfM+;ksa esa 2 fozQosQVj] ,d gkWdh f[kykM+h vkSj ,d

d
ite
'kwVj dk uke 'kkfey gSA iQksClZ dh fyLV esa 'kkfey gksus okys ;s f[kykM+h [ksy dh nqfu;k esa dkiQh uke dek

m
pqosQ gSaA bu ukeksa esa Hkkjrh; fozQosQV Vhe osQ rst xsanckt tlizhr cqejkg dk uke Hkh 'kkfey gSA

Li
tlizhr cqejkg

e
at
24 lky osQ ;qok xsanckt tlizhr cqejkg us gky gh esa nf{k.k vizQhdk nkSjs

iv
ij VsLV fozQosQV esa MsC;w fd;k gSA cqejkg vHkh rd fozQosQV osQ lHkh iQkWesZV

Pr
esa fgV lkfcr gq, gSaA Vhe esa vc mUgsa ,d eSp fouj osQ rkSj ij tkuk tkrk

a)
gSA og viuh xsanckth ls dbZ ckj Hkkjrh; Vhe dks eSp ftrkus dk dke
di
dj pqosQ gSaA iQksClZ bafM;k dh fyLV esa cqejkg 25osa uacj ij ekStwn gSaA
(In

gjeuizhr dkSj
se

Hkkjrh; efgyk fozQosQV Vhe dh gjiQuekSyk f[kykM+h gjeuizhr dkSj bl fyLV esa 26osa
ou

LFkku ij ekStwn gSaA 28 lky dh gjeuizhr viuh Vhe osQ fy, xse psatj f[kykM+h ekuh
tkrh gSaA fiNys lky efgyk oYMZdi osQ lsehiQkbuy eqdkcys esa vkWLVªsfy;k osQ f[kykiQ
iH

mUgksaus 171 juksa dh ;knxkj ikjh [ksyh FkhA ogha vkWLVªsfy;k esa [skys tkus okys VwukZesaV
at

efgyk fcx cS'k yhx esa gjeuizhr flMuh FkaMlZ dh rjiQ ls [ksyrh gSaA
sw

lfork iwfu;k
ra
Sa

Hkkjrh; gkWdh Vhe dh xksydhij lfork iwfu;k dk uke Hkh bl fyLV esa 'kkfey gSA
tkiku osQ f[kykiQ mudk izn'kZu 'kkunkj jgk Fkk] blosQ vykok phu osQ f[kykiQ
ew

,f'k;k di iQkbuy eSp esa Hkh mUgksaus xksyksa dk cpko csgrjhu rjhosQ ls fd;k FkkA
N

gfj;k.kk dh jgus okyh lfork viuh [ksy dh otg ls vDlj lqf[kZ;ksa esa cuh jgrh
©

gSaA os iQksClZ bafM;k dh fyLV esa 27osa uacj ij ekStwn gSaA

ghuk fl¼w
'kwfVax dks gkWch osQ rkSj ij 'kq: djus okyh ghuk fl¼w vkt ,d tkuh&ekuh
fiLVy 'kwVj ekuh tkrh gSaA 28 lky dh fl¼w oYMZ dh uacj ,d fiLVy
'kwVj jg pqdh gSaA mudks fiNys lky vaxqyh esa pksV yxh Fkh] ftlosQ ckn
Hkh mUgksaus 'kwfVax dh izSfDVl djuk ugha NksM+kA
168 Hkk"kk rj.kh

iz'u vH;kl

iz'u 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ lVhd ,oa laf{kIr mÙkj fyf[k,A

(1) iQksClZ bafM;k if=kdk esa 30 lky ls de vk;q okys fdu&fdu ;qok f[kykfM+;ksa osQ uke gSa\
mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
ite
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m
(2) tlizhr cqejkg dh 2 [kkl fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

Li
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e
mÙkj

at
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iv
Pr
(3) gjeuizhr dkSj fozQosQV osQ {ks=k esa oSQls izfl¼ gqbZ\

a)
mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
di
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(In

(4) Hkkjrh; gkWdh Vhe esa lfork iwfu;k dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
se

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ou

mÙkj
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iH

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at
sw

(5) ghuk fln~/w dk ifjp; nhft,A

ra

mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

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ew

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iz'u 2- ;ksX;rk foLrkj

©

(6) tlizhr cqejkg osQ fozQosQV dh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ckjs esa varjtky ls tkudkjh izkIr djosQ de&ls&de nks fcanqvksa dks
fyf[k,A
mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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fofo/ 169

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(7) fozQosQV esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa dh lwph cukb,A

mnkgj.k % xsanck”k] cYysckt
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mÙkj

ite
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(8) fdlh fozQosQV ohfM;ks dks ns[kdj mldk vk¡[kksa ns[kk gky lqukb,A (vkWfM;ks dks can djosQ)

a)
mÙkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
di
(In
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se

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ou

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sw

iz'u 2- bl ikBka'k esa f[kykfM+;ksa osQ ckjs esa nh xbZ tkudkjh dks ,d i=k }kjk vius fiz; fe=k dks fyf[k,A vkidk i=k 200 'kCnksa
dk gksuk pkfg,A ;FkklaHko viuh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky dhft,A
ra

fyf[kr izLrqfr ij varoZLrq osQ fy, 8 vad rd vkSj lVhd Hkk"kk osQ fy, Hkh 8 vad rd fn, tk,¡xsA
Sa

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170 Hkk"kk rj.kh

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fofo/ 171

fofo/ lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh

lkekftd thou ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh fuEufyf[kr gS %
• lekt&lkekftd
• lkaLÑfrd&laLdkj&laLÑfr

d
• ¯tnxh&thou

ite
• vknku&iznku

m
• fojklr

Li
• /jksgj

e
• thou&'kSyh

at
• O;fDrRo

iv
Pr
• gLrh
• lkekftd ljksdkj

a)
• foijhr ifjfLFkfr di
• fon~;ky;&fon~;kFkhZ] Nk=k&Nk=kk] f'k{kd&f'kf{kdk] vè;kid&vè;kfidk] iz'kklu vkfn
(In

• Nk=kkokl
se

• Nk=ko`fÙk
• cks>
ou

• ruko
iH

• naM
at

• buke] izksRlkgu
sw

• izfrLi/kZ
• izfr;ksfxrk
ra

• cpiu] fd'kksjkoLFkk] ;qokoLFkk] izkS<+koLFkk] v/sM+ voLFkk] o`n~/koLFkk]

Sa

• cq<kik
ew

• ifjokj&,dy ,oa la;qDr ifjokj

• {kerk
N

• v{kerk
©

• fodyrk
• fodykax
• lekt dY;k.k
• ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd LokLF;
• [ksyµf[kykM+h] izfr;ksfxrk] ind] iqjLdkj] izf'k{k.k] O;k;ke
©
N
ew
Sa
ra
sw
at
iH
ou
se
(In
di
a)
Pr
iv
at
e
Li
m
ite
d
 Section II

d
ite
m
[kaMµ^t*

Li
e
at
jpukRed ys[ku

iv
Pr
a)
1- iz;kstuewyd ys[ku di 175
2- jpukRed ys[ku 176
(In

3- lkjka'k ys[ku 207

se

4- okD;&fo'ys"k.k 209
ou
iH

5- dky 212
at

6- fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.k 216
sw

7- fojke&fpg~u 219
ra

8- eqgkojs 221
Sa

9- le:ih fHkUukFkZd 'kCn 225

ew

• uewuk iz'u&i=k 229

N
©
©
N
ew
Sa
ra
sw
at
iH
ou
se
(In
di
a)
Pr
iv
at
e
Li
m
ite
d
jpukRed ys[ku 175

1- iz;kstuewyd ys[ku
;g iz'u u, ikB~;ozQe osQ vuqlkj iz'u&i=k 1 dk ik¡pok¡ vH;kl gSA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk gS fd os 120 'kCnksa
esa iz'u esa funsZf'kr bZ&esy tSls ys[ku izdkj dk p;u djsaA ;g ,d y?kq xn~; (Short Piece of Functional
Prose) dh izLrqfr gksxh ftlesa oqQN fp=k ;k lgk;d fcanq fn, tk ldrs gSa ftuosQ vk/kj ij fon~;kFkhZ bl
dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSaA bl dk;Z osQ fy, vko';d ys[ku izdkj ;k fo/k] mn~ns'; vkSj ikBdksa ls lacaf/r funsZ'k

d
ite
fn, tk,¡xsA è;ku jgs fd dksbZ Hkh izpfyr fo/k bl iz'u osQ varxZr iwNh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ iz'ui=k
osQ uewus esa bZ&esy fo/k iwNh x;h gSA f'k{kdksa ls fuosnu gS fd laokn] i=k&ys[ku] VsyhiQksu dk laokn] fVdV

m
dk vkj{k.k laca/h izkFkZuk&i=k] 'kknh ;k tUefnu dh nkor osQ fy, fuea=k.k vkfn oqQN laHkkfor mnkgj.k gSa

Li
tks bl iz'u esa iwNs tk ldrs gSaA

e
at
ewY;kadu osQ ekinaM

iv
vf/d&ls&vf/d fo"k;&oLrq osQ fy, 3 vad vkSj Hkk"kk&'kSyh@vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, 5 vad fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSaA

Pr
fo"k;&oLrq (1&3 vad)

a)
vxj Nk=k us fn, x, lgk;d fcanqvksa dks vius ys[ku esa 'kkfey fd;k rks izR;sd fcanq osQ fy, 1 vad fn;k
di
tk,xkA vf/dre vad 3 A
(In
5 vad ijh{kkFkhZ us Hkk"kk dks foLr`r nk;js esa izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz;ksx fd;k ftlesa tfVy okD;ksa dk
lekos'k fd;k gksA lVhd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx] Hkk"kk ij cgqr vPNk fu;a=k.k vk|ar fo"k;kuqowQy
se

Hkk"kk] fo/k ,oa mfpr ygts dk iz;ksxA lksp&fopkj djosQ lgh rjhosQ ls ifjPNsnksa dk p;u
ou

fd;k tkuk] lqxfBr ifjPNsnksa osQ chp mfpr rkyesy gksukA

iH

4 vad ijh{kkFkhZ us fofo/ izdkj dh okD; lajpuk dk mfpr iz;ksx fd;kA ijh{kkFkhZ us vf/d tfVy
at

Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx dk iz;kl fd;k gSA Hkk"kk ij vPNk fu;a=k.k] vf/drj lVhd ,oa mfprA =kqfV;k¡
sw

lans'k@vFkZxzg.k esa ck/d ughaA lgh 'kSyh ,oa fo/k dk p;uA ifjPNsnksa dh cukoV yxHkx
lqxfBr ,oa mUgsa vkil esa tksM+usokys oqQN 'kCnksa dk iz;ksxA
ra

3 vad eq[; :i ls ljy okD; lajpuk ,oa 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksxA dHkh&dHkkj tfVy Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx
Sa

dk iz;kl] vklkuh ls ljy okD; lajpuk dk iz;ksx djus esa l{ke] lkFk esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk ij
ew

vPNk fu;a=k.kA tfVy ;k mPp Lrj dh Hkk"kk fy[krs le; =kqfV;k¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA vke rkSj ij
vFkZ Li"V] mfpr 'kSyh ,oa fo/k osQ p;u dk oqQN gn rd iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ys[ku dk;Z
N

dks lqxfBr ifjPNsnksa esa fy[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA

©

2 vad ljy okD; lajpuk ,oa 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksxA oqQN gn rd Hkk"kk ij fu;a=k.k j[kus esa l{keA
vFkZ dHkh dHkkj vLi"V@lafnX/A Hkkf"kd 'kSyh ,oa ygtk vuqfpr ;k vlekuA ifjPNsnksa dk
iz;ksx lhfer ;k ugha osQ cjkcjA
1 vad fcyoqQy ljy ,oa lk/kj.k Lrj dh okD; jpuk ,oa 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksxA vFkZxzg.k djus esa
ikBd dks dfBukbZ] vuqfpr 'kSyh vkSj ygtk] ifjPNsnksa dk vHkkoA
0 vad fcyoqQy fujFkZd ,oa vLohdk;ZA
lkHkkjµlh-vkbZ-bZµVhpj liksVZ osc lkbV
176 Hkk"kk rj.kh

2- jpukRed ys[ku
bl u, ikB~;ozQe esa jpukRed ys[ku osQ fy, 16 vad fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSaA Hkk"kk rj.kh Hkkx 8 vkSj 9
esa oqQy 11 ys[ku fo/kvksa osQ izk:i ,oa mnkgj.k fn, x, Fks vkSj Hkkx 10 esa 5 ubZ fo/kvksa dh tkudkjh
mnkgj.k lfgr nh xbZ gSA f'k{kdksa ,oa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ lqfo/kFkZ mu fo/kvksa dh laf{kIr tkudkjh Hkh bl [kaM

d
esa nh xbZ gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls fon~;kFkhZ vklkuh ls mu fo/kvksa dh iqujko`fÙk dj ldrs gSaA

ite
ozQekad fo/k d{kk

m
1- i=k&ys[ku

Li
2- fuca/&ys[ku

e
3- laokn&ys[ku 8

at
iv
4- ys[k

Pr
5- fp=k&o.kZu
6- lk{kkRdkj

a)
7- Hkk"k.k di
8- okn&fookn
(In
9
9- fjiksVZ
se

10- fiQYe leh{kk

11- Mk;jh dk iUuk
ou

12- CykWx
iH

13- iqLrd leh{kk

at

14- lwpuk 10
sw

15- bZ&esy
ra

16- laLej.k
Sa


1- i=k&ys[ku
ew

vukSipkfjd i=k (O;fDrxr i=k)

N

fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ i=kkpkj esa Li"Vrk] laf{kIrrk] f'k"Vrk ,oa fouezrk vkfn xq.kksa dk lekos'k vR;ko';d
©

gSA i=k dk izk:i (iQksesZV) 'kqn~/ gksA O;fDrxr i=k vius fudVre lxs&lacaf/;ksa] fe=kksa ;k ekrk&firk dks fy[ks
tkrs gSaA
1- 'kq¼rk µ (Correctness)
2- Li"Vrk µ (Clarity)
3- laf{kIrrk µ (Brevity)
4- f'k"Vrk µ (Courteous)
5- fouezrk µ (Politeness)
jpukRed ys[ku 177

i=k osQ vax

1- LFkku ,oa rkjh[k & nkfguh vksj (i`"B osQ mQij)

2- i=k izkIr djus okys dh iz'kfLr o vfHkoknu

d
ite
m
Li
3- eq[; ckrsa chp esa

e
at
4- i=k dk lekiu (var)µ

iv
Pr
i=kksÙkj dh dkeuk djrs gq,] vk'kk trkrs gq,] 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ nsrs gq,A
5- var osQ 'kCnµ
rqEgkjk vfHkUu fe=k]
a)
di
(In
rqEgkjk cM+k HkkbZ]
vkidk vkKkdkjh iq=k]
se

vkfn
ou
iH

fy[kus okys dk uke

at

lacks/u ,oa vfHkoknu

sw

cM+ksa dks µ Jheku] ekU;oj] vknj.kh;] iwT;] Jn~/s;] vkfnA

ra

NksVkas dks µ fiz;] fpjatho] vk;q"eku vkfnA

Sa

fe=k o lgsyh dks µ fiz;] fiz;oj] fe=koj vkfnA

O;fDr osQ fj'rs osQ vuqlkj µ ;Fkk;ksX; vfHkoknu fy[kk tkrk gSA
ew

iz.kke] ueLrs] ueLdkj] pj.kLi'kZ] [kq'k jgks] lknj iz.kke] lizse

N

ueLrs] 'kqHkk'kh"k vkfnA

©

var osQ 'kCn

cM+ksa dks µ vkKkdkjh] LusgkfHkyk"kh] fo'oklik=kA
NksVksa dks µ 'kqHksPNq] Lusgh] rqEgkjk ije l[kk] fgrS"kh vkfnA
vkSipkfjd i=k
bl [kaM esa O;kolkf;d i=k ,oa vf/dkjh oxZ dks fy[ks tkus okys i=k vkfn 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA i=k osQ
'ks"k izdkjksa dks ukSoha vkSj nloha dh iqLrd esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
178 Hkk"kk rj.kh

1- O;kolkf;d i=k
O;kolkf;d i=k mUgsa dgk tkrk gS tks O;olk; ,oa O;kikj ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA O;kikfj;ksa] iqLrd
foozsQrkvksa] izdk'kdksa vkfn dks fy[ks x, i=k bl dksfV esa vkrs gSaA ;s i=k vR;ar laf{kIr gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k% U;w ljLorh izdk'ku] eqacbZ osQ O;oLFkkid osQ uke i=k fy[kdj bfPNr iqLrosaQ e¡xok,¡A
lsok esa]
O;oLFkkid (foØ;)

d
ite
U;w ljLorh izdk'ku
va/sjh if'pe

m
eqacbZ µ 400056

Li
fo"k; %µ iqLrosaQ e¡xokus gsrq

e
at
egksn;]

iv
Ñi;k fuEufyf[kr iqLrosaQ oh- ih- ih- }kjk rqjar uhps fn, irs ij fHktok,¡%µ

Pr
1- ladYi ikB~; iqLrd&6 µ 10 izfr;k¡

a)
2- Hkk"kk rj.kh Hkkx&6 µ 20 izfr;k¡ di
3- fganh Jo.k vH;kl Hkkx&6 µ 10 izfr;k¡
(In

iqLrosaQ lkIk+ Q&lqFkjh ,oa mfpr n'kk esa Hkstus dh Ñik djsaA fo'okl fnykrk gw¡ fd oh- ih- ih- vkrs gh
se

NqM+ok yh tk,xhA Ñi;k mfpr NwV nsdj ÑrkFkZ djsaA

ou

l/U;oknA
Hkonh;]
iH

fefgj nks'kh
at

14] vkdk'knhi
sw

oMkyk&if'pe
ra

eqacbZ&400031
Sa

fnukad 25 tuojh 2019

vkSipkfjd i=k dk izk:i
ew

LFkku
N
©

fnukad
lsok esa]
Jheku @ Jherh (in) fdl vf/dkjh dks fy[kuk gS]
foHkkx]
dk;kZy; dk irk]
fo"k; % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ osQ fy, i=k @ gsrq i=k (okD;ka'k esa)A
jpukRed ys[ku 179

egksn; ;k ekuuh; (iq#"k osQ fy,) @ egksn;k ;k ekuuh;k (L=kh osQ fy,)]
vuqPNsn 1- lfou; fuosnu @ lknj fuosnu bl izdkj gS fd eSa -------------------- (viuk ifjp; nsrs gq, i=k
fy[kus dk dkj.k Li"V djsa) ------------------------------------ ;k --------------------------- leL;k @ dkj.k dh vksj vkidk
è;ku vkdf"kZr djuk pkgrk @ pkgrh gw¡A
vuqPNsn 2- fo"k; foLrkj

d
ite
(fo"k; vFkkZr~ iz'u osQ vuqlkj fcanqvksa esa ck¡Vdj de&ls&de 2&3 vuqPNsn fy[ksaA)

m
Li
vuqPNsn 3- fo"k; foLrkj

e
(fo"k; vFkkZr~ iz'u osQ vuqlkj fcanqvksa esa ck¡Vdj de&ls&de 2&3 vuqPNsn fy[ksaA)

at
iv
vuqPNsn 3- Ñi;k bl fo"k; ij mfpr è;ku nsrs gq, ;ksX; dk;Zokgh djok,¡ @ mfpr dne mBk;k tk,

Pr
rks eSa vkidk vkHkkjh jgw¡xk @ jgw¡xhA

a)
l/U;oknA di
(In
Hkonh; @ Hkonh;k
(viuk uke fyf[k,)
se
ou

viuk irk fyf[k,A

iH

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa %

at

1- i=k osQ izk:i osQ gj fcanq ij è;ku nsaA

sw

2- 'kCn la[;k ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaµjpukRed ys[kuµ150&200 'kCn ,oa iz;kstu ewydµ120 'kCn dk gksA
ra
Sa

3- Hkk"kk fo"k;kuqlkj] uih&rqyh] fo"k; osaQfnzr vkSj ljy gksuh pkfg,A

4- eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx u djsaA
ew

5- i=k esa rhu vuqPNsn vko';d gSaA

N
©

6- fo"k;&foLrkj esa vki 2&3 vuqPNsnksa esa fy[k ldrs gSa] foaQrq vuqPNsnksa dk c¡Vokjk lgh gks vFkkZr~ ,d
vuqPNsn esa gh ,d gh ckr Li"V djsaA

mnkgj.k %
vius 'kgj esa ijh{kk osQ fnuksa esa èofu foLrkjd ;a=kksa osQ iz;ksxksa ij izfrca/ yxkus gsrq lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh
vksj ls ftyk/h'k dks f'kdk;rh i=kA
180 Hkk"kk rj.kh

fnYyh
fnukad % 25-09-2018

lsok esa]
ftyk/h'k]

d
ftyk jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k]

ite
fnYyh

m
Li
fo"k; % èofu foLrkjd ;a=kksa osQ iz;ksxksa ij izfrca/ yxkus gsrqA

e
ekU;oj]

at
iv
eSa] jkosQ'k vk;kZ] vkidk è;ku ihreiqjk {ks=k esa iz;ksx fd, tk jgs èofu foLrkjd ;a=kksa dh vksj vkÑ"V

Pr
djkuk pkgrk gw¡A bl le; lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh ijh{kk,¡ utnhd gSaA lHkh th tku ls rS;kfj;ksa esa tqVs

a)
gSa] ysfdu gekjs {ks=k esa gj fnu dhrZu] Hktu laè;k vkfn osQ fy, ykmMLihdjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
di
jgk gS] ftlls ge fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks cgqr ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
(In

   lcls vf/d ijs'kkuh rc gksrh gS] tc nsj jkr rd Hkh bu èofu&foLrkjd ;a=kksa dh rhoz èofu dkuksa
se

esa xw¡trh gSA iQyr% eu f[kUu gks mBrk gS vkSj uhan Hkh ugha vkrhA bl dkj.k vxys fnu dk Hkh cgqr
ou

lkjk le; u"V gks tkrk gSA

iH

  lHkh fon~;kFkhZ cgqr nq[kh gSa D;ksafd ;g le; gekjs fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSA vr,o eSa vius lHkh
at
sw

lkfFkZ;ksa dh vksj ls vkils lfou; fuosnu djrk gw¡ fd vki ;Fkk'kh?kz èofu&foLrkjd ;a=kksa osQ iz;ksx
ra

ij izfrca/ yxkdj gekjh esgur dks liQy gksus esa gekjk lkFk nsaA vkiosQ bl lg;ksx osQ fy, ge lnk
Sa

vkiosQ vkHkkjh jgsaxsA

ew

l/U;oknA
N

Hkonh;
©

nf{k.kh ftyk {ks=k osQ

d{kk 10oha osQ leLr fo|kFkhZ ('kCn la[;k 200)

vf/dkjh oxZ dks i=k

bl izdkj osQ i=kksa esa izkFkZuk i=k] vkosnu i=k] f'kdk;rh ljdkjh dkedkt ls lacaf/r i=k vkfn eq[;r%
'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA ,d uewuk uhps fn;k x;k gSA
jpukRed ys[ku 181

1- Nq ê ðh osQ fy, izkFkZuk i=k

lsok esa]
iz/kukpk;Z egksn;
Mh0 ,0 ,s0 ,l0
eqacbZ

d
ite
ekU; egksn;]

m
lfou; fuosnu gS fd eSa /zqo xks;y vkiosQ fon~;ky; dh d{kk 8 oha dk Nk=k gw¡ vkSj xk¡o ohjkj

Li
Nq fê ð;k¡ fcrkus osQ fy, vk;k FkkA dy eSa fon~;ky; vkus dh rS;kjh dj gh jgk Fkk fd vpkud Hkkjh

e
at
o"kkZ 'kq: gqbZ tks nsj jkr rd gksrh jghA izkr% dky mBus ij irk pyk fd gekjk xk¡o iwjh rjg ck<+xzLr

iv
gks pqdk gSA ?kjksa osQ pkjksa vksj ikuh&gh&ikuh gSA

Pr
egksn;] xk¡o dh fLFkfr vPNh ugha gS vkSj yksx cgqr Mjs gq, gSaA lM+oasQ VwV pqdh gSaA fctyh osQ rkj VwV

a)
x, gSa vkSj tuthou cqjh rjg izHkkfor gqvk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k esjk oqQN fnu rd fon~;ky;
di
vk ikuk dfBu gSA esjh vki ls izkFkZuk gS fd fLFkfr dh xaHkhjrk ns[krs gq, eq>s ,d lIrkg dk vodk'k
(In

nsus dh Ñik djsaA

se

l/U;oknA
ou

vkidk vkKkdkjh Nk=k

iH

/zqo xks;y
at

xk¡o µ ohjkj
sw

Mkd?kj µ ohjkj
ra

fnukad µ 14 twu 2018

Sa

vkSipkfjd i=k ys[ku esa iz;qDr 'kCnkoyh ,oa okD;ka'k

ew

lacks/uµ ekuuh; egksn;] egksn;k] ekU;oj vkfn eq[; fo"k; ,oa ys[kd dk ifjp;
N

 lfou; fuosnu gS fd eSa jtr xqIrk eqacbZ osQ ekVqaxk bykosQ dk fuoklh---

©

 eSa jtr xqIrk vkidk è;ku eksgYys esa c<+ jgh xqaMkxnhZ dh vksj vkÑ"V djrs gq, ;g i=k fy[k

jgk g¡wA
 lknj izkFkZuk gS fd eSa lsaV tkWlsiQ LowQy dh 10 oha d{kk dk fon~;kFkhZ gw¡ vkSj vkidk è;ku fon~;kfFkZ;ksa

dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ leL;k dh vksj vkdf"kZr djrs gq, ;g i=k fy[k jgk gw¡A
 bl i=k }kjk eSa vkidk è;ku vius uxj dh lIk+ QkbZ O;oLFkk dh vksj fnykuk pkgrk gw¡A

182 Hkk"kk rj.kh

lekiu
 eq>s vk'kk gS fd vki mDr leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, mfpr dne mBk,¡xs---

 esjh bPNk gS fd---

 eq>s iwjk fo'okl gS fd bl fo"k; ij vki mfpr fu.kZ; osQ fy, 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz lacn~/ vf/dkfj;ksa

dks lwfpr djsaxsA

d
 vk'kk gS vki esjh voLFkk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, mfpr fu.kZ; ysaxsA

ite
var osQ 'kCn

m
l/U;okn

Li
Hkonh;] Hkonh;k] fouhr] vki dk vkKkdkjh f'k";

e
at
oqQN lgk;d fcanq

iv
Pr
 i=k osQ izk:i dh fo'ks"krk,¡ lh[ksaA

 LFkku] frfFk] lsok esa vkfn dk lgh LFkku esa ftØ djsaA

a)
 fo"k;] lacks/u] lekiu ,oa var osQ 'kCn ;FkkLFkku fo"k;kuqlkj fy[ksa (iwoZ;kstuk esa bu rRoksa dk
di
(In
lekos'k djsa)
 vkSipkfjd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djsaA
se

 izFke okD; esa gh fo"k; laca/h tkudkjh nsa lkFk esa ys[kd dk ifjp; Hkh nsaA
ou

 vkyadkfjd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx u djsaA

iH

 rduhdh 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx vko';drkuqlkj djsaA

at

 i=kys[ku ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh dk vH;kl djsa ,oa lgh orZuh fy[ksaA

sw

 var esa fo"k; dk ftØ djosQ leL;k osQ lek/ku dh vk'kk trk,¡A
ra

 vko';drkuqlkj fopkjksa dks ifjPNsnksa (Para) esa vkcafVr djsaA

Sa

 fouezrkiw.kZ Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djsaA

ew

O;fDrxr i=k
1- Nk=kkokl esa jgus okys NksVs HkkbZ dks i=k fy[kdj mls [ksyowQn vkSj vU; xfrfof/;ksa osQ egÙo osQ ckjs
N

esa voxr djkb,A

©

2- fons'k esa jgus okys nknk th dks i=k fy[kdj nhikoyh osQ lkaLÑfrd egÙo dh foLr`r tkudkjh izkIr
dhft,A
3- vki vius fe=k dh cgu dh 'kknh esa ugha tk ik,A bl ckr osQ fy, {kek ek¡xrs gq, fe=k dks i=k
fy[kdj mfpr dkj.k crkb,A
4- cM+s fnu dh Nq fê ð;k¡ vkius oSQls fcrkbZµbl fo"k; ij fons'k esa jgus okys fe=k dks i=k }kjk foLr`r
tkudkjh nhft,A
jpukRed ys[ku 183

5- vkius fpfM+;k?kj esa ,d gkFkh dks cgqr cqjh gkyr esa ns[kk] mls viuk fe=k le>dj ,d i=k fyf[k,
vkSj mls fo'okl fnykb, fd vki fdl rjg mldh lgk;rk djsaxsA
vkSipkfjd i=k
1- [kkn~; oLrqvksa esa feykoV dh ?kVukvksa osQ izfr fpark izdV djrs gq, vius uxj osQ LokLF; vf/dkjh
dks i=k fyf[k,A

d
2- fe=k dh cgknqjh dk ftØ djrs gq, jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh dks i=k fy[kdj cgknqjh iqjLdkj osQ fy, fe=k

ite
dk uke lq>kb,A

m
3- uxj esa c<+ jgs iznw"k.k dks jksdus osQ mik; lq>krs gq, i;kZoj.k ea=kh dks i=k fyf[k,A

Li
4- tkuojksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkj osQ izfr jkT; i'kq ea=kh dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djrs gq, mUgsa i=k fyf[k,A

e
5- 'kS{kf.kd ;k=kk osQ nkSjku eksckby iQksu osQ iz;ksx dh vuqefr ek¡xrs gq, iz/kukè;kid dks i=k fyf[k,A

at
iv
2- fuca/&ys[ku

Pr
,d vPNs fuca/ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu nh xbZ gSa %
1- fuca/ ,d xn~;&jpuk gksrh gSA
a)
di
(In
2- fuca/ esa ,d eq[; fo"k; dks osaQæ cukdj mlosQ vyx&vyx i{kksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
3- O;fDr osQ vuq:i fuca/ dh ys[ku&'kSyh dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA
se

4- fuca/ esa fopkjksa dks lqfu;ksftr <ax ls izLrqr djsaA

ou

d{kk 8 esa fuca/ osQ dYiukRed ,oa fopkjkRed uked nks izdkjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
iH

o.kZukRed fuca/ esa fdlh ,d fo"k;&oLrq dk fooj.k@o.kZu gksrk gSA

at

mnkgj.k % ioZ (gksyh] n'kgjk] j{kkca/u] ½rq,¡] ns'k] izko`Qfrd vkink,¡ (vfro`f"V] pozQokr] ck<+ vkfn)
sw

dYiukRed fuca/ esa Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dh dYiuk 'kfDr dks izksRlkfgr djrs gq, ,sls fo"k; fn, tkrs gSa tks
ra

mudh eqDr l`tukRedrk dks iksf"kr djrs gSaA

Sa

mnkgj.k % ;fn eSa djksM+ifr gksrk] dkx”k dh vkRedFkk] ;fn eSa ns'k dk iz/kuea=kh gksrk bR;kfnA
jpukRed ys[ku dk ewY;kadu fo"k;&oLrq ,oa Hkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr osQ vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkf"kd
ew

vfHkO;fDr osQ varxZr lgh okD; jpuk] 'kCn&p;u] dkjd fpÞuksa dk lgh iz;ksx] eqgkojksa ,oa dgkorksa
N

dk lgh lanHkZ esa iz;ksx vkfn rRoksa dks izeq[krk nh tkrh gSA
©

fo"k; oLrq osQ varxZr fn, x, fo"k; osQ lHkh i{kksa dk lehphu fodkl visf{kr gSA fopkjksa dks
vko';drkuqlkj ifjPNsn djosQ fy[kus dk vH;kl fon~;k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, visf{kr gSA
fuca/ osQ vax
1- Hkwfedk ;k izLrkouk
;g fuca/ dk ifjp; vFkok fo"k; izos'k gS tksfd laf{kIr vFkok jkspd Hkk"kk esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
2- fo"k; oLrq dk foLrkj
;g fuca/ dk eq[; Hkkx gS tgk¡ fopkjksa dks ozQe esa vyx&vyx vuqPNsnksa esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
184 Hkk"kk rj.kh

3- milagkj
lekiu Hkh izHkko'kkyh gksuk pkfg, tgk¡ ij Nk=k viuk fu"d"kZ nsdj fuca/ dks iwjk dj ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k% ½rqjkt olar
izLrkoukµNg ½rqvksa esa olar dk le;] mldk egÙo] izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z dk o.kZu vkfn i{kA
Hkkjr ns'k esa olar ½rq ;kuh e/qekl dk vR;f/d egÙo gSA f'kf'kj ½rq osQ vukd"kZd :i ls izo`Qfr

d
olar ½rq esa nqygu dh rjg ltrh gSA ekSle esa lqgkukiu vk tkrk gSA dM+kosQ dh BaM ls yksxksa dks

ite
eqfDr fey tkrh gSA i'kq&i{kh] isM+&ikS/s lc esa ubZ LiwQfrZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA lkjk okrkoj.k g"kZ ,oa mYykl

m
ls Hkj tkrk gSA

Li
olar ½rq esa izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z eu dks [kq'k dj nsus okyk gksrk gSA lnhZ vkSj xehZ dh vfr ls okrkoj.k

e
at
eqDr gks lqgkuk gks tkrk gSA izo`Qfr ½rqjkt osQ Lokxr esa dksey iÙkksa] iwQyksa dk Ük`axkj dj olarh vks<+uh

iv
lqxaf/r iou osQ lkFk >wyk >wyus yxrh gSA dks;y owQdrh gS vkSj iihgk ihgw&ihgw djosQ g"kZ izdV

Pr
djrh gSA laiw.kZ l`f"V esa u;k mUes"k Nk tkrk gSA

a)
olar ½rq esa o`Q"kd vius [ksrksa esa ygygkrh iQly ns[kdj vR;ar [kq'k gksrk gSA fL=k;k¡ eaxyxku xkrh
di
gSa vkSj jaxhu diM+s igudj izo`Qfr osQ lkFk gksM+ epkrh gSaA blh volj ij olar iapeh vkSj gksyh tSls
(In
jaxhu R;ksgkj euk, tkrs gSaA
se

var esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd lpeqp olar ½rqvksa dk jktk gh gS tksfd uo&thou dk lapkj djrk gSA
ou

iz'u vH;kl
iH
at

(1) vkius gksyh dk R;ksgkj ;k viuk tUefnu dc o oSQls euk;k] bl fo"k; ij yxHkx 150&200 'kCnksa esa fuca/ fy[ksaA
sw

mÙkj% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ra
Sa

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
©

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jpukRed ys[ku 185

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(2) vkiosQ ifjokj ;k izns'k esa euk, tkus okys fdlh fo'ks"k mRlo (R;ksgkj) osQ ckjs esa 150&200 'kCnksa esa fuca/ fy[ksaA

d
mÙkj% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
m
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Li
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e
at
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv
Pr
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
di
(In
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
se

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ou

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iH

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
at
sw

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ra

3- laokn ys[ku
Sa
ew

tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d yksxksa osQ chp gksusokys okrkZyki dks fy[kk tkrk gS rc og laokn ys[ku dgykrk gSA
laokn ys[ku dkYifud Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj fdlh okrkZ dks T;ksa dk R;ksa fy[kdj HkhA
N
©

,d vPNs laokn dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu nh xbZ gSa %

1- laokn ljy Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa fy[ks tkus pkfg,A
2- laokn cksyus okys dk uke laoknksa osQ vkxs fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A
3- laokn ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gksus pkfg,A
4- laokn u vf/d yEcs gksus pkfg, vkSj u gh vf/d NksVsA
5- laokn ik=kksa dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ij vk/kfjr gksus pkfg,_ tSlsµMkWDVj] cPps vkSj lCthokys dh Hkk"kk esa
varj gksrk gSA
186 Hkk"kk rj.kh

6- ;fn laoknksa osQ chp dksbZ fp=k cnyrk gS ;k fdlh u, O;fDr dk vkxeu gksrk gS rks mldk o.kZu
dks"Bd esa djuk pkfg,A
7- laokn cksyrs le; tks Hkko oDrk osQ psgjs ij gSa mUgsa Hkh dks"Bd esa fy[kuk pkfg,A
8- ;fn laokn cgqr yEcs pyrs gSa vkSj chp esa txg cnyrh gSa rks mls n`'; ,d] n`'; nks djosQ ck¡Vuk
pkfg,A
9- laokn ys[ku osQ var esa okrkZ iwjh gks tkuh pkfg,A

d
ite
10- 'kCn la[;k ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaµjpukRed ys[kuµ150&200 'kCn ,oa iz;kstuewydµ120 'kCn dk gksA

m
mnkgj.k % ek¡&csVs dk laokn

Li
csVk % ek¡ vks ek¡A

e
at
ek¡ % vjs jktw csVk] rqe vk x,\

iv
csVk % gk¡ ek¡-------A

Pr
ek¡ % vkt LowQy ls vkus esa cgqr nsj dj nh-------A
csVk % gk¡ ek¡] vkt fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol tks FkkA
a)
di
(In
ek¡ % rks D;k] LowQy esa dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;ZozQe Fkk\
se

csVk % gk¡ ek¡] vkt gekjs LowQy esa e'kgwj ys[kd bZ'kku egs'k vk, Fks ftUgksaus ^^/kuh /jrh** miU;kl fy[kk
FkkA
ou

ek¡ % rc rks mUgksaus isM+ksa osQ ckjs esa fo'ks"k tkudkjh nh gksxhA
iH

csVk % mUgksaus tkudkjh Hkh nh vkSj Nk=kksa osQ gkFkksa ikS/s Hkh yxok,A
at
sw

ek¡ % rqeus dkSu&lk ikS/k yxk;k\

ra

csVk % eSaus uhe dk ikS/k yxk;kA

Sa

ek¡ % cgqr [kwcA

csVk % tkurh gks ek¡] bZ'kku th crk jgs Fks fd uhe osQ isM+ dk gj Hkkx gekjs thou esa dke vkrk gSA
ew

ek¡ % og oSQls\
N

csVk % bldh Nky vkSj iÙks ls nokb;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSaA

©

ek¡ % isM+&ikS/ksa osQ ckjs esa] mUgksaus vkSj D;k crk;k\

csVk % mUgksaus dgk fd isM+&ikS/s i;kZoj.k dks larqfyr j[krs gSaA os gesa vkWDlhtu nsrs gSaA
ek¡ % cgqr vPNk csVkA pyks vc Hkkstu dj yksA
csVk % Bhd gS] ek¡A
jpukRed ys[ku 187

4- ys[k

ys[k lkfgR; dh ,d ewy fo/k gS ftlesa ge fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks foLrkj ls fy[krs gSaA bldk vkfn] eè; ,oa
var gksrk gSA vusd vuqPNsnksa esa fo"k; dks foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lacaf/r tkudkjh dks jkspd rjhosQ ls
izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA foKku] rduhd vkSj lelkef;d fo"k;ksa ij ys[k fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA

d
ys[k fy[kus osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ pj.k

ite
1- ys[ku dk;Z ls igys fo"k; ij 'kks/ djosQ tkudkjh izkIr djsa (:i&js[kk cuk,¡) mi;qDr 'kh"kZd nsaA

m
2- fo"k; dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa] rdks± ij è;ku nsaA

Li
3- izR;sd vuqPNsn esa ,d eq[; fopkj fy[ksaA

e
at
4- vafre vuqPNsn esa viuk fu"d"kZ fouezrkiwoZd nsaA

iv
5- [kqn i<+dj =kqfV;ksa dks lq/kjsaA

Pr
vkf[kjh lcls egÙoiw.kZ dne% vH;kl] vH;kl ,oa vH;kl
mnkgj.k % iznw"k.k ij fon~;ky; dh if=kdk gsrq ys[k
a)
di
(In
iznw"k.k vkt fo'o Hkj dh ,d Toyar leL;k cu pqdk gSA iznw"k.k dk vFkZ izko`Qfrd larqyu esa nks"k iSnk
gksuk_ 'kq¼ ok;q] ty vkfn dk vHkko] okrkoj.k esa v'kkafr vkfn gSA
se

iznw"k.k eq[;r% pkj izdkj dk gksrk gSµok;q] ty] Hkwfe vkSj èofu iznw"k.kA ok;q iznw"k.k ouksa dh dVkbZ]
ou

dy&dkj[kkuksa osQ /q,¡] eksVj okguksa ls fudyrh ”kgjhyh xSlksa dk mRltZu vkfn ls gksrk gSA ?kuh vkcknh okys
iH

,oa vkSn~;ksfxd bdkb;ksa okys izns'kksa esa ;g vkSj vf/d ek=kk esa gksrk gSA dkj[kkuksa ls NksM+s tkus okyk iznwf"kr
at

ty ufn;ksa esa cgk;k tkrk gS ftlls tythoksa ij izfrowQy vlj iM+rk gSA rsy] isVªksy vkfn osQ fjlko ls Hkh
sw

ty&iznw"k.k c<+rk gSA e'khuksa dk 'kksj] xkfM+;ksa dh vkok”k ,oa jsfM;ks&ykmMLihdj osQ 'kksj ls èofu iznw"k.k
ra

c<+rk gSA vf/d ek=kk esa [ksrh esa jklk;fud moZjdksa ,oa dhVuk'kdksa osQ iz;ksx ls /jrh dk iznw"k.k gksrk gSA
Sa

bl rjg mith iQlysa balkuksa osQ LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd fln~/ gksrh gSaA
bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd iznw"k.k vkt ,d fodjky leL;k cu x;k gSA
ew

ys[kdµjes'k 'kekZ
N
©

5- fp=k o.kZu
fp=k o.kZu esa fn, x, fp=k osQ vk/kj ij Nk=k vius fopkjksa dks ,d o.kZukRed ys[k osQ :i esa fy[krs gSaA bl
fon~;k esa Nk=kksa dh dYiuk dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fp=k osQ vk/kj ij vius fopkjksa dks lqle`n~/ dj
fy[kus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA
188 Hkk"kk rj.kh

tUefnu dh nkor
fj;k dk tUefnu oSQls euk;k x;k blosQ rhu
vuqPNsn uhps fy[ks gSaA fp=kksa esa fn;s x, laosQrksa osQ
vk/kj ij lkspdj 'ks"k nks vuqPNsn vki fy[ksaA
bl o"kZ 15 ebZ dks fj;k vius tUefnu ij

d
Hkksiky esa ukuh ek¡ osQ ;gk¡ FkhA uhrk vkSj lksuk us

ite
lHkh fe=kksa osQ fy, jax&fcjaxs fuea=k.k&i=k cuk, vkSj

m
vkfnR; osQ lkFk tkdj lcdks tUefnu dh nkor

Li
dk fuea=k.k ns vk,A

e
at
tUefnu dh lqcg&lqcg fj;k ls nknk vkSj

iv
nknk th us iQksu ij mls vk'khokZn fn;kA ?kj ij ukuh

Pr
ek¡] ukuk th] ekek&ekeh th] ekSlh] eEeh vkSj ikik us mls cgqr ls migkj fn,A bu migkjksa osQ chp cSBh fj;k

a)
uUgha jktoqQekjh lh yx jgh FkhA og cgqr [kq'k Hkh Fkh vkSj 'kjek Hkh jgh FkhA joh us mlosQ dbZ fp=k [khapsA
di
(In
vc vkjaHk gqbZ 'kke dh nkor dh rS;kfj;k¡A ukuh ek¡ us jlksbZ esa rjg&rjg osQ idoku cuk,A ekek cM+k&lk
osQd yk, ftlij fj;k dk uke Hkh fy[kk FkkA eEeh vkSj ekeh osQ lkFk feydj cPpksa us dejs dks iwQyksa] jaxhu
se

dkx”kksa vkSj xqCckjksa ls ltk fn;kA rjg&rjg osQ [ksy f[kykSus vkSj xkus ctkus dh rS;kfj;k¡ Hkh gks xbZ FkhA
ou

(fe=kksa dk vkuk  ogk¡ D;k [kk;k  dkSu&dkSu ls [ksy [ksys)

iH

(fonk  fe=kksa dks D;k migkj fn,  eu dh D;k o oSQlh Hkkouk gksxh)
at
sw

(migkjksa dks [kksydj ns[kuk)

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ra

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Sa

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ew

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N

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jpukRed ys[ku 189

6- lk{kkRdkj&ys[ku
tc fdlh fo'ks"k O;fDr ls muosQ dk;Z {ks=k ls laca/h tkudkjh izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa rc ml O;fDr dk
lk{kkRdkj fy;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dykdkj] vfHkusrk] f[kykM+h] mn~;ksxifr] usrk] lekt lq/kjd]
MkWDVj] xk;d vkfn ls muosQ dk;Z osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ysdj i=k&if=kdkvksa esa Nkik tkrk gS ftlls ikBd
muosQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA izk:i laca/h fcanqvksa dks ns[ksaA

d
ite
lgk;d fcanq

m
vk/kjHkwr tkudkjhµ,d&nks okD;ksa esa fdl O;fDr dk lk{kkRdkj dgk¡ fdl lUnHkZ esa fy;k x;k] ;g crkuk

Li
vko';d gSA bl ifjp; esa LFkku] le;] O;fDr dk laf{kIr ifjp; Hkh nsaA

e
at
mfpr 'kh"kZd nsaA

iv
fo"k; oLrq

Pr
fo"k; ls lacaf/r 3&4 iz'u vkSj mfpr mRrj] iz'u laf{kIr ,oa fo"k; ls lacaf/r gks vkSj mRrj 2&3 okD;ksa

a)
esa fn, tk ldrs gSaA Hkk"kk vknj&lEeku ls ;qDr gksA fo"k;kuqowQy 'kCnkoyh@eqgkojs dk iz;ksx djsaA
di
lans'k osQ lkFk var djsaA
(In

var esa funsZ'k osQ vuqlkj ys[kd dk uke ,oa if=kdk dk uke fy[ksaA
se

vkSipkfjdrk osQ 'kCn@okD;ka'kµueLrs] /U;okn] fouez Hkk"kk] ------------------- vkiosQ vkHkkjh gSa vkfn dk
ou

iz;ksx djsaA
iH

mnkgj.kµgky gh esa fiQYe isQ;j vokMZ ls lEekfur izfln~/ vfHkusrk ,oa funsZ'kd vehj [kku ls fy, x,
at

lk{kkRdkj osQ eq[; va'k dknEcjh if=kdk osQ fy, fyf[k,A bl lk{kkRdkj esa lelkef;d fgUnh fiQYeksa esa lUns'k
sw

ijd fiQYeksa dh ldkjkRed Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

ra

fiQYesa esjh f”aknxh osQ vfHkUu vax gksrh gSaµvehj [kku ls lk{kkRdkj
Sa

fiNys lIrkg fiQYe isQ;j vokMZ lekjksg esa Hkkx ysus vk, izfln~/ vfHkusrk ,oa funsZ'kd vehj [kku ls dknEcjh
ew

if=kdk osQ laoknnkrk Jh eqoqQy [kUuk us ckrphr dhA izLrqr gS bl lk{kkRdkj osQ eq[; va'kA
N

(;g ,d dkYifud ckrphr gS)A

©

laoknnkrk µ ueLdkj vehj [kku thA dknacjh if=kdk osQ ikBdksa dh vksj ls eSa vkidk Lokxr djrk gw¡A
vehj [kku µ 'kqfozQ;k eqoqQyth] ;g rks esjk lkSHkkX; gS fd eSa vius iz'kaldksa osQ fy, oqQN le; fudkyw¡
vkSj vkiosQ }kjk muosQ fopkj tkuw¡A iwfN, D;k tkuuk pkgrs gSa\
laoknnkrk µ vkius lekt dks l'kDr lUns'k nsusokyh dbZ fI+kQYesa cukb±A ^Fkzh bfM;V* gks ;k ^naxy* ;k
fiQj ^rkjs ”kehu ij* gks turk us vkiosQ }kjk fn, x, lUns'k dks [kwc ljkgkA vki viuh
fI+kQYeksa dk fo"k; oSQls pqurs gSa\
190 Hkk"kk rj.kh

vehj [kku µ vkidh rkjhI+kQ osQ fy, 'kqfozQ;kA eSa viuh fI+kQYeksa dk fo"k; vius lekt osQ Toyar eqíksa
ls gh pqurk gw¡A tSlk fd rkjs ”kehu ij esa ,d NksVs cPps dh i<+kbZ ls tqM+h leL;kvksa osQ
izfr lekt dks laosnu'khy cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
laoknnkrk µ th fcyoqQy ge lc ml fiQYe osQ fy, vkiosQ vkHkkjh gSa D;ksafd ml fiQYe us dbZ
f'k{kdksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dks fMLysfDl;k osQ ckjs esa f'kf{kr fd;kA vkius naxy esa oqQN
vkSj gh lUns'k fn;k fd cPpksa dks fueZe gksdj izf'kf{kr fd;k tk, tksfd rkjs ”kehu ij
osQ lans'k ls fcYoqQy vyx FkkA

d
ite
D;k ;s nksuksa fI+kQYesa ijLij fojks/h lUns'k ugha ns jgha \

m
vehj [kku µ vkidk loky cgqr vPNk gSA gk¡ ^rkjs ”kehu ij*µdk cPpk ,d fo'ks"k cPpk gS ftlesa

Li
,d csgrjhu fp=kdkj cuus osQ lkjs xq.k fon~;eku Fks tks u gh mlosQ f'k{kd igpku ik,
u mlosQ ekrk&firkA blfy, mls ,d laosnu'khy f'k{kd dh ”k:jr FkhA naxy dh ckr

e
at
vyx gSA ;gk¡ nksuksa yM+fd;k¡ izfrHkk'kkyh gksus osQ ckotwn esgur djus ls nwj Hkkxrh gSaA

iv
blfy, firk dks l[r gksuk iM+k vkSj var esa lkjk Js; nksuksa cguksa dks gh feyrk gSA gj

Pr
cPpk vyx gksrk gS vkSj mudh #fp;k¡ igpkudj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djuk pkfg,A
laoknnkrk µ cgqr [kwcA vkxs dh D;k ;kstuk gS\
a)
vehj [kku µ cgjgky eSa ,d u, fo"k; ij dk;Z dj jgk gw¡A lgh le; ij bldh tkudkjh nh tk,xhA
di
(In
laoknnkrk µ cgqr&cgqr /U;oknA
vehj [kku µ /U;oknA
se

7- Hkk"k.k&ys[ku
ou
iH

lk/kj.kr;k Hkk"k.k fdlh lHkk@lekjksg esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk ,d [kkl fo"k; Hkh gksrk gSA
iz'u&i=kksa esa vf/drj fon~;ky; ,oa fon~;kFkhZ&thou ls lacaf/r fo"k; iwNs tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh oSf'od eqn~nksa
at

ij vk/kfjr fo"k; Hkh Hkk"k.k osQ fy, fn, tkrs gSaA Hkk"k.k dh Hkk"kk vkSipkfjd ,oa izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA
sw

Hkk"k.kdrkZ fo"k; dk lehphu fodkl vius oDrO; }kjk n'kZdksa osQ le{k izLrqr djrk gSA izk:i laca/h
ra

tkudkjh ns[ksaA
Sa

1- fo"k; dks 'kh"kZd cukdj fy[ksaA (mnkgj.kµtkuojksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkj ij Hkk"k.k)
2- lacks/uµnsfo;ksa vkSj lTtuksa] Hkkb;ksa vkSj cguksa] vknj.kh; vè;{k egksn;] eap ij mifLFkr x.kekU;
ew

O;fDr] Jksrkx.k vkfn lacks/u lwpd 'kCn (fo"k; osQ vuqlkj pqusa) A
N

3- jkspdrk ls izkjaHk djsaA

©

4- ewy fo"k; ls lacaf/r ckrsa fy[ksaA

5- dgkorsa] eqgkojs] yksdksfDr;k¡ vkfn dk iz;ksx lanHkZ osQ vuqowQy djsaA
6- vko';drkuqlkj iz'ukRed ,oa O;aX;kRed 'kSfy;ksa dk p;u djsaA
7- oDrk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fdlh O;fDr] /eZ] leqnk;] jk"Vªh;rk vkfn osQ vk/kj ij Jksrk dks pksV u
igq¡pk,¡A
8- fouezrkiwoZd lekiu djsa vkSj vk'kk O;Dr djsa fd Jksrk oDrk dh ckrksa ij xkSj djsaA
9- var esa oDrk dk uke fy[ksaA
jpukRed ys[ku 191

mnkgj.kµtkuojksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkj osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, fon~;ky; dh lHkk esa izLrqr djus gsrq ,d Hkk"k.k
rS;kj dhft,A
fon~;ky; dh lHkk osQ fy, Hkk"k.k
tkuojksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkj
ueLrs vknj.kh; iz/kukè;kid egksn;] f'k{kdx.k ,oa esjs fiz; fe=kksa]

d
ite
vktdy ge lc tkurs gSa fd euq"; izÑfr dks Bsl igq¡pkus osQ lkFk&lkFk tkuojksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pk jgk

m
gSA taxyh tkuojksa dks ikyrw cukdj muls dfBu Je djok;k tkrk gS vkSj mlosQ cnys esa mUgsa D;k feyrk gS\

Li
e
nksLrksa] ”kjk lksfp, D;k euq"; esa euq";rk lekIr gks xbZ gS\ jks”k fdrus oqQRrs jkLrs ij xkfM+;ksa }kjk oqQpy

at
fn, tkrs gSaA mudh tku dh dksbZ ijokg gh ugha djrkA xk;] cSy] m¡QV] HkSal] gkFkh_ bu lHkh tkuojksa dh

iv
Pr
n'kk Hkh oqQN vyx ugha gSA nw/ nsuk can djus ij xk;ksa dks dlkbZ osQ gkFk csp fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ?kksM+ksa dks
de”kksj gksus ;k chekj iM+us ij ekj Mkyk tkrk gSA D;k ge lpeqp euq"; dgykus yk;d gSa\
a)
di
;g jgh ikyrw tkuojksa dh ckrA taxyh tkuoj Hkh lqjf{kr ugha gSA muosQ vkokl ;kuh taxyh bykdksa ij
(In

vk, fnu vfrØe.k gks jgk gS vkSj os 'kgjh bykosQ esa vkus dks dHkh&dHkh ckè; gks tkrs gSaA vDlj rsanq, ;k
se

vU; tkuoj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa vkus osQ dkj.k balku dh ozwQjrk dk f'kdkj cu tkrs gSaA
ou

bl leL;k osQ lek/ku gsrq vxj dksbZ dk;Zokgh rqjar ugha dh xbZ rks og fnu nwj ugha fd ;s tkuoj gekjs
iH

taxyksa esa ls xk;c gks tk,¡xs ;k bl nqfu;k ls gh foyqIr gks tk,¡A

at

blfy, var esa eSa vki lcls ;g vihy djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd ge lcdks bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, oqQN
sw

djuk gksxkA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh rjiQ ls ^tkuoj cpkvks* vfHk;ku pyk, tkus dh ”k:jr gSA rHkh vkusokyh ih<+h
ra

bl vewY; izk.kh laink dks ns[k ik,xhA vk'kk gS fd vki lc esjh ckrksa ij xkSj djsaxs vkSj tkuojksa osQ izfr
Sa

gksusokys vR;kpkjksa dks jksdus osQ fy, mfpr dne mBk,¡xsA

ew

/U;oknA
N

/hj esgrk
©

8- okn&fookn

bl fo/k dk fon~;kFkhZ thou esa cgqr cM+k LFkku gSA muesa rkfoZQd cqn~f/ dk fodkl djus osQ fy, okn&-
fookn dk fu;fer vH;kl vko';d gSA fdlh ,d fo"k; osQ nksuksa i{kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspdj mlosQ ckjs esa viuh
jk; cukus esa okn&fookn cgqr lgk;d lkfcr gks ldrk gSA fuEu fn, x, eq[; fcUnqvksa ij è;ku nsaA
192 Hkk"kk rj.kh

okn&fookn dk izk:i
:ijs[kk ,oa ;kstuk
lcls igys Jksrkvksa osQ vk/kj ij lacks/u vkSj vfHkoknu
Hkkb;ksa vkSj cguksa] Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa vkSj foi{k osQ ekuuh; fe=kksa
nsfo;ksa vkSj lTtuksa]

d
ueLrs@ueLdkj] eSa dj.k 'kkg-----------fo"k; osQ i{k esa vius fopkj izdV djusokyk gw¡A

ite
;g crk,¡ fd fo"k; osQ i{k ;k fojks/ esa vki cksy jgs gSaA

m
Li
vkSipkfjd Hkk"kk'kSyh dk iz;ksx djsaA

e
lh/k fo"k;&izos'k djsa vkSj vius fopkj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls crk,¡A

at
foi{k dh ckrksa dks dkVsa vkSj var djsaA

iv
Pr
vko';drkuqlkj ifjPNsn djsaA

a)
/U;okn osQ lkFk lekiu djsaA
di
viuk uke var esa fy[ksa] i=k&if=kdk] lHkk tgk¡ ;g okn&fookn izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS] mldh tkudkjh nsaA
(In

mnkgj.kµfon~;ky;ksa esa eksckby iQksu osQ iz;ksx dh vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg,µbl fo"k; osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa
se

vius fopkjksa dks Nk=k lHkk }kjk vk;ksftr okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk esa izLrqr djus gsrq rS;kj dhft,A
ou

okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk gsrq

iH

ueLrs vknj.kh; fu.kkZ;d egksn;] ekuuh; f'k{kdx.k] foi{k osQ esjs fe=kksa ,oa esjs lgikfB;ksa]
at
sw

eSa dj.k 'kkg vkt fon~;ky;ksa esa eksckby iQksu osQ iz;ksx dh vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg,µbl fo"k; osQ foi{k
esa vius fopkj vkiosQ lkeus izLrqr djus okyk gw¡A nksLrksa] vki lc tkurs gSa fd eksckby iQksu ge lcosQ
ra

thou dk vfHkUu vax cu pqosQ gSaA ysfdu D;k vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd vius ykHk osQ lkFk ;s iQksu cgqr
Sa

lkjh leL;k,¡ Hkh ysdj vk, gSa\

ew

pfy, eSa mu leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa vkidks crk nw¡A eksckby iQksu dk iz;ksx fon~;ky; ifjlj esa vxj
N

fon~;kFkhZ djus yxrs gSa rks bldk mudh i<+kbZ ij lh/k vlj iM+ ldrk gSA mudh ,dkxzrk de gks ldrh gS
©

vkSj blosQ iQyLo:i os i<+kbZ esa vPNk ugha dj ik,¡xsA vè;kidksa dh ckr ij è;ku nsus osQ ctk, os vius
fe=kksa osQ lkFk pSfVax djrs jgsaxsA ;gh ugha ckr&ckr ij os iQksu ij varjtky ls tkudkjh <w¡<+rs jgsaxsA vktdy
cPps [ksyuk Hkh ugha ilan djrs gSaA tc Hkh le; feys os eksckby ij ;k rks xse [ksyrs gSa ;k oqQN vkSj dk;Z
djrs gSaA blls mudk LokLF; ckf/r gks ldrk gS vkSj m¡xfy;ksa esa nnZ] vk¡[kksa esa ijs'kkfu;k¡ vkfn gks ldrh gSaA
foi{k osQ esjs fe=kksa us crk;k Fkk fd eksckby osQ fcuk gekjk thou v/wjk ekuk tk,xk vkSj ge nqfu;k esa
fiNM+ tk,¡xsA eSa muls iwNuk pkgrk gw¡ fd D;k fon~;ky; osQ ckgj eksckby dk bLrseky D;ksa ugha dj ldrs\
D;k ;s dg ldrs gSa fd d{kk esa eksckby osQ yxkrkj iz;ksx ls bldk è;ku ugha gVrk\
jpukRed ys[ku 193

nksLrksa] vki ”kjk lksfp, vxj eksckby lc oqQN gS rks ge LowQy vkdj f'k{kdksa ls D;ksa i<+sa\ ljdkj
fon~;ky;ksa dks can djus dk vkns'k D;ksa ugha nsrh\ blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd eksckby d{kk osQ vanj loZFkk
vuqfpr gSA blfy, iz/kukè;kid th ls vuqjks/ djrk gw¡ fd os bl fon~;ky; esa eksckby osQ iz;ksx dh vuqefr
u nsaA
lkFk gh lkFk vius fe=kksa ls eSa izkFkZuk djrk gw¡ fd vki lc d{kk osQ vanj eksckby dk iz;ksx u djsaA
/U;oknA

d
ite
dju 'kkg

m
9- fjiksVZ (izfrosnu)

Li
bl fo/k osQ Hkh vusd izdkj gSa vkSj vf/drj lekpkj&i=kksa ,oa if=kdkvksa osQ fy, fy[kh tkus okyh [+kkl

e
at
fo"k;ksa dh fjiksVZ dks bl fo/k dk eq[; izdkj ekuk tk ldrk gSA blosQ vykok iqfyl LVs'ku esa ntZ dh

iv
tkusokyh nq?kZVuk fjiksVZ] vLirky esa fy[kh tkusokyh esfMdy fjiksVZ vkfn bl fo/k osQ izdkj ekus tk ldrs

Pr
gSaA fdlh cM+s dk;ZØe] lHkk] lekjksg] mRlo vkfn dh Hkh fjiksVZ fy[kh tkrh gSA fjiksVZ ys[ku osQ izk:i ls

a)
ifjfpr gksus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ij è;ku nsaA di
(In
lelkef;d fo"k; ij ;k lHkk] lEesyu vkfn ij fjiksVZ fy[kh tk ldrh gSA
se

lVhd 'kh"kZd nsaA

ou

izFke okD; esa gh fnukad] LFkku] le; vkfn dh tkudkjh nsaA

iH

lekjksg ls lacaf/r tkudkjh vo'; nsa (tSlk fd mn~?kkVu] eq[; vfrfFk] /U;okn izLrko vkfn dh laf{kIr
tkudkjh ozQekuqlkj nsa)A
at
sw

Hkwrdky esa fy[ksa] vU; iq#"k loZuke dk iz;ksx djsaA

ra

(os] mu] bu] bUgksaus] mUgksaus vkfnA)

Sa

fozQ;k dk deZ okP; :i fy[ksaµeuk;k x;k] iqjLÑr fd;k x;k] izLrqr fd;k x;k vkfn---
ew

rVLFk gksdj fjiksVZ fy[ksa] O;fDrxr fopkj u fy[ksaA

var esa ys[kd dk uke fy[ksaA i=k&if=kdk ls lacaf/r tkudkjh nsa ftlosQ fy, fjiksVZ fy[kh tk jgh gSA
N
©

mnkgj.kµgky gh esa vius fon~;ky; esa vk;ksftr i;kZoj.k lEesyu dh fjiksVZ fyf[k, ftlesa fofHkUu fon~;ky;ksa
osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa us Hkk"k.k fn, FksA ;g fjiksVZ fon~;ky; dh if=kdk esa izdkf'kr dh tk,xhA

i;kZoj.k cpkvks ns'k cpkvksµJh nsosUnz iQM.kohl

mi;qZDr dFku egkjk"Vª osQ ekuuh; eq[; ea=kh Jh nsosanz iQM.kohl us dgk tc os xr 'kqozQokj dks fon~;ky;
osQ i;kZoj.k lEesyu dk mn~?kkVu dj jgs FksA bl varfoZn~;ky;h lEesyu esa eqEcbZ osQ fofHkUu fon~;ky;ksa osQ
fon~;kFkhZ 'kkfey gq,A bl lEesyu dh 'kq#vkr iz/kukè;kid us nhi izTTofyr djrs gq, fd;k vkSj Nk=k la?k
194 Hkk"kk rj.kh

osQ vè;{k izfln~/ Nkcfj;k us vfrfFk;ksa dk ifjp; djkrs gq, mudk Lokxr fd;kA rnqijkar oqQN fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
us i;kZoj.k osQ cpko dk lans'k nsusokys ,d xhr dks izLrqr fd;k ftls vfrfFk;ksa us ljkgkA ekuuh; eq[;ea=kh
Jh nsosUnz iQM.kohl th us vius Hkk"k.k esa ;qok ih<+h dks i;kZoj.k oQk laj{k.k djus osQ fy, vkxs vkus dh
vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA
vyx&vyx fon~;ky;ksa osQ izfrfuf/;ksa us viuk&viuk Hkk"k.k izLrqr fd;k ftlesa i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r eqíksa

d
dk fo'ys"k.k Hkh fd;k x;kA Nk=kksa dk ,d lewg izR;sd Hkk"k.k oQh eq[; ckrksa dks vkysf[kr dj jgk FkkA

ite
m
var esa la;qDr :i ls ,d izLrko Hkh ikfjr fd;k x;k ftldh ,d izfrfyfi i;kZoj.k ea=kky; dks Hksth x;hA

Li
lekiu osQ nkSjku fon~;ky; dk izs{kkx`g rkfy;ksa dh xM+xM+kgV ls xw¡t mBkA ofj"B f'k{kd Jheku~ /u×t;

e
tks'kh us /U;okn izLrko izLrqr fd;kA lHkh n'kZdksa us fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh ljkguk dhA

at
iv
lehj]

Pr
d{kk 10oha

a)
fon~;ky; dh if=kdk gsrq cksMZ ijh{kk osQ ewY;kadu dk mnkgj.kA
di
(In

mnkgj.kµLFkkuh; lekpkj&i=k osQ fy, vius 'kgj esa iSQys iznw"k.k ij fjiksVZA
se

izkÑfrd iznw"k.k % ekuo dk fouk'k

ou

eqEcbZ
iH

27 iQjojh] 20XX
at
sw

fiNys gÝrs fd, x, izkÑfrd vuqla/u osQ eqrkfcd eqEcbZ 'kgj] fnYyh osQ ckn] lcls iznwf"kr 'kgj ekuk x;k gSA
ra

'kgjhdj.k o rdrhdhdj.k osQ dkj.k gekjs 'kgj esa iznw"k.k vk'kkrhr xfr ls c<+rh tk jgh gSA bl iznw"k.k
Sa

osQ ladV ij fu;a=k.k ykuk osQoy ljdkj dk gh ugha] cfYd lHkh yksxksa dk drZO; gSA
ew

bl 'kgj osQ gj vkneh dks ;g è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd os eqEcbZ dks gfjr cukus esa viuh iwjh lgk;rk nsa o
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• vius euksHkkoksa dks Li"V djus osQ fy, fojke fpg~u esa \\\] !!!] ------------------------ vkfn dk iz;ksx djsaA
• Mk;jh Hkwrdky esa fy[kh tkrh gSA ys[kd izFke iq#"k gSA
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• Mk;jh dks i=k osQ :iesa u fy[ksa_ tSlsµrqels ckr fd, cgqr fnu gks x,A rqe oSQlh gks\ vkfnA
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HkkoukRed 'kSyh esa fy[kh tkrh gSA

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31 fnlacj 2017
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eSaus viuh iwjh rS;kjh Hkh dj yh FkhA tSls gh eSa Dyc igq¡pk eSa eap osQ ikl vtqZu dks <w¡<+us yxkA og dgha
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nwljs yM+osQ dks esjk dke lkSaikA vxj eq>esa dksbZ deh gS rks fe=k gksus osQ dkj.k og eq>s crk ldrk FkkA bl
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bl fLFkfr esa ogk¡ ls pys tkus osQ vykok esjs ikl D;k fodYi FkkA tc vius gh bl rjg cjrko djsa rks
nwljksa ls D;k mEehn dj ldrs gSaA dk'k! ,d fnu vtqZu dks viuh xyrh dk ,glkl gks !
pyks eSa cgqr Fkd x;k gw¡] irk ugha esjk u;k lky oSQlk jgsxk\
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12- CykWx&ys[ku

1- 'kh"kZd (jkspd] vkd"kZd] NksVk vkSj fo"k; dks Li"V djus okyk gksA iz'ukRed 'kSyh esa Hkh fy[kk tk
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ljyrk ls le> tk,¡A

• mi;qDr o ljy 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djsaA
• fganh Hkk"kk dk mfpr 'kCn miyC/ gks] rks mnwZ ;k laLÑr osQ 'kCn u fy[ksaA
• ,d okD; esa ,d gh fopkj gksA nks fopkj gksus ls okD; dfBu gks tkrk gSA
• ljy vkSj NksVs okD; ckWDl osQ Hkhrj gh fy[ksaA
jpukRed ys[ku 199

Mk;jh vkSj CykWx esa varjµ

• nksuksa esa gh vius fopkj vkSj euksHkko gksrs gSa foaQrq Mk;jh O;fDrxr gksrh gS tcfd CykWx lHkh i<+
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Blogspot.com

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15 twu] 20XX

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eaxyokj

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ge lcus [kkrs [kksys gSa vkSj viuh bPNkuqlkj ifjfpr@vifjfpr ls ge vius fopkjksa dks lk>k djrs vk
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jgs gSaA ;g vkt ;qok ih<+h osQ xSj ftEesnkjkuk joS;k osQ dkj.k iQk;ns ls vf/d uqdlku dk dkj.k curk
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osQ fy, vR;ar gkfudkjd lkfcr gksxkA

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blfy, eSa fe=kksa ls fouezrkiwoZd fuosnu djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd os lkekftd ehfM;k dk iz;ksx djrs le;
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jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks Bsl uk igq¡pk,¡A ,d ftEesnkj ukxfjd gksus dk drZO; fuHkk,¡A bl fo"k; ij ikBdksa
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izfrfozQ;k nsaµ
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13- iqLrd leh{kk

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la{ksi esa fo"k; oLrq&dgkuh]

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gh ugha gSA bl miU;kl esa ftl leL;k dks bZ'kku egs'k th us mtkxj fd;k gS og igys Hkh Fkh] vkt Hkh gS
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eap* dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA /jrh dks iznw"k.k ls cpkus osQ fy, o`{kkjksi.k dk;ZozQe dk vk;kstu dj yksxksa dks
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mnkgj.kµ
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18 vDVwcj] 20XX
fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k lwpuk
foosdkuan fon~;ky; dh izca/u lfefr dh vksj ls ;g funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd okf"kZd fnol lekjksg osQ
nkSjku ekè;fed fon~;ky; osQ Nk=k&Nk=kk,¡ vkxs osQ n~okj ls gh izos'k djsa vkSj ihNs dk n~okj ml le; can
jgsxkA dk;ZozQe osQ nkSjku nksuksa n~okj can jgsaxs vkSj fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr osQ gksus ij eq[;
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202 Hkk"kk rj.kh

eSnku dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA LowQy osQ ifjlj esa xkfM+;ksa dk izos'k euk gSA izs{kkx`g osQ vkxs is;ty
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dh oLrq,¡ ys tkuk euk gSA
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vius bZ&i=k esa fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA
• foKkiu dk fo"k; ,oa izLrqfr
a)
di
• D;ksa ilan vk;k\
(In

• foKkiu D;k lUns'k nsrk gS\

se
ou

Hkstsa latks,¡ tksM+sa

iH

rohan.singh@gmail.com
at

fo"k;µesjk ilanhnk foKkiu

sw

fiz; fe=k jksgu]

ra

eSa rqEgsa ,d cgqr gh jkspd ckr crkus osQ fy, ;g bZ&esy fy[k jgk gw¡A ckr ;g gS fd gky gh esa eSaus
Sa

nwjn'kZu ij ,d jkspd foKkiu ns[kk tks ,d ozsQfMV dkMZ dh [kwfc;ksa osQ ckjs esa gSA bl foKkiu dh [kwch
ew

;g gS fd ozsQfMV dkMZ dh lqfo/k,¡ crkus osQ lkFk&lkFk og ,d f'k{kd ,oa fon~;kFkhZ osQ chp osQ dksey
laca/ksa dks cM+h [kwclwjrh osQ lkFk fn[kkrk gSA
N

;g foKkiu lUns'k nsrk gS fd Hkys gh fon~;kFkhZ 'kjkjrh gks ldrs gSa ij vius f'k{kdksa osQ izfr muosQ eu
©

esa ges'kk vknj vkSj lEeku dh Hkkouk,¡ fon~;eku gksrh gSaA bl rF; dks jkspd n`';ksa n~okjk foKkiu nkrk
us izLrqr fd;k gSA
tks Hkh n'kZd bls ,d ckj Hkh ns[krk gS og bls dHkh Hkwy gh ugha ikrkA rqe bls vo'; ns[kukA eSa rqels
vxys lIrkgkar esa feyw¡xkA
rqEgkjk nksLr]
j.kohj
jpukRed ys[ku 203

mnkgj.kµvki vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk viuk tUefnu /we/ke ls eukuk pkgrs gSa vkSj blosQ fy, vki osQ ekrk&-
firk us lkjh rS;kfj;k¡ iwjh dh gSaA nwljs 'kgj esa jgus okys vius fe=k dks bZ&esy fy[kdj mls vkeaf=kr dhft,A
vius bZ&esy esa fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dks 'kkfey dhft,A (120 'kCnksa esa)
• LFkku] le; o rkjh[k
• vkd"kZ.k

d
ite
• fe=k dh mifLFkfr D;k ek;us j[krh gS

m
Li
Hkstsa latks,¡ tksM+sa

e
karan.shah@gmail.com

at
iv
fo"k;µtUefnu dk fuea=k.kA

Pr
fiz; fe=k dju]

a)
di
eq>s rqEgsa ;g crkus esa cM+h [kq'kh gks jgh gS fd vxys lIrkg osQ jfookj (18 twu) esjk 16ok¡ tUefnu
(In
gS vkSj eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe ml fnu esjs lkFk esjs ifjokj dh [kq'kh esa 'kkfey gksA
se

   esjs firkth us ,d cgqr etsnkj ikVhZ vk;ksftr dh gS ftlesa rqEgkjs eu ilan pk;uht [kkus osQ lkFk&lkFk
ou

,d izfl¼ tknwxj dk eSftd 'kks Hkh gksxkA

iH

esjs loZfiz; fe=k gksus osQ ukrs rqEgsa ,d fnu igys vkdj esjh enn djuh gSA iq.ks ls esjs ekekth vk jgs
gSa vkSj rqe muosQ lkFk vk ldrs gks vkSj jfookj dh 'kke dks rqe vius ?kj okil tk ldrs gksA bl fo"k;
at
sw

esa firkth rqEgkjs firkth ls ckr djusokys gSaA rqe ”k:j vkukA
ra

rqEgkjs mÙkj dh izrh{kk esa]

Sa

rqEgkjk fe=k]
ew

izrhd
N
©

16- laLej.k

thou esa oqQN ?kVuk,¡ ,slh ?kV tkrh gSa ftuosQ lkFk ge tqM+ ls tkrs gSaA mUgsa ;kn djuk rFkk ,sls laLej.k
lquuk&lqukuk vius vki esa vkuan dk Ïksr gSA
vkRedFkk,¡ laLej.kksa dk foLr`r :ikdkj gh gSaA vkRedFkkvksa osQ tfj, gesa bl lalkj osQ egku] liQyre
yksxksa osQ thou osQ ldkjkRed&udkjkRed [kklks&vke ?kVukozQe osQ Hkhrj >k¡dus dk volj feyrk gSA
204 Hkk"kk rj.kh

vrhr dh ;kn @ Le`fr %

laLej.k osQoy vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA tc fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] ?kVuk vkfn pyfp=k dh
rjg lkeus gksrh fn[kkbZ nsus yxs vkSj mlh dks fy[kk tk,] mls laLej.k dgk tkrk gSA
izkekf.kdrk %

d
bl fo/k esa mUgha ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu gksrk gS tks thou esa ?kV pqdh vkSj izkekf.kd gSaA

ite
oS;fDrdrk %

m
Li
laLej.k dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk oS;fDrdrk ekuh tkrh gSA laLej.k esa ys[kd osQ vius thou esa fdlh u

e
Hkqyk ldus okyh ?kVuk dk o.kZu gksrk gSA

at
iv
thou osQ [kaM fo'ks"k dk fp=k.k %

Pr
ys[kd vius thou dh fdlh ?kVuk fo'ks"k ;k laioZQ esa vk, gq, O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ pfj=k osQ egÙoiw.kZ i{k

a)
dh >k¡dh is'k dj thou osQ [kaM:i ;k fdlh ,d i{k dk gh fp=k.k djrk gSA
di
(In
fp=kkRedrk %
se

ys[kd pqu&pqudj 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dj fp=k izLrqr djrk gSA og bl izdkj o.kZu djrk gS fd vk¡[kksa osQ
ou

vkxs fp=k lgt gh cuus yxrs gSaA

iH

dFkkRedrk %
at

laLej.k dFkkRed fo/k gSA ;g dFkk dkYifud u gksdj lR; ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA dFkk dk rkuk ckuk
sw

thou dh ?kVukvksa ls cquk tkrk gS vkSj ikBd osQ lkFk lgt laca/ gks tkrk gSA
ra
Sa

rVLFkrk %
rVLFkrk Hkh laLej.k dh vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA ys[kd ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og Lo;a osQ ckjs esa c<+k&p<+k
ew

dj fy[kus dh vknr ls nwj jgdj thou esa ?kfVr lR; dks lkeus yk,] Hkys og lR; Lo;a osQ fy, fdruk
N

gh dVq D;ksa u gksa\

©

mnkgj.kµ

tUur dgha gS rks og ;gha gS] ;gha gS] ;gha gS!

eSa 2018 dh twu esa ijh{kk lekIr gksrs gh lifjokj d'ehj x;kA fnYyh ls Jhuxj gokbZ tgkt ls igq¡prs gh]
ge VSDlh idM+dj igyxk¡o osQ fy, py fn,A igyxk¡o leqnz rV ls yxHkx 7500 yxHkx iQhV dh m¡QpkbZ
jpukRed ys[ku 205

ij gSA ;gk¡ ^fyMj* vkSj ^'ks"kukx* ufn;ksa dk laxe gSA Jhuxj ls igyxk¡o dk jkLrk ^fyMj* unh osQ lkFk
pyrk gS vkSj lqanj gSA jkLrs esa geus :d dj d'ehjh dgok fivkA ;g lqxaf/r pk; lk ftlesa nw/ rks ugha
ij nkyphuh vkSj cknke iM+s FksA

igyxk¡o] igq¡prs&igq¡prs 'kke gks pyh FkhA ge ^ghoku* gksVy (unh osQ cxy esa gS) esa BgjsA f[kM+oQh osQ
ckgj lisQn fge&vkPNkfnr igkM+ ;k fiQj isM+ksa ls Hkjhµgjh igkfM+;ksa dk eu&Hkkou n`'; FkkA

d
ite
jSfÝaVx osQ fy, dkj ls nks fdyksehVj mQij unh osQ fdukjs x,A gSyesV vkSj tSdV igus 'kq: gqvk unh dh

m
rst /kj osQ lkFk jSÝV osQ mQij] rhu fdyksehVj dk liQjA jSfÝaVx djus esa iwjh rjg Hkhx x,A chp esa ikuh

Li
Hkh cjlus yxk] jgh&lgh deh Hkh iwjh gks xbZA jSÝV us gksVy osQ vkxs NksM+kA

e
at
ogk¡ ls nkSM+ yxkdj okil gksVy dejs esa vkdj diM+s cnys fiQj xeZ pk; ih rks tku esa tku vkbZA eu

iv
Pr
gh eu r; fd;k fd vxyh ckj fiQj vk,¡xsA

a)
di ('kCn la[;k 203)
jkgqy 'kekZ
(In
se

jpukRed ys[ku osQ ewY;kadu gsrq funsZ'k fn, x, gSaA f'k{kd bldk iz;ksx djrs gq, dk;Z dks tk¡psaA
ou
iH

fo"k;oLrq osQ fy, 8 vad ,oa Hkk"kk'kSyh ,oa 'kqn~/rk osQ fy, 8 vad rd fn, tk ldrs gSaA
at
sw

vH;kl 6 fo"k;oLrq 16 Hkk"kk&'kSyh ,oa 'kq¼rk

Lrj 4 fo"k;oLrq dh lqfu;ksftr izLrqfr] dk;Z 7&8 fofo/rkiw.kZ Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx ftlesa tfVy
ra

7&8 dh liQyrkiwoZd izLrqfrA vkn~;ar mn~ns'; okD;ksa dk iz;ksx djus esa l{ke] fo'ks"k
Sa

,oa ikBd dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ys[ku 'kCnkoyh ,oa eqgkojs@okD;ka'kksa dk izHkko'kkyh
ew

dk;Z dk csgrjhu lekiuA 'kCn&lhek osQ iz;ksx] Hkk"kk ij mPp Lrjh; vf/dkj] =kqfVghu
vk/kj ij fopkjksa dk lE;d foLrkj okD; lajpuk] vkn~;ar >yduk] fo'ks"k okD;
N

,oa izHkko'kkyh rjhosQ ls laizs"k.kA fo"k; lajpuk ,oa 'kCnkoyh osQ iz;ksx esa =kqfV;k¡ gks
©

osQ var rd lgh izk:i dk iz;ksx ,oa ldrh gSaA

lqxfBr ifjPNsnksa osQ chp vPNk rkyesy
,oa ozQec¼rkA
izR;sd fcanq osQ ckjs esa f'k{kd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
dks le>k,¡A
206 Hkk"kk rj.kh

Lrj 3 dk;Z dks liQyrkiwoZd iwjk fd;k x;kA
5&6 mn~ns'; dh vPNh le>] lgh izk:i vkSj
fo"k; ,oa ikBdksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkf"kd
vfHkO;fDrA 'kCn&lhek osQ vuqlkj fopkjksa
dh lqxfBr ,oa rkfoZQd izLrqfrA ifjPNsnksa
5&6 vkerkSj ij fofo/rkiw.kZ Hkk"kk ,oa okD;
lajpuk] eqgkojs] okD;ka'kksa dk mfpr iz;ksxA
vf/drj vpwd Hkk"kk] Hkk"kk ij vPNk vf/dkj@
fu;a=k.k csgrj Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx osQ iz;kl esa
dgha&dgha =kqfV;k¡A

d
dks tksM+usokys oqQN 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k

ite
x;kA

m
Lrj 2 dk;Z dh yxHkx mfpr izLrqfr osQ lkFk 3&4 vkerkSj ij ljy okD; lajpuk ,oa 'kCnkoyh

Li
3&4 lekfIr] vf/drj fopkj fo"k; laxrA dk iz;ksx] Hkk"kk ij yxHkx vkSlr vf/dkj

e
Hkk"kk&'kSyh ,oa izk:i dk vf/drj lgh ,oa fu;a=k.kA vkerkSj ij vFkZ Li"VA tc tfVy

at
iv
iz;ksxA Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx djus ij O;kdj.k =kqfViw.kZ gks

Pr
dk;Z osQ mn~ns'; ,oa ikBd dh yxHkx lgh tkrk gSA

a)
le>A 'kCn&lhek osQ vuqlkj fopkjksa dk
larks"ktud foLrkjA vkerkSj ij lqfu;ksftr
di
(In
,oa ozQec¼ fopkjA lgh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ,oa
mfpr izk:i osQ iz;ksx dk iz;kl fd;k
se

x;k gSA
ou

lkFkZd ifjPNsnksa esa fopkjksa dks j[kus dk

iH

oqQN gn rd iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

at

Lrj 1 fo"k;&oLrq osQ lkFk lhfer tqM+ko] de 1&2 ljy okD; lajpuk vkSj 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksxA
sw

1&2 fcanqvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA vuqfpr ljy okD;ksa esa Hkh le> dk vHkkoA vDlj
ra

Hkk"kk&'kSyh] dk;Z osQ mn~ns'; dks le>us vFkZ vLi"V ;k vO;DrA

Sa

esa dfBukbZ] =kqfViw.kZ izk:i ;k ikBdksa dh

tkudkjh dk vHkkoA oqQN gn rd fopkjksa
ew

osQ foLrkj esa l{ke] dgha&dgha fopkj

N

v/wjs ;k mUgsa nksgjk;k x;kA fopkjksa osQ

©

fu;kstu esa rkjrE;rk dk vHkko gks ldrk

gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh ;k izk:i vuqfpr] muesa
rkjrE;rk dk vHkkoA ifjPNsnksa dk u gksuk
;k lhfer iz;ksxA
Lrj 0 dk;Z ekinaM osQ vuqlkj vLohdk;ZA dk;Z ekinaM osQ vuqlkj vLohdk;ZA

rr
jpukRed ys[ku 207

3- lkjka'k ys[ku
;g vH;kl iz'u&i=k 1 osQ rhljs ikBka'k ij vk/kfjr gS ftlosQ fy, Nk=k }kjk fy[kh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa dks vkèkkj
cukuk gksrk gSA è;ku jgs fd iz'u 3 (fVIi.kh ys[ku) ,oa 4 (lkjka'k ys[ku) ,d gh ikBka'k ij vk/kfjr

d
vH;kl gSA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk gS fd os iz'u esa iwNs x, fo"k; osQ igyqvksa dks fy[kh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa osQ

ite
vuqlkj yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa fy[ksaA fo"k;oLrq esa 4 eq[; fcanqvksa dks fy[kuk gksrk gS ftuosQ fy, 4 vad fu/

m
kZfjr fd, x, gSaA bu fcanqvksa dks fy[kh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa osQ vk/kj ij pqudj fy[kuk gksrk gSA ijarq ;g è;ku

Li
jgs fd budh Hkk"kk ekSfyd gks] ikBka'k ls mrkjh ugha xbZ gksA Hkk"kk laca/h funsZ'k fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa fn,

e
at
x, gSaA lkjka'k ys[ku ,oa fVIi.kh ys[ku osQ vH;kl [kaM 1 esa fn, x, gSaA f'k{kdksa ls vuqjks/ gS fd vH;kl

iv
djkus ls igys os fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks ewY;kadu ls lacaf/r funsZ'k vo'; le>k,¡A

Pr
bl vH;kl dks liQyrkiwoZd djus osQ fy, Nk=k R2, R3, W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 (ikB~;ozQe i`- la[;k 17)
vkfn dkS'ky fodflr djsaA
a)
di
• Lora=k fopkj] O;fDrxr ekU;rkvksa ,oa n`f"Vdks.k dh le> vkSj muosQ chp tks tqM+ko gS mls le>ukA
(In

• lwpuk] fopkj] O;fDrxr jk; vkfn dh Li"V ,oa izHkkoh vfHkO;fDrA

se

• fopkjksa dh mfpr vuqPNsnksa esa ozQecn~/ izLrqrh ftlesa vuqPNsnksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, mfpr 'kCnksa dk bLrsekyA
ou

• fofHkUu izdkj dh O;kdjf.kd lajpuk ,oa 'kCnkoyh dk lVhd ,oa izHkkoh iz;ksxA
iH

• fojke fpg~uksa dk liQy iz;ksx ,oa lgh orZuh dk KkuA

at

• iz'u osQ vuqlkj Hkk"kk&'kSyh ,oa izk:i dk p;uA

sw
ra

;g iz'u&i=k 1 dk pkSFkk vH;kl gS ftlosQ rgr ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vH;kl 3 esa cuk, xbZ fVIif.k;ksa osQ vk/kj
Sa

ij funsZ'kkuqlkj yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa lkjka'k fy[kuk gSA bl vH;kl osQ fy, funsZf'kr ekud fuEu fn;k x;k
gSA lkjka'k ys[ku vH;kl [kaM 1 osQ vFkZxzg.k osQ lkFk fn, x, gSaA
ew

Hkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, 6 vad ,oa fo"k; laca/h fcanqvksa osQ fy, 4 vad fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSaA
N

fo"k;&oLrq fo"k;&oLrq 4 ekud vad Hkk"kk oqQy vad&6

©

oqQy vad&4 vadµekud Hkk"kk ekud

4 iz'u esa iwNs x, fo"k; osQ
pkj eq[; fcanqvksa dk gksuk
vko';d gSA
6 [kqn osQ 'kCnksa osQ bLrseky dk csgrjhu iz;kl
lkjka'k osQ fcanqvksa dh ozQecn~/ ,oa lqfu;ksftr <ax
ls izLrqfr] okD;ksa esa vPNk rkyesyA fofo/rkiw.kZ
'kCnkoyh ,oa O;kdjf.kd lajpuk dk lVhd iz;ksxA
lgh orZuh ,oa fojkefpg~uksa dk lgh iz;ksxA
208 Hkk"kk rj.kh

3 iz'u esa iwNs x, fo"k; osQ
oqQN eq[; fcanqvksa dk gksuk
vko';d gSA
5 [kqn osQ 'kCnksa osQ bLrseky dk csgrj iz;klA lkjka'k
osQ fcanv
q ksa dh ozQecn~/ ,oa lqfu;ksftr <ax ls izLrqfr
dk iz;kl] okD;ksa esa vPNk rkyesyA fofo/rkiw.kZ
'kCnkoyh ,oa O;kdjf.kd lajpuk dk lVhd iz;ksxA

d
lgh orZuh ,oa fojkefpg~uksa dk lgh iz;ksxA

ite
2 iz'u esa iwNs x, fo"k; osQ 4 [kqn osQ 'kCnksa dks bLrseky djus dk lk/kj.k

m
,d ;k nks eq[; fcanqvksa dk iz;klA lkjka'k osQ fcanqvksa dh vf/drj ozQecn~/

Li
gksuk vko';d gSA ,oa lqfu;ksftr <ax ls izLrqfr dk iz;kl] vf/drj

e
at
fofo/rkiw.kZ rFkk lgh O;kdjf.kd lajpuk dk

iv
lVhd iz;ksx] orZuh ,oa fojkefpg~uksa dh oqQN

Pr
=kqfV;k¡] vFkZxzg.k esa ck/d ughaA

a)
1 oqQN gn rd fo"k;&oLrq 3 oqQN gn rd ikBka'k dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx] ij
di
dk iz'u osQ lkFk rkyesy fcanqvksa dks lgh ozQe esa O;ofLFkr j[kus ,oa lgh
(In

okD; jpuk dk iz;klA Hkk"kk dk larks"ktud iz;ksx

se

;|fi vFkZ dgha&dgha vLi"VA

ou

9 fo"k;&oLrq dk iz'u ls dksbZ 2 ikBka'k dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx] ij fcanqvksa dks lgh

iH

laca/ ugha ozQe esa O;ofLFkr j[kus esa vleFkZA okD; jpuk]
at

orZuh ,oa fojkefpg~u =kqfViw.kZA

sw

1 iw.kZ :i ls ikBka'k ls okD;ksa dks mrkjk x;kA [kqn

ra

osQ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fcyoqQy u dj ikuk ;k cgqr

Sa

deA
0 dk;Z vLohdk;Z
ew
N

rr
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jpukRed ys[ku 209

4- okD;&fo'ys"k.k
pw¡fd bl u, ikB~;ozQe esa fo'ks"kdj lkjka'k ys[ku] iz;kstuewyd ys[ku ,oa jpukRed ys[ku dk;Z esa okD;
jpuk ,oa O;kdj.k lajpuk dks cgqr egÙo fn;k x;k gS blfy, bl fo"k; dks [kaM [k esa tksM+k x;k gSA

d
okD;&jpuk esa n{krk izkIr djus osQ fy, dky] okP;] dkjd ,oa okD;ksa osQ izdkj dh lE;d tkudkjh t:jh

ite
ekuh tkrh gSA vius fopkjksa dh Li"V vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, okD;ksa osQ Hksn dh tkudkjh vfuok;Z gSA bl [kaM esa

m
Li
oqQN O;kogkfjd vH;kl fn, x, gSa tks fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lgk;d lkfcr gksaxsA f'k{kd ca/qvksa ls fuosnu gS

e
fd os bl izdkj osQ vH;kl Lo;a rS;kj djosQ vko';drkuqlkj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks iznku djsaA

at
iv
okD;ksa osQ izdkj

Pr
jpuk dh n`f"V ls okD;ksa osQ rhu Hksn ekus tkrs gSaµ
1- ljy okD; (Simple Sentence)µftl
a)
okD; esa ,d mís'; ,oa ,d fo/s; gksrk gS] mls ljy okD;
di
(In
dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %
ubZ fnYyh Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh gSA
se

gesa i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A

ou

2- fefJr okD; (Complex Sentence)µbl okD; esa nks miokD; (Clauses) gksrs gSaµeq[; miokD;
iH

(Principle Clause) vkSj vU; vkfJr miokD; (Subordinate Clause)A

at
sw

mnkgj.k %
1- (vkfJr miokD;) tc rd eSa u crkm¡Q] rc rd rqe dke 'kq: u djuk (eq[; miokD;)A
2- (eq[; miokD;) mlus dgk] rqe [kkuk [kk ldrs gks (vkfJr miokD;)A
ra
Sa

3- la;qDr okD; (Compound Sentence)µbl izdkj osQ okD;ksa esa ,d ls vf/d Lora=k miokD; gksrs
gSaA ;s okD; vkil esa lekukf/dj.k leqPp; cks/dksa (Conjunction) ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
ew

leqPp;cks/d
os 'kCn gksrs gSa tks 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa ;k miokD;ksa dks tksM+us dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
N

leqPp;cks/d osQ oqQN mnkgj.k

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vkSj ;k blfy, ;|fi&rFkkfi

tks---og @ lks ;fn----rks vFkkZr ekuks
tSlk---oSlk ftlls ftruk---mruk ft/j ls
tgk¡ rd ijarq] foaQrq] ij] exj tc rd ifj.kkeLo:i
D;ksafd rkfd ftlls fd blfy, fd
210 Hkk"kk rj.kh

vH;kl 1
mQij rkfydk esa fn, x, leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa esa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A

1- ----------------------------------- jksgu ijh{kk dh rS;kjh djrk --------------------isQy u gksrkA

2- ----------------------------------- le; ij dk;Z djsxk -------------------- ?kj tk ik,xkA

d
3- ----------------------------------- og vk;k ugha Fkk] esjk dke ugha gks ik;kA

ite
m
4- rqe ----------------------------------- pkgksxs -------------------- gh gksxkA

Li
5- ----------------------------------- Lokehth tk,¡xs] f'k"; Hkh m/j ls tk,¡xsA

e
at
6- jkek;.k osQ dfo xksLokeh rqylhnkl gS] ------------------------------- mUgksaus gh jkek;.k dh jpuk dh gSA

iv
Pr
7- ----------------------------------- eSa dke lekIr djrk gw¡ rc rd rqe [kkuk [kk ysukA

a)
8- mldh ckrksa ls eq>s yxk ----------------------------------- mlus gh pksjh dh gSA
di
(In

9- ;g dke esjs ----------------------------------- rqEgkjs o'k dh ckr ugha gSA

se

10- ----------------------------------- esgur djksxs -------------------- gh vPNk ifj.kke ikvksxsA

ou

11- ?kj tkvks ----------------------------------- [kkuk ykvksA

iH

12- eq>s pk; ugha pkfg, ----------------------------------- nw/ pkfg,A

at
sw

13- o"kkZ gksus yxh ----------------------------------- fon~;kFkhZ fon~;ky; ugha vk,A

ra

14- eq>s ekywe Fkk ----------------------------------- os vkt ugha xk,¡xhA

Sa

15- vkVk ys vkvks ----------------------------------- jksVh cukuh gSA

ew
N

vH;kl 2
©

fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn esa leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,A

eksckby gj vk;q] oxZ vkSj fyax osQ yksxksa osQ fy, vfr vko';d oLrq cu pqdk gSA O;fDr Hkkstu osQ fcuk
fnu vklkuh ls fcrk ldrk gS foaQrq eksckby osQ cxSj rks ,d iy Hkh ugha xqtkj ldrk gSA ;g gj O;fDr osQ
fy, jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku osQ lkFk pkSFkh vk/kjHkwr t:jr cu pqdk gSA ftruk cM+k eksckby mruh gh cM+h
lekt esa mldh bTtrA
jpukRed ys[ku 211

thou osQ gj dne ij bldh vko';drk eglwl dh tkrh gSA bloQh M~;wVh lqcg eqxsZ dh ckax osQ leku
vykeZ ctk dj mBkus ls izkjaHk gksrh gSA Hktu lqukuk] ;ksx fozQ;k,¡ djokuk] isQl cqd osQ tkus&vutkus iszaQM~l
ls feyokuk] xqM ekfu±x osQ eSlst fnyokuk] ,d ls ,d mins'kkRed lans'k igq¡pkuk] xwxy osQ ekè;e ls vusd
osclkbV~l dh ;k=kk osQ lkFk jkr dks ek¡ dh rjg yksjh lquk dj liuksa dh nqfu;k rd ys tkus dk dke ;s
cM+h c[kwch ls fuHkk jgk gSA

d
ite
;fn ge dgsa fd ;s gekjs thou dk ekxZn'kZd gS rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA ge isQl cqd vkSj OgkV~l

m
,i osQ lans'kksa dks ykbd dj] 'ksvj dj vkSj desaV~l dj dbZ yksxksa osQ fny esa LFkku cuk pqosQ gSaA gekjk iwjk

Li
e
lekt'kkL=k eksckby osQ Hkhrj lek x;k gSA lkjs fj'rs blh osQ ekè;e ls fuHkk, tk jgs gSaA

at
funsZ'k % f'k{kdksa ls vuqjks/ gS fd os bl rjg osQ 'kCnksa dk ckj&ckj vH;kl djk,¡ rkfd fyf[kr dk;Z esa

iv
Pr
fon~;kFkhZ budk vklkuh ls iz;ksx dj losaQA
lkHkkjµlkef;d fganh O;kdj.kµjktsanz eksgu HkVukxj
a)
di
rr
(In
se
ou
iH
at
sw
ra
Sa
ew
N
©
212 Hkk"kk rj.kh

5- dky
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa dkS'ky izkIr djus gsrq dky (Tenses) dh lE;d tkudkjh vR;f/d t:jh gksrk gSA
vkbZ-th-lh-,l-lh- }kjk funsZf'kr ekinaMksa esa Li"V 'kCnksa esa crk;k x;k gS fd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks okD;&jpuk dk
i;kZIr Kku izkIr gks rkfd os Hkkf"kd n`f"V ls ijh{kk esa csgrjhu izn'kZu djsaA dbZ ckj f'k{kd oxZ osQ lkeus

d
;g pqukSrh mifLFkr gks tkrh gS fd 8oha] ukSoha vkSj nloha d{kk esa os fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks dky dk vH;kl oSQls

ite
djk,¡A dky dk izk;ksfxd Kku vPNh Hkk"kk&dkS'ky izkIr djus osQ fy, vR;ar vko';d gSA bl mís'; ls oqQN

m
egÙoiw.kZ fcanqvksa osQ lkFk dky ls lacaf/r oqQN vH;kl 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA ftudk le;&le; ij vH;kl

Li
djokus ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh okD;&jpuk dkS'ky c<+kus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksxhA
jpukRed ys[ku osQ iz'uksa osQ vuqlkj mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa 'kCn&lewg dk p;u djuk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy,

e
at
cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA fdl izk:i esa dky osQ dkSu ls izdkj dk bLrseky djuk pkfg, bldk Kku fu;fer

iv
vH;kl ls gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk;k] vk;k gS] vk;k Fkk] vk,xk] vkm¡Qxk] vk;k gw¡] vk;k gksxk] vkrk

Pr
gksxk--- vkfn fozQ;k&Hksn fdl lanHkZ esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa bl ckr dh le> fon~;kfFkZ;ksa esa oSQls fodflr fd;k
tk, ;g iz'u f'k{kdksa osQ eu esa mBuk LokHkkfod gSA O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k dk fu;fer vH;kl bl n`f"V ls

a)
cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA di
(In
orZeku dky
fozQ;k osQ gksus dh fujarjrk dks orZeku dky dgrs gSaA orZeku dky esa fozQ;k drkZ osQ fYakx&opu osQ vuqlkj
se

cnyrh gSA
ou

eSa yM+dk gw¡A

iH

eSa i=k fy[k jgk gw¡A

at

os nksuksa viuk dke dj jgs gSaA

sw

vki xyr ckr lksp jgs gSaA

caxkyh pkoy ilan djrs gSaA
ra

og fnu&Hkj /wi esa [ksyrk gSA

Sa

eSa rks ugha tk ikrk] ij firkth tk;k djrs gSaA

ew

rqe lkjh ckr fcxkM+rs gksA

tc jke fcxM+rk gS] rks fdlh ls ugha laHkyrk gSA
N

larjh fnu Hkj ;gha cSBk jgrk gSA

©

eSa izk;% lI+ksQn diM+s igurk gw¡A eSa dbZ lkyksa ls ;gh dke djrk jgk gw¡A
bu mnkgj.kksa dk lko/kuh ls vè;;u djus ij orZeku dky dh ckjhfd;ksa dk oqQN vuqeku yxk ldrs gSaA ,sls
dbZ fo'ks"k volj gksrs gSa tgk¡ fozQ;kvksa dk [kkl iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k % eSa dbZ lkyksa ls ;gh dke djrk jgk gw¡A eSa rqEgkjh f?klh&fiVh ckrsa o"kks± ls lqurk jgk gw¡A
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ vfHk;ku rks dbZ n'kdksa ls djrs jgs gSaA
eSaus viuk dke dj fy;k gSA eSaus vki dk dke dj fn;k gSA
(bu ckjhfd;ksa dks le>kdj vH;kl djk,¡A)
jpukRed ys[ku 213

Hkwrdky
fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls mldh lekfIr dk cks/ gks mls Hkwrdky dh fozQ;k dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k % jke us dke fd;k] fd;k gS] fd;k Fkk] fd;k gksxk] jke dke djrk FkkA vxj dke djrk--- rks osru
ikrkA (gsrq gsrqen Hkwrdky)
Hkwrdky esa tc ldeZd fozQ;kvksa osQ lkFk ^us* dkjd yxk;k tkrk gS rks fozQ;k deZ osQ fYakx&opu osQ vuqlkj

d
cnyrh gSA

ite
mnkgj.k % dju us jksVh [kkbZA jksVhµL=khfYakx ,dopu

m
fj;k us nw/ fi;kA nw/µiqfYayx ,dopu

Li
cPpksa us rLohjsa cukb±A rLohjsaµL=khfYakx cgqopu

e
Nk=kkvksa us dbZ fp=k cuk,A dbZ fp=kµiqfYayx cgqopu

at
vdeZd fozQ;kvksa osQ lkFk ^us* ugha tksM+k tkrkA

iv
blfy, fozQ;k drkZ osQ fYakx&opu osQ vuqlkj cnyrh gSA

Pr
mnkgj.k % firkth 'kke dks okil nÝrj ls vk,A

a)
cPpk pqipki oqQjlh ij cSBk FkkA di
viw.kZ Hkwrdky esa Hkh ^us* ugha yxrkA
(In
ge dke dj jgs FksA
f'k{kd i<+k jgs FksA
se

ek¡ esjh enn dj jgh FkhaA

ou

eSa xhr lqu jgk FkkA

iH

eSa igys ;gk¡ jgrk FkkA

nl lky igys eSa blh fo|ky; esa i<+rk FkkA
at

igys ;s xqykc lky Hkj iwQyrs FksA

sw

rqe igys lcdh ckr ekurs FksA

ra

og cpiu esa lHkh ls >xM+k fd;k djrk FkkA

Sa

og dy dydÙkk x;kA
eSaus dy nks iqLrosaQ i<+haA eSa vkt rd mlosQ ;gk¡ ugha x;kA
ew

eSaus rks dHkh vkidks ijk;k ugha le>kA

N

vki dk cPpk fxj iM+kA (lgk;d fozQ;kvksa osQ lkFk)

og lksrs&lksrs ,dne cksy mBkA
©

esjh ckr lqudj og iwQV&iwQVdj jks iM+kA

eSaus mls viuk gj Hksn crk fn;kA
og vutkus esa lkjk Hksn crk x;kA
mlus vutkus esa lkjk Hksn crk;kA
jes'k rqEgkjh iqLrosaQ ysrk x;kA
,d cw<+k vkneh iSny dgk¡&dgk¡ tkrk!
og vkxjk tk jgk FkkA
214 Hkk"kk rj.kh

cPps fganh lh[k jgs FksA

i=k fy[kus dh D;k ”k:jr Fkh\
og fpYyk jgh Fkh] ij yksxksa us oqQN ugha lqukA
vxj og i<+rk rks vo'; ikl gksrkA
fd'ku vDlj dg jgk Fkk fd eSa rqels igys ej tkm¡QxkA
eSaus crk;k FkkA

d
mlus dgkuh i<+h FkhA

ite
f'kf{kdk us iqLrossaQ fy[kha FkhaA

m
i{kh vius ?kksalyksa esa lks, FksA

Li
og tk pqdk FkkA

e
at
Hkfo";r dky

iv
Hkfo";r dky esa fozQ;k /krq osQ lkFk drkZ osQ fYakx ,oa opu osQ vuqlkj xk] xs] xh tksM+dj okD;&jpuk dh

Pr
tkrh gSA fozQ;k drkZ osQ fYakx&opu osQ vuqlkj cnyrh gSA
iqfYayx ,dopu eSa dke d:¡xkA
a)
di
(In
og dke djsxkA cPpk dke djsxkA
eksgu x`gdk;Z djsxkA
se

rqe dke djksxsA

ou

iqfYayx cgqopu ge dke djsaxsA

iH

cPps dke djsaxsA

at

jke vkSj jghe dke djsaxsA (la[;k)

sw

firkth dke djsaxsA (vknjkFkZ cgqopu)

ra

yM+osQ dke djsaxsA

Sa

L=khfYakx ,dopu yM+dh dke djsxhA

ew

yhyk dke djsxhA

eSa dke d:¡xhA
N

rqe dke djksxhA

©

L=khfYakx cgqopu vè;kfidk dke djsxa hA (vknjkFkZ cgqopu)

yM+fd;k¡ dke djsaxhA (la[;k)
ekrk dke djsaxhA
HkkHkh dk;Z djsaxhA
Hkfo";ksUeq[k orZeku (^xk* inxzke osQoy Hkfo";r dky dks gh vfHkO;Dr ugha djrk] vfirq fdlh ifjp;kRed
fVIi.kh esa og izk;% orZeku ;k de&ls&de Hkfo";ksUeq[k orZeku dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA)
jpukRed ys[ku 215

vc eSa vknj.kh; iz/ku vè;kidth ls fuosnu d:¡xk fd os gesa lacksf/r djsaA

yksx ;gh dgsaxs fd og vkneh ikxy gSA
bl ckr ij dkSu fo'okl djsxk fd jes'k pksj gSA
vkusokys le; dk cPpk&cPpk ;gh dgsxk fd bl egkRek us ns'k dh mUufr osQ fy, cgqr ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA

d
ite
laHkkO; Hkfo";r dky

m
blesa Hkfo"; esa gksusokyh fdlh laHkkouk] vuqefr] vis{kk] vk'kk] vk'khokZn] vkfn dk cks/ gksrk gSA

Li
Hkxoku rqEgsa lq[kh j[ksaA

e
at
vk'kk gS fd vki dks izLrqfr ilan vk,A

iv
Pr
ge lc ;g dkeuk djrs gSa fd rqEgkjh bPNk iwjh gksA

a)
cPps ekrk&firk dh ckrsa lqusaA
di
funsZ'kksa dks è;ku ls i<+saA
(In

le; ij viuk dk;Z djsaA

se

ek¡ pkgrh gSa fd eSa mÙke vad ikm¡QA

ou

D;k] eSa vanj vkm¡Q\

iH

lkHkkjµlkef;d fganh O;kdj.kµjktsanz eksgu HkVukxj

at
sw

rr
ra
Sa
ew
N
©
216 Hkk"kk rj.kh

6- fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.k
fuEufyf[kr fozQ;kfo'ks"k.kksa ls okD; cukb, %
vpkudµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
m
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Li
lpeqpµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e
at
iv
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a)
di
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'kh?kzµ
(In

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
se

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ou
iH

/hjs&/hjsµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
at

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sw
ra

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

izfrfnuµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N
©

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

i;kZIrµ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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jpukRed ys[ku 217

okD;ksa dks iwjk dhft, %

cSBs&cSBs esjh vk¡[k yx xbZA (mnk ñ % )
vDlj
osQoy
dkiQh

d
iQVkiQV

ite
izk;%

m
'kk;n

Li
ikl

e
at
oqQN laca/ cks/d vO;;

iv
Pr
osQ vykok osQ iwoZ osQ i'pkr
osQ lkeus osQ ikl osQ ;gk¡
osQ fcuk osQ flok
a) osQ mQij
di
osQ uhps osQ cxSj osQ pkjksa vksj
(In

osQ }kjk osQ ”kfj, osQ tSls

se

osQ lkFk osQ lax osQ leku

ou

lesr i;±r rd
iH

dh vksj dh rjiQ dh Hkk¡fr

dh rjg dh vis{kk
at
sw

okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft, %

ra

ysfdu µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

vfirq µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N

ijarq
©

foaQrq µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fiQj Hkh µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ij µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cfYd µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
218 Hkk"kk rj.kh

[kkyh LFkkuksa esa dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls lgh 'kCn pqudj fyf[k, %
1- mlus viuh ----------------------------------- uhps j[kdj osQ oqQÙks osQ cPps dks xksnh esa mBk fy;kA
(oqQygkM+h @ oqQYgkM+h @ oqQYgkMh)
2- oqQÙks dk cPpk ----------------------------------- lk¡lsa Hkjus yxkA (vufre @ vafre @ vafUre)
3- eSaus lkspk ?kj ij ----------------------------------- gks tk,xhA

d
(ejgeikVh @ ejgeikV~Vh @ ejgeiV~Vh)

ite
4- jkew dkdk ----------------------------------- dk cDlk fy, nkSM+s vk,A (nok;h @ nokbZ @ nckoksa)

m
Li
5- eSa ----------------------------------- pkph dks o"kks± ls tkurk gw¡A (vkidk @ vkidh @ viuh)

e
6- rqeesa ----------------------------------- u gks rks eSa tkm¡QA

at
(fgEer @ fgaer @ fger)

iv
7- jkew osQ firk dks ----------------------------------- gks x;k FkkA (toj @ Tokj @ Toj)

Pr
8- ----------------------------------- dgkuh dgrs tkxrs jgukA (fdlk @ fdLlk @ dhLlk)
9- oqQÙks vkSj fcYyh dh ----------------------------------- gks jgh FkhA a)
di (yM+kbZ;k¡ @ yMkbZ @ yM+kbZ)
(In

10- ;g ogh vkSjr gS] ----------------------------------- cPpk dy [kks x;k FkkA (ftldk @ ftldh @ ftlosQ)
se

esjk fiz; f[kykM+h fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k, vkSj mlesa de&ls&de nl fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.kksa
ou

dk iz;ksx dhft,A
iH

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
at
sw

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ra

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
©

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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rr
jpukRed ys[ku 219

7- fojke&fpg~u
^fojke* dk 'kkfCnd ;k lkekU; vFkZ gSµ^#duk* ;k ^Bgjuk*A Hkk"kk dh ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr ;k cksyrs le;
ge viuh ckr dgrs&dgrs FkksM+k :d tkrs gSaA ;gh :duk gh ^fojke* gSA fyf[kr Hkk"kk esa bl izdkj osQ fojke

d
dks iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, ftu fo'ks"k fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS bUgha fo'ks"k fpg~uksa dks ^fojke&fpg~u*

ite
dgrs gSaA è;ku j[ksa fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i ls i<+us vkSj le>us osQ fy, Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i esa

m
^fojke&fpg~uksa* dk yxkuk vko';d gSA

Li
fganh Hkk"kk esa eq[; :i ls iz;ksx fd, tkus okys oqQN ^fojke&fpg~u* fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

e
at
1- iw.kZ&fojke (A)µokD; osQ iw.kZ gksus ij iw.kZ&fojke dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ

iv
mldk uke jes'k gSA og dk;kZy; tk jgk gSA

Pr

2- vYi&fojke (])µokD; esa tgk¡ cgqr de le; osQ fy, :duk iM+rk gS] ogk¡ vYi&fojke dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
a)
di
;gk¡ vkvks] esjs ikl oqQN nsj cSBksA dkWih vkSj iSu ysdj vkukA
(In

3- vn~/Z&fojke (_)µokD; esa tgk¡ iw.kZ&fojke ls oqQN de vkSj vYi&fojke ls oqQN vf/d nsj #duk
se

iM+rk gS] ogk¡ vn~/Z&fojke dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ

ou

esgur djks_ ijh{kk djhc gSA [kkyh er cSBks_ tYnh&tYnh dke fuiVkvksA
iH

4- mi&fojke (%)µokD; esa tgk¡ fdlh ckr dks vyx djosQ fn[kkuk gks] ogk¡ mifojke dk iz;ksx gksrk gS_
tSlsµ
at
sw

cky etnwjh % ,d vfHk'kkiA dgkuh dk mn~ns'; % lR; dh thrA

5- iz'uokpd fpg~u (\)µokD; esa iz'u iwNus osQ fy, iz'uokpd fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_
ra

tSlsµ
Sa

rqe dgk¡ ls vk jgs gks\ xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh; thou esa D;k varj gS\
ew

6- foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u (!)µokD; esa 'kksd] ?k`.kk] Hk;] g"kZ vkfn euksHkkoksa dks izdV djus osQ fy,
foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
N

'kkck'k! rqeus ;g dke vPNk fd;kA vjs! pksj Hkkx x;kA

©

bZ'oj djs! rqe liQy gks tkvksA bruh yach nhokj!
7- ;kstd fpg~u (µ)µnks 'kCnksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+us osQ fy, ;kstd fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
[ksyrs&[ksyrs] /hjs&/hjs (,d tSls 'kCn)
tho&tarq] isM+&ikS/s (lekukFkhZ 'kCn)
iki&iq.;] vknku&iznku (foijhrkFkZd 'kCn)
iwQy&lh] NksVh&lh (rqyukRed 'kCn)
220 Hkk"kk rj.kh

8- funsZ'kd fpg~u (µ)µokD; esa fdlh dFku ls igys] laoknksa o okrkZykiksa esa uke osQ ckn ;k fdlh
ckr dk mnkgj.k nsus osQ fy, funsZ'kd fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
   MkWDVj us dgkµ^^nok ysrs tkvksA**    f'ko us dgkµxq# th! eSaus loky gy dj fy;k gSA
9- mn~/j.k fpg~u (^ *) (^^ **)µnks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ
(d) bdgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u (^ *)µfdlh ys[k] iqLrd osQ 'kh"kZd ;k fdlh ys[kd vFkok dfo osQ

d
miuke esa bdV~Bk mn~/j.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ

ite
^uoHkkjr* ,d izfln~/ fganh nSfud lekpkj i=k gSA

m
^fgeky;* Hkkjr dk izgjh gSA

Li
([k) nksgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u (^^ **)µfdlh O;fDr osQ dFku dks T;ksa&dk&R;ksa fy[kus osQ fy, nksgjk

e
at
mn~/j.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ

iv
lqHkk"kpanz cksl us dgkµ^^rqe eq>s [kwu nks] eSa rqEgsa vktknh nw¡xkA**

Pr
yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh th us ukjk fn;kµ^^t; toku] t; fdlkuA**

a)
10- yk?ko fpg~u (ú)µ'kCnksa dks laf{kIr :i esa fy[kus osQ fy, yk?ko fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_
di
tSlsµ
(In

MkWú lkgc vHkh vkrs gh gksaxsA iaú th iwtk izkjaHk dj jgs gSaA
se

11- dks"Bd ()µokD; esa iz;qDr dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ] ozQelwpd vad rFkk v{kj izk;% dks"Bd esa fn,
ou

tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ

iH

oqQVhj (NksVs) m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A

(1)] (2)] (3)] (4)] (5)] (d)] ([k)] (x)] (?k)] (Ä)A
at
sw

12- =kqfViwjd fpg~u ( ª)µfy[krs le; okD; dk dksbZ va'k NwV tkrk gS] rks NwVs gq, LFkku ij =kqfViwjd
fpg~u yxkdj NwVs 'kCn ;k va'k mQij fy[k fn, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ
ra

gh izFke
Sa

eSa rqEgkjs lkFk ª pyw¡xkA jke nkSM+ esa ª vkrk gSA
ew

13- fooj.k fpg~u (%µ)µtc fdlh ckr dk fooj.k] mÙkj ;k mnkgj.k osQ ekè;e ls vxyh iafDr esa
N

nsuk gks] rks ogk¡ fooj.k fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA O;k;ke osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gksrs gSa %µ
©

1- 'kjhj pqLr jgrk gSA

2- eu izlUu jgrk gSA
3- vkyL; nwj gksrk gSA
rr
jpukRed ys[ku 221

8- eqgkojs
eqgkojk ,d ,slk okD;ka'k gS tks lkekU; vFkZ dk cks/ u djkdj ,d [kkl vFkZ dk cks/ djkrk gSA eqgkojs
osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk esa ljyrk] ljlrk] peRdkj vkSj izokg mRiUu gksrk gSA bldk dke gS ckr bl [kwclwjrh

d
ite
ls dguk fd lquusokyk mls le> Hkh tk; vkSj muls izHkkfor Hkh gksA

m
;gk¡ ij oqQN izfln~/ eqgkojs vkSj muosQ vFkZ okD; esa iz;ksx lfgr fn, tk jgs gSaµ

Li
1- vaxwBk fn[kkuk (euk djuk)µviuk dke rks fudky fy;k] ij tc eq>s t:jr iM+h] rc esjs fe=k us

e
at
vxw¡Bk fn[kk fn;kA

iv
2- vax&vax <hyk gksuk (Fkd tkuk)µfnu Hkj dh esgur dk dke djus ls 'kke rd esjk vax&vax <hyk

Pr
gks tkrk gSA

a)
3- vDy ij iRFkj iM+uk (cqf¼ Hkz"V gksuk)µle>nkj gksdj Hkh mudh vDy ij iRFkj gh iM+ x;k Fkk fd
di
(In
mlus eksgu dh fdrkc fcuk iwNs ys dj vius cLrs esa j[k fy;kA
4- vDy dk nq'eu (ew[kZ)µjke rqe esjh ckr D;ksa ugha ekurs] yxrk gS vktdy rqe vDy osQ nq'eu gks
se

x, gksA
ou
iH

5- vDy pjus tkuk (le> dh deh gksuk)µbruk Hkh le> ugha losQ] D;k vDy pjus xbZ gS\
at

6- vU/s dh ydM+h (,d gh lgkjk)µHkkbZ] vc rks ;gh ,d csVk cpk] tks eq> tSls vU/s dh ydM+h gSA
sw

bls ijns'k u tkus nw¡xkA

ra

7- vU/k gksuk (cqn~f/ Hkz"V gksuk)µvU/s gks x;s gks D;k] toku csVs osQ lkeus ;g D;k fcuk lksps le>s
Sa

cksys tk jgs gks\

ew

8- viuk mYyw lh/k djuk (viuk eryc fudkyuk)µLokFkhZ nksLrksa ls rks cpdj jguk pkfg,A os rks viuk
mYyw lh/k djus dh f-iQjkd esa jgrs gSaA
N
©

9- viuk&lk eq¡g ysdj jg tkuk ('k£eUnk gksuk)µvkt rks eSaus ,slh pqHkrh ckr dgh fd lHkh viuk&lk
eq¡g fy, jg x;sA
10- viuh f[kpM+h vyx idkuk (LokFkhZ gksuk] lcls vyx jguk)µ;fn lHkh viuh f[kpM+h vyx
idkus yxsa] rks ns'k vkSj lekt dh izxfr gksus ls jghA
11- vius eq¡g fe;k¡ feV~Bw cuuk (viuh rkjhiQ [kqn djuk)µvPNs O;fDr;ksa dks vius eq¡g fe;k¡ feV~Bw cuuk
'kksHkk ugha nsrkA
222 Hkk"kk rj.kh

12- vk¡[k Hkj vkuk (vk¡lw vkuk)µcsVs dks i<+kbZ osQ fy, fons'k Hkstrs le; ek¡ dh vk[ksa Hkj vk;hA
13- vk¡[k mBkuk (uqdlku igq¡pkuk)µ;fn rqeesa ls fdlh us esjh vksj vk¡[k mBk dj ns[kk rks eq> ls cqjk
dksbZ u gksxkA
14- vk¡[ksa pkj gksuk (vkeus&lkeus gksuk)µiqfyl ls vk¡[ksa pkj gksrs gh pksj ?kcjk x;kA

d
15- vk¡[ksa pqjkuk (utj cpkuk)µ';ke us jke ls ,d gtkj #i, m/kj fy, FksA vc mls ns[krs gh ml ls

ite
vk¡[ksa pqjkus yxrk gSA

m
Li
16- vk¡[ksa fn[kkuk (Øks/ djuk)µd{kk esa cPpksa dk 'kksj lqudj tSls gh vè;kid us vk¡[ksa fn[kkbZ fd lc

e
pqi gks x,A

at
iv
17- vk¡[ks isQjuk (mnklhu gksuk)µerych yksx viuk dke gksrs gh vk¡[ksa isQj ysrs gSa

Pr
18- vk¡[ksa [kqyuk (vdy vkuk)µlksge dks le>kus ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gS tc mls Bksdj yxsxh rks mldh
vk¡[ksa [kqy tk,axhA
a)
di
(In
19- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk (cgqr I;kjk)µlHkh cPps vius ekrk&firk dh vk¡[kksa osQ rkjs gksrs gSaA
se

20- vk¡[kksa esa [kVduk (cqjk yxuk)µmnaM cPps lc dh vk¡[kksa esa [kVdrs gSaA
ou

21- vk¡p u vkus nsuk (uqdlku u gksus nsuk)µek¡ dHkh Hkh viuh lUrku ij vk¡p ugha vkus nsrhA
iH

22- dku [kk ysuk (fdlh ckr dks ckj&ckj dguk)µvukfedk us lqcg ls fidfud ij tkus dh jV yxkdj
at

viuh ek¡ osQ rks dku [kk fy,A

sw

23- dku ij tw¡ jsaxuk (dksbZ vlj ugha gksuk)µjtuh dks pkgs fdruk Hkh le>kvksa ij mldh dku ij tw¡
ra

ugha jsaxrh gSA

Sa

24- dku esa iM+uk (lqukbZ nsuk)µfpYykvksa er] rqEgkjh ckrsa esjs dku esa iM+ jgha gSaA
ew

25- dkuksa dks gkFk yxkuk (rkSck djuk)µdkuksa dks gkFk yxkdj dgrh gw¡ fd vc dHkh >wB ugha cksywaxhA
N

26- xM+s eqnsZ m[kkM+uk (chrh gqbZ ckrksa dks dguk)µjke vkt dh ckr ugha djrk] ges'kk xM+s eqnsZ m[kkM+rk
©

jgrk gSA
27- xkxj esa lkxj Hkjuk (cM+h ckr FkksM+s ls 'kCnksa esa dguk)µfcgkjh us vius nksgksa esa xkxj esa lkxj Hkj
fn;k gSA
28- xqnM+h dk yky (lkekU; ijUrq xq.kh)µgjh'k ,d xjhc fjD'ks okys dk iq=k Fkk ysfdu mlus Hkkjrh;
iz'kklfud lsok esa izFke LFkku izkIr djosQ ;g fln~/ dj fn;k gS fd og rks xqnM+h dk yky gSA
jpukRed ys[ku 223

29- ?kh osQ fn;s tykuk (cgqr izlUu gksuk)µlhek ij lSfudksa dh fot; dk lekpkj lqudj Hkkjrokfl;ksa us
?kh osQ fn;s tyk,A
30- pknj osQ ckgj iSj ilkjuk (vk; ls vf/d [kpZ djuk)µpknj osQ ckgj iSj ilkjus okys yksx lnk
nq%[kh jgrs gSaA
31- pwfM+;k¡ iguuk (dk;j)µtks lSfud ;qn~/ esa tkus ls Mjrs gSa] mUgsa ?kj esa pwfM+;k¡ igu dj cSBuk pkfg,A

d
ite
32- pksyh&nkeu dk lkFk (lnk lkFk jguk)µjke vkSj ';ke esa pkgs fdruk >xM+k gks fiQj Hkh mudk pksyh

m
nkeu dk lkFk gS D;ksafd os ,d nwljs osQ fcuk jg ugha ldrsA

Li
e
33- NksVk eq¡g cM+h ckr (viuh gSfl;r ls c<+dj ckr djuk)% phaVh dk gkFkh dks ekjus dk nkok djuk

at
NksVk eq¡g cM+h ckr gSA

iv
Pr
34- fnu fiQjuk (HkkX; cnyuk)µdHkh Hkh nq[kh ugha gksuk pkfg,] viuk dk;Z yXu ls djuk pkfg, D;ksafd

a)
lcosQ fnu fiQjrs gSaA
di
35- /wi esa cky lisQn u gksuk (vuqHkoh gksuk)µns[kks] esjh ckr le>ks vkSj esjk dguk eku yks] eSaus
(In

/wi esa cky lisQn ugha fd,A

se

36- iRFkj dh ydhj gksuk (iDdh ckr gksuk)µjktkvksa dh ckr iztk osQ fy, iRFkj dh ydhj gksrh FkhA
ou

37- ik¡pksa maxfy;k¡ ?kh esa gksuk (cgqr ykHk gksuk)µoLrqvksa osQ nke c<+ tkus ls tek[kksjksa dh ik¡pksa
iH

maxfy;k¡ ?kh esa gksrh gSaA

at
sw

38- Hkhxh fcYyh cuuk (Hk;Hkhr gks tkuk)µiqfyl dks ns[krs gh pksj Hkhxh fcYyh cu x;kA
ra

39- HkSal osQ vkxs chu ctkuk (le>kus ij Hkh dksbZ izHkko u gksuk)µu'ks djus okys dks fdruk Hkh u'kk
Sa

NksM+us osQ fy, dgks muosQ lkeus oqQN Hkh dguk rks HkSal osQ vkxs chu ctkus tSlk gh gksrk gSA
ew

40- isV dkVuk (vius Hkkstu rd esa cpr)µviuk isV dkVdj og vius NksVs HkkbZ dks i<+k jgk gSA
N

41- iw¡Qd&iw¡Qd dj dne j[kuk (lko/kuh ls dke djuk)µvktdy lc dke djus ls igys iw¡Qd&iw¡Qd dj
©

dne j[kus pkfg,A

42- cxysa >kaduk (tokc u ns lduk)µvè;kid osQ iz'u dk mÙkj ugha ns ldus ij ohj cxysa >k¡dus yxkA
43- jax esa Hkax Mkyuk (vkuan esa ck/k)µvpkud gqbZ o"kkZ us eSp osQ jax esa Hkax Mky fn;kA
44- yksgk ysuk (MV dj VDdj ysuk)µ;qnQ/ osQ eSnku esa Hkkjrh; lsuk us 'k=kqvksa ls tcjnLr yksgk fy;k
vkSj fot; izkIr dhA
224 Hkk"kk rj.kh

45- ysus osQ nsus iM+uk (ykHk osQ cnys gkfu)µu;k dke gSA lksp&le>dj vkxs c<+ukA dgha ysus osQ nsus u
iM+ tk;saA
46- Jh x.ks'k djuk (izkjEHk djuk)µijh{kkvksa osQ flj ij vkrs gh euu us i<+kbZ dk Jhx.ks'k dj fn;kA
47- gDdk&cDdk jguk (vk'p;Z pfdr gksuk)µvius 'k=kq dks vius ?kj vk;k ns[kdj gk£nd gDdk&cDdk
jg x;kA

d
ite
48- gkFk eyrs jg tkuk (iNrkuk)µiwjs o"kZ bZ'kk us i<+kbZ ugha dhA ijh{kkvksa esa vuqÙkh.kZ gks tkus ij gkFk

m
eyrs jg xbZA

Li
49- gkFk nsuk (lgk;rk djuk)µvkiosQ gkFk fn;s fcuk esjk ;g dke iwjk ugha gksxkA

e
at
50- gkFkksa osQ rksrs mM+ tkuk (cgqr O;koqQy rFkk 'kksdxzLr gksuk)µfirk dh e`R;q dk lekpkj lqudj muosQ

iv
Pr
gkFkksa osQ rksrs mM+ x,A

a)
di rr
(In
se
ou
iH
at
sw
ra
Sa
ew
N
©
jpukRed ys[ku 225

9- le:ih fHkUukFkZd 'kCn

os 'kCn tks i<+us vkSj lquus esa leku izrhr gksrs gSa] ij buosQ vFkks± esa i;kZIr fHkUurk gksrh gS] mUgsa le:ih
fHkUukFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA
igyk 'kCn vFkZ nwljk 'kCn vFkZ

d
ite
1- voZQ lw;Z v?kZ iwtk dk ty

m
2- vkdj [kku vkdkj vkÑfr] 'kDy

Li
3- vxe nqyZHk] vxE; vkxe izkfIr] 'kkL=k

e
4- vpy igkM+ vpyk i`Foh

at
5- vry ryghu vrqy ftldh rqyuk u gks losQ

iv
6- vknh vH;Lr vkfn vkjEHk

Pr
7- vuy vkx vfuy gok

a)
8- vUr lekfIr vUR;
di uhp] vfUre
9- vUu vukt vU; nwljk
(In

10- vHk; fuHkZ; mHk; nksuksa

11- voyac lgkjk vfoyac 'kh?kz
se

12- vof/ le; vo/h vo/ izns'k dh Hkk"kk

ou

13- va'k Hkkx val oaQ/k

iH

14- vksj rjiQ vkSj nwljk] rFkk

at

15- mi;qDr Bhd mi;qZDr mQij dgk x;k

sw

16- Ñfr jpuk Ñrh ifjJeh

ra

17- diV /ks[kk dikV njoktk

18- deZ dke ozQe flyflyk
Sa

19- dks'k 'kCn&laxzg dks"k [ktkuk

ew

20- dks"k [ktkuk dksl nks ehy dh nwjh (yxHkx)

21- xw¡èkuk lkuuk xw¡Fkuk fijksuk
N

22- fxfj ioZr fxjh cht dk xwnk

©

23- xzg u{k=k] lw;Z] vkfn xzg x`g ?kj

24- peZ [kky pje vafre
25- fpj nsj phj diM+k
26- N=k Nr {k=k eqoqQV
27- Nk=k fon~;kFkhZ {kk=k {kf=k;
28- rjax ygj rqjax ?kksM+k
226 Hkk"kk rj.kh

29- rj.kh uko r:.kh ;qorh

30- fnu fnol nhu xjhc
31- nzo rjy inkFkZ nzO; /u
32- ukjh L=kh ukM+h uCt
33- uhj ikuh uhM+ ?kksalyk
34- iz.k; izse ifj.k; fookg

d
35- iFk jkLrk @ ekxZ iF; jksxh dk Hkkstu

ite
36- izek.k lcwr iz.kke ueLdkj

m
37- ifj.kke urhtk ifjek.k ek=kk

Li
38- izlkn ijlkn (Hkxoku dk izlknµHkkx) izklkn egy

e
39- cfy HksaV @ cfynku cyh 'kfDr'kkyh

at
40- onu eq[k cnu 'kjhj

iv
41- lj rkykc 'kj ck.k

Pr
a)
rr
di
(In
se
ou
iH
at
sw
ra
Sa
ew
N
©
©
N
ew
Sa
ra
sw

vH;kl&1 ls 6 rd
at
iH
ou
se
(In
di
a)
uewuk iz'u&i=k
Pr
iv
at
e
Li
m
229&240

ite
d
©
N
ew
Sa
ra
sw
at
iH
ou
se
(In
di
a)
Pr
iv
at
e
Li
m
ite
d
uewuk iz'u&i=k 229

uewuk iz'u&i=k
uke

d{kk foHkkx

d
ite
iz'ui=k 1

m
iw.kk±d & 60

Li
vfrfjDr lkexzh dh vko';drk ugha gSA

e
at
le; µ 2 ?kaVs

iv
Pr
ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks funsZ'k %

a)
fn, x, LFkku ij viuk uke] d{kk ,oa foHkkx vo'; fy[ksaA di
mRrj fy[kus osQ fy, osQoy xgjh uhyh ;k dkyh L;kgh dk iz;ksx djsaA
(In

ijh{kk osQ var esa viuk lkjk leku lqj{kkiwoZd ck¡/ nsaA
se
ou

lHkh iz'uksa osQ mRrj fn, x, LFkku ij fy[ksaA

izR;sd iz'u osQ var esa ;k iz'u osQ va'k osQ var esa vadksa dh la[;k dks"Bd ¹ º esa nh xbZ gSA
iH

LVsiYl] isij fDyi] gkbZykbVj] Xyw ;k la'kks/u rj.k dk iz;ksx u djsaA

at
sw

bl iz'ui=k esa 16 fyf[kr i`"B gSA

ra

vH;kl&1
Sa

^cM+k iko % Hkkjr dk cxZj ftldh cjkcjh eSdMkWuYM Hkh ugha dj ldrk* vkys[k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,
ew

vkSj iwNs x, iz'uksa* osQ mRrj nhft,A

N

cM+k iko % Hkkjr dk cxZj ftldh cjkcjh eSdMkWuYM Hkh ugha dj ldrk
©

lqjs'k BkoqQj us dM+kgh esa [kkSyrs gq, rsy esa oqQN vkSj vkyw dh fVfDd;k¡ ryus osQ fy, MkyhaA lqjs'k dh dM+kgh
esa vkyw dh fVfDd;k¡ ryus dk ;s nkSj lqcg ls gh py jgk gSA mUgksaus igys gh mcys vkyqvksa dks elydj]
mlesa [kkl elkys] gjk /fu;k vkSj FkksM+k I;k”k Mkydj mudh fVfDd;k¡ cuk yh FkhaA oks iqQrhZ ls ,d osQ ckn
,d bu fVfDd;ksa dks cslu osQ ?kksy esa Mqcksdj dM+kgh esa Mkyrs tk jgs FksA b/j fVfDd;k¡ ryh tk jgh Fkha vkSj
m/j lqjs'k us rs”kh ls ,d iko dks chp ls dkVk] mlesa gjh /fu;k vkSj fepZ dh pVuh dh ,dijr yxkbZ]
fiQj esjh rjiQ ns[krs gq, iwNk] yglqu dh pVuh pysxhA
230 Hkk"kk rj.kh

esjh gk¡ feyrs gh mUgksaus iko osQ mQij yglqu dh pVuh dh ,d ijr yxkbZA blosQ ckn lqjs'k us xekZ&xeZ
fVDdh dks iko osQ chp esa j[kkA cM+k&iko dks ,d iqjkus v[kckj osQ VqdM+s esa yisVkA FkksM+h&lh ryh gqbZ gjh
feps± Mkyha vkSj eq>s Fkek fn;kA bl cM+k&iko osQ fy, lqjs'k us eq>ls 12 #i;s fy,A cM+k&iko eqacbZ dk
viuk ekSfyd O;atu gSA blesa Lokn Hkh gS vkSj isV Hkjus dk iwjk bar”kke HkhA dgha rs”k yglqu dh pVuh okyk
cM+k&iko feyrk gS] rks dgha gjh fepZ dk NkSadkA

d
I+kQVkI+kQV [kkuk

ite
cM+k&iko vkSj eqacbZ ,d&nwljs dh igpku cu pqosQ gSaA LowQy&dkWyst osQ Nk=k gksa ;k ckWyhoqM osQ flrkjsA fey

m
Li
e”knwj gksa ;k fl;klh yhMjA lcdks cM+k&iko ilan vkrk gSA Hkkjr osQ lcls cMs+ 'kgj eqacbZ esa jks”kkuk fdrus
cM+k&iko fcdrs gSa] fdlh dks vank”kk ughaA exj ;s lcdks irk gS fd ;s [+kwc fcdrs gSaA

e
at
;k=kk fooj.k fy[kusokys dkS'ky dkj[kkful dgrs gSa fd gj oDr nkSM+rk fiQjus okyk eqacbZ 'kgj] rqjar ,uthZ

iv
cwLVj pkgrk gSA oqQN ,slk tks I+kQVkI+kQV [kkus dks fey tk,A ftls pqVfd;ksa esa [kkdj isV Hkj tk,A dkS'ky

Pr
dkj[kkful cM+k&iko dks ysdj ,d osclkbV pykrs gSaA oks dgrs gSa fd eqacbZ esa ckgj [kkus okys dekscs'k

a)
gj 'k[+l dk igyk rtqckZ cM+k&iko [kkus dk gksrk gSA O+kQher de gksus dh otg ls ;s gj [+kkl&vks&vke dh
di
igq¡p esa Hkh gSA fnypLi ckr ;s gS fd cM+k&iko dh nksuksa gh izeq[k ph”ksa vkyw vkSj cu ;k iko] iqrZxkyh yksx
(In

l=kgoha lnh esa Hkkjr ysdj vk, FksA cM+k&iko dh rhljh vge ph”k cslu gh fganqLrkuh gSA fiQj Hkh eqacbZdj
se

cM+k&iko dks viuk [kkl O;atu ekurs gSaA

ou

1990 osQ n'kd rd cM+k&iko dk eqacbZ osQ yksxksa osQ fnyksa ij ,dN=k jkt FkkA mldk eqdkcyk djus
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okyk dksbZ ugha FkhA 90 osQ n'kd esa eSDMksukWYM tSls reke iQkLV iwQM jsLVksjsaV eqacbZ esa [kqysA bu jsLVksjsaV esa
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http://hindi.webdunia.com/bbc-hindi-news/vada-pav-mumbai-118041300028 1.html
uewuk iz'u&i=k 231

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efgykvksa osQ izos'k djus ij jksd gksrh gSA ;s eafnj ns'k Hkj esa bl rjg osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS fd ;gk¡

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http://hindi.webdunia.com/religious-unbelievable-news/kottankulungra-devi-temple-
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uewuk iz'u&i=k 233

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236 Hkk"kk rj.kh

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 IGCSE
10

Hkk"kk rj.kh IGCSE—Hindi As A Second Language

Hkk"kk rj.kh
IGCSE—Hindi As A Second Language

IGCSE

Hkk"kk rj.kh 10
IGCSE—Hindi As A Second Language 10

Price: ` 795.00