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Percentile Classes
Probability
Table of Content

Theory……………………………………..….02
Exercise 01 : Probability…….....…….06
Exercise 02 : Probability..……..……..16
Exercise 03 : Probability……..……….26
Exercise 04 : OLD is GOLD 15………33

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Probability Theory:

Mutually Exclusive Events: Let S be the sample space associated with a random
experiment and let E1 and 𝐸2 be the two events. Then 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are mutually exclusive
events if 𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸2 ≠ ∅,

Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive System of Events: Let S be the sample space
associated with a random experiment, Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , …. 𝐸𝑛 be the subsets of S such that
(i) 𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸𝑗 = ϕ for i ≠ j and
(ii) 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ∪ 𝐸3 ∪ …. ∪ 𝐸𝑛 = S
When the set of events 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 …..𝐸𝑛 is said to form a mutually exclusive and
exhaustive system of events.

Definition of Probability: In a random experiment, let S be the sample space and let
E ⊆ S.

Where E is a an event.
The probability of occurrence of the event E is defined as
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P(E) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐸 𝑛(𝐸)
= =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑆 𝑛(𝑆)
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸
=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆

From the above definitions it is clear that

(i) 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
(ii) P (∅) = 0
(iii) P(S) = 1
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸̅
Also, P(𝐸̅ ) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆
𝑛(𝑆)−𝑛(𝐸)
=
𝑛(𝑆)
𝑛 (𝐸)
= 1-
𝑛(𝑆)
= 1- P(E)
➔ P(𝐸̅ ) = 1- P (E)
∴ P(E) = + P (𝐸̅ ) = 1
Odd in favour of An event and odds against an event

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In m be the number of ways in which an event occurs and n be the number of

ways in which it does not occur, then
𝑚
(i) odds in favour of the events = (or m:n)
𝑛
𝑛
(ii) odds against the event = (or n:m)
𝑚

Some important results:

(A) If, A, B and C are three events, then
(i) P [Exactly one of A, B, C occurs]
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – 2[A∩B] + (B∩C) + (A∩C)] +3P (A∩B∩C)

(ii) P (Atleast two of A, B, C occur)

= P (A∩B) + P(B∩C) + P(A∩C) – 2P (A∩B∩C)

(B) If A and B are two events, then P (exactly one of A, B occurs)

= P(A) + P(B) + 2P(A∪B)
= P(A∪B) – P (A∩B)

Conditional Probability: Let A and B be two events associated with a random

experiment, then, the probability of occurrence of A under the condition that B has
already occurred and P(B)≠ 0 is called the conditional probability and it is denoted by
𝐴
P( )
𝐵
𝐴
Thus, P( ) = Probability of occurrence of A given that B has already occurred.
𝐵
𝐵
Similarly, P ( ) = Probability of occurrence of B given that A has already occurred.
𝐴

𝐴
NOTE: (i) Sometimes P( ) is used to denote the probability of occurrence of A when B
𝐵
occurs.
𝐵
(ii) Similarly P( ) is used to denoted the probability of occurrence of B when A
𝐴
occurs.
The above two cases happens due to the simultaneous occurrence of two events
since the two events are the subsets of the same sample space.

Multiplication Theorem:
Let A and B be two events associated with the same random experiment then
𝐵
P(A∩B) = P(A)P( ) if P(A) ≠ 0 …(i)
𝐴

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𝐴
Or P(A∩B) = P(B) P( ), P(B) ≠ … (ii)
𝐵
𝐵 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
NOTE: P( ) = from (i)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐁)
And P( ) = from (ii)
𝐵 𝑃(𝐵)

In general, if 𝐴1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ….𝑎𝑛 are events associated with the same random

experiment, then
P(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩……∩𝐴𝑛 )
𝐴 𝐴3 𝐴𝑛
= P(𝐴1 ) P ( 3) P (
𝐴 𝐴
) …P (𝐴 )
1 1 ∩𝐴2 1∩𝐴2 ∩…∩𝐴𝑛−1

Independent Events: Events are said to be independent, if the occurrence of one

does not depend upon the occurrence of the other
Suppose an urn contains m red balls and n green balls. Two balls are drawn from
the urn one after the other.
If the ball drawn in the first draw is not replaced back in the bag, then two events of
drawing the ball are dependent because first draw of the ball determine the
probability of drawing the second ball.
If the ball drawn in the first draw is replaced back in the bag, then two events are
independent because first draw of a ball has no effect on the second draw.
Theorem I: Two events A and B associated with the same sample space of a
random experiment are independent if and only if
P (A∩B) = P (A) . P(B)
Theorem 2. If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 …. 𝐴𝑛 are independent events associated with a random
experiment, then
P(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ….∩𝐴𝑛 ) = P(𝐴1 ) P (𝐴2 )…P(𝐴𝑛 )

Theorem 3. If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , ….𝐴𝑛 are n independent events associated with a random

experiment, then
P(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪…..∪ 𝐴𝑛 ) = 1-P(𝐴 ̅̅̅1 ) P (𝐴
̅̅̅2 ) ….P(𝐴
̅̅̅̅
𝑛)

Important results:

If A and B are independent events then the following events are also independent.
(i) A ∩ 𝐵̅ (ii) 𝐴̅ ∩ B (iii) 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅

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Law of Total probability:

Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , …𝐸𝑛 be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a
random experiment. If A is an event which occurs with 𝐸1 or 𝐸2 or ….or 𝐸4 , then
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
P(A) = P(𝐸1 ) P ( ) + P (𝐸2 )P ( ) + ….P(𝐸𝑛 )P( )
𝐸 1 𝐸
2 𝐸 𝑛

Bayes Rule: Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , …𝐸𝑛 be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events

associated with a random experiment if A is an event which occurs with 𝐸1 or 𝐸2 , or
…𝐸𝑛 then,
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( )
𝐸1
P( ) = 𝐴 i.1, 2…..n
𝐴 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃 (𝐸1 )

Note: Although we have discussed above many ways to solve the Probability but the
best way to solve Probability by using Permutation and Combination. Probability is
simply total number of condition events divide by total events without condition.

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Exercise – 01
Probability

1. A three-digit number is to be formed by using the digits 1,2,3,..., 9. What

is the probability that the number formed is greater than 500, if repetition
is not allowed?
(a) 280/504 (b) 54/280 (c) 58/204 (d) 24/504

2. A bag contains 4 red and 7 green balls. If three balls are drawn from the
bag, replaced, and once again three balls are drawn from the bag, then
what is the probability of obtaining 3 red balls on the first drawing and 3
green balls on the second drawing?
(a) 14/5445 (b) 14/27225 (c) 28/5445 (d) None of these

3. One number is selected at random from the first 25 natural numbers.

What is the probability that it is a multiple of either 5 or 7?
(a) 2/12 (b) 8/25 (c) 4/25 (d) None of these

4. A bag contains 5 green apples and 7 red apples. If two apples are
drawn from the bag, then what is the probability that one is red and the
other is green?
(a) 12/66 (b) 35/66 (c) 2; 12 (d) 2/35

5. Find the chance of drawing 2 blue balls in secession from a bag

containing 5 red and 7 blue. Balls, if the balls are not being replaced.
3 21 7 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 64 22 61

6. From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn at random. Find the chance that
one is a knave and the other a queen.
8 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
663 6 9 12

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7. Three coins tossed, the probability that there is at least one tail is:
2 7 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 8 8 2

8. 100 students appeared for two examinations 60 passed the first, 50

passed the second and 30 passed both. Find the probability that a
student selected at random has failed in both the examinations?
1 1 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 7 7 6

9. What is the probability of throwing a number greater than 2 with a fair

dice?
2 2 3
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
3 5 5

Directions(Q10 to Q13): Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the
probability of

10. Getting only one head.

(a) ½ (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) ¾

11. Getting atleast one head.

(a) 1/4 (b) 3/4 (c) 2/3 (d) 1/3

12. Getting two heads

2 1 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 4 2 5

13. Getting atleast two heads:

1 1
(a) ¾ (b) (c) (d) 1
2 4

Directions(Q14 to Q20): Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Fund

the probability of

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14. Getting one head:

3
(a) 0 (b) 3/4 (c) 5/8 (d)
8

15. Getting one tail.

1 5 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
4 8 8

16. Getting atleast one head.

7 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 4 4

17. Getting two heads.

3 3 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 8 8 5

18. Getting atleast two heads.

3 7 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 2 4

19. Getting atleast one head and one tail.

2 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 2 10 4

20. Getting more heads than the number of tails.

7 5 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
8 8 2

Directions (Q21 to Q29): Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the
probability of

21. Getting a total of 9.

1 1 8 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 9 9 10

22. Getting a sum greater than 9.

10 5 1 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 6 6 9

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23. Getting a total of 9 or 11.

2 20 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
99 99 6 10

24. Getting a doublet.

(a) 1/12 (b) 0 (c) 5/8 (d) 1/6

25. Getting a doublet of even numbers.

(a) 5/8 (b) 1/12 (c) 3/4 (d) ¼

26. Getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 one the other.
15 25 11 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 36 36 6

27. Getting the sum of numbers on the two faces divisible by 3 or 4

1 5 7
(a) 4/9 (b) (c) (d)
7 9 12

28. Getting the sum as a prime number.

3 5 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 12 2 4

29. Getting at least one “5”.

3 1 5 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 36 36

Directions (Q30 to Q37): One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Each
of the 52 cards being equally likely to be drawn. Find the probability that

30. The card drawn is black.

1 1 8
(a) (b) (c) (d) can’t be determine
2 4 13

31. The card drawn is a queen.

1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 13 4 4

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32. The card drawn is black and a queen.

1 1 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 52 26 6

33. The card drawn is either black or a queen.

15 13 7 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 17 13 26

34. The card drawn is either king or a queen.

5 1 2 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 13

35. The card drawn is either a heart, a queen or a king.

17 21 19 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
52 52 52 26

36. The card drawn is neither a spade nor a king.

9 1 4
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
13 2 13

37. The card drawn is neither an ace nor a king

11 1 2 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 2 13 26

38. The odds in favor of an event are 2:7. Find the probability of occurrence
of this event.
2 5 7 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 12 12 5

39. The odds against of an event are 5:7. Find the probability of occurrence
of this event.
3 7 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 12 7 12

40. From a group of 3 men and 2 women, two persons are selected at
random. Find the probability that atleast one woman is selected.

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1 7 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 10 5 6

41. Three fair coins are tossed. Find the probability that they are all tails, if
one of the coins shows a tail.
2 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
7 14 7

42. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed
to be 9. What is the conditional probability that the number 4 has
appeared at least once?
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 3 4

43. A die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, what is the probability
that it is a number greater than 1?
2 1 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 8 6

44. In a class 45% students read English, 30% read French and 20% read
both English and French. One student is selected at random, Find the
probability that he reads English, if it is known that he reads French.
1 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 6

45. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 2 white, 3 red and 4 black
balls one by one without replacement. What is the probability that
atleast one ball is red?
7 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
12 12 10

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EXERCISE – 01 (Solutions)
1. Ans. (a) Solution:
Solution: Total number of three digit numbers S = [HH, HT, TH, TT]
that can be formed without repetition = 9x9x8 n(s) = 4
Total number of three digit numbers greater
than 500 that can be formed without repetition = E = [HT, TH]
5x9x8 n(E) = 2
5𝑥9𝑥8 𝑛(𝐸) 2 1
Therefore, the required probability = P(E) = =4=2
9𝑥9𝑥8 𝑛(𝑆)
hence, option (a) is the answer. 11. Ans. (b)
2. Ans. (c) Solution:
Solution: S = [HH, HT, TH, TT]
4𝐶3 ×7𝐶3
The required probability = n(s) = 4
11𝐶3 ×11𝐶3
140 E = [HH, HT, TH]
=
165×165 n(E) = 3
3. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (b)
Solution: Total multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 Solution:
= 5 numbers S = [HH, HT, TH, TT]
Total multiples of 7 = 7,14,21=3 numbers n(s) = 4
Hence, total required number = 8 numbers E = [H,H]
8
The required probability = 25 n(E) = 1
1
4. Ans. (b) P(E) = 4
5𝐶1 ×7𝐶1
Solution: The required probability = 13. Ans. (c)
12𝐶2
35 Solution:
=
66 S = [HH, HT, TH, TT]
5. Ans. (c) n(s) = 4
Solution: Event definitions: First is blue and E = [H,H]
second is blue n(E) = 1
=7/12 x 6/11 1
P(E) =
= 7/22 4

6. Ans. (a) Hint (Q14 to Q20):

Solution: Knave and queen or Queen and S = [HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH,
Knave TTT]
4/52 x 4/51 + 4/52 x 4/51 n(s) = 8
= 8/663 14. Ans. (d)
7. Ans. (b) Solution: E = [HT T, THT, T TH]
Solution: At least one tail is the non – event for n(E) = 3
3
all heads. P(E) =
8
Thus, P (at least 1 tail) = 1 – P(all heads) 15. Ans. (d)
= 1-1/8 Solution: E = [HHT, HTH, THH]
= 7/8 n(E) = 3
8. Ans. (a) 3
P(E) = 8
Solution:
16. Ans. (a)
it is evident that 80 student passed at least 1 exam.
Solution: E = [HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
Thus 20 failed both and the required probability is
THT, TTH,]
20/100 = 1/5.
n(E) = 7
9. Ans. (a) 7
Solution: 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 = 4/6 P(E) = 8
= 2/3 17. Ans. (b)
10. Ans. (a) Solution: E = [HHT, HTH, THH]
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n(E) = 3 3
P(E) =
3 36
P(E) = 8 1
=
12
18. Ans. (c)
26. Ans. (c)
Solution: E = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH]
Solution: E =
n(E) = 4
4
{(2,3),(2,6),(4,3),(4,6),(6,3),(6,6,),(3,2),(6,2),(3,4)
P(E) = ,(6,4),(3,6),}
8
1 n(E) = 11
=2
11
19. Ans. (d) P(E) =
36
Solution: E = [HHT, THT, HTT, THT, TTH] 11
=
36
n(E) = 6
6
27. Ans. (c)
P(E) = Solution: E =
8
3 {(1,2),(1,5),(2,1),(2,4),(3,3,),(3,6),(4,2),(4,5),(5,1)
=4
,(5,4),(6,3),(6,6),
20. Ans. (d)
(1,3),(2,2),(2,6),(3,1),(3,5),(4,4),(5,3),(6,2)}
Solution: E = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH]
n(E) = 20
n(E) = 4 20
4 P(E) =
P(E) = 36
8 5
1 =
= 9
2
Hint (Q21 to Q29): 28. Ans. (b)
Solution: E =
S=
{(1,1),(1,2),(1,4),(1,6),(2,1),(2,3),(2,5),(3,2),(3,4),
[(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),(2,2),……
(4,1),(4,3),(5,2),(5,6),(6,1),(6,5)}
…(6,5), (6,6)]
n(E) = 15
n(S) = 6x6=36 15
21. Ans. (b) P(E) =
36
Solution: E = {(6,3),(5,4),(4,5),(3,6)} 5
=
12
n(E) = 4
4 29. Ans. (d)
P(E) = 36 Solution: E =
1
=9 {(1,5),(2,5),(3,5),(4,5),(5,5),(6,5),(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),
22. Ans. (c) (5,4),(5,6) }
Solution: E = {(6,4),(5,5),(4,6),(6,5),(5,6),(6,6)} n(E) = 11
11
n(E) = 6 P(E) =
36
6
P(E) = 36 Hint(Q30 to Q37)
1 S =(52 cards)
=
6
23. Ans. (c)
Solution: E = {(6,3),(5,4),(4,5),(3,6)(6,5),(5,6)}
n(E) = 6
6
P(E) = 36
1
=
6
24. Ans. (d)
Solution: E = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4), (5,5),(6,6)}
n(E) = 6 In each of the four there is one ace, one king,
6
P(E) = 36 one queen and one jack (or knave) and rest 9
1 cards are numbered.
=9
30. Ans. (a)
25. Ans. (b) Solution:
Solution: E = {(2,2),(4,4),(6,6)} N(S) = 52
n(E) = 3
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n(E) = 26 N(S) = 52
26 There are 13 spades (including one king).
P(E) = 52
1 Besides there are 3 more kings in remaining 3
=
2 suits).
31. Ans. (b) Thus
Solution: n(E) = 13+3=16
N(S) = 52 P(𝐸̅ ) =52-16=36
n(E) = 4 36 11
4
P(𝐸̅ ) = =
52 13
P(E) =
52 37. Ans. (a)
1
= Solution:
13
32. Ans. (c) N(S) = 52
Solution: There are 4 aces and 4 kings
N(S) = 52 n(E) =4+4=8
Since drawn card must be black so there are P(𝐸̅ ) =52-8=44
44 11
only two queens. P(𝐸̅ ) = =
52 13
Hence 38. Ans. (a)
n(E) = 2 Solution: Total number of outcomes = 2+7=9
2
P(E) = Favourable number of cases = 2
52
1 2
= P(E) =
26 9
33. Ans. (c) 39. Ans. (b)
Solution: Solution: Total number of outcomes = 5+7 = 12
N(S) = 52 Number of cases against the occurrence of
There are 26 black cards (including two event = 5
queens). Number of cases in favour of event = 12-5=7
7
Besides it there are two more queens (in red P(E) = 12
colours) 40. Ans. (b)
Thus Solution: n(S) = 5C2=10
n(E) = 26+2=28 n(E) = (2C1X3C1)+(2C2) = 7
28 7
P(E) = 52 P(E) = 10
7
= 13 41. Ans. (c)
34. Ans. (c) Solution: Here S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH,
Solution: HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
N(S) = 52 Let A be the event that one of the coins shows a
There are 4 kings and 4 queens tail
E = K∪Q A = {HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTTT}
7
n(E) =4+4=8 P(A) = 8
8 2
P(E) = 52 = 13 Now, let B be the event that they are all tails
35. Ans. (c) B = {TTT}
1
Solution: P(B) = 8
N(S) = 52 (A ∩ B) = {TTT}
There are 13 hears (including one queen and 1
(A ∩ B) =
one king). Besides it there are 3 queens and 3 8

kings in remaining 3 suits each. 𝐵 𝑃(A ∩ B) 1/8 1

𝑃( ) = = =
Thus 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴) 7/8 7
n(E) = 13+3+3=19 42. Ans. (a)
19 Solution: Let A be the event of getting the sum 9
P(E) = 52
and B be the event of getting atleast on 4.
36. Ans. (b) Then A= {(3, 6), (4,5),(5,4), (6,3)}
Solution:
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 Page 15 of 40
1
B = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4),()5,4}, (6,4), 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 5 2
Required probability = P ( ) = = 3 =
(4,1),(4,2), (4,3), (4,5),(4,6)} 𝐵 𝑝(𝐵)
10
3
Then A∩B = {(4,5)(5,4)} 45. Ans. (a)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
Required probability = P (𝐵) = Solution: Let A be the event of not getting a red
𝑝(𝐵)
𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 2 1 ball in first draw and B be the event of getting a
= = = red ball in second draw. Then required
𝑛(𝐴) 4 2
43. Ans. (a) probability
Solution: Let A = event of getting an odd = Probability that atleast on ball is red
number and B = the event of getting a number = 1-Probability that none is red
greater than 1. = 1-P(A and B)
A = {1,3,5}, B = {3,5}, A∩B = {3,5} = 1-P(A∩B)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 𝐵
∴ Required probability = P ( ) = = = 1-P(A).P( )
𝐵 𝑝(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴) 𝐴
2 2 5 7
=3 = 1- ( x ) =
3 8 12
6 2
44. Ans. (b) Here P(A) = 9 = 3
Solution: Let A be the event of reading English 𝐵 5
And P ( ) = [There are 5 balls (excluding 3 red
and B be the event of reading French. 𝐴 8
45 9 30 3 balls)after the selection of one non-red ball]
Then P(A) = 100 = 20, P(B) = 100 = 10
20 1
And P (A∩B) = =
100 5

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Exercise – 02
Probability
1. Two fair dice are thrown. What is the probability that the number of dots
on the first dice exceeds 3 and that on the second exceeds 4?
(a) 26 (b) 3/6 (c) 1/6 (d) 5/6

2. What is the probability that there are 53 Sundays and 53 Tuesdays in a

leap year?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 0.5 (d) None of these

3. What is the probability that there are at least 52 Sundays in a leap year?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) None of these

4. What is the probability that there are 53 Sundays and 53 Saturdays in a

leap year?
(a) 1/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 0 (d) None of these

5. What is the probability that there are 53 Sundays in a leap year?

(a) 2/7 (b) 1/7 (c) 0 (d) None of these

6. What is the chance of throwing a number greater than 4 with an ordinary

dice whose faces are numbered from 1 to 6?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 9 8

7. Amit throws three dice in a special game of Ludo. If it is known that he

needs 15 or higher in this throw to win then find the chance of his
winning the game.
5 17 13 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
54 216 216 216

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8. Two balls are to be drawn from a bag containing 8 grey and 3 blue balls.
Find the chance that they will both be blue.
1 3 11 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 55 15 45

9. In a certain lottery the prize is 1 crore and 5000 tickets have been sold.
What is the expectation of a man who holds 10 tickets?
(a) 20,000 (b) 25,000 (c) 30,000 (d) 15,000

10. If a number of two digits is formed with the digits 2,3,5,7,9 without
repetition of digits, what is the probability that the number formed is 35?
1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 20 11 11

11. A bag contains 20 balls marked 1 to 20. One ball is drawn at random.
Find the probability that it is marked with a number multiple of 5 or 7.
3 7 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 11 3

12. A bag contains 3 red, 6 white and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that both are black?
1 7 12 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 40 40 40

13. A box contains 5 defective and 15 non-defective bulbs. Two bulbs are
chosen at random. Find the probability that both the bulbs are non-
defective.
5 3 21
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
19 20 38

14. A die is thrown twice, what is the probability that atleast one of the two
throws come up with the number 5?
11 5 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
36 6 36

15. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find

the probability of its being a heart or a king.
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4 9 8 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 26

16. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a
red card or a heart or a king.
6 7 11 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 26 26

17. Four cards are drawn at a time from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability of getting all the four cards of the same suit.
5 12 44 44
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 65 4165 169

18. A natural number is chosen at random from amongst the first 300. What
is the probability that the number so chosen is divisible by 3 and 5?
48 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
515 150 15

19. In a class 40% of the students offered Physics 20% offered Chemistry
and 5% offered both. If a student is selected at random, find the
probability that he has offered Physics or Chemistry only.
(a) 45% (b) 55% (c) 36% (d) none of these

20. An urn contains 4 white 6 black and 8 red balls. If 3 balls are drawn one
by one without replacement, find the probability of getting all white balls.
5 1
(a) (b) (c) 13/204 (d) none of these
204 204

21. A box contains 25 tickets, numbered 1, 2, 3,…25. A ticket is drawn and

them another ticket is drawn without replacement. Find the probability
that both tickets will show odd numbers.
37 13 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
50 50 25

22. Two persons A and B throw a die alternatively till one them gets a three
and wins the game, Fine the respective probabilities of winning.

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6 5 5 8 3 7 8 3
(a) . (b) . (c) . (d) .
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

23. Two persons A and B throw a coin alternatively till one of them gets
head and wins the game, Find their respective probabilities of winning.
1 5 3 4 2 1 1 5
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
3 6 5 5 3 3 6 6

24. From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn one by one without
replacement. Find the probabilities that both them are kings.
11 13 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 121 221 121

1
25. The probability that A hits a target is and the probability that B hits it, is
3
2
, What is the probability that the target will be hit, it each one of A and B
5
shoots the target?
5 3 11 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 15 6

1 1
26. A problem is given to three students whose chances of solving it are ,
2 3
1
and respectively. What is the probability that the problem will be
4
solved?
1 1 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 12

27. An air gun can take a maximum of 4 shots at a balloon at some

distance, The probabilities of hitting the balloon at the first, second, third
and fourth shot are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively. What is the
probability that the balloon is hit?
(a) 0.6976 (b) 0.6576 (c) 0.786 (d) none of these

28. A speaks truth in 60% and B is 80% of the cases. In what percentage of
cases are they likely to contradict each other narrating the same
incident?

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(a) 44% (b) 36% (c) 64% (d) 48%

29. A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 2 red
and 4 black balls. One bag is selected at random. From the selected
bag, one ball is drawn. Find the probability that the ball drawn is red.
23 19 7 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
42 42 32 39

30. A man speaks truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it
is a six. Find the probability that is actually a six.
3 5 7 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 8 12

31. The digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, are written in random order to form a nine
digit number. Find the probability that this number is divisible by 4:
4 2 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
9 9 81

32. If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white
and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls, one ball is drawn at random, then
the probability that 2 white and 1 black ball will be drawn is:
13 27 19
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
32 32 32

33. There are four calculators and it is known that exactly two of them are
defective. They are tested one by one in a random order till both the
defective calculators are identified. Then the probability that only two
tests are required is
5 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 6 3

34. 20 girls, among whom are A and B sit down at a round table. The
probability that there are 4 girls between A and B is:
17 2 13 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19 19 19 19

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EXERCISE – 02 (Solutions)
1. Ans. (c) Solution: The event definition would be given
Solution: Ways in which number of dots on the by:
first dice exceed 3 = 4,5,6=3 ways First is blue and second is blue is blue = 3/11 x
Ways in which number of dots on the second 2/10
dice exceed 4=5, 6=2 ways = 3/55
3×2 9. Ans. (a)
Hence, the required probability =
6×6
Solution: Expectation = Probability of winning x
= 1/6
Reward of winning = (10/5000) x 1 crore = (1
2. Ans. (a)
crore/500)
Solution: In a leap year, there are 366 days = 52
= 20000.
weeks + 2 days extra
10. Ans. (b)
If there are 53 Sundays, then the other extra
Solution: 1/5P2 = 1/20.
day will be either a Saturday or Monday. Hence,
11. Ans. (a)
the required probability = 0.
Solution: Positive Outcomes are: 5,7,10,14,15
3. Ans. (b)
or 20
Solution: All the days will occur atleast 52 times.
Thus, 6/20 = 3/10
Hence, the required probability = 1.
12. Ans. (b)
4. Ans. (a)
Solution: Black and black = (7/16) x 6/15
Solution: There are 7 different possibilities.
= 7/40
Hence, the required probability = 1/7.
13. Ans. (c)
5. Ans. (a)
Solution: n(S) = 20C2=190
Solution: There are two extra days and seven
n(E) = 15C2 = 105
different possibilities viz. (Sunday, Monday), 105 21
(Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday), P(E) = 190 = 38
(Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday), 14. Ans. (a)
(Friday, Saturday), and (Saturday, Sunday). Solution: A = {(5,),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),}
Hence, the required probability = 2/7. B = {(1,5),(2,5),(3,5),(4,5),(5,5),(6,5)}
6. Ans. (a) A∩B = {(5,5)}
Solution: 5 or 6 out of a sample space of Also
1,2,3,4,5 or 6 = 2/6 = 1/3 n(S) = 36
7. Ans. (a) 6 1
P(A) = =
36 6
Solution: Event definition is: 15 or 16 or 17 or 6 1
18. P(B) = =
36 6
15 can be got as: 5 and 5 and 5 (one way) And
1
Or A∩B =36
6 and 5 and 4 (Six ways) Required probability = P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)
Or 1 1 1 11
6 and 6 and 3 (3 ways) = + − =
6 6 36 36
Total 10 ways. 15. Ans. (a)
16 can be got as. 6 and 6 and 4 (3 ways) Solution: n(S) = 52
Or A → The event of getting a heart
6 and 5 and 5 (3 ways) B → The event of getting a king
Total 6 ways. Then A∩B → The event of getting a king of
17 has 3 ways and 18 has 1 way of appearing. heart.
Thus, the required probability is: 13 1 4
P(A) = 52 = 4, P(B) = 52 = 13
1
(10+6+3+1)/216
and
= 20/216 1
= 5/54. (A∩B) =
52
8. Ans. (b) P (a heart or a king) = P (A or B) = P(A∩B)
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 Page 22 of 40

= P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B) a number divisible by both 3 and 5 both that is

1 1 1 4 divisible by 15
= + − =
4 13 52 13
n(A ∩ B)=20
16. Ans. (b)
20 1
Solution: n(S) = 52 𝑃(A ∩ B) = =
300 15
Let A, B, C be the events of getting a red card, a
19. Ans. (b)
heart and a king respectively.
Solution: n(S) = 100
Then
n(A) = 40, n(B) = 20, n(A ∩ B) = 5
n(A) = 26, n(B) = 13, n(c) = 4
P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A ∩ B)
Clearly n (A∩B) = 13, n(B∩C) = 1
40 20 5
N (A∩C) = 2, n(A∩B∩ 𝐶) = 1 = + −
26 1 13 1 4 1
100 100 100
P(A) = 52 = 2 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 52 = 4 , 𝑃(𝐶) = 52 = 13 55
P(A∪B) =100 = 55%
13 1 1
P(A∩B) = = , 𝑃(B ∩ C) = 20. Ans. (b)
52 4 52
2 1 Solution: Let A, B, C be the events of getting a
𝑃(A ∩ C) = = white ball in first, second and third fraw
52 26
1 respectively, then
𝑃(A ∩ B ∩ C) =
52 Required probability = P(A∩B∩C)
P (a red card, or a heart or a king) = P(A∪B∪C) 𝐵 𝐶
= P(A)P(𝐴)P (𝐴∩𝐵)
= P(A)+P(B)+P(C)- 𝑃(A ∩ B) + 𝑃(B ∩ C) +
𝑃(A ∩ C) + 𝑃(A ∩ B ∩ C) Now P(A) = probability of drawing a white ball in
4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 first draw = =
18 9
= + + −( + + )+ =
2 4 13 4 52 26 52 13 When a white ball is drawn in the first draw
17. Ans. (c) there are 17 balls left in the urn, out of which 3
Solution: n(S) = 52C4 are white
Let E1, E2, E3, E4, be the event of getting all 𝐵 3
P(𝐴) = 17
spades, all clubs, all hearts and all diamonds
respectively. Since the ball drawn is not replaced, therefore
Then after drawing a white ball in the second draw
n(E1) = 13C4 there are 16 balls left in the run, out of which
n(E2) = 13C4 are white.
𝐶 2 1
n(E3) = 13C4 P(
𝐴∩𝐵
) = 16 = 8
n(E4) = 13C4 Hence the required probability = x
2 3
×
1
=
1
9 17 8 204
13𝐶 13𝐶 21. Ans. (b)
n(E1) = 52𝐶4, P(E2) = 52𝐶4
4 4 Solution: Let A be the event of drawing an odd
13𝐶 13𝐶
n(E3) = 52𝐶4, P(E4) = 52𝐶4 numbered ticket in the first draw and B be the
4 4
event of drawing an odd numbered ticket in the
second draw. Then
Since E1, E2 E3, and E4 are mutually exclusive
events. Required probability = P(A∩B) = P(A)P( )
𝐵

P(getting all the 4 cards of the same suit) 𝐴

13
P(A) = 25, since there 13 odd number 1, 3, 5,
P(E1 or E2 or E3 or E4) = P(𝐸1 )+ P(𝐸2 )+ P(𝐸3 )+
…25.
P(𝐸4 )
13𝐶 44
= 4 × (52𝐶4 ) = 4165 Since the ticket drawn in the first draw is not
4
replaced, therefore second ticket drawn is from
18. Ans. (c)
the remaining 24 tickets, out of which 12 are
Solution: n(S) = 300
odd numbered.
Let A be the event of getting a number divisible
by 3 and B be the event of getting a number 𝐵 12
P(𝐴) = 24 = 2
1

divisible by 5 and (A ∩ B) be the event of getting

13 1 13
Hence, required probability = 25 x 2 = 50
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22. Ans. (a) 24. Ans. (c)

Solution: Let E = the event that A gets a three 4 3 1
Solution: Required probability = 52 x 51 x 221
and F = the event that B gets a three
1 1
25. Ans. (b)
Then, P(E) = , P(F) = Solution: Let A = the event that A hits the target.
6 6
5 5
P(𝐸̅ ) = 6, P(𝐹̅ ) = 6 And B = the event that B hits the target
1 2
Suppose A wins then, he gets a three in 1st or As given we have P(A) = and P(B) =
3 5
3rd of 5th throw etc. Clearly A and B are independent events
∴ P(A wins) = P[E or (𝐸̅ 𝐹̅ 𝐸) or (𝐸̅ 𝐹̅ 𝐸̅ 𝐹̅ 𝐸) or P (A∩B) = P(A). P(B) = 3 x 5 = 15
1 2 2

….∞] P (target is hit) = P (A hits or B hits)

= P [E or (𝐸̅ 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐹̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸) + P(𝐸̅ and 𝐹̅ and = P(A∪B) = P (A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
𝐸̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹̅ and E) + …∞] 1 2 2 3
= 3 + 5 - 15 x 5
P [E or
(𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸)𝑜𝑟 (𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸)𝑜𝑟 … … .. 26. Ans. (c)
] Solution: Let A, B, C be the respective events of
= P(E) + P(E and F and E) + P(E and F and E solving the problem and 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅, 𝐶̅ be the
and F and E)+….∞ respective events of not solving the problem.
=P(E) + P(E) P(F) P(E) + P(E) P(F) P(E) Then A, B, C are independent events
P(F).P(E)+…..∞ ∴ 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅, 𝐶̅ are independent events
1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
= + × × + × × × × + ⋯..∞ 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Now, P(A) = 2 P(B) = 3 and P(C) = 4
1 1 5 2 1 5 4
= 6 + 6 (6) + 6 (6) + ⋯ . ∞ 1 2 3
P(𝐴̅) = P(𝐵̅) = and P(𝐶̅ ) =
2 3 4
1 5 2 5 4
= 6 [1 + (6) + (6) + ⋯ . ∞]
1 1 1 36 6 ∴ P (None solves the problem)
= =( . )=
6 [1−(5)2 ] 6 11 11 = P(not A) and (not B) and (not C)
6
6 5 = P(𝐴̅) ∩ 𝐵̅ ∩ 𝐶̅ )
Thus, P (A wins) = and P(B wins) =
11 11 = P(𝐴̅)P(𝐵̅)P(𝐶̅ ) (∴𝐴̅, 𝐵̅ AND 𝐶̅ are
23. Ans. (c) independent)
1 1
Solution: We have, P(H) = and P(T) =
2 2
1 2 3 1
Now, A wins if he throws a head in 1st, or 3rd or =2x3x4=4
5th or. Draw Hence, P (the problem will be solved)
∴ P(A wins) = P[H or (T TH) or (T T T TH) or = 1- P (None solves the problem)
(TTTTT TH) or…. 1 3
= 1- 4 = 4
= P(H)+ P(T TH)+ P(TTT TH)+….
= P(H)+ P(T)P(T)P(H)+ P(T) P(T) P(T) P(T) 27. Ans. (a)
P(H)+ Solution: Let 𝑃1 = 0.1, 𝑃2 = 0.2, 𝑃3 = 0.3, 𝑃4= 0.4
1 1 21 1 41 ∴ P (The balloon is hit) = P (the balloon is hit
= + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯..∞ atleast once)
2 2 2 2 2
= 1 – P(the balloon is hit in none of the shots)
1 1 3 1 5 = 1 – (1-𝑃1) (1-𝑃2) (1-𝑃3) (1-𝑃4)
= + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯..∞ = 1-(0.9)(0.8)(0.7)(0.6) = 0.6976
2 2 2
28. Ans. (a)
1 1 1 2 4 Solution: Let E = the event that A speaks the
= [1 + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ . . ∞] truth
2 2 2
And F = the event that B speaks the truth
1 1 1 4 2
Then 𝐸̅ = the event that A tells a lie.
= =( × )= And 𝐹̅ = the event that B tells a lie.
2 [1−(1)2 ] 2 3 3
2
Clearly E and F are independent events, so E
2 2 1
and 𝐹̅ and well as 𝐸̅ and F are independent.
Thus P (A wins) = 3 and P(B wins) = (1 − 3) = 3

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60 3 80 4 3
Now, P(E) = = , P(F) = = = probability that the man speaks truth =
100 5 100 5 4
𝐴
And P(𝐸 ) = probability that the man reports that
2 1 2
P(𝐸̅ ) = , P(𝐹̅ ) =
5 5 there is six on the die given that six has not
∴ P(A and B contradict each other = P(A speaks occurred on the die.
the truth and B tells a lie) = Probability that the man does not speak truth
Or (A tells a lie and B speaks the truth) =1- =
3 1
4 4
= P [E ∩ 𝐹̅ ] ∪ (𝐸̅ ∪ 𝐹)] 𝐸
= P (E ∩ 𝐹̅ ) + P(𝐸̅ ∩ 𝐹) We have to find 𝑃 ( 1 )
𝐴
= P(E) P(𝐹̅ ) + P(𝐸̅ ) P(F) By Bayes rule, we have
3 1 2 4
=5x5+5x5
𝐴
11 𝐸 P(𝐸1 )P( )
𝐸1
= 25 = 44% 𝑃 ( 𝐴1 ) = 𝐴 𝐴
P(𝐸1 )P(𝐸 )+ P(𝐸2 )P(𝐸 )
1 2
So, A and B contradict each other in 44%
cases. 1 3
× 3
6 4
29. Ans. (b) =1 3 5 1 =8
× + ×
6 4 6 4
Solution: A red ball can be drawn in to mutually
31. Ans. (b)
exclusive ways
(i) Selecting bag I and then drawing a red ball
32. Ans. (a)
from it.
Solution:
(ii) Selecting bag II and then drawing a red ball
Box 1 Box 2
from it.
Box 3
Let E1 E2 and A denote the events defined as
3W 2W 1W
follow.
1B 2B 3B
𝐸1 = Selecting bag I,
𝐸2 = Selecting bag II
There can be three manually exclusive cases of
A = drawing a red ball.
drawing 2 white balls and 1 black ball.
Since one of the two bags is selected randomly,
Box 1
therefore
1 1 Box 2 Box 3
P(𝐸1 ) = 2 and P𝐸2 = 2 Case 1 1W
𝐴
Now, P(𝐸 ) = Probability of drawing a red ball 1W 1B
1
4 Case 2 1W
when the first bag has been chosen = 7
1B 1W
𝐴
P(𝐸 ) = Probability of drawing a red ball when Case 3 1B
2
2 1W 1W
the second bag has been selected = 6
= P(𝑊1 ∩ 𝑊2 ∩ 𝐵3 )∪ (𝑊1 ∩ 𝐵2 ∩ 𝑊3)∪
Using the law of total probability we have (𝐵1 ∩ 𝑊2 ∩ 𝑊3 )
𝐴 𝐴
P (red ball) = P(A) = P(E1)P(𝐸 ) + P(E2)P(𝐸 ) = P(𝑊1) P(𝑊2) P(𝐵3)+ P(𝑊1) P(𝐵2) P(𝑊3)
1 2
1 4 1 2 19 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 26 13
= 2 x 7 + 2 x 6 = 42 = 4 × 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 = 32
30. Ans. (a) 33. Ans. (b)
Solution: Let 𝐸1 E2 and A be the events defined Solution:
as follows: The total number of ways in which two
𝐸1 = six occurs, E2 = six does not occur calculators can be chosen out of four calculators
And A = the man reports that it is a six. is 4C2 = 6.
1 5 If only two tests are required to identify defective
We have, P(E1) = 6, P(E2) = 6
calculators, then in first two tests defective
𝐴
Now P(𝐸 ) = probability that the man reports calculators are identified. This can be done in
1
that there is a six on the die given that six has one way only.
1
occurred on the die. Required probability = 6
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 25 of 40

34. Ans. (a) Remaining 20 - (4 - 2) = 14 girls can be

Solution: arranged in 14! ways.
20 girls can be seated around a round table in Also A and B mutually can be arranged in 2!
19! ways. ways.
So, exhaustive number of cases = 19! :. Required number of arrangements = I8C4 x 4!
Excluding A and B, out of remaining 18 girls, 4 x 2! x 14!
girls can be selected 18C4 ways which can be =
arranged in 4! ways. 18! x 2
18!×2 2
Required probability = 19!
= 19

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 26 of 40

Exercise – 03
Probability
1. In a convex hexagon, two diagonals are drawn at random. The
probability that the diagonals intersect at an interior point of the hexagon
is:
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3/28 (d) None of these
56 8

2. Seven white balls and 3 black balls are placed in a row at random. The
probability that no two black balls are adjacent is.
1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 15 15 3

3. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a sum

of 15 is:
1 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
72 36 72

4. A box contains 6 red balls, 7 green balls, and 5 blue balls. Each ball is
of a different size. The probability that the red ball being selected is:
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 3 6 3

5. Let A = {2, 3, 4, .... 20, 21}. A number is chosen at random from the set
A and it is found to be a prime number. The probability that A is more
than 10 is
9 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
10 10 5

6. Triangles are formed by joining vertices of an octagon. Any one of those

triangle is selected at random. What is the probability that the selected
triangle has no side common with the octagon.
(a) 3/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 5/7 (d) 1/7

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 27 of 40

7. A natural number x is chosen at random from the first one hundred

100
natural numbers. What is the probability that x + > 50?
𝑥
(a) 13/20 (b) 3/5 (c) 9/20 (d) 11/20

8. If 8 coins are tossed, what is the chance that one and only one will turn
up Head?
1 3 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 35 32 32

9. A speaks the truth 3 out of 4 times, and B 5 out of 6 times. What is the
probability that they will contradict each other in starting the same fact?
2 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 3 6

10. A party of n persons sit at a round table. Find the odds against two
specified persons sitting next to each other.
𝑛+1 𝑛−3 𝑛+3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2

11. In four throws with a pair of dices what is the chance of throwing a
double twice?
11 25 35 41
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 216 126 216

12. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If Head appears on the first four tosses
then the probability of appearance of tail on the fifth toss is
1 1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 2 7 3

13. A team of 4 is to be constituted out of 5 girls and 6 boys. Find the

probability that the team may have 3 girls.
4 3 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 28 of 40

14. A bag contains 5 red, 4 green and 3 black balls. If three balls are drawn
out of it at random, find the probability of drawing exactly 2 red balls.
7 10 7 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
22 33 12 11

15. A number is chosen at random from the numbers 10 to 99. By seeing

the number, a man will sing if the product of the digits is 12. If he
chooses three numbers with replacement, then the probability that he
will sing at least once is:
43 3 43 3 48×86
(a) 1-( ) (b) ( ) (c) 1-(- ) (d) None of these
45 45 903

16. If the integer’s m and n are chosen at random from 1 to 100, then the
probability that a number of the form 7m+7n is divisible by 5 is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 16 6

17. There are 5 envelopes corresponding to 5 letters. If the letters are

placed in the envelopes at random, what is the probability that all the
letters are not placed in the right envelopes?
119 59 23 45
(a) (b) (c) (d)
120 60 24 55

18. Two persons A and B toss a coin alternately till one of them gets. Head
and wins the game. Find B’s chance of winning if A tosses the coin first.
1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 3 2

19. There are 10 pairs of socks in a cupboard from which 4 individual socks
are picked at random. The probability that there is at least one pair is.
195 99 198 185
(a) (b) (c) (d)
323 323 323 323
Sir ne jo bataya usse answer galat aa rha hai

20. Two small squares on a chess board are chosen at random. Find the
probability that they have a common side.
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 18 15 14
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 Page 29 of 40

21. Four numbers are multiplied together. Then the probability that the
product will be divisible by 5 or 10 is:
169 369 169
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
625 625 1626

22. 8 couples (husband and wife) attend a dance show ‘Nach Baliye’ in a
popular TV channel: A lucky in which 4 persons picked up for a prize is
held, then the probability that there is atleast one couple will be selected
is
8 15 12
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
39 39 13

23. A committee of five persons is to be chosen from a group of 9 people.

The probability that a certain married couple will either serve together or
not at all is:
(a) 4/9 (b) 5/9 (c) 13/18 (d) none of these

24. A speaks truth in 60% cases and B speaks truth in 80% cases. The
probability that they will say the same thing while describing a single
event is:
(a) 0.36 (b) 0.56 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.20

25. Seven digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 are written in
random order. The probability that this seven digit number is divisible by
9 is:
7 1 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9! 9

26. What is the probability that four S’s come consecutively in the word
MISSISSIPPI?
4 4 24
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
165 135 165

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 30 of 40

27. A consignment of 15 wristwatches contains 4 defectives. The

wristwatches are selected at random, one by one and examined. The
ones examined are not put back. What is the probability that ninth one
examined is the last defective given that there are 3 defectives in the
first 8?
11 17 1 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
195 195 7 195

28. Given that the sum of two real number is 200, the probability that their
3
product is not less than times their greatest product value is:
4
99 101 87
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
200 200 100

29. A letter is taken out at random from ‘ASSISTANT’ and another is taken
out from ‘STATISTICS’ The probability that they are the same letters is:
35 19 19
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
96 90 96

30. Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set of first 30
natural numbers. The probability that a2-b2 is divisible by 3 is:
37 47 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
87 87 29

Exercise – 03 (Solutions)
1. Ans (a) Triangles having two side common = 8C1×4C1 =
2. Ans (b) 32
3. Ans (d) Triangles having one sides common = 8
4. Ans (b) Triangles having no side common = 56-40 = 16
5. Ans. (d) So, probability =16/56 = 2/7
Solution: Total number of primes = 8 and Prime 7. Ans. (d)
number more than 10 are 4 Solution: The given condition is satisfied for all
So answer 4/8= 1/2 numbers from 51 to 100. It is also satisfied for
6. Ans. (b) 50, 49, 48, 1, and 2. So, there are total 55
Solution: TolaI number of triangles formed = 8C3 numbers from first 100 natural numbers for
= 56 which the given condition is satisfied. Therefore,
Triangles having three sides common = 0 the required probability = 55/100 = 11/20
Hence, the correct option is (d).
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 31 of 40

8. Ans. (d) Solution: All four are not in the correct

Solution: One head and seven tails would have envelopes means that at least one of them is in
eight positions where the head can come. a wrong envelope. A little consideration will
Thus, 8 x (1/2)8 = (1/32) show that one letter being placed in a wrong
9. Ans. (b) envelope is not possible, since it will have to be
Solution: They will contradict each other if: A is interchanged with some other letter.
true and B is false or A is false and B is true.
(3/4)x(1/6)+(1/4)x(5/6) = 1/3 Since, there is only one way to put all the letters
10. Ans. (b) in the correct is only one way to put all the
Solution: For the counting of the number of letters in the correct envelopes, we can say that
events, think of it as a circular arrangement with the event of not all four letters going into the
n-1 people (by considering the two specified correct envelopes will be given by
persons as one). This will give you n(E) = (n-2)! 5! – 1 = 119
x (2)! 18. Ans. (a)
11. Ans. (b) Solution: Q.37 Are similar to Question No. 2 of
Solution: 4C2 x (6/36)2 x (30/36)2 LOD III.
= 6 x (1/36) x (25/36) 19. Ans. (b)
= 25/216. 20. Ans. (b)
12. Ans. (b) Solution: The common side could be horizontal
Solution: The appearance of head or tail on a or vertical.
toss is independent of previous occurrences. Number of ways of selecting the pairs which have the
Hence, ½. common side = ½
13. Ans. (d) Favourable cases = 4(2) + 24(3) + 36(4) = 112.
Solution: There can be three girls and one boy. (As each corners has two neighbours, and each 24
14. Ans. (a) squares in the border has 3 neighbours, and
Solution: The event definition is Red AND Red remaining 36 squares have four neighbours)
AND Not Red OR Red AND Not Red AND Red 1
Hence, the required probability = 112/ (32.63) =
18
OR Not Red AND Red AND Red.
21. Ans. (b)
15. Ans. (a) Solution:
Solution: The number of events for the condition The divisibility of the product of four numbers
that he will sing depends upon the value of the last digit of each
= 4, [34,43,26,62] number.
The number of events in the sample = 90. The last digit of a number can be any of the 10
Probability that he will sing at least once digits 0,1,2….9.
= 1 – Probability that he will not sing. So, the total number of ways of selecting last
16. Ans. (a) digits of four numbers is 10x10x10x10x=104
Solution: For divisibility by 5 we need the units If the product of the 4 numbers is not divisible
digit to be either 0 or 5. by 5 or 10.
The units digit in the powers of 7 follow the Then the number of choices for the last digit of
pattern each number is 8 (excluding 0 or 5).
7,9,3,1,7,9,3,1,7,9,…….. So, favourabe number of ways = 8x8x8x8 = 84
Hence, divide 1 to 100 into four groups of 25 The probability that the product is not divisible
element each as follows. by 5 or 10
84 8 4
A = 1,5,9,……… → 25 elements =104 = (10)
B = 2,6,10,……… → 25 elements 8 4 369
C = 3,7,11,……… → 25 elements Hence, Required probability = 1 - (10) = 625
D = 4,8,12,……… → 25 elements 22. Ans. (b)
Check the combination values of m and n to that Solution:
7m + 7n is divisible by 5. P(selecting atleast one couple) = 1 – P
17. Ans. (a) (selecting none of the couples for the prize.)
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 32 of 40

16𝐶1 ×14𝐶1 ×12𝐶1 ×10𝐶1 15 1

=1-( ) = 36 Solution: =
16𝐶4 7
23. Ans. (a) 28. Ans. (b)
Solution: Total number of ways in which S Solution: Let x and y be the two real numbers
people can be chosen out 9 people = 9C5 = 126 since x + y = 200
Number of ways in which the couple serves the (𝑥𝑦)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100x100 = 10000 (𝑥𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 atx=y)
committee Now, xy ≤ 10000
3
= 7C3x2C2 = 35 => xy ≥ ×10000
4
Number of ways in which the couple does not = xy ≥7500 => x (200-x) ≥ 7500
serve committee = 7C5 = 21 𝑥 2 − 200𝑥 + 7500 ≤ 0
Favourable number of cases = 35 + 21 = 56 50 ≤x ≤ 150
56 4
Hence, the required probability = 126
=9 So favourable number of ways = 150 - 50 + 1 =
24. Ans. (b) 101
Solution: E1 = The event in which A speaks truth Total number of ways = 200
101
E2 = The event in which B speaks truth Hence, required probability = 200
60
Then P(𝐸1 ) = 100=3/5 29. Ans. (b)
2 1 Solution: ASSISTANT → AA I N SSS TT
and P(𝐸1 ) = , P(𝐸2 ) =
5 5
STATISTICS → A II C SSS TTT
Required probability = P [(E1∩E2) ∪ ((𝐸̅2 ∩ 𝐸̅1 )]
Here N and C are not common and same letters
= P [(E1∩E2) + P (𝐸̅2 ∩ 𝐸̅1)
can be A, I, S, T. Therefore
= P (E1). P (E2)+ P (𝐸̅1 ). 𝑃(𝐸̅2 ) 2𝐶 1𝐶 1
3 4 2 1 14 Probability of choosing A = 9𝐶1 × 10𝐶1 = 45
(5 × 5)+(5 × 5) = 25 = 0.56 1 1
1 2𝐶1 1
Probability of choosing I = × =
9𝐶1 10𝐶1 45
25. Ans. (b) 3𝐶1 3𝐶1 1
Probability of choosing S = × =
9𝐶1 10𝐶1 10
Solution: Total 7 digit numbers can be formed 2𝐶1 3𝐶1 1
from the 9 digits = 9P7 Probability of choosing T = × =
9𝐶1 10𝐶1 15
There are four exclusive cases of selecting 7
digits out of 9 digits which can form 7 digit 1 1 1 1
Hence, required probability = + + + =
45 45 10 15
numbers which are divisible by 9. 19
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 } 36removing 1 and 8 90
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 } 36 removing 2 and 7 30. Ans. (b)
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,9} 36 removing 3 and 6 Solution: Out of 30 numbers 2 numbers can be
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 } 36 removing 4 and 5 chosen in 30C2 ways.
All the 7 numbers of each of the 4 sets can be So, exhaustive number of cases = 30C2 = 435
arranged in 7! ways. Since a2 - b2 is divisible by 3 if either a and b are
Hence the favourable number of numbers = divisible by 3 or none of a and b is divisible by 3.
4x7! Thus, the favourable numbers, of cases = 10C2 +
4×7! 1 20C = 235
2
Required probability = 9𝑃7
=9
26. Ans. (a) 235 47
Hence, required probability = =
Solution: Total number of words that can be 435 87
formed from the letters of the word
11!
MISSISSIPPI is
4!4!2!
When all the S’s are together then the number
8!
of words can be formed =
4!2!
8!
4!2! 4
Required probability = 11! = 165
4!4!2!

27. Ans. (c)

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 33 of 40

Percentile Classes
OLD is GOLD 15
Permutation Combination Probability
Exam (Indore) IPM (I) 2019 IPM (I) 2020 IPM (I) 2021 IPM (I) 2022 IPM (I) 2023 Total
Number of 03 02 01 05 07 18
Questions

Exam (JIPMAT) JIPMAT 2021 JIPMAT 2022 JIPMAT 2023 Total

Number of 00 01 03 04
Questions

Important Note:
Before solving past year questions, complete your class
sheets and Super 300 Series (Part 14, 15 and 16).
Download pdf from Percentile Telegram Channel
@percentileclasses
Name of file: OLD is GOLD 15 IPM 2024
All Percentile Classes eBooks are updated, now you can find
last exercise of all chapters as Past Year Questions

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 34 of 40

Past Year Questions (IPM Indore)

(Permutation Combination & Probability)
1. From a pack of 52 cards, we draw one by one, without replacement. If
f(n) is the probability that an Ace will appear at the nth turn, then
(IPM Indore 2019)
1 1
(a) f(2) = > f(3) (b) > f(2) > f(3)
13 13
1 1
(c) f(3) > f(2) = (d) f(2) = f(3) =
13 13

2. A die is thrown three times and the sum of the three numbers is found to
be 15. The probability that the first throw was a four is (IPM Indore 2019)
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 5 10

3. How many different numbers can be formed by using only the digits 1
and 3 which are smaller than 3000000? (IPM Indore 2019)
(a) 64 (b) 128 (c) 190 (d) 254

4. A man is known to speak the truth on an average 4 out of 5 times. He

throws a die and reports that it is a five. The probability that it is actually a
five is (IPM Indore 2020)
4 5 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 15 15

5. Out of 13 objects, 4 are indistinguishable and rest are distinct. The

number of ways we can choose 4 objects out of 13 objects is
_____________. (IPM Indore 2020)

6. The number of 5-digit numbers consisting of distinct digits that can be

formed such that only odd digits occur at odd places is (IPM Indore 2021)
(a)5250 (b) 6240 (c) 2520 (d) 3360

7. Mrs and Mr Sharma, and Mrs and Mr Ahuja along with four other persons
are to be seated at a round table for dinner. If Mrs and Mr Sharma are to
be seated next to each other, and Mrs and Mr Ahuja are not to be seated
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 35 of 40

next to each other, then the total number of seating arrangements is

_________. (IPM Indore 2022)

8. The number of triangles that can be formed by choosing points from 7

points on a line and 5 points on another parallel line is (IPM Indore 2022)

9. In how many ways can the letters of the word MANAGEMENT be

arranged such that no two vowels appear together? (IPM
Indore 2022)
(a) 37800 (b) 75600 (c) 25200 (d) 21600

10. Let A = (1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b}. Assuming all relations from set A to
set B are equally likely, what is the probability that a relation from A to B
is also a function? (IPM Indore
2022)
(a) 1
1
(b)
8
1
(c)
2
32
(d)
26

11. If one of the factors of the number 37 28 173 is randomly chosen,

then the probability that the chosen factor will be a perfect square is.
(IPM Indore 2022)
5
(a)
36
5
(b)
32
1
(c)
12
3
(d)
40

12. The total number of positive integer solutions of 21 ≤ a + b + c ≤ 25

is______. (IPM Indore 2023)

13. In a chess tournament, there are four groups, each containing an equal
number of players. Each player plays (IPM Indore 2023)
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 36 of 40

• against every other player belonging to one's own group exactly

once;
• against each player belonging to one of the remaining three groups
exactly twice;
• against each player belonging to one of the remaining two groups
exactly three times; and
• against each player belonging to the remaining group exactly four
times.
• If there are more than 1000 matches being played in the
tournament, the minimum possible number of players in each
group is_______.

14. The probability that a randomly chosen positive divisor of 102023 is an

integer multiple of 102001 is (IPM Indore 2023)
22
(a)
2023
23
(b)
2024
222
(c)
20232
232
(d)
2024 2

15. A rabbit is sitting at the base of a staircase which has 10 steps. It

proceeds to the top of the staircase by climbing either one step at a time
or two steps at a time. The number of ways it can reach the top is
(IPM Indore 2023)
(a) 34 (b) 55 (c) 144 (d) 89

16. The minimum number of times a fair coin must be tossed so that the
probability of getting at least one head exceeds 0.8 is (IPM Indore 2023)
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 3

17. Consider an 8 × 8 chessboard. The number of ways 8 rooks can be

placed on the board such that no two rooks are in the same row and no
two are in the same column is (IPM Indore 2023)
(a) 7! (b) 8 (c) 8! (d) 7

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 37 of 40

18. If a three-digit number is chosen at random, what is the probability that

it is divisible neither by 3 nor by 4? (IPM Indore 2023)
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) ¼ (d) 1/2

Past Year Questions (JIPMAT)

(Permutation Combination & Probability)

1. Given below are two statement based on the following

If A and B are independent events such that P(A) = p, P(B) = 2p and P
5
(exactly one of A,B)=
9
1
Statement I: 𝑝 =
3
5
Statement II: 𝑝 =
12
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer form the
question given below (JIPMAT 2022)
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

2. Let A and B be two events such that P(a)=0.25, P(b)=0.50 and P(A∩
B)=0.14. The probability that neither A nor B occurs is (JIPMAT 2023)
(a) 0.09 (b) 0.19 (c) 0.39 (d) 0.29

3. Given below are two statements in the context of throwing two different
dice together: (JIPMAT 2023)
Statement (I): The probability that the two numbers obtained have even
sum, is 0.50.
Statement (II): The probability that the two numbers obtained have even
product is 0.75.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer
from the options given below.
(a) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 38 of 40

(c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.

(d) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

4. The probabilities that A, B, and D can solve a problem independently are

1/3, 1/3 and 1/4 respectively. The probability that only two of them are
able to solve the problem is . (JIPMAT 2023)
(a) 5⁄36 (b) 7⁄36 (c) 13⁄36 (d) 1⁄2

Answers
IPMAT Indore
1. b 6. c 11. b 16. d 21.
2. c 7. 960 12. 1160 17. c 22.
3. c 8. 175 13. 8 18. d 23.
4. a 9. a 14. d 19. 24.
5. 256 10. b 15. d 20.

JIPMAT
1. a 6. 11. 16.
2. c 7. 12.
3. a 8. 13.
4. b 9. 14.
5. 10. 15.

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 39 of 40

Super 300 Series

Important Questions for CAT | IPMAT| XAT |CMAT | IIFT | Du-JAT | All
BBA MBA exams

S. No. Topics
1 Logarithms
2 AP GP HP – 01
3 AP GP HP – 02
4 Special Series
5 SET Theory
6 Quadratic Equations
7 Inequalities
8 Maxima Minima
9 Functions
10 Number System 01
11 Number System 02
12 Number System 03
13 Number System 04
14 Combinations
15 Permutations
16 Probability
17 Geometry 01
18 Geometry 02
19 Coordinate Geometry/ Mensuration 03
20 Averages
21 Allegations
22 Profit Loss
23 SI CI
24 Ratio/Variations
25 Time Work
26 Time Distance Speed 01
27 Time Distance Speed 02
28 Binomial Trigonometry
29 Determinants
30 Matrices

No Substitute to Hardwork
 Page 40 of 40

OLD is GOLD Series 2024

Percentile Classes YouTube Channel

S. No. Topics
1 Quadratic Equations + Inequalities
2 AP GP HP + Special Series
3 Logarithms
4 Para Jumbles
5 Function Maxima Minima
6 Number System
7 Geometry
8 Grammar
9 Percentage + Profit Loss + SI CI + Ratio + Partnership
10 Averages + Alligations
11 Time and Work
12 Critical Reasoning
13 Time Distance Speed
14 SET Theory
15 Permutation Combination Probability
16 Vocab
17 Trigonometry
18 Data Interpretation
19 Matrices and Determinants
20 Reading Comprehensions
21 Miscellaneous (Conic + Binomial + Clocks etc)

No Substitute to Hardwork