Size of Pipe:

The size of service pipe connecting the main and the house being
served is governed by the:
A. Maximum demand and the
B. Probable demand or peak load

MAXIMUM DEMAND - refers to maximum water discharge for plumbing

fixtures in terms of unit. The maximum demand of water supply is equal to the
total fixture units in the plumbing system wherein one unit is approximately
valued at 8 gallons of water discharge per minute.

Example:
One urinal has 5 fixtures (see table below)
5 x 8 gallons = 40 gallons - the maximum demand of water supply per minute.

FIXTURE UNIT VALUES

Kinds of fixture Fixture unit
15 sq m roof drain 1
Lavatory or wash basin 2
Floor drain 1
Residential sink 1 1/2
Bath tub 2
Kitchen sink 2
Laundry tub 2
Shower bath 2
Sink, hotel or public 2
Slop sink 3
Combination fixture 3
Urinal 5
Water closet 6
One bathroom consisting of water
closet, lavatory, bath tub and 8
overhead shower

PROBABLE DEMAND OR PEAK LOAD - is another factor considered in

determinant the size of water supply service pipe. The question of how many
fixture will be used simultaneously is difficult to ascertain, but according to
survey.
A. The fewer the number fixture installed the higher the percentage or
probability of their simultaneous use.
B. The greater the number of fixture installed, the lesser the percentage of
possibility of simultaneous use.

PROPABILITY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF FIXTURES

Number of fixture units Percentage of simultaneous use
1 to 5 50 to 100%
6 to 50 25 to 50%
51 or more 10 to 25%
EXAMPLE PROBLEM

Determine the maximum demand and the probable demand of water for the
following fixtures installed:

Solution:
Solving for the total fixture units as base on the table above.
6 x 3 water closets = 18 units
2 x 3 lavatories = 6 units
2 x 1 kitchen sink = 2 units
2 x 3 shower = 6 units
--------------------
Total 32 fixture units

Solve for the maximum demand

32 units x 8 gallons = 256 gallons
Referring to the table of probable use
32 is between 6 to 50 fixture units and between 25 to 50%.
Assume that 30% is safe for 32 units
0.30 x 256 gallons = 76.80 say 77 gallons per minute.
Refer the table below, particularly the
Table for 25 mm under 6 m length with 178 newtons pressure, the size
of pipe is 25 mm (1”) and could supply 80 gallons per minute.

GALLONS OF WATER PER MINUTE GALVANIZED IRON OR PLASTIC

PIPE

ON PRESSURE OF OF LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS

10mm WATER AT MAIN OR TANK
3/8” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
10 44.5 9 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
20 89.0 10 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 2
30 133.4 10 8 6 5 4 4 4 3 3 3
40 178.0 10 9 7 6 5 4 4 4 3 3
50 222.4 10 9 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4

ON PRESSURE OF WATER AT LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS

13mm MAIN OR TANK
1/2” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
10 44.5 10 8 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3
20 89.0 14 10 8 6 6 5 5 4 4 4
30 133.4 18 12 10 8 7 7 3 6 5 5
40 178.0 20 14 11 10 8 8 7 7 6 6
50 222.O 20 16 13 11 10 9 8 7 7 7
 ON PRESSURE OF WATER AT LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS
20 MAIN OR TANK
mm
3/4” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
10 44.5 22 14 12 10 8 8 7 6 6 6
20 89.0 30 22 18 14 12 12 10 10 10 8
30 133.4 38 26 22 18 16 14 14 12 12 10
40 178.0 38 30 24 22 19 17 16 15 15 13
50 222.4 38 34 28 24 22 19 18 16 16 15

ON PRESSURE OF WATER AT LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS

25 MAIN OR TANK
mm
1” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
10 44.5 40 28 22 18 16 15 14 13 12 11
20 89.0 55 40 32 27 24 22 20 19 18 16
30 133.4 70 50 40 34 30 27 25 23 22 20
40 178.0 80 58 45 40 35 32 29 27 25 24
50 222.4 80 65 51 45 40 36 33 31 29 27

ON PRESSURE OF WATER LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS

32mm AT MAIN OR TANK
1 1/4” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
10 44.5 80 55 45 37 35 30 27 26 25 24
20 89.0 110 80 65 55 50 45 41 38 36 34
30 133.4 110 100 80 70 60 56 50 47 45 43
40 178.0 110 110 95 80 72 65 60 56 52 50
50 222.4 110 110 107 92 82 73 68 63 60 58

ON PRESSURE OF WATER LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS

38mm AT MAIN OR TANK
1 1/2” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 5 60
4
10 44.5 120 90 70 60 55 50 45 40 4 35
0
20 89.0 170 130 10 90 75 70 65 60 5 55
0 5
30 133.4 170 160 13 110 100 90 80 75 7 65
0 0
40 178.0 170 170 15 130 110 100 90 90 8 80
0 0
50 222.4 170 170 17 140 130 120 110 100 9 90
0 0

ON PRESSURE OF WATER LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS

50mm AT MAIN OR TANK
2” POUNDS NEWTONS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
10 44.5 240 160 130 110 100 90 80 80 80 70

20 89.0 300 240 200 160 150 140 130 120 110 100
30 133.4 300 300 240 200 180 160 150 140 140 130
40 178.0 300 300 280 240 220 200 180 160 160 150
50 222.4 300 300 300 280 240 220 200 200 180 160
Notes
A. Doubling the diameter of pipe line increases its capacity up to 4 times.
B. A 20 mm service pipe can supply 2 branches at 13 diameter each it
could deliver up to 10 gals/min. Sufficient enough to served up to 10 fixtures.
C. A 25 mm service pipe can supply 2 branches at 20 diameter. It can
deliver up to 18 gals/min and serve 20 fixtures.

FLANGES - consist of fittings provided with projecting rims or flanges which

are screwed over the two pipe ends to be joined. The flanges are then bolted
together with a gasket or rubber, metal or between the flanges.

Usually used for pipes bigger than 6” dia. (0.15)

Valves and controls:

A. GATE VALVE - consists of a wedge shape plug which is screwed

down to set between two brass rings surrounding the inlet pipe so that a
double seal is obtained. The inlet and outlet pipe are a in a straight line. This
valve is used when a normal fully open or closed position is desired. Either
end may be used as inlet.
B. GLOBE VALVE - are operated by screwing down a disk with soft
packing until it presses tightly upon a metal seat. When the disk is raised and
the valve open, the course of water is deflected up through the opening in the
seat and the flow is restricted. Used when it is desired to throttle the water
supply. Same end must always be used as inlet.

C. CHECK VALVE - are used when it is desired that the flow through a
pipe be always in one direction and there is a probability of a flow taking place
in the opposite direction.
SWING CHCEK VALVE - has a pivoted flap which is readily pushed open by
the pressure of water from one side but is tightly closed by the force of a
reverse flow.

Horizontal or Left Check Valve

D. ANGLE VALVE - changes the direction of the flow of water as well as
control it. Acts somewhat like globe valve but are usually used for right angle
turn.

FAUCETS:

A. KEY COCK - operate by means of around, tapering plug,

perforated in one direction perpendicular to its axis and ground to fit a
metal seat. The faucet is open when the perforation is in line with the
pipe and is quickly closed by turning the plug so that the perforation is
across the line of flow.

B. COMPRESSION COCK - operate by the compression of soft

packing upon a metal seat. They closed against the flow of water and
can be used upon high pressure pipes without causing water hammer.

C. HOSE BIBB - similar to a compression cock but has a screw

outside for connection of water hose.

D. SELF CLOSSING FAUCETS - arrange to a discharge water

while they are held by the hand and to close by a spring inside the
faucet as soon as the pressure of the hand is removed.
PRESSURE REGULATORS:

Devices for limiting the pressure of water discharged from a pipe to

fixed amount of water may be pressure of the water supplied to the pipe.
Used to reduce the stress upon the piping within a building when the pressure
in the street mains is too high and to decrease the pressure upon the branch
piping to fixtures on the lower floor of tall buildings using a down feed water
system.

Excessive pressure produce a rumbling sound called the Water

Hammer and reduce, an additional 0.30 to 0.90 m length of is added to the
riser to give air pressure within which absorb it.

The normal water pressure for residential houses ranges from 133 to
178 newtons (30 to 40 psi) . lower than this value may result in insufficient
flow of water particularly during simultaneous use of fixtures, likewise, water
pressure higher than 222 newtons (50 psi) may cause pipe hammering or
even bursting of the pipe connection.

HOT WATER DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT

INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY
HOT WATER SUPPLY
 Consist of a heater with or without a storage tank, piping to carry the
heated water to the farthest fixture and a continuation of this piping to return
the unused cold water back to the heater. Brass or copper pipe should always
be used although G.I. pipe is commonly used.

Two methods of distributing Hot Water Supply and Return Circulation

Line.

1. An upfeed supply riser with the return circulation taken at a point just
below the highest fixture connection. For building of moderate height.

2. For high structures, consist of main upfeed supply to to a distribution line

(over head) at the top of the building from which Down Feed riser are
taken off the feed the several stacks of fixtures.
THE UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
This is commonly used in small residential and industrial installations. The
main objectives are:

1. To provide constant circulation of hot water.

2. To draw hot water immediately from the fixtures at any time.
3. To provide a circulating return for economy.
4. To eliminate waste of water.
THE OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYTEM
1. Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water and
gravity. In a closed pipe system water rises to the highest point of the
installation when heated and the natural force of gravity, return it to the
storage tank.
2. Water will circulate even if there may be defect in its mechanical
construction.
 BOOSTER PUMP -PRESSURE TANK
(When storage tank is underground)
INSTALLATION IN TALL The hot water system is
BUILDINGS: arranged in the same manner with
distribution loops and down feed
In buildings of more than 20 risers, but the ends of the risers is
stories, zoning is generally more each zone are connected back to the
economical for hot and cold water heaters at the bottom of the zone
supply and for fire lines. The roof thus providing complete circulation
and intermediate tanks are situated for the hot water required for flow.
on the top floors of their respective
zones and are filled by pumps in the
basement. The hot water heaters are
located at the bottom of their
respective zones and are supplied
from the zone tanks.

The cold water distribution

line of each zone is carried in a loop
around the building concealed in
hung ceilings, the down-feed riser
being taken off the loop as required.
Each loop is just below its
corresponding tank.

ZONING
 When the water supply of very tall buildings is design as a unit, the
required capacities of tanks, pumps, and piping become unduly large and
excessive pressures are develop in lower portion of the down-feed risers. The
building therefor is divided into horizontal section or by zones and to design
the hot and cold water supply system separately for each zones.