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Chemistry Lab Manual
Chemistry Lab Manual
Warning
Any breakages in the chemistry laboratory will result in the
replacement paid for by the candidate handling the apparatus
Darlington Naosa
Namushakende Secondary School
P.O Box 910197
Mongu
0977997821
0966997821
0955997821
©Darlington Naosa
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without permission of the copy right owner.
Preface
I have made every effort to make this Chemistry Laboratory Manual as effective, clear, and
readable as possible; to show the beauty and logic of Chemistry practical; and to make
Chemistry enjoyable to learn. ‘Personally, I am always ready to learn, although I do not
always like being taught.’ I believe that ‘to teach is to learn twice’.
Working in the Chemistry laboratory can be enjoyable part of your Chemistry experiences.
This Chemistry laboratory manual is for your laboratory work both worthy and enjoyable. The
Chemistry laboratory tasks as presented in this manual are designed to test your abilities, but
use the skills and values which you will acquire in Chemistry to solve problems in everyday
life. The manual for Chemistry for senior secondary school examination has been produced
to support practical work required to be done from grade 10 to 12.
This Chemistry laboratory manual is for use in strengthening teaching competencies, skills
and subject knowledge of teachers of Chemistry at the senior secondary school level
through school-based assessments (SBA).
Additionally, the Chemistry laboratory manual is also designed to help teachers acquire
competences and skills in designing differentiated activities for learners with special
education needs to enhance meaningful participation in learning activities.
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge permission to reproduce some copyright material in this manual.
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, but if any copyright infringements
have been made, I would be grateful for information that would enable any omissions or
errors to be corrected in subsequent impressions.
What is School Based Continuous Assessment?
An ongoing diagnostic and school-based process that uses a variety of assessment tools
to measure learner performance.”
Use of School Based Assessment
Develop learners’ knowledge, skills and values
Assess learners’ strength and weaknesses
Provide additional support to learners
Revisit and revise certain sections of the curriculum
Motivate and encourage learners
Promotes frequent interaction between learners and teachers
Enables the teachers to know the strength and weaknesses of learners to identify which
learners need a review and remediation.
Role of School Manager in Administering School Based Assessment
To address the challenges associated with School Based Assessment
To change things
To make things happen
To correct things and improve things as regards School Based Assessment
To Monitor and Support SBA programs in the school
Question for School Managers
Are you supporting School-Based Continuous Assessment in your school?
The saying goes
“Show me a good school and I’ll show you a good leader … when you poke the inner
workings of a successful school, you will find – without fail – a skillful leader who
understands how to transform educational practice, not just transact educational
business.”
The school takes the shape of the Head
Development of Practical Tasks for Quality School Based Continuous Assessment: Guidelines
Should be compulsory to all eligible learners
SBA component marks must be submitted to ECZ at an appropriate time
If SBA component marks are not submitted to ECZ, the candidate is deemed absent even
if they write the ECZ theory exams for that particular year.
They must be conducted in a natural learning environment and must assess learner’s
progress in the course of study as distinct from examinations.
All learners on transfer should maintain their SBA results and the letter from head teacher
confirming they had undertaken the SBA
School Based Assessment Practical Tasks
They should be objective
They should be in line with specific outcomes from the syllabus
They should be more practical than theoretical
Appreciation of safety in the chemistry laboratory
Safety is the state of non-exposure to hazards or to danger. It can also be described as the
state of being safe.
Safety rules in the chemistry laboratory
1. Enter a laboratory only when a teacher says so.
2. Always wear closed shoes. No one wearing open footwear such as slippers and sandals
enters the laboratory. This is in order to reduce the chance of occurrence of foot injuries.
3. Wear protective clothes.
4. Do not run or play in the laboratory.
5. Do not perform any experiment without permission from the teacher, and always follow
the instructions carefully. Avoid handling any unfamiliar equipment in the laboratory.
6. Do not drink, eat or taste anything in the laboratory except when allowed to by the
teacher. The food might be contaminated with chemicals which are harmful to human
beings. When you suspect poisoning, note the suspected poisoning agent and call your
teacher immediately.
7. Always add acid to water and not water to acid. Never add water to concentrated acid
as doing so may result into an accident since the little water coming into contact with
the acid may boil immediately splashing the acid into your face.
8. Accidents and breakages must be immediately reported to the teacher.
9. Never point the mouth of a test tube containing a substance being heated towards
another person or yourself.
10. Do not hold very hot objects with your hand. Hold them with a test tube holder, tongs or
a piece of cloth or place them on a heat proof mat.
11. When smelling a substance, do not hold it very near the nose. Hold it about 20cm from
the nose and with the hand wave the vapour towards the nose and sniff carefully.
12. Use specified or small amounts of substances in reactions to avoid waste and reactions
which cannot be controlled.
13. Make sure you know the substances being used unless you are advised to use it as
unknown
14. Any chemical accidentally taken into the mouth or spilt onto any part of the body should
be washed off immediately with water and reported to the teacher. Seek medical
attention.
15. Do not use broken glass-ware. Glassware should frequently be checked. Broken pieces of
glassware should be put a vessel such as a bucket and kept securely for later disposal.
16. Do not bring flammable substances near a flame. If fires breaks out accidentally, quickly
turn off the gas, electricity or water if necessary. Electrical installations in the laboratory
should be checked for faults on a daily basis. This is in order to avoid the incidence of
such accidents as fire resulting from a short circuit.
17. Wear eye protection when you are told to and keep it on until you are told to take it off
when the practical is finished. Where a foreign matter enters the eye, flush with plenty of
water. Use an eye wash bottle or fountain.
18. When you are told to use a Bunsen burner, make sure hair, cardigans, scarves, ties etc.
are tied back or tacked in to keep them well away from the frame.
19. When you are working with liquids, always stand up and never sit. That way you can
move out of the way easily if something spills.
20. Always put any waste solids in the correct liter bin and not in the sink.
21. Bottles should be never held by the neck.
22. Be careful that the name or label on the bottle is exactly the same as that of the
chemical you require. Avoiding use of unlabeled chemicals. Any of such should be
treated as potentially dangerous.
23. Before leaving the laboratory, clean the apparatus, work surface and your hands well.
Nothing must be taken from the laboratory.
24. Make sure that no piece of apparatus is placed on the edge of a work bench.
Apparatus that are not in use should be stored in the correct designated places. Those
that are in use should be placed far from the bench edges.
25. Gangways should always be free of obstacles on which a person can stumble.
26. Gas taps should be kept closed at all times other than when gas burners are in use. It is
also important to ensure that there are no leaking points in the gas pipes.
27. Avoiding overcrowding work benches with such things as bags and pieces of apparatus
which are not in use.
28. When one suffers from burns, apply cold water. Call your teacher immediately.
29. When one has cuts and bruises, stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure. Cover
cuts with a clean dressing. Call your teacher immediately. Due to possibility of infection,
disposable gloves should be worn whenever there is a chance of contact with body
fluids such as blood.
30. When one faints, leave the person laying down. Loosen any tight clothing and keep
crowds away. Call your teacher immediately.
31. Any spills on skin, flush with large amounts of water or use safety shower. Call your teacher
immediately.
Reasons why laboratory accidents may occur
Lack of awareness
Lack of control
Lack of knowledge
Lack of right attitude
Laboratories are delicate places. Carelessness can lead to serious accidents. To avoid such
accidents, simple procedures or instructions should be followed strictly.
Measuring instruments and other laboratory apparatus used in the chemistry laboratory
Laboratory apparatus are the tools which chemists use while in the laboratory.
Stop watch
They are used on tripod stand and gauzes for heating liquids.
They are used for mixing liquids while using volumes which are too big for the test
tube.
They are also used to measure volumes of liquids though they are not very
accurate.
Burette
A burette has an accuracy of 0.1cm3 and it can measure small amounts of
volume.
It has a scale which starts from 0cm3 at the top up to 50cm3 at the bottom. The
scale is more sensitive than the measuring cylinder.
A burette has a long narrow shape which ensures a ‘long movement’ for a small
volume of liquid delivered out of the jet.
A test tube holder is used to hold test tubes while carrying out experiments.
Clamp and stand
It is a holding mechanical device
It is used to hold an object firmly in position.
Test tube Racks
They can be made of wood or plastic.
It is used for scooping or lifting and transferring small amounts of powdered (solid)
chemicals from reagent bottles into a weighing vessel.
Defragging spoon
It is also called a gas jar spoon or a combustion spoon.
It is a long handled metallic spoon
It is used for heating solids in a gas jar. It is used for testing the burning
characteristics of substances in gases.
Funnel
Funnels can be made of glass or plastic. Common size holds 12.5cm diameter filter
paper.
The ceramic centre on the wire gauze prevents the flame or heat from coming
into direct contact with the glass vessel and ensures uniform distribution of heat.
This helps to support apparatus like beakers on to a tripod stand when heating.
It is placed on a tripod stand and then the beaker or conical flask or round
bottomed flask is placed on it.
Tripod stand
It is a three legged cast iron or stainless steel stand with rectangular or round top.
Apparatus are placed on it during heating. This helps to hold apparatus in position
while heating.
The mortar and pestle are used to grind crystals and lumpy chemicals to a
powder. Glass and wooden mortars and pestles are also available.
Tongs
A pair of tongs is a grasping device consisting of two pieces joined at one end by
a pivot or hinged like scissors.
In the chemistry laboratory, hot objects such as crucibles, flasks and beakers are
handled by means of tongs.
Forceps
It is also used as a chopping board for cutting substances into smaller pieces.
Plastic wash bottle
A plastic wash bottle is a flexible plastic bottle.
The sides of the plastic wash bottle can be squeezed to dispense water.
Fire extinguishers
A flame is a region where gases combine chemically and give out heat and light. Burning
gases produce flames. The hot gases give out light; they are said to be incandescent.
Pb2+ −
(aq) + 2I(aq) → PbI2(s)
4. Sulphate ion, 𝐒𝐎𝟐− 𝟒
Test method
Put about 2cm3 portion of the sulphate solution in the test tube. Add a few drops of dilute
nitric acid to make the solution acidified. Then add a few drops of barium nitrate.
8Al(s) + 3NO− − −
3(aq) + 5OH(aq) + 2H2 O(l) → 3NH3(g) + 8AlO2(aq)
Note that the nitrate ions are reduced to ammonia (NO3 − → NH3 ) which turns damp red
litmus paper blue. Addition of hydrogen atoms to NO3 − to form NH3 is called reduction.
Test for anions in solution
Anion Test Test result
Carbonate Add a dilute acid. Effervescence occurs, carbon
(CO3 )2−
dioxide produced.
Chloride Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then White ppt.
(Cl− ) add aqueous silver nitrate.
Iodide Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then Yellow ppt.
(I )
−
add aqueous lead (II) nitrate.
Nitrate Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, Ammonia produced.
(NO− 3 ) then aluminum foil, warm carefully.
Sulphate Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then White ppt.
(SO2−4 ) add aqueous barium nitrate.
Identification of cations
The cations commonly tested are aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper (II), iron (II), iron (III)
and zinc ions. These ions show characteristic reactions when reacted with reagents such as
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia. The cations form precipitates of specific colours and
sometimes interesting behaviours are observed with their reactions with these reagents.
Test for cations in solution
When testing for a cation using either aqueous sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia, two
observations will help identify the cation present:
the colour of the precipitate formed on adding a few drops of chemical reagent;
the solubility of the precipitate in excess chemical reagent
The cations react with hydroxide ions present in aqueous sodium hydroxide or ammonia to form
insoluble hydroxides. These hydroxides appear as precipitates.
Some of these precipitates dissolve in excess aqueous sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia
to form soluble complex salts. These appear as colourless solutions, or in the case of copper (II)
ions in excess aqueous ammonia, a dark blue solution.
Copper (II), iron (II) and iron (III) ions are easily identified by the characteristic colour of their
precipitates.
Aluminium, lead (II) and zinc ions all give the same observations when aqueous sodium
hydroxide is used. However, only zinc ions will give a white precipitate soluble in excess aqueous
ammonia; aluminium and lead ions do not.
To distinguish between aluminium and lead (II) ions, dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) or aqueous
potassium iodide can be used:
Al3+
(aq) + 3Cl− (aq) → AlCl3(aq)
(from HCl) (colourless solution)
2+ −
Pb(aq) + 2Cl(aq) → PbCl2(s)
(from HCl) (white precipitate)
Similar results will be obtained if potassium iodide is used. Aluminium ions will give a colourless
solution of aluminium iodide while lead (II) ions will give a yellow precipitate of lead (II)
iodide.
Test for cations in solution
Cation Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide Effect of aqueous ammonia
Aluminium White ppt. soluble in excess giving a White ppt., insoluble in excess
(Al )
3+ colourless solution
Ammonium Ammonia produced on warming -
(NH4+ )
Calcium (Ca2+ ) White ppt., insoluble in excess No ppt. or very slight white ppt
Copper (II) (Cu2+ ) Light blue ppt., insoluble in excess Light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution
Iron(II) Green ppt., insoluble in excess Green ppt., insoluble in excess,
(Fe )2+ turns reddish-brown on standing
Iron (III) Red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess Red-brown ppt., insoluble in
( Fe )3+ excess
Zinc White ppt., soluble in excess giving White ppt. soluble in excess
(Zn2+) a colourless solution giving a colourless solution
Test for gases
When recording observations for gases, it is important to record
Presence of effervescences, if any. Effervescences is the rapid evolution of bubbles of a gas
from a solution
Colour and smell of the gas
Chemical test for the gas and test result
Name of the gas
1. Oxygen, 𝐎𝟐
Colour and smell: Colourless and odourless
Test method
Introduce a glowing splint in the gas jar containing oxygen.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with:
Y (20cm3 of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution)
Z (20cm3 of 0.1M Sulphuric acid solution)
A beaker of about 50cm3 to 250cm3 capacity
2 measuring cylinders of about 25cm3 to 50cm3
Methyl orange indicator solution
A stirring rod
In this experiment, you will investigate the end point in a chemical reaction. You have been
provided with solutions Y and Z with an indicator.
(a) Measure about 40cm3 of solution Y in a measuring cylinder and transfer it into the beaker
Add three drops of the indicator provided to solution Y in the beaker and stir the solution.
Write your observation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) (I) Measure 10cm3 of solution Z using a measuring cylinder and add this solution to the
beaker containing solution Y and an indicator. Sir the solution using the stirring rod provided
Write your observation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) Add 5cm3 of solution Z to solution Y and write your observation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(III) Add another 5cm3 of solution Z to solution Y and write your observation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) (I) Calculate the total volume of solution Z that has reacted with 40cm3 of Y
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(II) Compare the volume of Y to the volume of Z at the end point of the reaction and state
the ratio
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(d) Assuming that solution Z is an acid and solution Y is a base both of the same concentration,
determine the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in an acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with laboratory apparatus labelled
A
B
C
D
E
In this experiment, you required to identify the apparatus used in the chemistry laboratory.
(a) Identify and state the use of the apparatus labelled A, B and C
(I) Name of apparatus A: ………………………………………………………………….. [1]
Use of apparatus A: ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(II) Name of apparatus B: ………………………………………………………………….. [1]
Use of apparatus B: ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(III) Name of apparatus C: …………………………………………………………………..[1]
Use of apparatus C: ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Which of the apparatus provided is used
(I) for burning and heating
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) for measuring a fixed volume of exactly 25.0cm3 of solution
……………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(c) State any two laboratory safety rules
(I) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with the following materials / apparatus;
Silver nitrate solution
Sodium chloride solution
Test tube
(a) Put a small sample of sodium chloride solution in the test tube and then add a small
amount sample of silver nitrate solution.
(I) Write your observations
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(II) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in (a) (I) above
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(III) Deduce the ionic equation for the reaction above
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(IV) Name the salt which is formed as a precipitate in the reaction in (a) (II)
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(V) Name the solution which is formed in solution form in the reaction in (a) (II)
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Name the materials / apparatus that were used in the experiment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Explain how you would obtain a pure dry sample of the salt named in (IV). Briefly outline
the procedure involved
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution X (prepared by dissolving 16.0g of zinc sulphate in 1dm3 of distilled water)
2.0M sodium hydroxide
2.0M ammonia solution
2.0M barium chloride solution
1.0M hydrochloric acid
3 test tubes in a rack
In this experiment, you must identify the formula of the cation and anion in solution X and state one
of the metallic element present in solution X
Method
You are provided with an unknown aqueous solution X. Carry out the following tests on the aqueous
solution
Test No Test Observations
(a) Pour about 2cm3 of solution X in a test tube
(I) Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide
solution
[14]
Conclusion
1. Identify the formula of the cation and anion in solution X
(I) Cation
………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(II) Anion
……………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
2. State one of the metallic element present in solution X
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with the following
Filter paper, filter funnel, spatula, sand, water, salt, 3 beakers, measuring cylinder and
a source of heat
In this experiment, you required to separate a mixture of sand and salt.
Procedure 1
Put a spatula full of sand into a beaker
To the same beaker, add another spatula full of salt
Add 20cm3 of water and stir using a spatula
Wet the filter paper with water
Fold a filter paper into a cone and place it in the filter funnel
Place the filter funnel onto the clean beaker
Stir the mixture again and gently pour onto the filter funnel
A colourless liquid will be collected in the beaker. Keep this liquid for use in procedure 2
(a) What name is given to this type of separation of mixtures?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Name one application of the separation technique used at home
………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(c) What name is given to the liquid which you have collected in the beaker?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) What was the purpose of adding water to the mixture of sand and salt then stirring?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(e) Why did you have to wet the filter paper?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
Procedure 2
Set the apparatus as shown below
Heat the liquid as shown in the diagram until it has all evaporated
(a) Describe what happens as the liquid in the beaker disappears?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) What name is given to this method of separating mixtures?
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Mention three processes that enabled you to separate the mixture of sand and salt?
(I) .………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) .………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(III) .………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Thermometer
Beaker
Ice cubes
In this experiment, you will investigate the effect of heating ice
1. Put the ice cubes in the beaker
2. Place the thermometer bulb in the ice.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution R [50g of pure grade (analar) CuSO4.5H2O crystals and 12.0g of NaCl in
1dm3 of distilled water]
0.05M silver nitrate
2M nitric acid
Tap water BUT labelled as barium nitrate
2M sodium hydroxide
2M aqueous ammonia
4 test tubes
In this experiment, you will determine the formula of the cation and anion in R and also
determine the formula and name of the salt in R
The pain experienced in a toothache can be reduced when traces of one of the salts in the
chemistry syllabus gets into contact with the affected area
Method
You are provided with such a salt solution labelled R. R contains one anion and one cation
both specified in your syllabus
Carry out the following tests on R and use your observations to identify the ions and salt in R
Test No: Test Observations
1. (a) To a portion of R, add aqueous sodium hydroxide
little by little until a change is seen
(b) Add excess sodium hydroxide to the mixture in (a)
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Apparaus A
Water
Cooking oil
Conical flask
In this experiment, you will separate a mixture of water and cooking oil
1. Mix cooking oil and water and shaken well and poured in the separating funnel.
2. Allow the mixture to settle for about five minutes.
3. Two layers are formed, that is, a layer of water and a layer of cooking oil.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Lime water in a test tube
Liquid X (Water) in a test tube
Delivery tube / straw
(a) Take a deep breath in with the delivery tube NOT dipped into the lime water and then
breathe out through a delivery tube or straw into lime water as shown in the diagram
below. Caution: Do not suck the lime water into the mouth.
Take another deep breath in and then breathe out through another delivery tube into
liquid X.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution Z (to be prepared by dissolving 25.g of copper (II) sulphate in 1dm3 of distilled water)
0.2M Barium nitrate solution
1.0M sodium hydroxide solution
1.0M aqueous ammonia solution
0.1M silver nitrate solution labeled acidified silver nitrate
Question
In this experiment, you will carry out tests on solution Z to identify the cations and anion present in
this compound
Test NO Test Observations
(a) (I) To about 2cm portion of solution Z
3
[16]
Conclusion
(I) Name the cation present in solution Z
……………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) Write the formula of the anion present in solution Z
……………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(III) Which test number was used to identify the anion in Z?
……………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(IV) Write the chemical formula of compound Z
……………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
R (calcium chloride) Use hydrated calcium chloride
S (ammonium hydrogen carbonate). Supply these two chemicals on watch glasses.
0.05M acidified silver nitrate solution
2M sodium hydroxide solution
2M ammonium hydroxide solution
Distilled or de ionized water
Cobalt chloride paper (or crystals of white copper sulphate)
Litmus paper
2M calcium hydroxide solution (lime water)
Test tubes
Source of heat
In this experiment, you are to identify the cations and anions in compounds R and S
You are provided with solid compounds R and S. Carry out the following experiments on both R and
S and record your observations in the table
You should identify any gases that are evolved
NB: Strong heat is needed
Test No Test Observation on R Observation on S
1. Heat a little of the sample of R and S separately
2. (a) Add water to the remaining samples of R
and S and stir until no further changes occur
(divide into three portions)
(b) To the first portion, add acidified silver
nitrate and let it stand for about 5 minutes
3. (a) To the second portion, add sodium
hydroxide solution
(b) Add excess sodium hydroxide. Warm the
mixture gently
4. (a) To the third portion, add ammonia solution
[16]
Conclusion
(I) What is the cation in
(a) Compound R?
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Compound S?
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(II) What is the anion in compound
(a) Compound R?
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Compound S?
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution R (in 1dm3 of 1M sulphuric acid, dissolve 0.5mol of iron (II) chloride)
Solution S (in 1dm3 of distilled water, dissolve 0.5mol of zinc nitrate)
2M sodium hydroxide solution
2M aqueous ammonia
0.05M silver nitrate solution
Red litmus paper
Aluminium foil
Source of heat
5 test tubes
1M dilute nitric acid
0.5M sulphuric acid
In this experiment, you are to state the cation in solution R and to write the formula of the salt in
solution S. You are provided with solution R and S. R and S contain one salt each with one cation
and one anion both specified in the syllabus
Carry out the following tests on R and S and record your results in the table below accordingly
Test No Test Observation
1. To a portion of R, add an equal volume of aqueous silver
nitrate solution (KEEP FOR TEST 2)
2. (a) Divide the mixture in (1) above into two. To one portion,
add dilute nitric acid and
(b) To the other portion add an equal volume of aqueous
ammonia
3. (a) To a portion of R, add aqueous sodium hydroxide little by
little until in excess
(b) Allow the mixture in (a) to stand for sometime
4. (a) To a portion of S, add aqueous sodium hydroxide until a
change is seen
(b) Add excess aqueous sodium hydroxide to the mixture in
(a). (Keep the resultant for test (c )
(c) Put half of the resultant from test (b) into a test tube, add
aluminium foil and then warm carefully
5. (a) To a portion of S, add aqueous ammonia until a change is
seen
(b) To a mixture in (a) above, add excess aqueous ammonia
[17]
Conclusion
(I) The formula of the cation in solution R is
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(II) What process has the cation in R undergo in test 3(b)?
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(III) The formula of the salt in solution R is
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution R (0.5mol/dm3 ammonium chloride)
Solution S (0.5mol/dm3 aluminium sulphate)
2mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide
2mol/dm3 ammonia solution
0.2mol/dm3 barium nitrate
0.05mol/dm3 silver nitrate
2mol/dm3 dilute nitric acid
Test tubes
Source of heat
In this experiment, you will name the cation in R and the anion in R. You will also state formula of the
compound S
You are provided with two solutions R and S. Both R and S contain one cation and one anion but
different ones, all specified in the chemistry syllabus
Carry out the following tests on R and S and record your observations as specified in the qualitative
notes provided. You should test and identify any gas(es) produced
Test No Test Observations
1. (a) To a small portion of R, add aqueous sodium
hydroxide and warm gently
2. (a) To a portion of R, add a few drops of
aqueous silver nitrate
(Divide the mixture into two parts)
(I) To one part add dilute nitric acid
(II) To the other part add aqueous
ammonia until in excess
3. (a) To a small portion of S, add little sodium
hydroxide solution
(b) Add excess of sodium hydroxide to the
mixture in 3(a)
4. (a) To a portion of S, add aqueous ammonia
solution
(b) Add excess of ammonia solution to the
mixture in 4(a)
5. (a) To a portion of S, add aqueous barium
nitrate followed by dilute nitric acid
[17]
Conclusion
(I) Name of the cation in R is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) Name of the anion in R is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(III) Formula of the compound S is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution R (R is Iron (II) ammonium sulphate or mixture of iron (II) sulphate and ammonium
sulphate (all analar). R is made by dissolving 0.5mol/dm3 of both ammonium sulphate and
iron (II) sulphate in 1dm3 of 1M H2SO4
4 test tubes in a rack
Red litmus paper
2M sodium hydroxide
2M ammonia solution
1M dilute nitric acid
0.2M barium nitrate
Distilled water labeled as acidified silver nitrate
0.0200mol/dm3 potassium permanganate
Access to heating source
In this experiment, you will identify the cations in solution R and hence the formula of the metallic
salt in R
You are provided with solution R which contains two cations and one anion all specified in the
syllabus. This means that R contains two salts both containing the same anion
Carry out the following tests on R and record your observations as provided in the qualitative notes.
Use your observations to identify the two salts in R
Test No Test Observation
1. To a portion of R, add almost an equal volume of acidified water
2. (a) To a portion of R, add almost an equal volume of barium nitrate
(b) Add dilute nitric acid to the mixture in (a)
3. (a) To a portion of R, add a little amount of sodium hydroxide until a
change is seen
(b) Add excess of sodium hydroxide to the mixture in (a)
(c) Warm gently the mixture in (b)
4. To a portion of R, add ammonia solution little by little until in excess
5. (a) Put a portion of potassium permanganate in a test tube and add
equal volume of R to it
(b) Add equal volume of sodium hydroxide to a portion from the
resultant of (a)
[15]
Conclusion
(a) The formula of the anion in R is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) R contains two cations whose formulae are
(I) ………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) ………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Hence the formula of the metallic salt in R is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) In test 5(a), R is acting as
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
R (2.0g of copper (II) carbonate)
S (30cm3 of 0.5M zinc sulphate solution)
20cm3 of acidified water (i.e. 1M dilute H2SO4)
2M aqueous sodium hydroxide
2M aqueous ammonia
2M nitric acid
0.05M aqueous silver nitrate
Red litmus paper
Lime water
Distilled water
6 test tubes
Aluminium foil
2M hydrochloric acid
In this experiment, you are required to state the chemical formula of the anions in R and S and to
state the section of the Periodic Table to which the metal in R belongs
Carry out the following tests on R and S. Record your observations in the table. You should identify
and name any gas evolved
Test on R
Test number Test Observation
1. (a) To a small portion of R in a test tube,
add 2cm3 of acidified water. Keep the
resultant for test 2 and 3
2. (a) To a portion of the mixture from (1), add
aqueous sodium hydroxide, until a
change is seen
(b) Add excess aqueous sodium hydroxide
to the mixture in 2(a)
[17]
Conclusion
(a) The formula of the anion in
(I) R is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) S is
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) State the section of the Periodic Table to which the metal in R belongs
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
A stoppered boiling tube or closed petri dish labeled R and S containing about 2g of zinc
nitrate as R and 2g of potassium chloride as S respectively
0.05M silver nitrate
2M dilute nitric acid labeled as such
2M aqueous sodium hydroxide labeled as such
2M aqueous dilute hydrochloric acid
Distilled water
Test tubes
Bunsen burner, Aluminium foil
Stirring rod, Litmus paper
In this experiment, you will identify the anions (negative ions) in compounds R and S and suggest
the chemical formula for R
You are provided with compounds R and S. Carry out the following experiments and record your
observations in the table. Identify any gases which are evolved
Test No Test Observation on R Observation on S
1. (a) Heat a little of the sample in a Pyrex test
tube until no further change is seen
Allow to cool
2. (a) To the remaining samples of R and S, add
water
(divide into 4 portions)
(b) To the first portion, add dilute sodium
hydroxide
(c) Add excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide
to the mixture in 2.(a)
3. (a) To the second portion, add dilute nitric acid
then aqueous silver nitrate
4. (a) To the third portion, add aqueous sodium
hydroxide, then aluminium foil. Warm
carefully.
5. (a) To the last (fourth) portion, add a little
portion of aqueous ammonia
(b) Add excess of aqueous ammonia to the
mixture in (a)
[17]
Conclusion
(a) What are the anions (negative ions) in the compounds?
(I) R
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) S
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Suggest the chemical formula for R
………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
2M dilute hydrochloric acid
3 test tubes in a rack
V (Magnesium powder)
X (Iron fillings)
Y (Copper turnings)
In this experiment, you will investigate the reactivity of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid
Use about half a spatula-full of each of the metals V, X and Y
(a) Place metal V in test tube I, metal X in test tube II and metal Y in test tube III as shown in
the diagram below
To each of the three test tubes containing the metals, add about 2cm3 of hydrochloric acid
provided
Record your observations in the space below:
Test tube I: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
Test tube II: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
Test tube III: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) Arrange the metals V, X and Y in increasing order of their reactivity
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(c) Suggest the method of extraction of metal X
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(d) Assuming metal V has a valence of 2, write a balanced chemical equation for its
reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid using symbol V
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(e) Describe the identity test for the gaseous product in this experiment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution S (0.5mol/dm3 copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O)
2M sodium hydroxide
2M ammonia solution
2M nitric acid
2M sodium carbonate
0.2M barium nitrate
6 test tubes
In this experiment, you will state the formula of cation and anion in solution S and also to state
the formula of the salt in solution S
You are provided with sample S. You are to carry out the tests indicated in the table. Record
your observations in the table below. S contains one cation and one anion both specified in the
syllabus
Test No: Test Observations
1. (a) Describe the appearance of S
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
1M hydrochloric acid solution
1M sodium hydroxide solution
Conical flask
Pipette
Burette
Phenolphthalein indicator
White tile
Clamp and stand
Electronic balance
In this task, you will quantitatively determine the concentration of an acid. Aqueous solutions
of acids yield H + and OH − . The particles react in a neutralization reaction according to the
following equation: H + + OH − → H2 O
Method
1. Pipette 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide into the conical flask and add 3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator. Indicate the colour of the indicator on the sodium hydroxide
………………….…………………………………………………………………………………
………….………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
2. Fill the burette with hydrochloric acid
3. Place the conical flask under the spout of the burette
4. Set up the apparatus as shown below
5. Titrate in the usual manner until the end point. Carry out at least three titrations until you
achieve consistent results. What is the colour at the end point?
………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
………….……………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
6. Record your results in the table below
Titration number Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Final reading/ cm3
First reading / cm3
Volume of acid used /cm3
Tick best titration results (√)
[12]
(a) Use the best titration results to find the average volume of the acid used
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Why is it necessary to do three trials?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Use the relationship, MAVA = MBVB, and the information collected in the titration and
the balanced chemical equation to find the concentration of the hydrochloric acid in
mol/dm3
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Wires
Sticky staff
Hard cover paper
In this experiment, you will construct the structure of an atom
Method
1. Make models of the following:
Nitrogen 7 electrons
Sodium 11 electrons
Fluorine 9 electrons
Aluminium 13 electrons
Chlorine 17 electrons
2. Use wires for shells, hard cover paper for electrons and sticky stuff to stick the electrons
on the shells
3. Always start with filling the first shell, then second and then third. The first shell should
only have 2 electrons, the second and third shells should not exceed 8 electrons.
(a) Name at least two atoms with the same number of electrons in the second shell
(I) …………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(II) …………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) Which atom:
(I) Had the least number of shells. Give a reason for your answer
…………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(II) Had the largest number of shells. Give a reason for your answer
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) What is the relationship between number of electrons and number of shells?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(d) What is the relationship between the number of shells and size of an atom?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
[Total = 10 marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Clay or beads of different colours
Sticks or strolls
Water
Colours or any other coloured pigments
In this experiment, you will demonstrate the formation of simple molecules using models
Method
1. Make models of the following molecules
Oxygen, O2
Water, H2O
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Hydrogen, H2
2. Mould balls from clay of different sizes for each of the elements (each ball should
have a hole drilled in it using the stick or straw)
3. Colour the elements, each should have its own colour
4. Using sticks or straws, join the balls to make the molecules
(a) What does the colour of each ball represent?
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) What do the sticks joining atoms in a molecule represent?
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(c) Which molecules are formed by:
(I) Same kind of atoms
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(II) Different kinds of atoms
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(d) Arrange the following atoms according to their size (starting with one with the
smallest size)
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine
…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(e) Draw the structure of the molecules you have made using the clay balls
[3]
[Total = 10 marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Beaker
Zinc metal
Spatula
Copper (II) sulphate solution
Measuring cylinder
Electronic balance
In this experiment, you investigate the type reaction between zinc and copper (II) sulphate
Method
1. Put 25cm3 copper (II) sulphate solution in a beaker
2. Add 0.5g of zinc granules to the beaker containing copper (II) sulphate solution
while stirring until no further change is observed and remove the excess zinc
(a) Suggest the reason why the colour has changed when zinc was added to
copper (II) sulphate
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(b) State the colour and name of the metal that has settled at the bottom of the
beaker
Colour: …………………………………………………………………………… [1]
Name of metal:…………………………………………………………………. [1]
(c) Suggest the name of the colourless solution formed
…………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(d) What do you think happened to the
(I) Zinc metal
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(II) Copper in copper (II) sulphate
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(e) Write a word equation for the reaction
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Iron (II) sulphate solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Beakers
Electronic balance
Measuring cylinder
In this experiment, you will investigate the law of conservation of matter in a chemical
reaction
Method
1. Weigh 8cm3 of iron (II) sulphate solution and record the mass
Mass of iron (II) sulphate = ………………………………………………………………. [1]
2. Weigh 8cm3 of sodium hydroxide and record the mass
Mass of sodium hydroxide = ……………………………………………………………. [1]
3. Add the mass of iron (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide and record as initial mass,
M1, in grams
M1 = …………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
4. Mix the two solutions together in the beaker and observe the changes that take
place. Write your observations.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
5. Weigh the mass after reacting two solutions and record it as the final mass, M2
M2 = …………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
6. Compare the initial (before reaction) and final mass (after reaction)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
7. What conclusion can you make from the results obtained from 6
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Vinegar
Thermometer
Baking soda
Tea spoon
Plastic cup
Measuring cylinder
In this experiment, you will identify the nature of chemical reaction between vinegar and
baking soda
Method
1. Pour about 10cm3 of vinegar into a small plastic cup
2. Then, place a thermometer into the vinegar. Record the initial temperature, T1
T1 = ……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
3. While the thermometer is in the cup, add about half tea spoon of baking soda to the
cup
4. Watch the thermometer for any change in temperature. After it has stopped
changing, record the final temperature, T2
T2 = ……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
5. Calculate the temperature change for the reaction using the formula: T = T2 – T1
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
6. State whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
7. Based on the change in temperature in the reaction between vinegar and baking
soda, was heat absorbed or given out?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Sodium hydroxide solution
Thermometer
Hydrochloric acid
Beaker
Measuring cylinder
In this experiment, you will identify the nature of chemical reaction between sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
Method
1. Pour about 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid in a beaker
2. Then, place a thermometer into the beaker containing hydrochloric acid. Record the
initial temperature, T1.
T1 = ……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
3. While the thermometer is in the beaker, add 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide
4. Watch the thermometer for any change in temperature. After it has stopped
changing, record the final temperature, T2
T2 = ……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
5. Calculate the temperature change for the reaction using the formula: T = T2 – T1
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
6. State whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
7. Based on the change in temperature in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid, was heat absorbed or given out?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total = 10marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Conical flask
Wrist watch / stop watch
White plain paper
Distilled water
Graph paper
100ml measuring cylinder
25ml measuring cylinder
2M hydrochloric acid
0.25M sodium thiosulphate
Theory
Rate of a chemical reaction is simply the speed at which a given reaction takes place. There
are many factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions. One of them is the
concentration of the solutions used. You will investigate how changing the concentration of
one solution ultimately changes the speed at which the reaction goes to completion.
In this practical, you are going to investigate the effects of concentration on the rate of a
reaction using sodium thiosulphate.
When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium thiosulphate solution, a cream white
precipitate of sulphur is formed which becomes more and more opaque and difficult to see
through.
2HCl(aq) + Na2 S2 O3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2 O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
The intensity of the precipitate at any moment represents the extent of the reaction. In this
experiment, the rate of the reaction is measured by determining time taken for a certain
amount of sulphur to be formed. The amount is that which makes the cross on the white
plain paper to disappear.
In this experiment, you will investigate the effects of concentration on the rate of a reaction
using sodium thiosulphate.
Method
1. Draw a cross (X) about 1cm x 1cm on the white plain paper using a blue or black pen.
2. Measure 50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution into a conical flask and place it on top of the
cross.
3. Measure 5cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid in a measuring cylinder and add the acid to the
conical flask, swirl it once or twice.
4. Immediately start reading the number of seconds as you watch from above to when you
can longer see the cross. See the figure below.
[6]
From the information in the table and the graph, what can you conclude about the rate of
this reaction?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
A 0oC to 100oC thermometer, graduated at 1oC
A 50cm3 or 100cm3 measuring cylinder
An expanded polystyrene (or other light plastic) cup of at least 150cm3 capacity
supported in a suitable beaker
Solution P (1.5mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid)
solution Q (1.2mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide)
Suitable indicator
In this experiment, you are to investigate the temperature rises which occur when different
volumes of the two solutions are mixed and use the results to calculate the concentration of
the hydrochloric acid, P. The reaction between P and Q is exothermic. Use the following
procedure to investigate the temperature rises which occur when different volumes of the
two solutions are mixed. Use your results to calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric
acid P
Method
(a) Consider the following:
(I) Put P into the burette and use it to put 10cm3 of P into a plastic cup. Measure the
temperature of P to the nearest 0.5oC and record the value I column D of the table
(II) Measure 40cm3 of Q as carefully as possible, using a measuring cylinder. Pour this
volume of Q into the plastic cup containing P. stir, using a thermometer, and measure
the highest temperature reached. Record the value in column E of the table.
Calculate the temperature rise for the experiment and record the value in column F
of the table.
(III) Empty the plastic cup and rinse it with water
(IV) Repeat the procedures described in (I) and (II) but using different volumes of P and Q
given in columns A and B of the table below.
A B C D E F
Volume of Volume of Total Initial Highest Temperature
P/ cm3 Q/ cm3 volume/ temperature temperature rise /oC
cm 3 of P/ C
o of mixture/
oC
10 40 50
15 35 50
20 30 50
25 25 50
30 20 50
35 15 50
40 10 50
[7]
(b) Plot a graph of temperature rise (column F) against volume of P (column A) on the grid
provided in the question paper. Using these points, draw two straight lines. The lines should
cross.
[3]
(c) From the graph, what is the largest temperature rise which could occur?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(d) (I) From the graph, read the volume of P needed to cause the temperature rise in (c)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(II) Calculate the volume of Q which reacts with this volume of P
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
(e) Assuming that the volumes of P and Q in (d) exactly neutralizes each other, calculate the
concentration in mol/dm3, of the hydrochloric acid in P
(Q is 1.2mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution P (a freshly prepared solution containing 27.0g of hydrated iron (II) sulphate
(FeSO4.7H2O) in 1dm3 of approximately 1.0mol/dm3 sulphuric acid)
Solution Q (0.020mol/dm3 potassium manganate (VII))
Pipette
Burette
Conical flask
White tile
Clamp and stand
Theory
Hydrated iron (II) sulphate forms crystals of the formula FeSO4.XH2O
P is a solution of FeSO4.XH2O containing 27.0g/dm3 dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid
Q is 0.020mol/dm3 potassium manganate (VII)
In this experiment, you are to determine the value of X in the formula FeSO4.XH2O by titrating
P with Q. No indicator is required since the products of the reaction are colourless and one
drop of potassium manganate (VII) in excess produces a readily seen pink colour.
Method
(a) Put the potassium manganate (VII) solution Q into the burette. Because the colour of Q is so
intense, you may find it easier to read the top of the meniscus
Pipette a 25.0cm3 portion of P into a flask and titrate with Q. At first, the purple colour
disappears rapidly but, as the titration proceeds, this disappearance is less rapid until at the
end point one drop of Q produces a pink colour that does not disappear on swirling.
Record your results in the table, repeating the titration as many times as you consider
necessary to achieve consistent results
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm3
First reading / cm3
Volume of Q used /cm3
[10]
Summary
………………………………cm3 of P required ……………………..cm3 of Q [1]
State which titration results were used in calculating this volume of Q …………. [1]
(b) Q is 0.020mol/dm3 potassium manganate (VII)
Five moles of iron (II) sulphate reacts with one mole of potassium manganate (VII)
Using the titration results, calculate the concentration in mol/dm3, of FeSO4.xH2O present in P
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [3]
(c) P contains 27.0g/dm3 of FeSO4.xH2O
Using your answer to (b), calculate the relative molecular mass of FeSO4.xH2O
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [2]
(d) The relative molecular masses of FeSO4 and H2O are 152 and 18 respectively
Using your answer to (c), calculate the value of X in the formula FeSO4.XH2O
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [3]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
Clamp stand
Suitable indicator
Solution P (0.200mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid)
Solution Q (0.1000mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide)
Theory
Haematite is the main ore from which iron is extracted and the major component in
haematite is iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3
You are required to determine the percentage of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 in the ore,
haematite. The main impurity in the ore is sand (silicon (IV) oxide)
P is a solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl, that remained after 12.00g of haematite was
added to 1dm3 of solution containing 0.6000mol of HCl.
All the iron (III) oxide in haematite reacted and the unreacted impurity (sand) was filtered
off. Iron (III) oxide and hydrochloric acid react according to the following equation:
Fe2O3 + 6HCl → 2FeCl3 + 3H2O
In this experiment, you will determine the percentage of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 in the ore,
Heamatite. To determine the molar concentration of HCl in P and use it to determine the
percentage of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 in the ore, Heamatite
Method
(a) Put P into the burette. Pipette 25.0cm3 of Q into a clean conical flask. Add 3 drops of the
indicator provided and quickly titrate Q with P to obtain your rough titre value
Record your rough titre value in the space below
Final reading/ cm3
Initial reading/ cm3
Rough titre /cm3
Then repeat your titration procedure four times but accurately. Among these accurate
values, tick only the titre values that are consistent (concording) as best value, calculate
the average titre value and indicate it in the summary.
NB: Show your titre value to the nearest 0.05
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm3
Initial reading/ cm3
Volume of P used /cm3
Best results (√)
[5]
Summary
Volume of Q pipetted = ……………………………………………………………….. [1]
Average titre volume of P
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) P contains HCl. Q is 0.1000mol/dm NaOH. Use your titration results to calculate the
3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
Clamp stand
Suitable indicator
Solution P (0.1111mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid)
Solution Q (0.1000mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide)
Theory
P is a solution of dibasic acid, H2X, suspected to either carbonic acid, H2CO3 or sulphuric
acid, H2SO4.
Q is a 0.1000mol/dm3 NaOH
In this experiment, you are to determine the concentration of H2X in P by titration and use
it to identify H2X
P contains 3.44g/dm3 H2X
Method
(a) Put P into the burette. Pipette a 25.0cm3 portion of Q into a conical flask. Add 3 drops of
the indicator provided and then titrate with P.
Record your results in the table, repeating the titration procedure as many times as you
consider necessary to achieve consistent results.
Tick (√) the consistent (concording) results as your best results
Indicate the average of the ticked value in the summary
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Clamp stand
Two beakers
Triple beam balance(scale)
Spatula
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
Volumetric flask (100cm3)
Funnel
Distilled water
Indicator
Sodium hydroxide pellets
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Theory
Volumetric analysis is a technique for determining the amount of a certain substance by
doing a titration. A titration involves delivery (from a burette) of a measured volume of a
solution of known concentration (the titrant) into a solution containing the substance
being analyzed (the analyte). The titrant contains a substance that reacts in a known
manner with the analyte. The point in the titration where enough titrant has been added
to react exactly with the analyte is called the equivalence point or the stoichiometric
point. This point is often marked by an indicator, a substance added at the beginning of
the titration that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence point. The point where
the indicator actually changes color is called the endpoint of the titration. The goal is to
choose an indicator such that the endpoint (where the indicator changes color) occurs
exactly at the equivalence point (where just enough titrant has been added to react with
all the analyte).
In this experiment, you are to determine the concentration of HCl using volumetric
analysis.
In order to do this, you will accurately prepare a standard solution of a Base that you will
use in the analysis.
Method
Accurately measure out 10.4cm3 of the concentrated Hydrochloric acid dilute it with
water to make 100cm3 solution in a volumetric flask.
Measure out 4.00g of sodium pellets and prepare a standard solution of NaOH using the
volumetric flask provided.
(a) State the concentration of the standard solution that you have prepared.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Pipette 20cm aliquot of the standard solution and transfer it in a conical flask and add 3
3
drops of the indicator provided. Indicate the colour of the indicator in the standard
solution.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Set up your titration apparatus and titrate the 20cm3 NaOH with HCl.
Repeat your titration procedure as many times as you possibly can to achieve consistent
results. Record your results in the table below:
Results
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading
Initial reading
Volume of titrant used
Best titration results (√)
[6]
(d) Using your titration results, calculate the concentration of HCl.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(e) Calculate the concentration of Cl ions in the acid.
−
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
Pre lab questions
(I) What is a standard solution? Describe how you can prepare a standard solution of Sodium
hydroxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(II) What is meant by the equivalence point of a titration?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(III) What volume of 0.1M NaOH would you have added to 30.0m3 of 0.2M HCl at equivalence
point?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(IV) Given the following equation:
NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
(a) Write the mole – mole relationship involving the reactants in your balanced
equation above.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Determine the molarity of NaOH required to completely react with 15.0m3 0.5M of
the solution of HCl.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Conical flask
White tile
Burette
Pipette
Clamp and stand
Funnel
Solution P (0.1050mol/dm3 of hydrochloric acid). Note that the question describes P as
sulphuric acid
Solution Q (0.1000mol/dm3 of sodium hydroxide)
Suitable indicator
Theory
P is a solution of sulphuric acid of unknown concentration
Q is 0.1000mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution
In this experiment, you are to determine the concentration of the sulphuric acid by
titration, and the mass of the solution formed
Method
(a) Put P in the burette. Pipette a 25.0cm3 portion of Q into a conical flask and titrate wit P
using the indicator provided
Repeat your titration procedure so that you have four titrations
Among your four accurate titrations values, tick only those consistent (concording) and
indicate the average value of the ticked values in the summary below. Do not tick the
rough value
Results
Titration number Rough 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Clamp stand
Two beakers
Electronic balance
Spatula
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
Volumetric flask(100cm3)
Funnel
Distilled water
Indicator
Sample of impure sodium hydroxide
Dilute hydrochloric acid
In this experiment, you are to determine the percentage purity of an impure sample of
sodium hydroxide using volumetric analysis. In order to do this, you will accurately prepare
a standard solution of the acid (HCl) that you will use in the analysis.
You are required to prepare a standard solution of HCl to use in the titration.
Method
(I) Accurately measure out 10.4cm3 of the concentrated Hydrochloric acid dilute it with
water to make 100cm3 solution in a volumetric flask.
(II) State the concentration of the acid that you have prepared.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(III) Titrate the HCl you have prepared with the solution of the potassium Hydroxide
provided, pipetting 10cm3 of the 1.0mol/dm3 KOH each time. [Run only two titration]
Calculate the concentration of the HCl using your titration results.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(This is the actual concentration of the HCl that you prepared)
(IV) Accurately measure 15.0g sample of impure sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dissolve it
in distilled water to make a solution of volume 250cm3. Label this solution S.
(a) Pipette 25.0cm3 aliquot of S and transfer it in a conical flask. To this aliquot add a few
drops of the indicator provided and note the colour change
(b) Titrate S with the standard solution of HCl.
(c) Repeat your titration procedure as many times as you consider necessary to achieve
consistent results.
(d) Record your titration results in the table below.
Results
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm3
First reading / cm3
Volume of titrant used /cm3
Tick (√) best results
[4]
Summary
……………………. 25.0cm3 of solution S required …………………. cm3 of HCl. [2]
(e) Using your results, Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of impure sodium
hydroxide
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
Pre lab questions
1. An environmental analyst weighted 20g of an impure compound of Heamatite (iron ore)
which was suspected of containing sand as an impurity. Upon heating the sample to
1000C, it was noted that the mass of the sample reduced by 1g. The sample was there
after reacted with 4.0g of carbon monoxide at very high temperature in a sealed
chamber:
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
(a) Why did the analyst heat the sample to 1000C?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Calculate:
(I) The mass of water (if any) in the sample
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(II) Percentage purity of the Iron ore
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(III) Mass of sand in the sample
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
3 pieces of magnesium ribbon (same mass)
Y (200cm3 of HCl with a concentration of 2mol/dm3 in a 250ml beaker)
3 empty beakers labelled A, B and C (250ml or any other)
Stop watch / clock
Theory
One of the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction is the concentration of the
reactants
In this experiment, you will investigate the effect of diluting a reacting solution on the rate
of a reaction
You will use the reaction of magnesium ribbons of the same mass with dilute hydrochloric
acid labelled as solution Y
NB: Y is 2.0M HCl.
The reaction of HCl and Mg is;
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The time taken for effervescence to stop suggests the rate of the reaction
You are provided with 3 empty beakers labelled A, B and C and solution Y
In this experiment, you are to investigate the effect of diluting a reacting solution on the
rate of a reaction
Method
(I) Measure 50cm3, using a measuring cylinder, of solution Y and transfer the whole 50cm3
into beaker A
(II) Add 50cm3 of distilled water to beaker B. Measure and add 50cm3 of solution Y to beaker
B
(III) Add 150cm3 of distilled water to beaker C. Measure and add 50cm3 of solution Y to
beaker C
Calculate and record the new concentrations of HCl in beakers B and C and record your
values in the table provided. (Show your working in the space below)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(IV) Put one of the ribbons in beaker A and immediately start your stop watch and determine
the reaction time until there is no more of the ribbon. Record the reaction time t 1 in
minutes, taken for the whole ribbon to react, in the table below
(V) Put the second ribbon in beaker B and also record the time, in minutes taken for the
ribbon to react completely as t2 in the table below.
(VI) Put the third ribbon in beaker C and also record the time, in minutes taken for the ribbon
to react completely as t3 in the table below.
Table
Beaker HCl concentration / mol/dm3 Reaction time/ minutes
A 2.0
B
C
[5]
(VII) On the grid provided, plot a graph for the three concentrations against t1, t2 and t3.
(VIII) Draw a best fit straight line through the three points
[9]
Conclusion
1. What is the effect of diluting (reducing concentration) a reacting solution on the rate of
the reaction?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
2. Which quantity of the HCl was not changing i.e. constant, in beakers A, B and C?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Clamp stand
Two beakers
Electronic balance
Spatula
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
100cm3 volumetric flask
Funnel
Distilled water
Indicator
Sodium hydroxide pellets
Concentrated hydrochloric acid
Theory
Volumetric analysis is a technique for determining the amount of a certain substance by
doing a titration. A titration involves delivery (from a burette) of a measured volume of a
solution of known concentration (the titrant) into a solution containing the substance
being analyzed (the analyte). The titrant contains a substance that reacts in a known
manner with the analyte. The point in the titration where enough titrant has been added
to react exactly with the analyte is called the equivalence point or the stoichiometric
point. This point is often marked by an indicator, a substance added at the beginning of
the titration that changes colour at (or very near) the equivalence point. The point where
the indicator actually changes colour is called the endpoint of the titration. The goal is to
choose an indicator such that the endpoint (where the indicator changes color) occurs
exactly at the equivalence point (where just enough titrant has been added to react with
all the analyte).
pH is defined as the measure of alkalinity or acidity of a solution. It is also explained as the
measure of the concentration of Hydrogen compared to that of hydroxide ions. pH is
measured using a pH meter. Acids have pH values between the ranges of 0 to 7 while
basic substances have pH ranging from 7 to 14. Because [H + ] in an aqueous solution is
typically quite small, the pH scale provides a convenient way to represent solution acidity.
The pH is a log scale based on 10, where:
pH = −log[H + ]
Weak acids have lower pH than weak acids. For this reason, weak acids have lower
𝐾𝑎 values than strong acids.
In this experiment, you are to determine the pH of the Acid. In order to do this, you will
accurately prepare a standard solution of a Base that you will use in the analysis.
Method
(a) Accurately measure out 10.4cm3 of the concentrated hydrochloric acid dilute it with
water to make 100cm3 solution in a volumetric flask.
(b) Describe how you can prepare a standard solution of Sodium hydroxide, by measuring
out 40.00g of sodium hydroxide pellets and using the volumetric flask provided.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Using your description, prepare the standard solution of NaOH. State the
concentration of the standard solution that you have prepared.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(d) Pipette 25cm3 aliquot of the standard solution and transfer it in a conical flask and add
3 drops of the indicator provided. Indicate the colour of the indicator in the standard
solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(e) Set up your titration apparatus and titrate the 25cm3 NaOH with HCl.
Repeat your titration procedure as many times as you possibly can to achieve
consistent results. Record your results in the table below:
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution P (P is a solution of sulphuric acid of 0.0500 mol/dm3. Note that the question paper
describes P as hydrochloric acid 0.200mol/dm3)
Q is a solution of sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.1050mol/dm3. Note that the
question paper describes Q as hydrated Na2CO3.nH2O
Suitable indicator
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
Theory
P is a solution of hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.2000mol/dm3
Q is a solution made by dissolving hydrated Na2CO3.nH2O which remained after
Na2CO3.10H2O had undergone partial efflorescence (loss of water of crystallization).
In this experiment, you are required to determine the value of n in Na2CO3.nH2O and
hence calculate the efflorescence percentage of Na2CO3.nH2O
Method
(a) Put P in the burette. Pipette 25.0cm3 portion of Q and transfer them into two separate
conical flasks. Add 2 drops of the indicator provided to the solutions of Q and immediately
titrate each portion with P.
Repeat your titration procedure so that you have 4 titration runs. Indicate the consistence
(concording) values by ticking in the titration table below. Use ticked values to indicate
the average volume of P that neutralizes 25.0cm3 of Na2CO3.nH2O. Show the values to the
nearest 0.05cm3 in the summary below. Do not tick the rough value.
The results: Burette readings in cm3
Titration number Rough 1 2 3
Final reading/cm3
Initial reading/ cm3
Volume of P used/cm3
Tick (√) best result
[8]
Summary
..................................cm3 of Q requires ……………………… cm3 of P [1]
(b) P is a solution of hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.2000mol/dm . Q contains Na2CO3.
3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Q (0.100M sodium hydroxide)
P (0.1050M hydrochloric acid)
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
Suitable indicator
Theory
Solution P was prepared by adding unknown mass of iron (III) oxide to excess 1.00dm3 of
0.200mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
Solution Q is 0.100mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide.
You are to determine the concentration of the acid remaining in P by titrating Q with P,
and to calculate the mass of iron (III) oxide that has been added to the hydrochloric acid
Method
(a) Put P into the burette. Pipette 25.0cm3 portion of Q into a conical flask. Put 2 or 3 drops of
indicator provided into Q
Titrate P and Q until just a drop changes the colour of the indicator
Repeat the titration as many times as you can, in order to get concording (consistent)
results. Tick (√) these concording values
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Solution P [solution of 0.09mol/dm3 of hydrated iron (II) sulphate]
Solution Q [a solution of 0.02mol/dm3 potassium manganate (VII)]
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
Theory
6.00g of sample containing iron was obtained for analysis. All the iron in it was converted
into iron (II) and the solution made up to 1000cm3.
P is a solution containing iron (II) ions, prepared as described below.
Q is 0.02mol/dm3 potassium manganate (VII) solution
In this experiment, you are to calculate the mass of iron in 1.0 dm3 and to calculate the
percentage of iron in the original sample
Method
(I) Dissolve 25.02g of FeSO4.7H2O in 500cm3 of 1mol/dm3 H2SO4 and diluting to 1dm3 with
distilled water. Label the solution P
(II) Dissolve 3.16g of KMnO4 in 1dm3 of distilled water. Label the solution Q
(a) Put Q into the burette. Pipette 25cm3 portions of P into a flask. No indicator is required.
Add Q from the burette until a faint pink colour persists.
Since Q is dark, you may find it suitable to read the upper meniscus.
Results
Titration number Rough 1 2
Final burette reading/cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
P (0.1mol/dm3 of copper (II) sulphate)
Q (0.1mol/dm3 of sodium thiosulphate)
2% starch labeled as such (prepared by dissolving 2g of soluble starch in 100cm3 of boiling
water)
100cm3 of 0.2mol/dm3 of potassium iodide labeled as such
Distilled water
Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
White tile
Theory
Solution P is a solution of copper (II) sulphate prepared by dissolving 10.0g of copper ore in
sulphuric acid and hence making an unknown concentration of copper (II) sulphate
solution.
Q is 0.1000mol/dm3 of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3.
in this experiment, you are to determine the concentration of CuSO4 and hence the
percentage of copper in the sample
The consequential reactions are:
(I) 2CuSO4 + 4KI → 2CuI + 2K2SO4 + I2
(II) 2Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
The iodine liberated in reaction (I) is then titrated with sodium thiosulphate using starch as
an indicator, as in reaction (II)
Method
(a) Pipette a 25cm3 of copper (II) solution (solution P) and add a test tube full of potassium
iodide (the solution turns brown)
Fill the burette with sodium thiosulphate solution (solution Q), and titrate the two until a
pale yellow colour appears
Add starch as an indicator at this stage (a blue colour appears). Cautiously continue
titrating until the colour disappears and a faint white precipitate is produced
Repeat the titration procedures as many times as you can, in order to get concording
(consistent) results
Record your results in the table below:
Results
Titration number Rough 1 2
Final burette reading/cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
T (0.5g of zinc carbonate)
S (0.1mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid)
Note that in the question this solution is described as having been made by adding T to
0.5mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid, but this is not necessary
0.1mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide (approximately 4.0g/dm3 NaOH)
Methyl orange or screened Methyl orange indicator or phenolphthalein
Burette
Pipette
White tile
Conical flask
Theory
You are provided with a solid T and a solution S. S was prepared by adding T to 1.00dm3 of
0.5mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid. You are to identify T and determine the mass of T which
had been added to the hydrochloric acid.
(a) Identification of solid T
In this experiment you are to identify T and determine the mass of T which had been
added to the hydrochloric acid
Method
Carry out the following tests on solid T and record your observation in the table. You
should test and name any gas evolved
Test number Test Observation
1. (a) Put your sample of T into a
boiling tube and slowly add
dilute hydrochloric acid, until
the boiling tube is about one
third full
(b) Filter the mixture form 1 (a). Use
the solution for test 2 and test 3
[4]
(b) Use the data given in the table below to calculate the relative molecular mass of T
Element Ar Element Ar
H 1 Cl 35.5
C 12 Ca 40
N 14 Fe 56
O 16 Cu 63.5
Na 23 Zn 65
Al 27 I 127
S 32 Pb 207
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Determination of the concentration of the hydrochloric acid in S
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
R is 0.100mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide
Put S into the burette
Pipette a 25.0cm3 portion of R into a flask and titrate with S using the indicator provided
Record your results in the table, repeating the titration as many times as you consider
necessary to achieve consistent results
Results
Titration number Rough 1 2
Final burette reading/cm3
Initial burette reading/cm3
Volume of S used/cm3
Tick best titration result(√)
[4]
Summary
Tick (√) the best titration results
Using these results, the average volume of S required was……………….cm3 [1]
Volume of solution R used was………………………cm 3 [1]
(d) R is 0.100mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide.
Using your results form (c), calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the
hydrochloric acid in S.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(e) S was prepared by adding T to 1.00dm3 of 0.500mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid. Calculate
the number of moles of hydrochloric acid which had reacted with T
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(f) One mole of T reacts with two moles of hydrochloric acid.
Using your answer to (b) and (f), calculate the mass in grams of T which had been
added to 1.00dm3 of hydrochloric acid to produce solution S
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Conical flask
Burette
Pipette
White tile
clamp and stand
P (a solution of 0.008mol/dm3 potassium iodate (V)) [Dissolve 1.7g of potassium iodate (V)
[KIO3] in 1dm3 of distilled water. Labeled P.] Note that in the question P is described as a
solution of sodium bromate (V)
Q (a solution of 0.05mol/dm3 sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O)) [Dissolve 12.4g of
sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) in 1dm3 of distilled water. Labeled as Q. Note that in
the question, Q is described as 0.125mol/dm3 sodium thiosulphate]
A freshly prepared solution of approximately 0.25mol/dm3 potassium iodide labeled
‘aqueous potassium iodide’ [Dissolve 42g of KI in 1dm3 of distilled water), labeled
‘aqueous potassium iodide’]
2% aqueous starch, labeled ‘starch indicator’. [Mix 2g of soluble starch with a little cold
water until a firm paste is obtained. Add 100cm3 of boiling water and stir. Boil until a clear
solution is obtained (about 15 minutes). This should be freshly prepared]
1.0mol/dm3 sulphuric acid
Theory
P is 0.0200mol/dm3 sodium bromate (V) NaBrO3
Sodium bromate (V) oxidizes acidified potassium iodide, KI, to iodine. The mole ratio for
the reaction can be determined by titrating the iodine produced with a solution of sodium
thiosulphate whose concentration is known.
Q is 0.125mol/dm3 sodium thiosulphate
In this experiment, you are to determine the mole ratio for the reaction by titrating the
iodine produced with a solution of sodium thiosulphate whose concentration is known
Method
(a) Put Q in the burette
Pipette a 25.0cm3 portion of P into a flask and add about a test tube full of dilute
sulphuric acid followed by a test tube full of aqueous potassium iodide. The solution
should turn red brown. Do not add the starch indicator at this stage.
Add Q from the burette until the red brown colour fades to pale yellow, then add a
few drops of the starch indicator. This will give a deep blue solution. Continue
adding Q slowly from the burette, until one drop of Q causes the blue colour to
disappear, leaving a colourless solution. Record your results in the table, repeating
the whole procedures as many times as you consider necessary to achieve
consistent results.
Titration number 1 2 3 4
Final reading/ cm3
Initial reading/ cm3
Volume of Q used/cm3
Best titration results(√)
[10]
Summary
Tick (√) the best titration results. Using these results, the average volume of solution Q
required was…………..cm3. Volume of solution P used was……………cm3 [2]
(b) Q is 0.125mol/dm3 sodium thiosulphate. Using your answer to (a), calculate the
number of moles of sodium thiosulphate in the average volume of Q.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) One mole of sodium thiosulphate reacts with the iodine produced by one mole of
potassium iodide. Using your answer to (b), state the number of moles of potassium
iodide used in each titration.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(d) P is 0.0200mol/dm3 sodium bromate (V). Calculate the number of moles of sodium
bromate (V) pipetted for use in each titration
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(e) Using your answer to (c) and (d), calculate
The number of moles of potassium iodide
The number of moles of sodium bromate (V)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(f) Using your answer to (e), complete the partial equation below for the reaction of
sodium bromate (V) and potassium iodide
……NaBrO3 + ……..KI + acid → iodine and other products [2]
[Total = 20 marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Pipette
Burette
White tile
Clamp and stand
Conical flask
Q (0.100mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution)
P (0.1050mol/dm3 nitric acid)
Suitable indicator
Theory
A ternary acid is an acid with three elements of which two of them are H and O. Some
ternary acids of general formula HXO3 are known, where X can be Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Chlorine or Bromine.
The reaction occurs according to the equation below
NaOH + HXO3 → NaXO3 + H2O
P is one of these acids containing 7.50g/dm3
Q is 0.100mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide
You are to identify x by titrating Q with P
In this experiment, you are to identify X by titrating Q with P to determine the formula of a
ternary acid HXO3
Method
(a) Put solution P into a burette
Pipette a 25.0cm3 portion of Q into a flask and titrate with P using the indicator provided
Record your results in the table, repeating the titration as many times as you consider
necessary to achieve consistent results
Results
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading/ cm 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
P (0.2M hydrochloric acid)
Q (0.1M sodium hydroxide)
Conical flask
Pipette
Burette
White tile
Clamp stand
Theory
Group I metals (alkalis metals) generally form hydrated carbonates of the formula
X2CO3.10H2O
P is a solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl, of concentration 0.400mol/dm3
Q is a solution of X2CO3 made by dissolving 31.80g of the hydrate X2CO3.10H2O per dm3 of
its aqueous solution
In this experiment you are required to
(I) Determine the mole ratio concentration of X2CO3 in Q and
(II) Use the mole ratio of X2CO3:H2O to determine the molar mass, Mr of X2CO3 and thus
identify element X
Element X is suspected to be one the following alkali metals;
Lithium, Li, Sodium, Na, Potassium, K or Rubidium, Rb
Method
(a) Put P into the burette. Pipette 25.0cm3 of Q into a clean conical flask. Add three drops of
the indicator provided and titrate with P quickly to have a rough titre in the space below.
[Indicate your initial and final readings]
Final reading /cm3
Initial reading /cm3
Rough titre/ cm3
[2]
Repeat your titration procedure, but this time accurately as many times as you consider
necessary to achieve consistent (concording) values which you must tick (√) as your best
results in the table below
Show the average of the ticked values in the summary and use this mean (average) value
for your calculations in (b)
The results i.e. burette readings /cm3
Titration number 1 2 3
Final reading /cm3
Initial reading /cm3
Titre volume /cm3
Best results (√)
[10]
Summary
Volume of Q pipetted = ……………………………………. cm3 [1]
Average titre volume of P = ……………………………….. cm 3 [1]
(b) P is 0.4000mol/dm3 HCl. Q contains X2CO3. Use your titration results to calculate the
concentration, in mol/dm3, of X2CO3 Q.
2HCl + X2CO3 → 2XCl + H2O + CO2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Q is a solution of X2CO3.10H2O. use your answer to (b) and the mole ratio of X2CO3: H2O to
calculate the number of moles of water molecules in the sample used in this experiment
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(d) The molar mass of water is 18g/mol. Use your answer to (c) to calculate the mass of water
in the hydrate used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(e) Q contains 31.80g of X2CO3.10H2O. use your answer to (d) to calculate the mass of X2CO3
in the 31.80g
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(f) The mass you have calculated in (e) is contained in 1dm of solution Q. Use your answer to
3
(b) and (e) to calculate the molar mass of the compound X2CO3.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(g) Hence identify element X in X2CO3 through its relative atomic mass, Ar.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20 marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Glass dish
2 beakers (100ml)
3 beakers (250ml)
25ml graduated cylinder
Funnel
Filter paper
2 stirring rods
Electronic balance
Distilled water in a wash bottle
Sodium hydroxide
Copper (II) sulphate
Theory
This experiment is designed to illustrate the relationship between quantities of reactants
and the amount of product produced by a chemical reaction. The principles of
Stoichiometry and limiting reactants will be used to predict the amount of product
produced by mixing two solutions. The reaction to be studied is as follows:
NaOH + CuSO4 →Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2
It is often difficult and impractical to combine the right amount of two reactants needed
for a particular reaction to occur. This experiment is designed for one reactant to go to
completion. The reactant that goes to completion is defined as limiting reactant because
it limits the amount of product being formed. Since the other reactant will have a quantity
remaining, it's called the excess reactant.
From the given date, you will be asked to calculate the mole of each chemical added for
the reaction to occur. Using the principles of stoichiometry, you will be able to determine
which chemical is the limiting reactant and thereby predict how much precipitate will be
formed. This stoichiometric determination will then be compared to the actual mass of
the precipitate formed.
Chemists are often concerned about the optimal yield of manufacturing certain
chemicals. One way to predict the amount of chemical produced, chemists use percent
yield of that particular chemical using the following formula:
Actual yield
Percent yield = x 100%
Theoretical yield
In this experiment, you are to identify the limiting and excess reactants and determine the
percentage yield of the precipitate formed.
Method
1. Measure 1.00g of sodium hydroxide in a 100ml beaker.
2. Use the graduated cylinder to measure 25ml of water and add it to the beaker that
contains sodium hydroxide.
3. Stir until the sodium hydroxide has dissolved completely. If necessary you may add a little
more water.
4. Measure 1.00g of copper (II) sulphate in another 100ml beaker.
5. Use a clean graduated cylinder to measure 25ml of water and add it to the beaker that
contains Copper (II) Sulphate.
6. Stir until the copper (II) sulphate has dissolved completely. If necessary you may add a
little more water.
7. Combine the two solutions. A precipitate should form.
8. Measure the mass of a clean piece of filter paper and write the mass of the filter paper, a
group names, and trial number 1on the edge of the filter paper in pencil.
9. Set the filtration apparatus
10. Pour the mixture you got from step 7 through the filter paper.
11. Rinse the filter itself with a small amount of cold water.
12. Store your filter paper (containing precipitate) on a watch glass and allow it to dry.
13. Divide the filtrate in the beaker into two portions in medium-size test tubes.
14. Treat one portion with 2 drops sodium hydroxide and record your observations.
15. Treat the second portion with 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and record any
observations.
16. Clean your glass wares and repeat steps 1-15 with 0.4g of sodium hydroxide and 4.0g of
copper (ii) sulphate.
17. Clean your glass wares and repeat steps 1-15 with 0.80g of sodium hydroxide and 1.30g of
Copper (II) Sulphate. .
18. Clean your mess.
RESULTS
Record your observations and complete the following table
Trial Mass of Molarity Mass of Molarity of Calculated Measured Predicted Excess
NaOH of NaOH CuSO4 CuSO4 Mass of mass of limiting reactant
Cu(OH)2(S) Cu(OH)2(S) reactant found
1
2
3
[6]
Data analysis
(a) Calculate the percentage yields for each of the trials
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Calculate the concentration of all the ions in remaining excess reactant
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
Pre lab questions
1. Define a precipitation reaction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
2. Outline how you would test for the presence of Cu ions in a given solution
2+
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
3. You mix two solutions of separately dissolved solids of barium nitrate and sodium
sulphate.
(a) What is the name of the precipitate that will be formed
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) If you had 2M and 50ml of each solution, determine:
(I) the limiting reactant
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(II) the mass of the precipitate formed
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(III) concentration of each ion in the two solutions
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total = 20 marks]
SN NAME OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION NUMBER CENTER NUMBER SEX CLASS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATURAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT
TASK NUMBER DATE
You are provided with
Two beakers (100m3)
Electronic balance
Spatula
Wash bottles
Pipette
50m3 measuring cylinder
Distilled water in a wash bottle
Unknown substances: A, B, C, D
Theory
Density is a basic physical property of a homogeneous substance; it is an intensive property,
which means it depends only on the substance's composition and does not vary with size or
amount. The determination of density is a nondestructive physical process for distinguishing
one substance from another.
Density is the ratio of a substance's mass to its own volume. In the metric system the unit of
density for a liquid or solid is measured in g/ml or g/cm3.
Mass
d=
Volume
In this experiment you will determine the density of two liquids and compare the physical
properties of those liquids by identifying them. The volume of a liquid is measured using a
graduated cylinder, a pipette, or some other volumetric apparatus. You also will determine
the density of two solid (powdered) substances. The difficulty in determining the volume of a
powdered substance arises when the powder is soluble in water. The method commonly
used is to measure the change in the volume of water when the powder is immersed in the
water. The object displaces a volume of water equal to its own volume.
If the powdered material is soluble in water, another liquid, in which the solid is insoluble, is
used (e.g. carbon tetrachloride or Ethanol for salts). Alternatively, the powder can be
placed in thin protective latex or plastic wrapper.
In this experiment, you are to determine the densities of four different unknown substances
and use the densities to identify the unknown substances.
Method
Part I: Density of Liquids
1. Measure and record the mass of a beaker to the nearest 0.01g.
2. Use the same beaker to measure 40 mL Liquid A.
3. Measure and record the mass of the beaker with the Liquid A.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 using a graduated cylinder instead of beaker.
5. Clean your mess to start part II.
CAUTION: HANDLE THE CHEMICALS WITH CARE AND AVOID MIXING THEM
Part II: Density of Solids
(a) Measure and record the mass of the powdered solids to the nearest 0.01g.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Use the graduated cylinder to measure 20 cm water.
3
(c) Immerse the object inside the cylinder and record the volume to the nearest 0.1cm3.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
Note: If the powder dissolves in water, use the alternative measures
(d) Use the calculated mass and volume of the object to calculate the density.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
Clean your mess.
Take note the physical properties such as colour, smell of fumes if any of the substances A, B, C, D
Results
Part I
Empty beaker Mass of empty graduated cylinder
Mass of beaker and A Mass of graduated cylinder and A
Mass of A Mass of A
Volume of A Volume of A
Density of A Density of A
He has been Head of Department for Natural Sciences at Namushakende Secondary School from
2019. He has taught chemistry, physics and biology at Namushakende Secondary School since
2019. He has been teaching chemistry and physics at Kambule Technical Secondary School from
2009 to 2019. He has been lecturing chemistry at Zambian College of Open Learning (ZAMCOL) in
Mongu from 2015 and he has also been a chemistry tutor at the University of Barotseland from 2018.
He has been a marker for integrated science with the Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ) from
2009. He previously taught environmental science at Kanyonyo Basic School from 2007 to 2009. He
also taught chemistry and biology at Naboye Secondary School from 2004 to 2007.