RRL second wave

1. Lignin Rxns at 500 deg C (Max)

2. Heat of Rxns for Lignin
3. Surplus Supply of SCB in PH (if may ara)
>Activation Reactor Heuristics
>Energy Balance

Heat of Reactions
According to Sharma, Pareek, and Zhang (2015), char-forming reactions are considered
exothermic in nature, while tar evaporation is endothermic; therefore, the extent of these
reactions depends on other operating conditions of the process, such as pressure and flow rate. It
was also observed that cellulose decomposition is an endothermic process at lower conversions
(below 573 K), whereas lignin decomposition is exothermic at higher conversions. In pyrolysis
of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin it was found that when temperature was lower than 200 °C,
the DSC curve of the three components pyrolysis showed a similar tendency, the reactions
occurred at 100 °C were all endothermic, mainly attributed to the removal of moisture when the
samples were then heated. According to the DSC analysis, the pyrolysis reactions of
hemicellulose and lignin were found to be endothermic between 150 and 500 °C, with two peaks
observed at 275°C and 365 °C, respectively. The authors of the study pointed out that the
charring process is highly exothermic, while volatilization is endothermic. The DSC values of
hemicellulose and lignin were above zero specifically between 150 and 500 °C, with two peaks
at 275°C and 365 °C, respectively, indicating that the pyrolysis reactions are exothermic. It was
also pointed out that the charring process is highly exothermic, whereas volatilization is
endothermic; when the temperature is higher than 500 °C, the DSC values of hemicellulose and
lignin decrease to negative values, indicating the endothermic properties of the related reactions
(Yang et al., 2007).

References:
Abhishek Sharma, Vishnu Pareek, Dongke Zhang, Biomass pyrolysis—A review
of modelling, process parameters and catalytic studies, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, Volume 50, 2015, Pages 1081-1096, ISSN 1364-0321,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.193.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115005316)
Haiping Yang, Rong Yan, Hanping Chen, Dong Ho Lee, Chuguang Zheng,
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, Fuel Volume 86, Issues
12–13, 2007, Pages 1781-1788, ISSN 0016-2361,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001623610600490X)
 Energy Balance

Design of Impregnation Unit (Mixing Tank)

Mechanism: This equipment served as a venue for mixing sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with

MgSO4.7H20 solution to impregnate SCB with Mg before pyrolysis. The mixture contained

approximately 6-8% w/w solids in the form of a slurry. The following assumptions were made

for the design specifications of the tank.

Table 1. Design Criteria of Mixing Tank

Parameter Value

Mass of SCB-MgSO4.H20 mixture 18,237.4 kg

Density of mixture 1246 kg/m3

Table 2. Assumptions for the Design of a Mixing Tank

Parameter Value References

Safety Factor of Vessel 35% of total volume [2]

Height to Diameter ratio of 1.5 [1]

tank

Corrosion Factor 0.35 [1]

Maximum working stress for 205MPa [3]

Type 316 L stainless steel

Number of baffles for more 6 [3]

than 3m tank

Joint Efficiency 1 [2]

 Power Factor for paddle 5 [4]

impellers

Using the following parameters, the volume of the vessel was calculated using the

following equation:

Mt
V vessel =
ρmixture

18237.4 kg
V vessel = 3
1246 kg/m

3
V vessel =14.6368 m

But the vessel has a safety factor of 35% of the total volume,

3
V vessel =14.6368 m (1.35)

3
V vessel =19.75962279 m

The diameter of the vessel was determined using the calculated volume and the height to

diameter ratio equal to 1.5.

2
πD
V vessel = H
4
But,

H=1.5 D

Therefore,

2
πD
V vessel = 1.5 D
4

3 4 V Vessel
D=
1.5 π

Dt =
√
3 4(19.75962279)
1.5 π

Dt =2.560192246m

Using the following equation the height of the vessel was calculated:

H=1.5 Dt

H=1.5 (2.560192246 m)

H=3.84028837 m
For impeller diameter, it was obtained using the equation below.

Dt
Da =
3

2.560192246 m
Da =
3

Da =0.853397415 m

The impeller height from the vessel floor is equal to impeller diameter.

E=Da

E=0.853397415 m

The length of the impeller blade can be used from the impeller diameter.

Da
L=
4

0.853397415 m
L=
4

L=0.213349354 m
The width of the impeller blade can be solved from the following equation:

Da
W=
5

0.853397415 m
W=
5

W =0.170679483 m

For the width of baffle,

Dt
J=
10

2.560192246 m
J=
5

J=0.256019225 m

Solving for the impeller speed,

5
N= x 60
π Da

5
N= x 60
π (0.853397415 m)

N=111.9541723 rpm
The tip velocity can be solved using the following equation:

π Da N
V tip =
60

π (0.853397415 m)(111.9541723 rpm)

V tip =
60

V tip =5 m/s

Solving for the Power Requirement using equation,

3 5
P=N p ρ N Da

3 3 5
P=5 (1246 kg /m )(1.8659 rps) (0.853397415 m)

P=18319.4217 9W
References:
[1] S. M. Walas, Chemical process equipment: selection and design. in Butterworths
series in chemical engineering. Boston: Butterworths, 1988.
[2] G. Towler and R. Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and
Economics of Plant and Process Design. Elsevier, 2012.
[3] J. L. Candor, S. Gamala, and A. Khater, “Design of culture vessel, hydrolytic vessel,
and fermentation vessel for the production of ethanol from bagasse,” University of Negros
Occidental-Recoletos, 2014.
[4] C. Bimbao, E. Cabus, and M. F. Recaido, “A Proposed Production of Cellulosic
Bioethanol from Sugarcane Bagasse in Negros.,” University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos.