Oral Com

Language
Most effective medium of communication
Transmits messages between and among people
Exist as a tool used in expressing ideas and feelings to achieve understanding
Communication
The transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons with the use of
verbal and non-verbal cues
Broad term for the two-way dynamic process of message transmission
Embraces both the verbal and the non-verbal aspects
Communication is any process in which people, through the use of symbols, verbally
and/or nonverbally, consciously or not consciously, intentionally or unintentionally,
generate meanings (information, ideas, feelings, and perceptions) within and across
various contexts, Cultures, channels, and media.
Elements of Communication\
1. Sender is the speaker or the communicator who has his/her own purpose,
knowledge, interests, attitudes, skills, and credibility.
2. Message is the idea being transmitted by the sender to the listener. It includes the
three (3) aspects of content, structure, and style.
3. Channel is the medium or vehicle through which the message is sent. It may be
verbal or visual. The latter is often supplemented with the pictorial and aural channels.
4. Receiver is the target of the communication. S/He is the destination of the message,
the listener, with his/her own purposes, knowledge and interest levels, attitudes, and
listening skills.
5. Feedback is the reaction given by the listener to the sender of the message. It is
what completes the communication process.
The Communication Process
It starts with the encoding and ends with the decoding. The encoder is more popularly
known as the sender of the message. They transmit the message (for example, an idea)
to the receiver, a more popular term for the decoder of the message. The recipient tries
to understand the message, and if they do, communication takes place. They may then
give their feedback. If there is a continuous exchange of messages between the sender
and the receiver, particularly in an oral discourse, communication takes the form of a
cycle.
Models of Communication
Communication models are a representation of communication systems in different
approaches. These are categorized into three types- linear, transactional, and
interactional.

1. Linear models are one-way communication and are commonly used for mass
communication. The senders send a message, and the receivers only receive it.
It also does not require feedback.
2. Transactional models are used for interpersonal communication. Feedback will
act as a new message that will start another communication process.
3. Interactional models are like Transactional, but it is commonly used in a wider
platform like the internet. However, feedback in this type of communication model
can take a long time since it has wider coverage than others.
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
Aristotle’s model is formed with five (5) elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion,
Audience, and Effect. This model focuses on public speaking that aims to persuade the
audience.
Example: During a meeting, the President orders the Coast Guard to capture, not to kill
poachers venturing in local waters.
Speaker: the President
Speech: about his order regarding poachers
Occasion: meeting
Audience: members of the Coast Guard
Effect: capture the poachers instead of killing them
This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication.
Berlo’s Model of Communication
This model involves several factors in the communication process.
The communicators or the source and the receiver are influenced by their
characteristics demonstrated in their attitudes, communication skills, and knowledge. A
fourth factor that influences the communicators is the social system and culture or the
sociocultural system. The message comprises the content and the communicators’
treatment and coding of the content. The five senses are the channels of
communication or how communication is transmitted. These are seeing, hearing,
touching, smelling, and tasting.
Lasswell’s Model of Communication
Laswell’s model described the communication process as a linear or one-way process
in which communication is transmitted from a sender to a receiver. A verbal
transmission model comprised five questions that described one of the earliest views on
how communication works.
Surveillance of the environment – a function of surveillants such as political leaders
and health officers designed to alert society to the dangers and opportunities it faces
Correlation of components of society – a function mainly carried out by institutions
such as community development workers, educators, and poll-takers designed to
gather, coordinate, and integrate into a meaningful form of responses of society toward
changes in the environment.
Cultural transmission between generations – a function carried out by institutions
such as the family, church, school, and community to pass down their values, customs,
and traditions to the next generation.
Who? – control analysis
What? – content analysis
In which channel? – media analysis
To whom? – audience analysis
With what effect? – effect analysis
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
Mathematician Claude Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver (1949) designed a mode,
originally for telephone communication. It includes five components – the information
source, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and noise.
When we apply Shannon-Weaver’s model to a no-telephone communication situation,
the information source is the speaker; the transmitter is the vocal mechanism, and the
receiver and destination is the listener. The concept of noise is being added to this
model. According to Shannon and Weaver’s model, noise is anything that interferes with
or distorts the intended meaning of communication. Noise can be:
Physical - noises are those distractions in the environment such as seatmates talking,
the sound of the air conditioner or electric fan, or the traffic heard from outside the room
Psychological - noises are thoughts that run through the communicator’s mind during
the interaction that takes his/her attention away from it.
Physiological - For example, psychological noises are disturbances within the
communicator’s body. When having a headache or feeling hungry, the communicator
may have difficulty focusing on the conversation.
Semantic - noises are differences in the meaning or interpretation of words or
messages
Schramm’s Model of Communication
Schramm’s second model depicts the dual roles of communicators where they can be
both senders or encoders and receivers or decoders. They are also interpreters in the
process as they assign meaning to the message. The model also illustrates the circular
sequential process in which one person interacts with another, sending feedback to the
first person.
Verbal communication
Is a type of communication where we use spoken and written words to get our message
and information across to the other person.
Avoid misunderstanding
1. Strive to achieve clarity
2. Respect individual differences
3. Avoid stereotyping
4. Aspire to use comprehensible words to your listener
Connotation and Denotation
Connotation and denotation are two (2) principal methods of describing the meanings of
words. Connotation refers to the wide array of positive and negative associations that
most words naturally carry with them. In contrast, denotation is the precise, literal
definition of a word that might be found in a dictionary.
Connotation and denotation are not two (2) separate things/signs. They are two (2)
aspects/elements of a sign, and the connotative meanings of a word exist together with
the denotative meanings.
− Connotation represents the various social overtones, cultural implications, or
emotional meanings associated with a sign.
− Denotation represents the explicit or referential meaning of a sign. Denotation refers
to the literal meaning of a word, the ‘dictionary definition
British English versus American English
In terms of speech, the differences between American and British English actually took
place after the first settlers arrived in America. These groups of people spoke using
what was called rhotic speech, where the ‘r’ sounds of words are pronounced.
Meanwhile, the higher classes in the UK wanted to distinguish the way they spoke from
the common masses by softening their pronunciation of the ‘r’ sounds.
Six Differences Between British and American English
Vocabulary

The most noticeable difference between American and British English is vocabulary.
There are hundreds of everyday words that are different. For example, Brits call the
front of a car the bonnet, while Americans call it the hood.

Collective nouns
There are a few grammatical differences between the two (2) varieties of English. Let’s
start with collective nouns. We use collective nouns to refer to a group of individuals
Auxiliary verbs
Another grammar difference between American and British English relates to auxiliary
verbs. Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, are verbs that help form a
grammatical function. They “help” the main verb by adding information about time,
modality and voice.
Past tense verbs
You will also find some small differences with past forms of irregular verbs.
The past tense of learn in American English is learned. British English has the option
of learned or learnt. The same rule applies
to dreamed and dreamt, burned and burnt, leaned and leant.
Tag questions
A tag question is a grammatical form that turns a statement into a question. For
example, “The whole situation is unfortunate, isn’t it?” or, “You don’t like him, do you?”
The tag includes a pronoun and its matching form of the verb be, have, or do. Tag
questions encourage people to respond and agree with the speaker. Americans use tag
questions, too, but less often than Brits.
Spelling
There are hundreds of minor spelling differences between British and American English.
You can thank American lexicographer Noah Webster for this. You might recognize
Webster’s name from the dictionary that carries his name.
Nonverbal Communication
This is a type of communication that does not make use of words. The message is
communicated by the use of hands, head, feet, and other parts of the human body. It is
similar to the sign language employed by deaf and mute people to communicate their
thoughts and feelings to people whom they talk to.
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Chronemics – This is the study of the time element in communication.
Haptics – This is the study of the touch element in communication.
Oculetics – This is the study of eye contact in communication.
Proxemics – This is the study of proximity between the parties in a communication.
Kinesics – This is the study of movements used in communication.
Objectics – This is the study of objects or artifacts used in communication.

Effective Communication
Listening - This is one of the most important aspects of effective communication.
Successful listening means not just understanding the words or the information being
communicated but also understanding how the speaker feels about what they are
communicating.
Tips for Effective Listening
Focus fully on the speaker - If you find it hard to concentrate on some speakers, try
repeating their words over in your head—it will reinforce their message and help you
stay focused.
Avoid interrupting - Listening is not the same as waiting for your turn to talk. You
cannot concentrate on what someone is saying if you are forming what you are going to
say next.
Avoid seeming judgmental - In order to communicate effectively with someone, you
do not have to like them or agree with their ideas, values, or opinions.
Show interest - Nod occasionally, smile at the person, and make sure your posture is
open and inviting. Encourage the speaker to continue with small verbal comments like
“yes” or “uh-huh.”
Managing Stress - In small doses, stress can help a person perform under pressure
Emotional awareness—the consciousness of one’s moment-to-moment emotional
experience—and the ability to manage feelings appropriately is the basis for effective
communication

Tenets of Communication
Dynamic
Unrepeatable and irreversible
contextualized
everywhere
continuous
transaction
learned
sharing of meanings

Lee McGaan's Four (4) C's Of effective communication

Commitment
Context
Consistency
Concern

Rich Maggiani's Tenets of Effective Communication

Honest
Clear
Accurate
Comprehensive
Accessible
Concise
Correct
Timely
Well-designed
Builds goodwill

Watzlawick's Five (5) Axioms of communication

You can not communicate
Every interaction has a content dimension and a relationship dimension
Every interaction is defined by how it is punctuated
Messages consist of verbal symbols and non-verbal cues
Interactions are either symmetrical or complementary
Barriers of Communication
Problems with Language
Vague language
Abstract language
Multiple meanings
Doublespeak
Euphemism
Technical language or jargon
Racist, sexist, and other insensitive language