HISTORY-1 -usually created by historians and

MODULE 1: DEFINITION AND RELEVANCE OF scholastic writers based on their

HISTORY
Definition of HISTORY:
 Louis Gottschalk- history came
from the Greek word “iotopia”
meaning learning.
 Greek Philosopher Aristotle-
wasn’t able to distinguish its
difference from the word
“scientia”.
 defined as a systematic account
of a set of natural phenomena.
 Branch of knowledge dealing with
past events having a continuous,
systematic narrative of past
events as relating to a
particular people, country,
period, person usually written as
a chronological account.
 History repeats itself.
Why study History:
 Helps to understand people and
societies.
 Contributes to moral knowledge.
 Provides identity.
 Essential for good citizenship.
Sources of History:
1. Primary Sources
- provides and contains direct or firsthand
evidence about an event, object, person, or
work of art.
-provides compelling and direct evidence of
human activity.
interpretations of the primary sources.
Examples:
Biography Movies
Encyclopedia News Reports
Textbooks News Articles
Thesis Transcriptions
Dissertations Almanacs
Interviews Dictionaries
Scholarly Journals
MODULE 2: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS:
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISMS
Authenticity of Documents:
The problem of forged documents is one of
the greatest obstacles for historians. They
need to secure themselves and protect their
reconstruction of historical events basing
from forged documents, they must be able to
distinguish hoax from genuine documents.
Misleading documents are usually created
because of the following reasons: a) to
bolster a false claim; b) to sale
counterfeited documents; c) to promote
political propaganda; d) some documents
were based on practical jokes.
In order to test the authenticity of a
document:
 External Criticism
- identifying who composed the historical
material was produced, and establishing the
material’s evidential value.
- applies experimental science to certify
the authenticity of the material that holds
the data in which historical information
will be based.

- things that were created or in use during - entails such physical and technical test
the period which is being studied. as dating of paper where a document is
written on.
-these sources are actual records that have
survived from the past. - involves knowledge of when certain things
are possible or impossible to exist.
Examples:
 Internal Criticism
Autobiography Photograph
Eyewitness Accounts Videos
Diary Legal Documents - focuses on understanding the substance
Fossils Ornaments and message that the historical material
Relics Clothing wants to convey by examining how the author
Letters Tools framed the intent and meaning of a composed
Memoirs Speeches material.

2. Secondary Sources - includes looking at the apparent or

- created later or after the historical
event which is being studied and provided
by the people who were not present on that
event.
-describes, discuss, interpret, comment
upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and
process primary source.
possible motives of the person providing
the data.
- indicates the accuracy and
trustworthiness of the materials to which
historical data will be based.
Content and Contextual analysis of selected
primary sources Guide Questions:
 What is the main idea of the
document? (Content)
 Who was the author/creator?
(Citation)
 What is the idea the author
trying to convey? (Communication)
 What was happening when the
document was written? (Context)
 What is your newly acquired
knowledge? (Connection)
 How did it contribute to history?
(Conclusion)