5054 Example Candidate Responses Paper 2 (For Examination From 2023)

Example Responses – Paper 2
Cambridge O Level
Physics 5054
For examination from 2023
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 v1
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Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Question 1........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Question 2........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Question 3...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Question 4...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Question 5...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Question 6...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Question 7...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Question 8...................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Question 9...................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Question 10.................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Introduction
The main aim of this booklet is to exemplify standards for those teaching Cambridge O Level Physics 5054.
This booklet contains responses to all questions from June 2023 Paper 22, which have been written by a Cambridge
examiner. Responses are accompanied by a brief commentary highlighting common errors and misconceptions where
they are relevant.
The question papers and mark schemes are available to download from the School Support Hub
5054 June 2023 Question Paper 22

5054 June 2023 Mark Scheme 22
Past exam resources and other teaching and learning resources are available from the School Support Hub
4
Question 1
2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph for a car travelling on a straight horizontal road.
20
speed
m/s
10
2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph for a car travelling on a straight horizontal road.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
20 time / s
speed
m/s Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe the motion

10 of the car shown in Fig. 1.1.
The speed is constant at 18 m / s for the first 10 s. The car then

...................................................................................................................................................
decelerates non-uniformly for another 40 s.

...................................................................................................................................................
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
...................................................................................................................................................
time / s
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
Fig. 1.1
(b) At time t = 10 s the engine of the car is switched off. The brakes are not applied.
Examiner comment
(a) Describe the motion of the car shown in Fig. 1.1.
The description(i)needed
Namesome two detail,
forceseither
that act
thatonthethe car to cause
deceleration the change
is non-uniform or in motion
giving after t of
the values = 10
times.for the
...................................................................................................................................................
different stages of the motion. Some candidates misread the vertical axis, taking the graph as a distance–time graph
1 ........................................................................................................................................
rather than a speed−time graph and suggesting that the car is stationary for the first 10 seconds. Since the question
...................................................................................................................................................
asked for a description of the graph, there was no need for any explanation of the physical principles involved or a
2 ........................................................................................................................................
calculation, for...................................................................................................................................................
example a calculation of the average acceleration.
[1]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after t = 10 s. [2]
...........................................................................................................................................
(i) ...........................................................................................................................................
Name two forces that act on the car to cause the change in motion after t = 10 s.
1 friction
........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 air resistance
........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after t = 10 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
5
...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(i) Name two forces that act on the car to cause the change in motion after t = 10 s.
Examiner comment
1 for
The question asks ........................................................................................................................................
two forces that act to change the motion. Forces such as the weight and the contact force are
present and were mentioned in some answers, but are not involved in the change in the motion.
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after t = 10 s.
there is a non-uniform deceleration caused by decrease in the air

...........................................................................................................................................
resistance as the car slows down

...........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
Examiner comment
Rather than just stating that the car slows down, as in many answers, more detail was required about why this
decrease in speed produces a curve. The simplest statement was to say that the deceleration is non-uniform but a
better suggestion is to explain why the deceleration is non-uniform by stating what happens to the air resistance.
(c) Between t = 10 s and t = 20 s the speed of the car changes from 18 m / s to 11 m / s.
The
© UCLES 2023 mass of the car is 1200 kg. 5054/22/M/J/23
(i) Calculate the change in momentum of the car in this time.
Give the unit of your answer
momentum change = m(v-u) = 1200 × (18-11) = 8400 kg m / s
8400
momentum change = ...................................... unit kg m / s [2]
...........
(ii) Calculate the average resultant force exerted on the car during this time.
Examiner comment
Candidates should start by writing down the formula for momentum or they should show that they knew that
momentum is mass × velocity. They then needed to insert numerical values and calculate the numerical result. In
this case, the unit of the answer was required. This was the only place on the paper where a unit was needed on the
answer line because elsewhere the unit was provided on the question paper. Some candidates were unable to give
the unit correctly, for example writing it as kg / m / s, or kg m / s2.
average resultant force = ..................................................... N [2]
[Total: 8]
6
momentum change = ...................................... unit ........... [2]
(ii) Calculate the average resultant force exerted on the car during this time.
F = change in momentum / time = 8400 / 10 = 840 (N)
840
average resultant force = ..................................................... N [2]
[Total: 8]
Examiner comment
• Many candidates successfully used the equation F = ma, rather than using the rate of change of momentum. This
was accepted.
• The answer could be given as 840 N or −840 N.
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23 [Turn over
7
Question 2
4
2 Fig. 2.2 shows a rider on an electric scooter.
2 Fig. 2.2 shows a rider on an electric scooter.
Fig. 2.2
The scooter contains a battery and a motor to drive the back wheel.
(a) (i) State the name of the energy store in the battery.
chemical energy
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe, in terms of work done,Fig. 2.2

the stages of energy transfer from the energy store in
Examiner comment
the battery to the kinetic energy of the scooter.
The scooter contains a battery and a motor to drive the back wheel.
Some candidates suggested that the energy stored in a battery is electrical energy. This is not an ‘energy store’ that
...........................................................................................................................................
is mentioned in the syllabus; the syllabus terms for energy stores are ‘kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic
(a) (i) State the name of the energy store in the battery.
(strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal (thermal)’.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe, in terms of work done, the stages of energy transfer from the energy store in
the battery to the kinetic energy of the scooter.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
An mass
(b) The total electrical current andtransfers
the rider is energy
70 kg. from the battery to the
...........................................................................................................................................
of the scooter
motor
Calculate when
the total work
kinetic is done
energy of theon theand
rider electrons
scooter when in the the wire
scooter that
has connects
...........................................................................................................................................
a speed of
4.0 m / s.
the battery and the motor. The kinetic energy increases when
...........................................................................................................................................
mechanical work is done by the motor in turning the back wheel [2]
.....................................................................................................................................
to provide
(b) The total a scooter
mass of the drivingand
force on the
the rider is 70 scooter.
kg.
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the rider and scooter when the scooter has a speed of
Examiner kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [2]
4.0comment
m / s.
The question asked for a description of the energy transfer in terms of the work done. Many candidates produced
long lists of energy transfer which did not often involve any idea of work being done and sometimes involved energy
transfers other than to the kinetic energy of the scooter, for example that thermal energy (heat) was produced. These
transfers were often incorrect when the energy was shown as, for example, chemical to heat to kinetic energy.
Candidates needed to explain the role of work being done as energy is transferred from one store to another, rather
than just giving the energy stores involved.
kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [2]
8
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The total mass of the scooter and the rider is 70 kg.
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the rider and scooter when the scooter has a speed of
4.0 m / s.
KE = ½ mv2 = ½ × 70 × 42 = 560 (J)
560
kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [2]
Examiner comment
Candidates needed to square the value of the velocity when using a calculator as some answers were given as 140 J.
(c) The battery is marked ‘energy capacity 0.35 kilowatt-hour (kW h)’.
(i) Define what is meant by a kilowatt-hour.
a kilowatt-hour is the energy produced in 1 hour when the power

...........................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2023 5
5054/22/M/J/23
output is 1 kW
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The battery is marked ‘energy capacity 0.35 kilowatt-hour (kW h)’.
(ii) The scooter stops working because the battery is totally discharged (flat). This means
Examiner(i) comment
that there
Define is no
what more energy
is meant stored in the battery.
by a kilowatt-hour.
Many candidates did not recognise that the kilowatt-hour is a value of energy and, instead, suggested it is a unit of
power. The battery is then recharged using a 70 W power supply.
...........................................................................................................................................
Calculate the time taken to fully recharge the battery.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The scooter stops working because the battery is totally discharged (flat). This means
that there is no more energy stored in the battery.
The battery is then recharged using a 70 W power supply.
Calculate the time taken to fully recharge time

the battery.
= ............................................... hours [2]
E 0.35 [Total: 8]
T=
= = 5
P 0.07
5
time = ............................................... hours [2]
[Total: 8]
Examiner comment
Candidates needed to recognise that if the power was used as 70 W, then the energy capacity of 0.35 kW h needed to
be changed to 350 W h. Similarly, that 70 W needed to be changed to 0.07 kW if the energy capacity of 0.35 kW h was
used. Candidates needed to be conscious of the units used in an equation so that they remained consistent.
9
Question 3
6
3 A fixed mass of gas in a glass tube is trapped by a seal at one end of the tube and by a column of
mercury. The mercury is free to move within the tube.
The tube is rotated slowly from the vertical as shown in Fig. 3.1 to the horizontal as shown in
Fig. 3.2. The volume of the gas increases and its temperature remains constant.
mercury sealed gas mercury

end
0.30 m
Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

gas
sealed end
(a) (i) Describe why rotating the tube changes the pressure of the gas in the sealed end.
when the tube is vertical the mercury exerts a pressure on the gas
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain, using ideas about particles, why the pressure of the gas decreases when its
Examiner comment
volume increases.
• Candidates gave some alternative answers, for example that when the tube is rotated the mercury does not exert a
...........................................................................................................................................
pressure and only atmospheric pressure acts on the gas.
• Many candidates attempted to answer the question by explaining that pressure decreases because volume
...........................................................................................................................................
increases, without explaining the cause of these changes or realising that the volume changes because the
pressure decreases.
• Some candidates...........................................................................................................................................
gave a kinetic theory pressure to explain why the pressure decreases, effectively giving answers
to the next section, (a)(ii). Candidates needed to read through every part of the question before starting their
answer to avoid.....................................................................................................................................
repetition. [3]
(b) In Fig. 3.1 the length of the mercury column is 0.30 m.
The density of mercury is 14 000 kg / m3.
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure of the gas in the tube.
10
...........................................................................................................................................
gas
...........................................................................................................................................
sealed end
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain, using ideas about particles, why the pressure of the gas decreases when its
Fig. 3.1increases.
volume (not to scale)
(a) (i) When the

Describe why volume
rotating the increases
tube changes particles hit the
the pressure walls
of the gas of thesealed
in the containerend.
...........................................................................................................................................
less frequently. This reduces the force acting on the container (or on
...........................................................................................................................................
the mercury) and thus reduces the pressure.

...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[1]
(b) (ii)
In Fig. 3.1 theusing
Explain, lengthideas
of theabout
mercury columnwhy
particles, is 0.30
the m.
pressure of the gas decreases when its
Examiner comment
volume increases.
The density /m . 3
• Many candidates gaveofvague
mercury is 14which
answers 000 kg suggested that there is more space for the particles to move around
...........................................................................................................................................
or that they are freer to move around, rather than focussing on how the particles create a pressure by a series of
5 Pa.
forces asAtmospheric
particles hit the pressure
walls. It is
is 1.0
only×the10rate at which the particles hit the walls and their change in momentum
...........................................................................................................................................
during an individual collision that changes the pressure.
• AcceptableCalculate
alternativetheanswers
pressure of the
stated gas
that theinchange
the tube. in momentum of a single collision was constant, but that the
...........................................................................................................................................
number of collisions per second increased.
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) In Fig. 3.1 the length of the mercury column is 0.30 m.

pressure = .................................................... Pa [3]
The density of mercury is 14 000 kg / m3.
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure of the gas in the tube.
P = dgh = 14000 × 9.8 × 0.3 = 41160
pressure in tube = 41160 + 1.0 × 105 = 140 000
140 000
pressure = .................................................... Pa [3]
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
Examiner comment
• The final value in a calculation was accepted to any number of significant figures greater than or equal to 2. This
was the value shown, but candidates could give their answers to more but not less significant figures.
• The value of g is given on the front page of the examination paper and was best taken as 9.8. In this case, it did
not make any difference to the final result when written to 2 significant figures if a value of 10 was used in the
calculation. The actual question did not give the value of g and this seemed to prompt a number of candidates to
take atmospheric pressure as the value of g in the equation for pressure.
• Many candidates calculated the change in pressure, but did not add on atmospheric pressure. Many subtracted the
change (41160 Pa) from atmospheric, rather than adding it on.
11
(c) The pressure of a different sample of gas changes at constant temperature.
Fig. 3.3 shows one point, marked X, on a graph of pressure against volume for the gas
sample.
At X the pressure of the gas is P0 and its volume is V0.
2P0 x
pressure
P0 X
½P0 x
0
0 ½V0 V0 2V0
volume
Fig. 3.3
On Fig. 3.3, sketch the graph as the pressure of the gas decreases from 2P0 to ½P0. [2]
[Total: 9]
Examiner comment
• Many candidates drew a curved line with the correct shape, but their graphs did not go through the point at (V0,P0)
or through (2V0,½P0) and (½V0, 2P0).
• Some candidates made sure that their graph was correct at ½V0, V0 and 2V0, but merely joined these points with
straight lines rather than thinking about how the graph would change.

12
Question 4
8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the particles (atoms) at one instant in a sample of iron at a temperature below its
melting point.
melting point.
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) State the lowest possible temperature on the Celsius scale and on the Kelvin scale.
−273
Celsius scale ............................. °C 0
Kelvin scale ............................. K [1]
(ii)
The temperature of the solid increases. The sample remains a solid.
Examiner comment Fig. 4.1
Describe how the motion of the particles changes.
Many candidates gave the
(a) (i) State thevalues
lowestaspossible
−273 K and 0 °C, or8gave
temperature on thethe Celsius
lowest possible
scale and temperature
on the Kelvinas 273scale.
°C.
...........................................................................................................................................
Celsius scale ............................. °C
melting point. Kelvin scale ............................. K [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The temperature of the solid increases. The sample remains a solid.
(iii) The solid melts.
Describe how the motion of the particles changes.
State what happens to the internal energy and the temperature of the solid as it melts.
the particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster, with a greater
...........................................................................................................................................
internal energy ..................................................................................................................
amplitude
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
Fig. 4.1
temperature .......................................................................................................................
(a) (iii) The solid
(i) State melts. possible temperature on the Celsius scale and on the Kelvin scale. [2]
the lowest
Examiner comment
(b) A student:
• An increase inCelsius scale
the speed .............................
or kinetic °C
energy of the particles, Kelvin
as well asscale .............................
a description K
of how the vibration [1]
is affected,
was required. internal energy ..................................................................................................................
• The
(ii) places a 300 g piece
temperature of theof solid
iron inincreases.
boiling waterThe until
samplethe remains
iron is ataasolid.temperature of 100 °C
• Many candidates
• suggested
removes that from
the iron an increase
the water in temperature
and placesmerely causes theinto
it immediately particles
100 g to of‘start
water toat
vibrate’
25 °C.or
to ‘vibrate more’. They often
temperature did not specify what was meant by ‘more’ which might mean vibrate ‘for a longer
Describe how.......................................................................................................................
the motion of the particles changes.
time’. Stating that extra energy ‘starts’ the particles to move or ‘starts’ them
The iron cools and the water warms until both reach the same temperature, 44 °C. vibrating suggests that they were[2]not
vibrating or moving initially.
...........................................................................................................................................
(b) AThe student:
specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J / (g °C). No energy is lost to the surroundings.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
•(i) places
Calculate thegchange
a 300 piece ofiniron energy (internal
in boiling waterenergy) of the
until the ironwater
is at as it warms up.of 100 °C
a temperature
• The
(iii) solid the
removes melts.
iron from the water and places it immediately into 100 g of water at 25 °C.
The State whatand

iron cools happens to the
the water internal
warms energy
until and the
both reach thetemperature of the solid
same temperature, as it melts.
44 °C.
The internal
specific energy increases
..................................................................................................................
heat capacity of water is 4.2 J / (g °C). No energy is lost to the surroundings.
(i) temperature remains constant

change in energy = ...................................................... J [2]
Calculate the.......................................................................................................................
change in energy (internal energy) of the water as it warms up.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.
Examiner comment
(b) A student:
All possible combinations of ‘increase’, ‘decrease’ and ‘stays constant’ were seen. Many candidates suggested that
• places a 300 g piece of iron in boiling water until the iron is at a temperature of 100 °C
the temperature increases as a solid melts, rather than stays constant.
• removes the iron from the water and places it immediately into 100 g of water at 25 °C.
The iron cools and the waterspecific
warms until both
heatof13 reach
capacity the same temperature, 44 °C.
(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity iron. = ........................................... J / (g °C) [2]
State what
Describe happens
how to theofinternal
the motion energychanges.
the particles and the temperature of the solid as it melts.
internal energy ..................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
temperature .......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[2]
(iii) The solid melts.
(b) A student:
• internal
removesenergy the iron..................................................................................................................
from the water and places it immediately into 100 g of water at 25 °C.
temperature
The iron cools and.......................................................................................................................
the water warms until both reach the same temperature, 44 °C.
[2]
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J / (g °C). No energy is lost to the surroundings.
(b) A student:
(i) Calculate the change in energy (internal energy) of the water as it warms up.
• Eremoves
= mc∆T = 100
the iron from × the4.2water × and
(44−25)places it= immediately
7980 into 100 g of water at 25 °C.
The iron cools and the water warms until both reach the same temperature, 44 °C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J / (g °C). No energy is lost to the surroundings.
7980
(i) Calculate the change in energy (internal energy) of the water as it warms up.
(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.
Examiner comment
Some candidates gave the formula as C = mcT. This was not advisable as it often led to confusion as to which ‘c’ is
the specific heat capacity. Other candidates made mistakes in the temperature rise of the water.

specific heat capacity = ........................................... J / (g °C) [2]
(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron. [Total: 9]
c = E / mc∆T = 7980 / (300 × 56) = 0.48
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
0.48
specific heat capacity = ........................................... J / (g °C) [2]
[Total: 9]
Examiner comment
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
• Many candidates were not able to distinguish between the amount of energy and the specific heat capacity in the
equation. Some did not realise that the energy in (i) should be used in (ii), since the energy transfer from the iron
as it cools is used to warm the water.
• Some candidates made errors in rearranging the formula to make the specific heat capacity the subject of the
equation, or used wrong values in the calculation. Candidates needed to read and understand the question
thoroughly to make sure they used the correct values for the iron and the water.
14
Question 5
9
5 Water waves are transverse waves.
(a) Underline two other examples of transverse waves.
seismic P-waves seismic S-waves sound X-rays [1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a wooden bar and a glass 9block in a ripple tank. The depth of water in the tank
is less than the height of the glass block.
Examiner comment
Although many correctly correctly suggested X-rays are transverse, the other example of transverse waves was often
stated wrongly as seismic
(a) Underline twoP-waves or sound. of transverse waves.
other examples
wooden
bar seismic P-waves seismic S-waves sound X-rays [1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a wooden bar and a glass block in a ripple tank. The depth of water in the tank
is less than the height of the glass block.
ripple
tank
wooden
bar
crests glass block
ripple Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

tank
The wooden bar moves up and down once every 0.15 s to create the crests.
(i) The speed of the water wave is 27 cm / s.
Calculate the frequency

crests and the wavelength
glassofblock
the wave.

frequency = ......................................................... Hz
Calculate the frequency and the wavelength of the wave.
wavelength = ......................................................... cm
1 1 [3]
f= = = 6.7 (Hz)
T 0.15
(ii) The wave diffracts at the right-hand edge of the glass block.
v 5.1 draw
On Fig. 27 two crests after they pass the glass block to show the diffraction. [2]
λ= = = 4.1 (cm)
f 6.7 6.7
(iii) Describe how a wave with a smallerfrequency = .........................................................
wavelength is made with the wooden bar. Hz
4.1
wavelength = ......................................................... cm
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Describe how a decrease in wavelength affects the diffraction.
On Fig. 5.1 draw two crests after they pass the glass block to show the diffraction. [2]
...........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe how a wave with a smaller wavelength 15
is made with the wooden bar.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(a) Underline two other examples of transverse waves.
Examiner comment
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a wooden bar and a glass block in a ripple tank. The depth of water in the tank
• Candidatesis were
less than theable
usually height of the
to start the glass block.
calculation either by calculating the frequency from the period or by
calculating the wavelength as the distance a crest moves in 0.15 s at a speed of 27 cm / s.
• Some candidates struggled to use the equation v = f λ because they had neither the wavelength nor the frequency.
Those candidates who just wanted to use the equation9were often in difficulty as they needed to devise a method
of calculating at least one of the two quantities before they could use the equation.
wooden
5 Water waves are transverse waves. frequency = .........................................................
• Rearrangement
bar of the formula to make f or v the subject of the formula caused difficulty for some candidatesHz the
time taken for one wave was incorrect.
(a) Underline two other examples of transverse waves.= ......................................................... cm
wavelength
[3]
ripple
tank5.1
(b) Fig. shows a wooden bar and a glass block in a ripple tank. The depth of water in the tank
is less
On Fig.the
than 5.1height of the
draw two glassafter
crests block.
they pass the glass block to show the diffraction. [2]
(iii)Describe how a wave with a smaller wavelength is made with the wooden bar.
crests glass block
...........................................................................................................................................
wooden
bar Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
TheDescribe
(iv) wooden bar
howmoves up and
a decrease indown once every
wavelength 0.15
affects thes diffraction.
to create the crests.
ripple
(i) ...........................................................................................................................................
The speed of the water wave is 27 cm / s.
tank
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2023
crests 5054/22/M/J/23
glass block [Turn over

Examiner comment
• CandidatesTheneeded
wooden bar moves
to draw up the
the crests andsame
downdistance
once every
apart 0.15
frequency = ......................................................... Hz
s to create
throughout the crests.
the diagram, but many did not.
• Candidates needed to draw the diagram with a ruler,wavelength
both to measure the distance between crests and to make
sure they(i)
wereThe speedrather
constant, of thethan
water
thewave is 27 to
attempting / s. them =entirely
cmdraw .........................................................
freehand.
cm
[3]
• In the shadowCalculate
region where
thethe wave is diffracted
frequency the crests should
and the wavelength of theappear
wave.curved, ideally approximately a quarter
(ii)wasThe
circle. This rarely shown
wave well. at the right-hand edge of the glass block.
diffracts
On Fig. 5.1 draw two crests after they pass the glass block to show the diffraction. [2]
(iii) Describe how a wave with a smaller wavelength is made with the wooden bar.
increase the frequency of movement of the bar
...........................................................................................................................................
frequency = ......................................................... Hz
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
wavelength = ......................................................... cm
(iv) Describe how a decrease in wavelength affects the diffraction. [3]
Examiner comment
(ii) ...........................................................................................................................................
The wave diffracts at the right-hand edge of the glass block.
Although many candidates suggested the movement of the wooden bar needed to be different, the change was
.....................................................................................................................................
often not clear, forOn
example
Fig. 5.1 candidates
draw twostated crests ‘move
afteritthey
more’. passJustthe
suggesting
glass block that totheshow
speedthe of the wave should[2]
diffraction. [1]
be
increased or changed in some way was not usually sufficient.
(iii) Describe how a wave with a smaller wavelength is made with the wooden bar. [Total: 8]
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

16
...........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe how a wave with a smaller wavelength is made with the wooden bar.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

less diffraction is seen
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
Examiner comment
• A regular misconception was that decreasing the wavelength increases the amount of diffraction.
• Some answers suggested that the frequency increases as the wavelength decreases. Although this was true, it did
not suggest how the diffraction is affected by the decrease in wavelength.
17
Question 6
10
6 Fig. 6.1 shows an electric circuit containing a filament lamp, a resistor R, a 12 V battery and five
meters.
12 V
ammeter ammeter
A A
A1 A3
ammeter
A2
resistor R
A
V V
voltmeter voltmeter
V1 V2
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) The reading on ammeter A1 is 0.25 A.
The reading on voltmeter V1 is 3.0 V.
Determine the readings on the other meters.
0.25
reading on ammeter A2 = ............................................................ A
0.25
9
reading on voltmeter V2 = ........................................................... V
[2]
Examiner
(ii) comment
Calculate the resistance of resistor R.
• Most candidates suggested that at least one of the ammeters measures 0.25 A, but not always that both were
0.25 A.
• Some candidates incorrectly gave the reading on the voltmeter as 3.0 V, e.g. equal to the reading on voltmeter 1.
resistance of resistor R = ..................................................... Ω [2]
18
reading on voltmeter V2 = ........................................................... V
[2]
(ii) Calculate the resistance of resistor R.
V
R
= = 36
I
36
resistance of resistor R = ..................................................... Ω [2]
Examiner comment
• Some candidates gave the formula relating voltage, current and resistance at the start of their calculation, which
was helpful.
V
• Although many candidates knew the formula R = they did not always use the values for the reading of voltmeter
I
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
2 or the reading in ammeter 2 to obtain their answer.
11
(iii) The resistor obeys Ohm’s law.
State Ohm’s law.
the current in a metal wire is directly proportional to the potential

...........................................................................................................................................
difference across the wire, provided the temperature is constant

...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the current–voltage graph for the filament lamp.
Examiner comment
0.40
• Many answers suggested that resistance is proportional to voltage or inversely proportional to current. Ohm’s law
merely relates the relationship between voltage and current and does not specifically mention resistance.
• Many candidates correctly stated that the basic proportionality was correctly stated by many candidates, but the
provision that temperature is constant was not as well known.
0.30
current / A
0.20
0.10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
voltage / V
Fig. 6.2
The battery in Fig. 6.1 is replaced with a different battery which has a different e.m.f.
(electromotive force).
19 V.
The voltage across the lamp increases to 6.0
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the current–voltage graph for the filament lamp.
0.40
0.30
current / A
0.20
0.10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
voltage / V
Fig. 6.2
The battery in Fig. 6.1 is replaced with a different battery which has a different e.m.f.
(electromotive force).
The voltage across the lamp increases to 6.0 V.
Use data from the graph to determine the e.m.f. of the second battery.
Show your working.

I = 0.35 A
p.d. across resistor = IR = 0.35 × 36 = 12.6 (V)
e.m.f. of battery = 12.6 + 6 = 18.6 (V)
19
e.m.f. = ...................................................... V [3]
[Total: 9]
Examiner
© UCLES 2023 comment 5054/22/M/J/23 [Turn over
• Many candidates did not realise that the diagram in this section was a new situation. For this section of the
question, the resistance of the lamp was not found from values given in (a)(i), only the resistance of resistor R is
the same as the value found in (a)(ii).
• Those candidates who used the total resistance of the circuit often incorrectly used the initial resistance of the lamp
in finding the total resistance.
• Those candidates who attempted to set out their work logically could be awarded marks for using the correct
current or calculating the voltage across resistor R.
20
Question 7
12
7 (a) Ultraviolet radiation is one component of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(i) State the name of two components of the electromagnetic spectrum that have a smaller
wavelength than ultraviolet radiation.
12
x-rays
1 ........................................................................................................................................
7 (a) Ultraviolet radiation is one component of the electromagnetic spectrum.
gamma radiation
2 ........................................................................................................................................
(i) State the name of two components of the electromagnetic spectrum that have a smaller [1]
Examiner (ii) comment
State one useful application of ultraviolet radiation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
The two components of the electromagnetic spectrum that were chosen were more often correct than not, but
.....................................................................................................................................
components with a higher wavelength than ultraviolet, e.g. 12radio waves and infra-red were sometimes chosen. [1]
2 ........................................................................................................................................
7 (a) (iii) Exposure
Ultraviolet to ultraviolet
radiation radiation from
is one component of thetheelectromagnetic
Sun damages the eyes.
spectrum. [1]
State one
State
(ii)
(i) one type
usefulof
the name damage
ofapplication toof
two components the eyeofcaused
ultraviolet by ultraviolet radiation.
theradiation.
electromagnetic spectrum that have a smaller
detecting counterfeit bank notes
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[1]
1 ........................................................................................................................................
(b) (iii)
Fig. Exposure
7.1 showstoaultraviolet
ray of light. The ray
radiation frompasses
the Sun intodamages
a semi-circular
the eyes.block of glass at A and
Examiner comment
leaves the glass at B, travelling along the surface to C.
2 ........................................................................................................................................
many one
Candidates gave State usefultype of damage
applications to the eyeand
of ultraviolet, caused by ultraviolet
‘providing a suntan’ was radiation.
very popular. A few applications [1]
were clearly not suitable, for example cleaning jewellery or providing a scan for an unborn baby, where candidates
.....................................................................................................................................
(ii) State
confused ultrasound one another
or with useful application
component of of the
ultraviolet
B radiation.
electromagnetic C
spectrum. [1]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light. The ray 40° passes into a semi-circular block of glass at A and
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
A
(iii) Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun damages the eyes.
State one type of damage to the eye

B caused by ultraviolet
C radiation.
formation of cataracts in the lens of the eye

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
40°Fig. 7.1
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light. A The ray passes into a semi-circular block of glass at A and
(i) comment
Examiner State the name given to the angle of incidence marked as 40°.
• The question asked for a statement of one type of damage to the eye caused by ultraviolet radiation. There were
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
a number of possible answers, apart from the formation of cataracts, e.g. burning the cells in the retina or causing
cancer. Many answers just mentioned damage to a particular Bglass. part of theC eye, without specifying what type of
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the Fig. 7.1
damage.
• Blindness might have been the outcome of many possible causes and candidates needed to give more detail about
40°of incidence marked as 40°.
what had(i) State
caused thethe name given to the angle
blindness.
A
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.

refractive index = ......................................................... [2]
Fig. 7.1
[Total: 6]
(i) State the name given to the angle of incidence marked as 40°.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
refractive
21 index = ......................................................... [2]
(iii)
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun damages the eyes.
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[1]
Example ResponsesState
– Paperone2 type of damage to the eye caused by ultraviolet radiation.
(ii) State one useful application of ultraviolet radiation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light. The ray passes into a semi-circular block of glass at A and
leavesExposure
(iii) the glasstoatultraviolet
B, travelling along from
radiation the surface
the Suntodamages
C. the eyes.
State one type of damage to the eye caused by ultraviolet radiation.

B C
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
40°
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light. The ray passes into a semi-circular block of glass at A and
A
B C
Fig. 7.1
40°
(i) State the name given to A
the angle of incidence marked as 40°.
critical angle
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Although most candidates gave correct answers, others gave ‘the normal’, ‘refractive index’ or just ‘angle of incidence’.
(i) State the name given to the angle of incidence marked as 40°.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the refractive indexrefractive

of the glass.
index = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
1 1
n= = = 1.56
6 sin c sin 40
1.6
refractive index = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
Examiner
© UCLES 2023 comment 5054/22/M/J/23
sin i sin 40
Many candidates applied the equation for refractive index as = and obtained an answer less than 1. When
sin r sin 90
using this version of the formula to calculate the refractive index, the ray should be moving from air into glass and not
from glass to air as in the diagram. Since light is reversible, the angle of incidence should be taken as the air angle, in
this case 90°.
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
22
Question 8
13
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a step-down transformer used to operate an electric bell.
core
primary coil secondary coil

13
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a step-down transformer used to operate an electric bell.

input output
voltage core
voltage
primary coil secondary coil
input output
voltage Fig. 8.1
voltage
(a) State the material used for the core of the transformer.
iron
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A current in the primary coil produces a magnetic field in the core.
Explain how an alternating voltage is produced in the secondary coil.
Although most candidates knew that the core of a transformer is made from iron, some just suggested that it is made
from ‘a(a) State
metal’ the material
or incorrectly used
stated thefor theto
metal core of the transformer.
be copper.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
An alternating current in the primary coil causes a changing magnetic
...................................................................................................................................................
(c) The transformer has 4600 turns on the primary coil which is connected to a mains supply of
field
230 V. in the core. The changing magnetic field passes through the core
...................................................................................................................................................
to the secondary
An output of 5.0 V is used coil towhere
operateitthe cutsbell.the secondary coil and induces an
...................................................................................................................................................
alternating
Calculate the number voltage in the
of turns secondary.
needed on the secondary coil.
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
Examiner
230comment
V.
• Many candidates wrote at length about the construction of a step-down transformer, rather than answering the
questionAn output
which of 5.0
asked howVanis alternating
used to operate the
number
voltage bell.
of turns = ......................................................... [2]
is produced.
• Many candidates incorrectly suggested that a current flows through the core from the primary to the secondary coil.
(d) Calculate
State onethe number
change of can
that turnsbeneeded
made on to the secondary
transformercoil.
shown in Fig. 8.1 so that it can be
• Even where the idea of the cutting of the magnetic field by the secondary coil was mentioned, candidates did not
used as a step-up transformer.
always include that the current in the primary coil is the cause of the changing magnetic field.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
number of 23 turns = ......................................................... [2] [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
...................................................................................................................................................
230 V.
...................................................................................................................................................
An output of 5.0 V is used to operate the bell.
...................................................................................................................................................
Calculate the number of turns needed on the secondary coil.
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
Vp Np
Vs V. Ns
230
5
Ns 4600 100
230
An output of 5.0 V is used to operate the bell.
number 100
of turns = ......................................................... [2]
Calculate
(d) State the number
one change that of turns
can be needed
made toonthe
thetransformer
secondary shown
coil. in Fig. 8.1 so that it can be
Examiner comment
Although most candidates knew the formula relating the turns on the coils to the voltages across the coils, some found
it difficult to...................................................................................................................................................
establish that the 5 V, used to operate the bell, was the voltage across the secondary coil.
.............................................................................................................................................
number of turns = ......................................................... [1] [2]
(d) State one change that can be made to the transformer shown in Fig. 8.1 so that [Total: it can 7] be
increase the number of turns on the secondary coil so that it is larger
...................................................................................................................................................
than the number of turns on the primary coil

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
Examiner comment
© UCLES
Most 2023
candidates 5054/22/M/J/23
recognised that to increase the output [Turnshould
voltage then the number of turns on the secondary over
be increased, but fewer mentioned that it should be greater than the number of turns on the primary coil. Some
candidates suggested that the two coils should be swapped.
24
Question 9
14
9 A radioactive source emits α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation.
(a) (i) State which type of radiation produces the strongest ionising effect.
alpha
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) 14 most by a magnetic field.

State which type of radiation is deflected
Examiner comment
9 A radioactive source emits α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
Although candidates also gave beta radiation, some incorrectly considered that gamma radiation has the strongest
ionisation
(a) effect.
(i) State which type of radiation produces the strongest ionising effect.
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a Geiger-Müller (G.M.) tube and counter. A radioactive source is placed 10 cm
from the G.M. tube.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
In Fig. 9.2 a piece of metal 5 mm thick is placed between the source and the G.M. tube. The
(ii) Stateon
readings which type of radiation
the counter have been is deflected
correctedmost by a magnetic
for background field. and show the count
radiation
rate due to the source.
beta
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
radioactive source counter
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a Geiger-MüllerG.M. tube
(G.M.) tube and counter. A radioactive source is placed 10 cm
Examiner comment
from radioactive source
the G.M. tube. G.M. tube
counter
Both gamma and alpha radiation were mentioned by those candidates who were incorrect, 800 even though gamma is
800
neutral and not deflected at all by a magnetic field and alpha radiation is deflected only a little because of its large
readings on the counter have been corrected for background radiation and show the count
mass. 10 cm
10 cm Fig. 9.1
G.M. tube
G.M. tube
200
800
200
800
5 mm thick metal10 cm
5 mm thick metal10 cm Fig. 9.1
Fig. 9.2
(i) Explain how the readings show that the source emits β-particles 200 and γ-radiation.
200
...........................................................................................................................................
5 mm thick metal
5 mm...........................................................................................................................................
thick metal
Fig. 9.2
...........................................................................................................................................
(i) Explain how the readings show that the source emits β-particles and γ-radiation.
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) ...........................................................................................................................................
State why the readings cannot be used to show that the source emits α-particles.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
.....................................................................................................................................
(c) Describe one way that a radioactive source is moved safely in a school laboratory. [3]
(ii) State why the readings cannot be used to show that the source emits α-particles.
...................................................................................................................................................
25
...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State
Example Responses which
– Paper 2 type of radiation is deflected most by a magnetic field.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a Geiger-Müller (G.M.) tube and counter. A radioactive source is placed 10 cm
from the G.M. tube.
readings on the counter have been corrected for background radiation and show the count

G.M. tube
G.M. tube
800
800
10 cm
10 cm Fig. 9.1
200
200
5 mm thick metal
5 mm thick metal
Fig. 9.2
The fall in count rate, from 800 to 200, shows that beta particles
...........................................................................................................................................
are emitted by the source.

...........................................................................................................................................
This fall is because beta radiation is stopped by the metal sheet.

...........................................................................................................................................
The emission of gamma radiation is shown by the count rate of

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) 200,why
State since gammacannot
the readings radiation passes
be used through
to show the metal.
that the source emits α-particles.
...........................................................................................................................................
Examiner comment
• Many candidates .....................................................................................................................................
spent too much time describing how alpha radiation cannot be detected and so answered [1] the
next section (b)(ii), without answering the question of how the emission of beta particles and gamma radiation is
(c) Describe one way that a radioactive source is moved safely in a school laboratory.
shown.
• Statements of fact, such as ‘beta radiation is stopped by metal but gamma radiation is not stopped’, needed to be
applied to...................................................................................................................................................
the question by using the information given in the question, in this case by mentioning the count rates
given.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
• Several candidates stated that both beta and gamma radiation are stopped by the metal.
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
26
5 mm...........................................................................................................................................
thick metal
Fig. 9.2
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) ...........................................................................................................................................
State why the readings cannot be used to show that the source emits α-particles.
alpha radiation is stopped by a few cm of air and will not reach the
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
detector, 10 cm from the source
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
.....................................................................................................................................
(c) Describe one way that a radioactive source is moved safely in a school laboratory. [3]
Examiner comment
(ii) State why the readings cannot be used to show that the source emits α-particles.
...................................................................................................................................................
Many candidates mentioned that alpha particles are stopped by paper, or just stated that alpha particles are easily
stopped or do not...........................................................................................................................................
travel far. They did not mention the range in air or the distance given in the question.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.....................................................................................................................................
[Total:[1]
7]
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23
(c) Describe one way that a radioactive source is moved safely in a school laboratory.
use tongs to handle the radioactive source

...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
Examiner
© UCLES 2023 comment 5054/22/M/J/23
Of a number of possible safety precautions that could be mentioned, the storage of the source in a lead box was the
most common. Some candidates merely stated that the source should be placed in a box, without specifying that the
box be made of lead or a thick metal.
27
Question 10
15
10 (a) Astronomical distances are measured in light-years.
(i) State what is meant by ‘a light-year’.
a light-year is the distance travelled in a vacuum by light in one

...........................................................................................................................................
year
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
15
(ii) The Sun is one star in the Milky Way galaxy.
Examiner commentdistances are measured in light-years.
10 (a) Astronomical
State
• Many candidates didthe
notapproximate
recognise thatdiameter
a light-year of the
is a Milky
distance. Way galaxy.they stated that it was a time or that it
Instead,
(i) State
was a distance, but didwhatnot is meanteither
mention by ‘alight
light-year’.
or ‘in a time of 1 year’.
• Some candidates gave details about thediameter light-year, ofe.g.
MilkythatWayit is = .......................................
used to measure distances to stars, light-years
but these [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
were not sufficient unless detailed enough, e.g. that 1 light-year is 9.5 × 10 m. 15
(b) There are several stages in the life cycle of a star.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(i) Complete Fig. 10.1 to show the stages that a massive star goes through after it has
(ii) used
The Sunup mostis one of star
the hydrogen
in the Milky at Way
the centre
galaxy. of the star.
Use words
State from the following
the approximate list:of the Milky Way galaxy.
diameter
nebula neutron star protostar redWay

diameter of Milky giant 100 000
supernova
= .......................................white dwarf [1]
light-years
(b) There are several stages in massive

the life cycle
star of a star.
(much larger
Examiner comment than our Sun)
Only a few candidates knew this figure, even though it is stated in the syllabus.
used up most of the hydrogen at the centre of the star.
Use words from the followingred

list:supergiant
nebula neutron star protostar red giant supernova white dwarf
massive star (much larger

.............................................
than our Sun)
............................................. and
redblack hole or .............................................
supergiant
Fig. 10.1
[2]
.............................................
(ii) State the stage in the life cycle of a star where heavy elements are formed.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
............................................. and black hole or .............................................
Fig. 10.1
Question 10 continues over the page. [2]
28
...........................................................................................................................................
State the approximate diameter of the Milky Way galaxy. Example Responses – Paper 2
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
diameter of Milky Way = ....................................... light-years [1]
(b) There are several stages in the life cycle of a star.
State the approximate diameter of the Milky Way galaxy.
used up most of the hydrogen at of
diameter the centre
Milky of =the
Way star.
....................................... light-years [1]
Use
(b) There arewords from
several the following
stages in the lifelist:
cycle of a star.
nebula (i) neutronFig.
Complete star10.1 toprotostar
show the stages red giant
that a massive supernova white
star goes through dwarf
after it has
used up most of the hydrogen at the centre of the star.
than our Sun)
Use words from the following list:
nebula neutron star protostar red giant supernova white dwarf

red supergiant
than our Sun)
supernova
.............................................
red supergiant
nebula
............................................. neutron star
and black hole or .............................................
.............................................
Fig. 10.1
[2]
Examiner comment
(ii) .............................................
State the stage in the life cycle andofblack
a starhole or .............................................
where heavy elements are formed.
Almost all the possible combinations of the words provided in the question were seen in the spaces provided in the
two boxes. ‘Protostar’ was a common error.
.....................................................................................................................................
Fig. 10.1 [1]
[2]
supernova Question 10 continues over the page.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
Examiner comment
Only a few candidates mentioned the supernova as the stage in the life cycle of a star where heavy elements are
formed, despite this being stated in Question
the syllabus.10Many
continues
candidatesover the‘red
gave page.
giant’ or ‘red supergiant’ instead.
Although these
© UCLES 2023 giant stars form when most of the hydrogen in the
5054/22/M/J/23 centre of the star has been converted to helium,
[Turn over the
heavy elements heavier than iron are formed in a supernova.
29
16
(c) Current scientific understanding is that the universe began 14 billion years ago in an event
known as the Big Bang.
Explain one observation that supports the Big Bang Theory.
the red shift shows the universe is expanding

observation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
The red shift from distant stars and galaxies shows that
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
they are moving away from the Earth; the amount of red shift is used
...................................................................................................................................................
to measure their speed. It is found that the further a galaxy from

...................................................................................................................................................
the Earth the greater the red shift and the faster it is moving away.
...................................................................................................................................................
Moving backwards in time, all stars and galaxies were closer together,
...................................................................................................................................................
initially in a very dense state.

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
Examiner comment [Total: 9]

• Explanations were usually in terms of red shift, but candidates also mentioned cosmic microwave background
radiation. This was usually in terms of this radiation being left over radiation from the early universe, red shifted
to microwave wavelengths. Its uniform intensity from all directions suggests that the universe was initially very
compact and dense.
• Many candidates did not mention that the further the star or galaxy is from the Earth, the faster it is moving away
from Earth. This was part of the narrative needed to show that matter in the universe was initially dense. Many
candidates suggested that initially the universe was a ‘point’. Ideally an answer would not state that the universe
was originally a point, but that the universe was initially very dense. A statement that the universe started from a
point was accepted, however.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23

30
Cambridge Assessment International Education
The Triangle Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, CB2 8EA, United Kingdom
t: +44 1223 553554
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© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 v1

5054 Example Candidate Responses Paper 2 (For Examination From 2023)

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Example Responses – Paper 2

5054 June 2023 Question Paper 22

(a) Describe the motion

The speed is constant at 18 m / s for the first 10 s. The car then

decelerates non-uniformly for another 40 s.

(ii) Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after t = 10 s.

(ii) Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after t = 10 s.

there is a non-uniform deceleration caused by decrease in the air

resistance as the car slows down

(c) Between t = 10 s and t = 20 s the speed of the car changes from 18 m / s to 11 m / s.

(i) Calculate the change in momentum of the car in this time.

Give the unit of your answer

momentum change = m(v-u) = 1200 × (18-11) = 8400 kg m / s

momentum change = ...................................... unit ........... [2]

© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.2 shows a rider on an electric scooter.

2 Fig. 2.2 shows a rider on an electric scooter.

(ii) Describe, in terms of work done,Fig. 2.2

KE = ½ mv2 = ½ × 70 × 42 = 560 (J)

(i) Define what is meant by a kilowatt-hour.

a kilowatt-hour is the energy produced in 1 hour when the power

Calculate the time taken to fully recharge the battery.

The battery is then recharged using a 70 W power supply.

Calculate the time taken to fully recharge time

mercury sealed gas mercury

Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

(b) In Fig. 3.1 the length of the mercury column is 0.30 m.

The density of mercury is 14 000 kg / m3.

Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the pressure of the gas in the tube.

(a) (i) When the

the mercury) and thus reduces the pressure.

(b) In Fig. 3.1 the length of the mercury column is 0.30 m.

Calculate the pressure of the gas in the tube.

P = dgh = 14000 × 9.8 × 0.3 = 41160

pressure in tube = 41160 + 1.0 × 105 = 140 000

(c) The pressure of a different sample of gas changes at constant temperature.

At X the pressure of the gas is P0 and its volume is V0.

© UCLES 2023 5054/22/M/J/23 [Turn over

The State whatand

(i) temperature remains constant

internal energy ..................................................................................................................

change in energy = ...................................................... J [2]

5 Water waves are transverse waves.

(a) Underline two other examples of transverse waves.

seismic P-waves seismic S-waves sound X-rays [1]

ripple Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

(i) The speed of the water wave is 27 cm / s.

Calculate the frequency

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

(i) The speed of the water wave is 27 cm / s.

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

(iv) Describe how a decrease in wavelength affects the diffraction.

(iv) Describe how a decrease in wavelength affects the diffraction.

(a) (i) The reading on ammeter A1 is 0.25 A.

The reading on voltmeter V1 is 3.0 V.

Determine the readings on the other meters.

resistance of resistor R = ..................................................... Ω [2]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of resistor R.

(iii) The resistor obeys Ohm’s law.

State Ohm’s law.

the current in a metal wire is directly proportional to the potential