Văn Trung Kiên -BTBTIU21139

Question 1: Summarize the key adaptive features for successful colonization

of plants to land?
Organisms adapted to life on land face challenges but also enjoy advantages such as abundant
sunlight and readily available carbon dioxide. Land plants evolved before animals, so plant life
was not threatened by predators. Early plants developed survival techniques for dryness, such as
mosses absorbing water during rain. Ferns thrive in damp and cool places, while plants like cacti
minimize water loss to survive in extremely dry environments. The most successful adaptation
for plants was to colonize new and dry environments. Four major adaptations are found in all
terrestrial plants: alternation of generations, a sporangium, a gametangium, and apical meristem
tissue in roots and shoots.

Question 2: Describe the secondary growth in the stem of a perennial woody

tree?
Observed in all gymnosperm species and many eudicot plants.
The secondary growth in the stem of a perennial woody tree Occurs in both roots and stems, at
the regions where primary growth has ceased
Involves lateral meristems, including vascular cambium and cork cambium.

*The vascular cambium:

Located outside the pith and primary xylem, to the inside of the primary phloem and
pericycle/cortex
The vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissue:
+ Secondary xylem: this is the woody tissue that makes up the majority of the trunk. It consists
mainly of thick-walled xylem cells that transport water and minerals up the tree.

+ Secondary phloem: this transports sugars produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Secondary phloem is produced in smaller quantities and is often crushed and shed as the tree
grows in diameter.

*The cork cambium:

Develops from parenchyma cells in the outer cortex of stem and pericycle of roots

Produce 2nd dermal tissue

- Replace the epidermis by the cork cells, forming a tough, thick covering

- As cork cells mature, they deposit a waxy, hydrophobic material called suberin in their walls
and then die
Protect stem and root from water loss, physical damage and invasion by pathogens

Periderm = cork cambium + tissues it produces (cork)

The thickening of a stem or root often splits the first cork cambium, which loses its meristematic
activity and differentiates into cork cells.

- A new cork cambium forms to the inside, resulting in another layer of periderm
Question 3 List the differences between monocot and eudicot plants.

Monocot Eudicot
Seed leaves One cotyledon Two cotyledon
Leaf veins Veins usually parallel Veins usually branched
steam Vascular tissue scattered in complex Vascular tissue is usually arranged in
arrangements rings
Flowers Floral parts usually in multiples of Fibrous root system
three
Roots Floral parts usually in multiples of Taproot usually present
four or five

Question 4:Name the main stages of aerobic respiration and the

corresponding site for the occurrence of each stage.
There are four main stages of aerobic respiration including Glycosis , Krebs cycle, and Electron
transport chain , pyruvate decarbonxylation.

+Glycolysis: This stage occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, glucose is broken down into
pyruvate molecules, along with a small amount of ATP and NADH (energy carriers)

+Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle): This cyclic process happens within the mitochondrial matrix,
which is the inner compartment of the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle extracts energy from
acetyl CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (another energy carrier).

+Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorylation): The final stage occurs on the inner
membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transported through a
series of protein complexes, ultimately combining with oxygen to produce water. This process
also generates the majority of ATP through a mechanism called chemiosmosis.

Question 5: In photosynthesis, list 3 events in the light-dependent reactions

that contribute to the increased H+ gradient

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, there are 3 main events that contribute to the
increased H+ gradient across the thylakoid membrane:
 +Photoexcitation: When sunlight strikes photosystem II (PSII), a pigment molecule (usually
chlorophyll) absorbs light energy. This energy excites an electron, boosting it to a higher
energy level. These excited electrons are then transferred to an electron transport chain.

+Water splitting: To replace the lost electron in PSII, a water molecule is split in a process
called photolysis. This reaction uses light energy and releases oxygen gas (O2) as a
byproduct. Importantly, the splitting of water also produces two protons (H+) that are
released into the lumen (inner space) of the thylakoid, contributing to the H+ gradient.

+Noncyclic electron transport: As electrons move through the electron transport chain, they
lose energy at various points. This released energy is used to pump protons (H+) from the
stroma (outer space) of the thylakoid into the lumen. This active transport further increases
the concentration of H+ ions in the lumen compared to the stroma

Question 6 Describe the origin of different tissues in plants. Also, give 2

examples for the cells that belong to each kind of tissue.
All plant tissues originate from a single source: meristematic tissue. These are special plant cells
that retain their embryonic ability to continuously divide and differentiate into other specialized
cell types. There are three main types of meristematic tissues based on their location and
function:

+Apical meristems: These are located at the tips of roots and shoots, and are responsible for
primary growth, which is the lengthening of roots and stems.

+Lateral meristems: These are found within the mature plant body, such as the vascular
cambium and cork cambium. They are responsible for secondary growth, which increases the
plant's girth.

+Intercalary meristems: These are located at the base of leaves or between nodes in stems and
are less common. They contribute to localized growth in certain plant parts.

Question 8: Describe possible functions of the stems.

+ It supports and connects the roots and the other parts of plant leaves, flowers, and fruits.

+The stem serves as a vital conduit for the transportation of materials throughout the plant.
Xylem tissue within the stem transports water and dissolved minerals absorbed from the soil up
to the leaves. Phloem tissue transports organic materials produced.

+Stems can store food reserves for the plant, particularly in the form of carbohydrates like
starches and sugars. This stored energy helps the plant survive harsh conditions, regrow after
damage, and produce new shoots, flowers, and fruits.during photosynthesis, such as sugars, from
the leaves to other parts of the plant for growth, respiration, and storage

+The outer layer of the stem may develop a thick bark or waxy coating that helps protect the
plant from physical damage, harsh weather conditions, and herbivores.