Unit 1

⦿ LANGUAGE
AND
COMMUNICATION
Lesson 1
THE NATURE OF
LANGUAGE
 WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

⦿ Language – linguists agree that a

language can only be called a
language if it has a system of rules
(grammar) system of sound
(phonology), and a vocabulary
(lexicon).
⦿ These are the requirements for
identifying a means of
communication as a language.
⦿ Animals will produce sounds and
gestures and will be able to signal. They
only communicate but not producing
language.
⦿ Human beings are able to communicate
their desire something
 Speech Community

⦿ When people use language, they can

understand each other because they
belong to the same speech
community.
⦿ They can understand each other
because in their speech community,
people share the same set of rules in
the language system.
 Language Acquisition

⦿ While growing up, people

acquire the languages used
by those in the community.
⦿ This is the process of language
acquisition.
 Mother Tongues

⦿ The language acquired while

growing up and which may
also referred as first language
 Second language

⦿ People discover later on that

other languages are needed
for various reasons.
⦿ These other languages may
be referred as second
language
 Language Learning

⦿ People learn these languages

by studying formally in school
or informally on their own.
⦿ This is the process of language
learning.
⦿ What happens if people visit
another speech community that is
different from their own?
⦿ British and Americans speak
English. However, they spell
English words differently. They
pronounce words differently.
 Language Contact

⦿ Try to understand each other,

eventually you will be able to
communicate as you slowly
learn each other’s languages.
⦿ What is happening here is
language contact.
⦿ The result of such contact may be
a new form of language.
⦿ It is possible that in your attempt
to communicate with each other
will produce a new language
form that is understandable to
both of you.
 Language Change

⦿ Your own languages may also

change as you constantly
interact and communicate
with each other.
⦿ Thus, language change is the
result of language contact.
⦿
 Language

⦿ Is indeed a complex humanity

capacity. It is, therefore,
important to be aware of its
features and behaviour to be
able to use language more
effectively and productivity in
communicating with others.
 Lesson 2
⦿ TYPES
OF
COMMUNICATION
 What is Communication?

⦿ Generally defined as the

exchange of thoughts, ideas,
concepts and views between
and among two or more people,
various context come into play.
 Classification of
Communication
⦿ Types of communication
according to Mode
⦿ Types of communication
according to Context
⦿ Types of communication
according to Purpose and
Style
 Two types of organizational
structure
⦿ 1. Formal Communication
⦿ 2. Informal Communication
 1. Types of Communication
According to Mode
⦿ A message may be conveyed
via verbal-non verbal and
visual. Though communication
is often thought of as verbal,
the non-verbal mode is
equally essential as it
enhances one’s message.
 a. Verbal – Non-Verbal
Communication
⦿ Effective communication calls for
the blending of these two types.
One cannot be separated from
the other.
⦿ (for salespersosns) Can only be
effective if they know how to
properly punctuate what they say
with proper gestures and facial
⦿ You were trained to blend verbal
and non-verbal modes of
communication.
⦿ Aside from verbal or speaking, it is
to use non-verbal code through a
handshake, an approving facial
expression, and a kind disposition
or character.
 b. Visual Communication

⦿ Is a type of communication that uses

visuals to convey information and/or
messages.
⦿ Some examples are signs, symbols,
imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, pictograms, photos,
drawings or illustrations, and even
various forms of electronic
communication.
⦿ Visual communication now
occupies an important place
in any work environment.
 2. Types of Communication
according to context
⦿ Intrapersonal
⦿ Interpersonal
⦿ Extended
⦿ Organizational communication
⦿ Intercultural communication
 a. Intrapersonal
Communication
⦿ Means talking to oneself, inner talk,
inner monologue, or inner dialogue.
⦿ Psychologists call it as; self
verbalization or self statement.
⦿ Self talk can be advantageous as it
can enable you to practice what you
ought to say in times when you lack
the motivation and confidence to
speak.
 b. Interpersonal
Communication
⦿ Means between, among, and
together.
⦿ An interactive exchange takes place
as interpersonal communication takes
place.
⦿ Means to establish or deepen one’s
relationship with others.
⦿ Interpersonal talks are meant for
maintaining social relationships.
⦿ However, if the objective is to achieve
something at the end of the
conversation, it becomes
transactional.
⦿ Transactional – more formal and
profound.
⦿ Aim to accomplish or resolve
something at the end of the
conversation.
 c. Extended Communication

⦿ Involves the use of electronic

media.
⦿ The description of extended
communication may be
expanded as to include tele,
audio, or phone conferencing;
video conferencing; skype calls;
and other technological means.
⦿ With the use of electronic media,
messages are transmitted quickly.
⦿ With the extended communication,
your own thinking, behavior, and
attitude may be influenced by other
people and you may be persuaded
to take the views you hear.
 d. Organizational
Communication
⦿ With this type, the focus is on the role
that communication plays in
organizational contexts.
⦿ For an organization to be successful, a
system of communication should be put
in place.
⦿ A set of rules or standards for
communication protocol should be
made clear so that the interaction
patterns are established.
 There are two types of
organizational structure:
⦿ 1. Formal
⦿ 2. Informal

⦿ Formal structure – allows communication

to take place via designated channels
of message flow between positions in the
organization.
 Formal structure - Four
approaches
⦿ Downward communication
⦿ Upward communication
⦿ Horizontal communication
⦿ Crosswise communication
 a. Downward
communication
⦿ Is the type that flows from upper to lower
position, example; from president to
manager or supervisor, a manager to an
ordinary staff.
⦿ A topdown communication – the flow of
communication is form the superior to
the subordinate, usually asking certain
individual to perform a certain task.
 b. Upward communication

⦿ Is bottom up in which
subordinates send
communication to their
superiors/bosses bearing their
views/feedback on organizational
policies, issues related to their
jobs, and the like.
 c. Horizontal
Communication
⦿ Is lateral in approach as it takes
place among people belongings
to the same level but coming
from different departments or
units to facilitate performance of
tasks through proper
coordination.
 d. Crosswise
communication/approach
⦿ Is diagonal in nature as
employees from different units
or departments working at
various levels communicate
each other.
 Informal Communication
⦿ Comes from unofficial channels of
message flow.
⦿ “Known as grapevine” messages coming
from the different levels of the
organization are transmitted.
⦿ Dissatisfaction of some employees
⦿ Superiors playing favorites
⦿ Unfavorable and unacceptable
company rules and regulations
⦿ Each organization has its own culture
⦿ Develops core values, vision and
mission statements, goals, and
objectives.
⦿ Culture is within the control of the
entrepreneur or company owner.
⦿ If you cannot adapt the culture better
look for another job or workplace.
 e. Intercultural
Communication
⦿ It is between or among people
having different linguistics,
religious, ethnics, social,
professional backgrounds
⦿ Gender difference affects
communication
⦿ This particular happens with
non-verbal communication
⦿ For instance, Australian, using
contact showing sincerity
⦿ Indians, looking straight is
inappropriate
 3. Types of Communication
according to Purpose and
Style
⦿ Formal Communication
⦿ Informal Communication
 Formal Communication
⦿ The focus is on the communication
setting and the mode of delivery.
⦿ It employs formal language that
delivered orally or in written form.
⦿ Examples; lectures, public
talks/speeches, research, project
proposals, report, bussiness letters,
etc.
 Purpose or main aim
objectives;
⦿ To inform
⦿ To entertain
⦿ To persuade
 Informal communication
⦿ Certainly does not employ formal
languages
⦿ It involves personal and ordinary
conversation with your friends, family
members, or any acquaintances.
⦿ It can be oral like, face-to-face,
phonecalls,
 Purpose or aim;

⦿ To socialize
⦿ Enhance/establish
relationship