UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS (UCSP)

2nd SEM: FINALS

L1: Kinship, Marriage, and the Household REFERRED MARRIAGE

KINSHIP - use of matchmakers to find a suitable partner.
- Refers to human relationship, that is, a person’s
relationship by blood or marriage to another person or ARRANGED MARRIAGE
others. - fixed marriage arranged by the parents.
- The anthropologist Robin Fox explains states that “the
study of kinship is the study of what man does with the 1. Child marriage
basic facts of life-mating, gestation, parenthood, 2. Diplomatic marriage
socialization, sibling ship, etc. 3. Exchange marriage
KINSHIP BY BLOOD 4. Modern arranged marriage
- Refers to relationship that arises in one’s group of origin or KINSHIP BY RITUAL
that which refers to genetic relatedness. - One good example of ritual kinship is the godparenthood
Consanguineal (compadrazgo) in the predominantly Catholic societies.
- Relationship by the blood or by descent of the same (kumpare/pare, kumare/mare) (Ninong at ninang) for the
ancestor. child’s baptism, confirmation, and marriage.
Descent
- It is the biological relationship you have with your Godparenthood
parents and your ancestry or origin - Plays important role in strengthening and reinforcing
Unilineal Descent the ties of kinship by blood and by marriage among
- It is usually traced through one part of the family, either people in the community.
from
POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES:
 male (patrilineal)
- It is the practice in which the couple will live together after
 female (matrilineal)
the wedding.
Patrilineal
- If one’s kinship is reckoned through his or her father’s
1. Neolocal
line of descent.
- Couple will settle independently on a different
Matrilineal
household.
- If one’s kinship is reckoned through his or her mother’s
2. Patrilocal
line of descent.
- Rule of residence occurs when the couple stays in the
Bilateral Descent
house of the husband’s family or relatives
- “two sided descent”, a person more or less equally with
3. Matrilocal
relatives on his or her father’s and mother’s sides.
- Rule of residence occurs when the couple stays in the
- Everyone is a member of both his or her father’s and
house of the wife’s family or relatives
mother’s families.
4. Bilocal
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE - It happens when the couple stays with the husband’s
- Marriage is “a socially or ritually recognized union or legal and wife’s kin alternately.
contract between spouses that establishes rights and
obligations between them and their children. The kinship FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD
by marriage or human relation through marriage is - It is considered the basic unit of social organization made
commonly called “affinity”. up of a group of individuals linked together by marriage,
blood relations, or adoptions.
Endogamy
- The social rule which a states that a partner must be NUCLEAR FAMILY
selected from a person’s own social group. - The simplest form comprises and least one child or more.
Exogamy Usually center on a married couple also called conjugal
- The rule which proclaims that a partner must be families.
chosen from a group different from one’s own.
EXTENDED FAMILY
MONOGAMY - An extended family is practically a complex family system
- Refers to the marriage of one woman to one man at a time. genetically composed of parents and their children that live
- If remarriage is allowed following divorce or death of with other relatives.
partner, the marriage pattern is termed “serial monogamy”.
H BLENDED OR RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES
POLYGAMY - It is the type of family where the parents have a child or
- Custom of having more than one legal spouse at the same children from previous relationships, but all members stay
time. Such as, it is marriage which involves more than two and congregate to form a new family unit.
partners.
- Main types: HOUSEHOLD
 POLYGYNY – one man is married to several women - This term refers to an individual or group of people
 POLYANDRY – one woman is married to several men living together as family
TWO KINDS:
1. ONE PERSON – It refers to the situation in which an
individual lives alone and makes his/her own provision
for food and other essentials.
2. MULTI-PERSON – It refers to the situation in which a
group of two or more persons lives together and makes
common provision for food and other essentials
POLITICS IN KINSHIP
- Especially in highly urbanized societies, kinship relations
may extend to people an individual or a family has political
affiliation with.
- In some cases, political ties may even reinforce the blood
relations and kinship by marriage among people involved.
POLITICAL DYNASTY
- It refers to “two or more individuals who are related within
the second degree of consanguinity” and holds public
office constitute the definition of political dynasty.
- The concept is related to oligarchy in political science,
patronage politics, and transferring of power between
family members.
- Philippine Laws. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
states in Article II Section 26, "The State shall guarantee
equal access to opportunities for public service, and
prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law."
POLITICAL ALLIANCE
- As political parties may be formed by joining of forces of
political families, political alliances may be created by the
collaboration among some political parties.
- In the Philippines, a multi-party system exists. The
numerous political parties recognized by the Commission
on Election.
• Major Parties (traditional National Parties)
• Minor Parties (party-list organization)
• Regional or Provincial parties
L2: Political and Leadership Structures
POLITICS, POWER, AND AUTHORITY
Politics
- Refers to activities through which people make,
preserve, and amend the general rules under which
they live.
- It involves the dynamics of conflict resolution and
cooperation, as well as the exercise of power.
Power
- Refers to the ability to do something to achieve the
desired outcome.
Authority
- A person who has authority has the right to exercise
power.
TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
BANDS
- It is usually a very small, oftentimes nomadic group that
is connected by family ties and is politically
independent.
- Hunting and gathering are their typical way of life.
- Experience and ability grants leadership and power
- Acephalous – not well-defined political system
TRIBES
- It is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups,
linked by a common culture, that usually act as one.
- Usually bigger than bands and are primarily food
producers.
- Social order is maintained through a kinship and family
system led by a community head
- Pantribal association (elders-councilor)
- Headman (leader – no absolute political power –
senior/elders – from elite family from the tribe)
CHIEFDOM
- A political unit headed by a chief, who holds power over
more than one community group.
- Already have a form of social and political structure
characterized by a community leader.
- Power is inherited (By blood or by achievements)
- Traditional authority (family)
- Chief (leader)
- Can be simple (1 family only) or complex (2 or more
families – tributary system)
STATE – Political Concept
- A political unit consisting of a government that has
sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a
well-defined territory
- A state is the highest form of political organization
- The state is sovereign because it has the capacity to
maintain order within its boundaries
- The state is sovereign because other states recognize
it as an independent state
- People who comprise a state are called its citizens
NATION – Ethnic Concept
- Groups of people that share a common history,
language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity
- Benedict Anderson - nations exist as a state of mind,
you can be physically apart from the country by still
considering yourself part of the nation (ex, OFW's)
- Nations have no political sovereignty
Philippines – not a nation-state because of Moros in Mindanao,
but it is a nation when the president is the one who’s speaking
LEGITIMACY AND TYPES OF AUTHORITY
What is Political Legitimacy and Authority?
Legitimacy and Authority
- People follow authority because of its legitimacy.
- Legitimacy is a moral or ethical concept that gives
whoever possesses power may demand obedience
from citizens
- Just because one has authority, doesn't mean they
have legitimate control.
- Authority gained through things like conquest,
deception, violence, etc. tends to be undeserved, since
the person who gains the power is ill-equipped to
handle that power
- For authority to be binding and stable, it has to be
legitimate
Max Weber – Types of Legitimacy Authority (3 types)
1. Traditional Authority
- Legitimacy is derived from well- established
customs, habits, social structures
 - ex. Monarchies, Chiefdoms, etc.
2. Charismatic Authority
- Authority is from the charisma of the
individual.
- Some see this charisma as the right for that
individual to rule (ex. Religious icons,
Celebrities, etc.)
3. Legal-Rational Authority
- This is found in more industrialized, modern
societies where power rests upon a particular
office and not upon a specific person.
- Authority and power are exercised based on
laws. As such, the law and the judiciary are
seen as the highest forms of power in society
L3: Economic Institutions
- are the formal and informal rules that organize the
economic flow and activity of a society.
 it refers to a network of commercial organizations
that determine how goods and services are
produced, generated, distributed, and purchased
 a company or an organization that deals with money
or with managing the distribution of money, goods,
and services in an economy.
 Banks, government organizations, and investment
funds are all economic institutions: Technical
assistance will be needed to rebuild essential
economic institutions after this upheaval.
Functionalist Perspective – Emphasizes social order and
stability
Conflict Perspective – Emphasizes social conflict and
inequality
Carl Marx – higher class benefits/ takes advantage
NONMARKET INSTITUTIONS
- refers to goods or labor exchange without involving any
cash output on either of the parties involved.
Reciprocity
- It pertains to the exchange of goods or labor between
individuals in a community that can be in a form or direct
barter or simultaneous exchange of goods.
Types of Reciprocity:
 Generalized Reciprocity – giving something without
the anticipation of an instant return.
 Balanced Reciprocity – giving out of something with
the anticipation of immediate return.
 Negative Reciprocity
- Occurs when the exchange of something
already involves taking advantage of
someone or the situation.
- Most of the time, this type of exchange
involves trickery, intimidation, or hard
bargaining
Transfer
- It involves a redistribution of income that is not matched by
actual exchange of goods and services.
 It refers to payments or transactions where there is no
value added to the economy.
 There is no additional production of goods and services but
just a transfer of money from private hands to government.
 entails a redistribution of income that is not matched by
actual exchange of goods and services.
Example of transfer:
 donation or financial assistance from a richer relative
 farm subsidies given to farmers by the government
Transfer Payments – payments that are made without any good
or service being received in return (Bishop, 2012)
Redistribution
- It is the combination of transfer and reciprocity, where the
economic exchange involves the collection of goods from
members.
- Act of the government to distribute income from the
wealthy businesses and citizens to the less wealthy
(Mares, 2014).
MARKET INSTITUTIONS
- type of economic system that allows the free flow of goods
between and among private individuals and firms with
limited participation from the government.
Market System
- is a type of economic system that allows the free flow of
goods between and among private individuals and firms
with very limited participation from the government
- Market a mechanism and not necessarily a place which
brings buyers and sellers together for a desired allocation.
Characteristics:
1. Private property
2. Freedom or enterprise and choice
3. Self-interest
4. Competition
5. Markets and prices
6. Reliance on technology and capital goods
7. Specialization
8. Use of money
9. Active but limited government participation
- Invisible hand integrates both the idea of self-interest and
competition in the marketplace, which brings about a socially
optimum result even in the absence of government
intervention.
- Market transaction involves parties who sell their goods
and services in exchange for cash from consumers which
comes in a form of a purchase at a given price of a good or
a service.
- Price determination depends on the availability of a
particular good or service in the market. Ideally, the market
price is estimated to be that price where supply equals
demand.
- When supply is higher than demand, it is called surplus.
- When supply is lower than demand, it is called shortage.
Oligopoly – It refers to an economic market condition in which
there are a few service providers -ex. Airline companies
Monopoly – It refers to an economic market condition in which
there is only one service provider
ex. MERALCO
State-Market Relationships and International Trade
- power of the government, by law, to regulate prices in the
market for the protection of the consuming public.
 it is in this aspect that the state plays an important role in
the market.
 it comes regulate prices to protect the interest of the
consuming protect.
 the state, through government, comes in to regulate the
prices of the services, which technically is in the form of
 the wages the workers earn.
MARKET
- A system of private ownership and enterprise that acts
based on their own private and self-interest (Schmalensee,
2013)
STATE
- The governing body of the society (Arcinas & Mactal,
2016)
MARKET & STATE
 dti – Department of Trade and Industry
- Basic commodities such as food are subject to price
ceilings or maximum prices.
- Labor or service are regulated in the form of wages the
workers earn.
- Government intervention in economic institutions is
warranted to protect the interest of consumers and
workers. It also functions to correct the tendency of the
private sector to make decisions that are detrimental to the
economy. Example is the reduction of interest rates so that
investors can borrow money to invest on business thereby
creating jobs and bring forth production. This is what we
call monetary policy.
- On the part of the government, it is encouraged to increase
public spending on infrastructure to create more economic
activity, this is called fiscal policy.
- When there is a problem in the Market system, the
government steps in to provide welfare for those who need
it.
Command Economy/ Socialist Economy
- when the government takes over the functions of the
market in producing and distributing essential goods and
services
- the market forces of supply and demand deciding on what
to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
Reasons of Inequality where the Government seeks to protect
its Citizens:
1. Larger income for those labor accrued with innovation,
creativity, and industry.
2. Inherent ability, acquired education, and inherited
properties.
3. The evolution of economies
4. Physical and mental disabilities.
TAXES
- are compulsory contribution to the wealth of the
government, normally levied on the worker’s income,
business profits, and consumption of goods and services,
in order to raise revenues for government spending.
GOVERNMENT SPENDING
1. GOVERNMENT PURCHASES – These are expenditures
on the private sectors that utilize economic resources, and
which yield domestic output.
Ex. Infrastructures
2. TRANSFER PAYMENT
- It pertains to government spending on the private
sector that does not require the absorption or
utilization or economic resources and does not
require any output.
- It is not a payment for goods and services but a
means of allocating income to achieve social ends.
Ex. SSS security benefits, unemployment
compensation, subsidies, and veteran’s benefits.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- It refers to the exchange of goods, commodities, and forms
of services outside one’s specific territory or geographic
location that benefits nations because it enables
economies to employ its resources in ways that increase
its total output.
The measures for protection that the government gives include:
1. TARIFFS – These are taxes on imported goods.
2. QUOTAS – These are the limits set on the quantity of
imported goods that can enter a domestic economy
Effects:
1. It protects domestic producers but harms domestic
consumers as they have to pay higher than world prices
for the protected goods.
2. Domestic firms that use the imported goods are also
affected as they have to pay more for the input of their
production resulting to prices much higher than
commodities coming from other countries.
TRADE WARS
- refer to the imposition of increased tariffs and quotas of
each country to another which is detrimental to each
other’s economy.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- is a multilateral platform of negotiation among participating
nation, which embraces the principles of equal,
nondiscriminatory trade treatment for all member nations,
the reduction of tariffs, and the elimination of all import
quotas.
- It also entails the liberalization of government policies on
some services like tourism, real estate, advertising, and
financial services.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS (WTO)
- succeeded the GATT as more nations joined this
multilateral organization that continues to push forward the
free trade agenda.
L4: Non-State Institutions and Organizations
ORGANIZATION
- Refers to a formally constituted entity, composed of
individuals performing a set of functions for the
achievement of a certain mandate, obligation, or task.
INSTITUTION
- It refers to a structured domain of norms, rules, and
practices that gives a sense of order to a specific set of
relationships (e.g., religion, kinship and family, friendship
and association, popular culture, rituals, and knowledge
systems).
The following are considered as the different institutions in
society:
ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS
- The system of beliefs as well as perceptions of the people
(how they see it in relation to their lives).
TENURIAL & PROPERTY SYSTEMS
- The manner by which the community defines the rules of
who has access to and control of resources.
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
- System of knowledge that governs how the people engage
in the resource, particularly in terms of technology
employed to extract product from it.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STOCK CORPORATION
- How community establishes the relationships among its - It is a corporation in which the ownership is through
members in the pursuance of a common interest, such as stockholders.
production and security.
Profit Organizations
ASSOCIATION SYSTEM Non-Stock – owned by members of the organization
- The various systems that define the manner individuals Non-profit – Family owned – profit, nonstock
establish relationships among them in the pursuance of a
common interest, such as production and social security. TRADE UNIONS
A trade union is a group of employees who join together to
STATE ORGANIZATION maintain and improve their conditions of employment.
- Organization can be considered as state and non-state
organizations. Trade or Labor Union
- It refers to an organization of workers whose main
Executive Branch - The Office of the President and the objective is to protect the welfare of its members.
departments under it.
Legislative Branch - The Senate and the House of COOPERATIVES
Representatives. - Is "an autonomous association of persons united
Judiciary Branch - includes criminal and civil courts and helps voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and
interpret the Constitution. cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned
enterprise"
Market and Economic Organizations
BANKS Cooperative or Coop
- a financial institution that lends money both to public as - autonomous association whose membership is voluntary
well as private organizations. The government borrows towards the attainment of common economic, social, and
money from banks to finance its development activities, cultural needs or aspirations.
while private companies and individuals borrow money to
fund their investments or personal development. Types of Cooperatives:
1. Housing Cooperatives
SAVING BANKS 2. Worker Cooperative
- Suited for employees with a monthly salary. Low-waged 3. Consumers’ Cooperative
people may open am account in the Savings Bank. 4. Agricultural Cooperative

INDUSTRIAL BANKS Development Agencies

- committed toward enhancing the growth of industries by
providing loans for a very long period of time.
MORTAGE BANKS
- specialize in providing mortgage loans alone. In order to
sell loans they depend solely on the secondary market.
- agencies that promote progress by engaging in projects,
policy making and dialogue. Some countries with active
agencies in the Philippines are Japan (JICA), Canada
(CIDA), and USA (USAID).
- Those providing financial assistance include the Asian
Development Bank (ADB).

COOPERATIVE BANKS Civil Society Organizations

- gets money from the general community without any bias - Are non-state, not-for- profit, voluntary entities formed by
and provide loans to all sections of people in the the people in the social sphere that are separate from the
neighborhood. State and the market.

COMMERCIAL BANKS ACADEMIC & SCIENCE BASED ORGANIZATION

- collect money from the people in various sectors and give - These included universities, schools and colleges; private
the same as a loan to business men and make profits in polling forms which use statistical methods in
interest these business men pay. conducting opinions polls to guide advocacy and decision
making.
LAND DEVELOPMENT BANKS
- promote growth in the food sector by giving loans to MASS MEDIA
farmers at a relatively lower interest rate. - In all its form (print, radio, television) provide effective
conduits for environmental policy information, as well as
FEDERAL OR NATIONAL BANKS environmental policy advocacy.
- control the principles and policies of other banks across
the country. These banks are manage and run by RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
government. - Seen in church congregations and other religions provide
effective venues for commentary and issue advocacy, and
ISLAMIC BANKS for moralizing the issues and agents involved in the
- These banks are based on the principles of the religion environment policy process.
Islam. There are no interests for loans acquired from these
banks. Service charges may apply. PEOPLES ORGANIZATIONS
- Pos are grassroots-based organizations composed of
CORPORATIONS people who are really in the community and are directly
- A corporation is a legal form of business that is separate involved.
from its owners. In other words, it's a business that is a
separate legal entity from its shareholders
 Civil Society Organizations Development Agencies and Transnational Advocacy
Some examples are as follows: Groups
1. Civil Society Organizations - Countries in various developing stages are faced with
2. Private Sectors; many developmental challenges over issues ranging from
3. Research Institutes; poverty to their fragile ecosystem. To address this
4. Bilateral Organizations; and monumental challenge requires action “beyond aid” and
5. Multilateral Organizations the capabilities of most traditional development agencies.
Hence, these agencies outline courses of actions faithful
Some Civic Society Organizations go beyond one’s territory. to the paradigm of the future.
These are called transnational or international
organizations. They operate globally or regionally and broadly Some of the well-known Development Agencies are the
perform development-related works including advocacy on following:
specific issues such as environment protection, health, and • Demonstrate leadership in managing the international
gender and human rights. system including the reform of international agencies;
• Respond effectively to the development needs of
NON-STATE ORGANIZATIONS NGO’S fragile and conflict-affected states;
- include market or economic organizations or civil society • Increase capacity to provide a development
organizations; perspective on global challenges such as climate
- organized political actors not directly connected to any change,
established institutions or the state but pursuing aims that poverty, gender, conflict, and financial crises; and
affect vital state interests. • Engage much more effectively across different
- Most of them are involved in advocacy, but some are also ministries and develop “whole-of-government”
involved in environmental policy information and analysis. approaches.

International Development & Global Process Transnational Advocacy Group

- Development poses problems and challenges; the - It influence the government to take action on matters
Philippines is of no exception. The state whose main commonly neglected. A group maybe a national or an
function is to oversee the welfare of the people is burdened international organization that promotes and advocates
by the responsibility of solving these problems. It doesn’t progress and development related to particular issues of
help that these problems emerge in the context of the society.
globalization. It means that our relationship with other - Funding agencies exert enormous amount of influence on
countries is affected by these problems. policy making by funding programs and projects within
certain policy conditionalities.
1. Poverty threatens the security of our economy. - Mediators for international research and development who
2. Conflict among groups, especially between anti provide funds and supports to policy and researches, the
and pro-government forces, and between ethnic results of which can become inputs for global advocacy.
groups, the rebellion in Mindanao, and the
insurgency problem -are also serious threatens to our
nation's political security.
3. Agricultural problems caused both by human and
natural factors pose serious threats to our food
security.
4. Continuing pressures on the environment resulting
from the needs of development have led to
environmental degradation and have severely
threatened our environmental security.

Global Organizations
- There are global organizations whose operations influence
the development of entire countries. Funders or donors
operate by giving loans or grants to other counties and use
it for their development.
- These loans and grants are collectively called “official
development assistance” or ODA.
- Loans have to be repaid, while grants are paid back.

Two kinds of Donors:

MULTILATERAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
- These are not controlled by one country.
- They are international organizations that do not represent
any government in their economic and technical
engagements with any nations.

BILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS
- These are national agencies of different economically
matured nations in North America, Asia, and Europe
whose primary mandate by their respective governments
is to provide assistance to economically challenged
nations in the world.