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黃宇和
1968年香港大學畢業,即赴英國牛津大學深造,1971年完成博士
論文後留校。1974年起受聘到澳洲雪梨大學任教,2009年遞升至
該校近代史講座教授:2014年2月退休,該校遴選其為榮休終身
講座教授。1978年英國皇家歷史學院、2001年澳洲國家社會科學
院、2012年澳洲國家人文科學院等三院全體院士,先後投票遴選
黃宇和為該院院丄。欲觀黃宇和院士全部履歷者,請至Google :
'Emeritus Professor John Y Wong',即直逹澳洲雪梨大學為黃院士
孫中山
從鴉片戰爭到辛亥革命

黃宇和
本書篇幅, 令人乍舌。
猶幸各章, 短小精悍。
窺視人間百篦,
稍增人生樂趣。

作者
獻給

五十四年來對筆者贈醫施藥

再生之德 恩同父母

之華仁書院大師兄

林鉅成醫師
目次

三言兩語
獻詞:獻給林鉅成醫師 恩同父母 355

序言 l

第一章 惡言:當不成偵探者不配治史 29
第二章 鴉片戰爭與鴉片無關論 39
第三章 林則徐乃製毒巨呆? 49
第四章 鴉片有益論 59
第五章 鴉片戰爭期間中英秘密武器 69
第六章 巴麥尊子爵姓巴麥尊、名字的英文字母縮寫是H.J. T. 79

第七章 論三元里抗英乃民間 仇外狂」(-) 89
第八章 論三元里抗英乃官府「仇外狂」(二) 95
第九章 偽造聖旨龍顏大悅論 101
第十章 第二次鴉片戰爭華文專著為何欠奉 107
第十一章 1856年10月8日英國人指責廣」l1 人侮辱了其國旗 113
第十二章 中國船受英國國旗保護之謎 123
第十三章 檢視1857年1月15日的香港毒麵包案 135
第十四章 生牛排和生洋蔥妙用無窮 143
第十五章 捏造六不總督順口溜的始作俑者 151
第十六章 捏造六不總督順口溜的幕後主謀 161
第十七章 中外合謀誣衊皇上欽差的大臣 169
第十八章 通番賣國的邊防大員 177
第十九章 還葉名琛個清白 185
第二十章 葉名琛等被俘時之表現 193

第二十一章 論華夏精英對第二次鴉片戰爭的清結 207

第二十二章 太平天國的命運懸於一線一茶葉 213

第二十三章 太平天國是革命?是內戰?是運動? 221

第二十四章 《資政新篇》與《實業計畫》 227

第二十五章 孫中山乃中原貴冑的後裔,原籍陳留 231

第二十六章 孫中山是客家人? 245

第二十七章 皇帝田預言孫中山成龍 257

第二十八章 一開間泥磚屋激勵孫中山成龍(一) 267

第二十九章 一開間泥磚屋激勵孫中山成龍(二) 275

第三十章 窮苦激勵孫中山成龍 285

第三十一章 鴉片激勵孫中山成龍 293

第三十二章 西學激勵孫中山成龍 303

第三十三章 《聖經》激勵孫中山成龍(-):夏威夷國王藉《聖經》 313


驅散巫術與迷信
第三十四章 《聖經》激勵孫中山成龍(二):十足英國氣的學校 323

第三十五章 《聖經》激勵孫中山成龍(三):孫中山是寄宿生? 333

第三十六章 《聖經》激勵孫中山成龍(四):拔萃書室 341

第三十七章 《聖經》激勵孫中山成龍(五):在傳道所寄食寄宿 353

第三十八章 孫中山在何時何地和哪種情況下領洗進入基督教? 365

第三十九章 污水激勵孫中山成龍 375

第四十章 內憂激勵孫中山成龍 385

第四十一章 外患激勵孫中山成龍 395

第四十二章 誰是成龍的料子?-釐清四大寇之謎團 407

第四十三章 為何中國人不能在中國的土地上行醫? 421

第囧十四章 誰創立興中會? 433

第四十五章 乙未香港會黨魅力無窮 439

第四十六章 重陽拜堂?大吉利是! 449


第四十七章 別搞錯新郎哥! 455

第四十八章 尹文楷是何方砷聖? 461

第四十九章 乙未廣」 丨1 起義的神經中樞在何方?


1
469

第五十章 為何孫中山被驅逐出教會 479

第五十一章 乙未廣」 丨1 起義中「決死隊三千人」的謎團


1 491

第五十二章 偵破乙未廣)州起義密謀為何洩露 499

第五十三章 孫中山紅杏出牆 509

第五十四章 孫中山吃過香江皇家飯! 519

第五十五章 孫中山吃過香江皇家飯? 527

第五十六章 孫中山從未吃過香江皇家飯! 535

第五十七章 乙未廣」 丨1起義失敗後孫文跑回香港大罵楊衢雲?


1
547

第五十八章 乙未廣」 丨1 起義誰出賣革命


1 553

第五十九章 論「孫大炮」最「大炮」的「大炮」 561

第六十章 拆穿一副極為暢銷的西洋鏡 571

第六十一章 一舉成名天下知-孫中山在何處舉行首次記者會? 581



第六十二章 孫中山的民族主義與英以色列 信仰」之謎 585

第六十三章 孫中山是名夜夜絃歌的花花公子? 597

第六十四章 孫中山的第二愛好 603

第六十五章 武昌起義爆發,為何孫中山不馬上回國主持大局? 615

第六十六章 民主的英國為何不支持追求民主的孫中山? 631

第六十七章 為何孫中山能當選臨時大總統? 637

第六十八章 為何孫中山讓位給袁世凱? 649

第六十九章 為何孫中山起兵反袁? 665

第七十章 槍斃孫文! 675

第七十一章 檢視孫中山「以俄為師」之認 685

第七十二章 孫中山被英囿的「炮艦」鎮住了 697

第七十三章 孫中山如何、為何被「冊封」為國父? 705

第七十四章 論中國的孫中山史學不值西方學者一顧 711


英葡中對照 725

中、日文刊物 735

西文刊物 769

索引Index 813

跋 825
The Historian as a Detective: From the Opium Wars to Sun Yatsen
By John Y. Wong
University of Sydney

Table of Contents

3
ill a Word

5
000_l Dedication

7
000_2 Table of Contents

5 9 9 9
l 2 3 4
000 3 Preface
Chapter 001 Fumbling Detectives are not fit to do Histo1y
Chapter 002 The Opium War has Nothing to do with Opium
Chapter 003 CoD1Inissioner Lin is a Drug Baron?

9
5
Chapter 004 Opium is Good for You

9
6
Chapter 005 Secret Weapons in the Opium War
Chapter 006 Viscotmt Palmerston's Surname is Palmerston and his Initials are H. T. P. 79
Chapter 007 Xenophobia of the Chinese Public 89
Chapter 008 Xenophobia of the C扣nese Officialdom 95
Chapter 009 Emperor Daogt1ang is Exhilarated by an Edict Issued in his Name,
Without !us鼬owledge, and Contradicting his Latest Instrnctions 101
Chapter O 10 Why are Chinese Works on the Second Opium War so Scarce? 107
Chapter O 11 The Union Jack is insulted 113
Chapter O 12 The Uuion Jack Protects Chinese Boats 123
Chapter O 13 Poison the British Community in Hong Kong 135
Chapter O 14 Raw Beef and Raw Onion Work Wonders 143
Chapter 015 Who Conceives tlus Ballad? l 5l
Chapter O 16 Who Maste1minds面s Ballad? l 6l
Chapter O 17 What a Remarkable Anglo-Chinese Joint Venture l 69
Chapter 018 Frontier Conu11anders Betray China to Its Invaders l 77
Chapter 019 A Lily White Commissioner Yeh l 85
Chapter 020 A Not So Lily White Co1nmissioner Yeh 193
Chapter 021 Chinese Have a Thing about the Second Opium War 207
Chapter 022 The Fate of the Taiping Rebellion Hangs on a Cup of Tea 213

Chapter 023 Do the Taipings Make a Civil War or a Revolution? 221


Chapter 024 The Grand Schemes of King Gan and President Sun 227
Chapter 025_2 Sun Yatsen is of Aristocratic Descent from the Cradle of Chinese
Civilization 231
Chapter 026 Sun Yatsen is a Hakka 245
Chapter 027 Grandpa's Gravesite Puts Sun Yatsen in the Presidential Seat 257
Chapter 028 A Mud Brick Cubicle Forges Presidential Material (1) 267
Chapter 029 A Mud Brick Cubicle Forges Presidential Material (2) 275
Chapter 030 Abject Poverty Forges Presidential Mate1ial 285


Chapter 031 Opium Forges Presidential Material 293
Chapter 032 Western Leaming Forges Presidential Material 303


Chapter 033 The Bible in Hawaii Forges Presidential Material 313
Chapter 034 The B巾le in a Public School Forges Presidential Material 323
Chapter 035 The Bible in a Boarding School Forges Presidential Material 333
Chapter 036 The Bible in a Diocesan Home Forges Presidential Material 341
Chapter 037 Lodging with a Missionary Forges Presidential Material 353
Chapter 038 Sun Yatsen is Baptised 365
Chapter 039 A Polluted Well Forges P residential Material 375
Chapter 040 Inner Disorder Forges Presidential Material 385
Chapter 041 Outer Threat Forges Presidential Material 395
Chapter 042 Who are the True Bandits? 407
Chapter 043 Why Can't Chinese Doctors Practice on Chinese Soil? 421
Chapter 044 Who Founds the Revive China Society? 433
Chapter 045 The Underworld is Charming Beyoud Words 439
Chapter 046 Get Married on a Singularly Inauspicious Day 449
Chapter 047 A Mjstaken Bridegroom 455
Chapter 048 Who is this Doctor Yin? 461
Chapter 049 Where is HQ? 469
Chapter 050 Exco1nrnunicate Sun Yatsen! 479
Chapter 051 Where 加·e ilie Three Thousand Dare-to-Dies? 491
Chapter 052 How Did the Word Get Out? 499
Chapter 053 Sun Yatsen iu a Drag Race 509
Chapter 054 Sun Yatsen is a Guest ofQueen Victoria! 519
Chapter 055 Sun Yatsen is a Guest of Queen Victoria? 527
Chapter 056 Perhaps Not 535
Chapter 057 Sun Yatsen Blows Up on his Collaborator? 547
Chapter 058 W110 Beti·ayed the Plot? 553
Chapter 059 T11e Biggest ofAll Stm Yatsen's Brags 561
Chapter 060 Wllat Snake Oil 571
Chapter 061 Where is Sun Yatsen Catapulted to Fame by the Journalists? 581
Chapter 062 Sun Yatsen and British Israel 585
Chapter 063 SUll Yatsen Frequents the Drawing Rooms of tl1e Rich and Power和I? 597
Chapter 064 Sun Yatsen's Second Passion 603
Chapter 065 Sw1 Yatsen is a Coward 615
Chapter 066 Democratic Britain Re」ects a Democracy-hungry Sun Yatsen. Why? 631
Chapter 067 Sun Yatsen is Elected Provisional President of the Chinese Republic.
Why? 637
Chapter 068 Sun Yatsen Hands the Presidency Over to Yuan Shikai. Why? 649
Chapter 069 Sun Yatsen Takes Up Arms Against Yuan Shikai. Why? 665
Chapter 070 Put a Btulet through Sun Yatsen's Head! 675
Chapter 071'Soviet Russia is our Guiding Star' 685
Chapter 072 Sun Yatsen is Cowed by British Gunboats 697
Chapter 073 How, and Why was Sun Yatsen Sancti:fied? 705
Chapter 074 Sun Yatsen Studies in China Is Not Worth瓦ppence 711

075 Glossary 725


076 Primary Sources 735
077 Works in Chinese and Japanese
078 Works in Western language 769
079 Index 813
080 Epilogue 825
15

序言

2014年6月24日,出版界八十八歲的老前輩、香港三聯書店前總經理
蕭滋先生熱情向筆者建議,把幾十年來博覽群書,檔案鑽研結合實地調査與
歷史想像的冶史方法與經驗撰寫成書。
茲承雅命,方式是以 「本偵探」的名義現身說法,把筆者曾運用這種四
管齊下的治史方法所解決了的一些懸案,不拘大小,媽媽道來。因此本書各
章節,有嶄新的探案,諸如「林則徐是製毒巨梟」。有把過去「本偵探」已
經破解了的懸案,做進 一步追査。例如污衊「葉名琛為六不總督」 的順口
溜,究竟元凶是誰? 以及由於進一步發掘了新史料而更上 一層樓並予以破解
了的懸案,包括「孫中山的民族主義與英以色列信仰」。
案情繁簡決定了各章長短,而各章的上文下理(context),則見本偵探
其他拙著,尤其是2011年出版的《三十歲前的孫中山》,2015年出版的《孫
文革命:聖經和易經》,以及行將出版的《文明交戰》(暫定名)。蓋本書的
部分章節是取材自該三本拙著當中、短小精悍而獨立性極強的片段。因此,
讀者會注意到,本書各章的題目分別屬於兩大領域:其一是有關兩次鴉片戰
爭時期的探案;其二是對孫中山生平具關鍵性事件的偵察。兩次鴉片戰爭是
帝國主義侵華的具體事例,孫中山則是反抗帝國主義侵華的典型民族英雄。
把帝國主義靨迫、民族主義反抗 ,這兩大領域再放到宏觀的角度檢視,
則兩次鴉片戰爭這形於外的事物,是本偵探對斂於內的帝國主義所進行的個
案研究。孫中山這形於外的人物,則是本偵探對涵於內的民族主義所進行的
個案偵察。帝國主義和民族主義恰似一 塊銅板的兩面,而這塊銅板就是近代
史一不單是中國近代史,而且在某程度上可以說是世界近代史。本偵探追
16 孫中山:從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

蹤近代史的發展,不能偏重帝國主義或民族主義,因為如此就猶如偏聽一面
之詞。治史必須在檔案鑽研、實地調査與博覽群書的基礎上,兼視兼聽來神
遊冥想,藉此廣開言路。
至於為何本偵探選擇兩次鴉片戰爭和孫中山兩大領域作為個案來探索,
則完全是由於機緣巧合。事緣1968年本偵探從香港大學畢業後,馬上前往
牛津大學當研究生時,長期由英國駐中國大使館保存的葉名琛檔案,剛剛移
交英囿國家檔案館,並終於開放了。本偵探趁這個難得的機會,再結合英圈
各機關部門及各地方的英語檔案 ,正好兼顧了中英雙方的態度、處境與追
求,避免了偏聽。於是本偵探決定首先以葉名琛作為個案,切入帝國主義的
硏究。
硏究愈來愈深入之後,總覺得缺少點什麼。適逢1979年廣」1I1市中山大
學歷史系代主任胡守為先生,盛情邀請本偵探當訪問學人;更由於該校的陳
錫祺先生,艇艇 不恥下問有關孫中山的史事和史料,故突然想到孫中山乃中
圈近代史上的民族英雄,孫中山的民族主義、民權主義暨民生主義�稱
三民主義 是其畢生學習、思考與實踐的結晶,於是本偵探決定以孫中山
作為個案,藉此研究民族主義。
終於,在2015年6月26日,比原定計畫提前四天完成了本書 初稿共60
章。但馬上碰到兩隻凶猛的攔路虎。其一是「炒冷飯」 之嫌。其二是哪怕當
時還只有六十章的初稿也只不過是烏合之眾。試想:把「獨立性極強的片
段」結集在一起,「隊伍不整,放槍時參差不齊」1 ,真是貽笑大方!說是一本
論文集也夠不上。準此,唯一能同時打垮兩隻猛虎的武器是,為全書譜寫出
一首主旋律。而這首主旋律必須具備兩個條件:既能凝聚共識一把60種
不同聲音編織成一首既多姿多彩而又和諧悅耳的交響樂,更藉此全面克服
「炒冷飯」之嫌。

l 此乃孫中山之言,描述1883年清朝閱兵大臣方耀到香山縣,在濠頭鄉檢閼清兵時的情況。
見陸文燦:《孫中山公事略) (稿本·藏翠亨村孫中山故居紀念館)。該稿後來刊登於《孫
中山硏究),第一輯(嚴州:1廣東人民出版社,1986) 。
序言 17

怎麼啦 ? 擺明白 是把曾經出版過的片段再拿出來獻醜,還說不是 「 炒冷


飯」? 此點正是中西 治史方法的巨大分別 之一 。 在西方,若某甲發掘出大量
史料,並解讀及運用此大批史料來建構出一套理論,大家熱烈鼓掌。某乙 運
用某甲所發掘出的大量史料,加上自己所發 現的新史料,從另外一個 角度解
釋同一種歷史現象,得出不同甚至相反的結 論,大家同樣熱烈鼓掌。同樣
地,若某甲再接再厲而發掘了更多新的史料 , 加上經過星移物換而在思考問
題時更為深思熟慮 ,又從 一個嶄新的角度審視同一種歷史現象,終於得出不
同的結論甚至推翽自 己過去的結論,大家更是熱烈鼓掌,因為這是人類進化
的積極表現。把這種治史方法昇華到思想的境界,則思 想家稱之為「水平思
維」 ( lateral thinking ) 。即不局限 於某一種思維方向 , 而是從不同的方向 丶
甚至反方向解讀史料和思考問題 。
中國史學界則至今仍然深受清朝乾嘉時代純粹考據的治學風氣所影響 ,
結果多是致力於史料的考據。乾嘉考據誠然是一種追求樸實無華的考據學
風,故又稱為樸學。但缺點則在於其不注重史料的運用,遑論解讀史料並藉
此以建構出一套符合經世致用的理論 。 其實,在乾嘉考據學風出現之前,明
末遺民鑑於明朝的覆亡,痛定思痛之餘,對中國的社會 、 政治、哲學、 軍 事
各方面的思 想主張 ,均有強烈的社會責任威,對專制政體和宋 明理學進行有
力的批判。可惜清朝政權穩固 以 後,即 大興文字獄一順治帝施文字獄七
次,康 熙 帝施 文字獄20 多次,雍正帝施文字獄20多次,乾隆 帝施文字獄
1 30多次 把華夏 的文化精英嚇得喋若寒蟬。誰敢建構理論並抒發己見 ,
等待誅九族好了 ! 君不見,清朝在所有孔廟前面的空地上都豎立一塊臥著的
石碑 ,上面刻有 「 士子不得議論時政」 之類的字樣。違 者的命運將會像該石
碑 一樣一馬 上躺下來 ! 難怪 中央研究院某院士前輩,聽了本偵探在20 06
年 1 1月6日於廣東省中山市舉行的 「 紀念孫中山誕辰 1 40週年國際學術研討
會」上的發言後,當場衝口而出地說了一句話: 「 走火入魔 ! 」。2
也難怪2015年5月5日,中國大陸某學術期 刊把拙稿 〈 孫文之信教與被

2 詳見行將出版的拙藩 (文明交戰) 當中 , 題為 〈救亡從教育入手〉 的一章 。


18 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

逐〉 退還 ,理由是「內容 與寫法可能均 與刊物風格不同」。筆者莫名其妙 ,


於是把該文分拆 成兩章收入本 書,即題為 〈 孫中山何時領洗進入基督教? 〉
的第三十八章 , 和題為 〈 為何 孫中山被驅逐出教會〉 的第五十章。佇候讀者
諸君教正內容、 寫法與風格有何不妥 。
本偵探也不氣餒 ,興致勃勃地把拙稿轉投台灣某學術期刊。2015 年 8月

3日接審査意見說 : 尊稿過 半 內 容文字 已 見淤 閣 下 近年兩 本 巨 署 :《孫文革
命 - 聖經和 易 經 》 ( 2015.01 ) 、 《 三 十 歲 前 的 孫 中 山__-翠 亨 、檀 島 、 香
港 1866-1895》( 2011.09 ) , 重 複 比 例 過 高 , 與 本刊 宗 旨 不 符 , 本 會 只 得 割
愛 , 敬請 原 諒 。 」此言一針見血地指出該審稿人的注意力全盤貫 注在史 料的
發掘上,完全忽親史料的解讀和運用以解決歷史學界中有待解答的問題 。
該審稿 人沒有理解 : 本 偵探之所以撰寫《三十歲前的孫中山》,除了發
掘有關史料這趙必須履行的手續以外,更高的學術目標是為了解答孫中山
「如何」走上革命道路的問題 。 又本偵探之所以撰寫《孫文革命》,除了發
掘有關史料這趟必須履行的手續以外,更高的學術目標是為了解答孫中山
「為何」走上革命道路的問題。至於為何 〈 孫文之信教與被逐 〉 之作為一個
獨立專題 , 至今還沒有人運用筆者所發掘出 來的史料嘗試解答,因而是一個
嶄新的探索項目。若本偵探運用自己過去發掘出 來 、 哪怕已經收入兩本拙著
的資料,加上本 偵探最新發現的、 滴滴皆甘露的珍貴史料,合力試圖解答 一
個前人解答不了的問題 , 有何不可 ?
西 方學術界發明「水平思維」 快一個世紀了,為何傳來傳去 ,總是傳不
進大陸與台灣? 是華夏精英不屑接受 、 不願意接受、還是害怕接受 ? 拒絕接
受這種現象,是否證明了乾嘉時代那種沒思 想、 純 考據的治學之風貽害甚
深?尤有甚 者 ,
華夏精英不單漠視 「 水平思維」的治史方法 , 又竟然以拒收
為榮,傲然 「 割 愛」 ,
這是否證明 華夏文明 的天朝上國心態 ,
至今嵬然不
動?
沿著這條思路進一步考量,就更難怪 20 l 5 年 l1 月 12日,本偵探在台北
圈父紀念館舉辦的「傳承與創 新 : 紀念 國 父孫 中 山 先 生 150 歲誕辰」 國 際學
術研討會上,宣讀過拙文「孫文之信教與被逐」後,評論人、台灣中央研究
序言 19


院近代史研究所兼任硏究員朱泫源教授 , 衝口而出地說了一句話 : 走火、
入魔」。
哈哈!好事成雙 : 本偵探「走火入魔」 之美名,先後刻進廣東省中山市
「紀念 孫中山誕辰 140 週年圈際學術研討會」 主辦單位的錄音機,和主辦
「紀 念 國 父 孫 中 山 先 生 150歲 誕辰」 國 際學術研討會的台北市圈父紀念館的
錄音機 , 留存萬世。
對於本偵 探運用「水平思維」 來解諮 和運用史料是可行的治史方法 , 容
本偵 探再舉一個例子 。本偵探的師弟 ,劍橋大學歷 史學皇家講座教授艾文斯
爵士 (Professor Sir Richard Evans ) ,大半生專攻德國史。他在 1990年把他
歷來所寫的書評結集成專著,書名是《重新審視德國史》' 3 出版後受到 西 方
史學界高度重視。什麼?炒自己過去所寫過的書評的冷飯?重覆已經出版了
的書評 , 有什麼價值?竟然也會受到廣泛的高度重視?關鍵是 : 艾文斯爵士
藉著結 集其眾多書評的機會, 總結他那一代人研究德國史所取得的成績、心
得 , 指出不足之處 和有待努力的地方,並建議將來研究的方向以及可能加強
或糾正的史 論 。 歸根結柢, 他的眾多書評在出版以後,已經變成史料了,他
正在運用史料 哪怕是他 自 己 所創造的史 料(書評) 來宏觀地開闢史
論新天地。若出版社所禮聘的審稿人,只顧史料之重覆而漠視史料的運用 ,
肯定會建議出版社「割 愛」 !
準此,本偵 探接下來的任務 是 : 構思出一首主旋律作為本書的主心骨 .
藉此凝聚各自 為戰的初稿共六十章的精神。最後想通了 : 主旋律宜採 當前西
方世界天天隱喻地厲聲高叫的「中國該打! 」。
「中國該打! 」 ? 為何筆鋒-下子變得如此凌厲?並採此作為本書的主
旋律? 因為 治史之理想是以史為鑑,避免重蹈前人覆轍 。 因而 治史的最終目
標應該是經世致用 , 這也是本偵探畢生奮鬥的目標。
事緣哈佛 大學政 治學家塞繆爾 · 亨廷頓 ( Samuel Huntington ) 教授在

3 即chard J. Evans, Rethinking German Histo1y: Nineree11th-Cenr111J1 Germany and the Origins ofthe
Third Reich (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
20 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

199 3 年撰 文,謂此後世界上的戰爭將是各大文明 之間的衝突 ( Clash of


Civilizations ) 4 。2OOl 年的九一一 恐怖翦擊 ,似乎證明他有先見之明。而從
2012年開始,伊斯蘭極端分子在法國首都巴黎發 動的連環槍擊案,尤其是
駭人聽聞的2015年11月14 日連環槍擊案 ,更是轟動全球 。

文明交戰不待今時今日,其實一 千多年以來已經一 直在大規模地進行


著。遠至1095 年由第一批十字軍從歐洲出發東征 所開始的 、 那場曠日持久
的生死 搏 鬥 , 打 打停停地延續至今 。 近至19世紀的兩次鴉片戰爭 ( 1 8 39-
l 84 l 和 1856-1 860 ) 所拉開序幕的、同樣是曠日持久的百年屈辱 , 皆顯著的

例子 。 君不 見,在鴉片戰爭之前 ,盎格魯 · 撒克遜民族已經嘗試過用 糖衣

炮彈」來 開化」華夏。那就是183 4年11月在廣州外國人商行區成立的

在 華 傳播有用知 識協會」 ( Society for the D」fft1sion of Useful Knowledge in
China )。該會理事會開宗 明 義就說: 「 當華夏扼殺了一 切促使它 與世界上所
有文明 圈家結盟的努力之後,我們現在嘗試 使用智性 大炮 ( i ntelleclual
artillery ) , 讓知識取得 和平」。5
英文intellect 此字 ,一般翻譯做知 識 ,例如intel lecti.1al property 就毫無例
外地翻譯為知識產權。其實單純的知識 ,英文叫 knowledge 。 而intellect則包
含了比單純知識更高層次的思 想境界,余英時先生就把intellect此字翻譯為
「 「
智性」 , 又把英文的anti-intellectualism翻譯為 反智論」 。 並詮釋說: 「 『 反
智論』 並非 一 種學說、一套理論,而是一 種態度」。又說: 「 中國雖然沒有
『 反智論』 這個名詞,但 『 反智 』 的現象則 一直是存在的 。
因為這個現象可

以說普遍地存在於一 切 文化 之中,中國自然不是例外。」 具體來說, 反智」
「 『
就是 對代表 智性 』 的知識分子 ( intellectuals ) 表現 一 種輕鄙以至敵

4 Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?," Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 3 (Summer

1993), pp. 22-49.


5 原文是 : ``We are now, then, to make the trial, whetl1er tl1e celestial empire. alter it has defeated all
efforts to bring it into an alliance with the civilized nations of the earth, will not yield to intellectual
artillery, and give LO 知owledge the palm of victory''見 Proceedii1gs Relative to the Formation of
`'

a Society for the Diffusion of Use佃 鼬owledge in China," in PRO: F017/ 89.
序言 21

視」。6

消除華夏文化 當中的「反智 論」 無疑是一件好 事。可惜 在華傳播有用
知識協會」 的骨幹成員一—在穗英商 和基督宗教傳教士 , 毫不掩飾他們是正
在「從事一場戰爭」 (engage in a warfare) 來改變華夏對境外世界的認 識。7

他們試圖利用知識來取得的 和平 」 , 是要炎黃子孫服服貼貼地當其順民。

難怪他們的 智性大炮」(intellectual artillery) 終於發展成為鴉片戰爭中的
實彈射擊。正如歷史學者希爾拉曼在其《亞洲帝圈與英圍知識》一書中所指
出的 : 該協會的骨幹成員 ,把過去歐洲人通過基督宗教耶穌會士的報導而對

華夏文明所產生的一個 華夏愛好和平」 的良好印象,改變成為一個半野蠻
的 、 落後閉塞的文明,並由 此而隱喻地高喊 「 中 國該打! 」 之後 . 盎格魯 .
撒克遜民族就可以大膽地想像對華開戰的可行性了。8
為何如此極端 ? 該協會的所有中文刊物,都不可能對華夏文明說半句好
話,因為該協會本身的生存價值是由下面這麼的一個假像支撐著:中圍的野
蠻落後 ! 它的處境就正如 1 9 世紀的基督宗教傳教士一樣, 「 若他們表達對華
夏文明有絲毫值得肯定的話 ,就等如否定他們的傳教事業有任何價值」。9 確
實非常極端、絕對 ! 無他 , 他們都是戰爭販子,都在竭力鼓吹盎格魯 · 撒克
遜文明對華夏開戰啊!
又例如 1857年初, 當英圍 圓會激烈討論是否 要 發 動第 二 次對華開戰

6 余英時 : 〈反智論與中國政治傅統一論儒 、 道 、 法三家政治思想的分野與匯流〉 , 收入余


英時 : (歷史與思想》 (台北 : 聯經出版公司 , 1976) , 頁 1-2 •
7 見 Michael Lazich, C. E. C. Bridgman (1801-1861), America's First Missionary to China
(Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); Murray A. Rubinstein, "Propagating the Democratic
Gospel: Western Missionaries and the Diffusion of Western Thought in China, 1830-1 848,"
Bulletin q(the Institute q(Modern Histo1y, Academia Sinica, no. 1 1 (July 1982).
8 U如ke Hillemann, Asian Empire and British Knowledge (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
pp, 104-105.

9 英語原文是 to say something positive about the Chinese would serve to undermine tl1e rationale
``

of the missionary ente1-prise" • 見MuJTay A. Rubinstein, The Origins of 1he Anglo-American


Missionary Ente1prise in China, 1807-1840 (London: Scarecrow Press, 1996), p. 1 3 1
22 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

—即後來的所謂第二次鴉片戰爭一 之時,就有位 名叫蒙哥馬利 · 馬丁


( R. Montgomery Martin) 者,建議英軍 占領全中國 。 邏輯是中國乃繼印度之
後 「 不列顛文明發展的下一個廣闊舞台 , 此乃天意安排」 10 。這不是擺明白地
說 , 19 世紀的英國精英已 經深切地認 識到 , 他們 要 發 動的第二次鴉片戰
爭,是盎格魯 · 撒克遜文明與華夏文明如火如荼的「文明交戰」!
在第二次鴉片戰爭中,華夏文明全線潰敗 。 但華夏精英仍然不斷地苦苦
掙扎,終於在新中圍成立 時 , 把帝圍主義從神」、丨1 大地趕跑,結束了曠 日 持久
的第一場 「 文明 交 戰 」 。
但由 於繼承和發展了英國盎格魯 . 撒克遜文明的美
國盎格魯 . 撒克遜文明,目前正積極聯同印度文明 , 以 及巳經 「脫亞入歐 」
一百五十多年的 日 本 , 與已經取消了漢字近乎一百年的韓國和越南 ,共同 對
付 華夏 文明 , 下一場盎格魯 · 撒克遜文明與華夏的「文明 交 戰 」 ,
指日可
待?
因此 , 日 夜縈繞著本偵探的一個 關鍵問題是,若將來再度發 生 「 文明 交
戰」,後果會如何 ? 過去,絕大部分 圈人責怪帝國主義者侵略中國,華夏文
明的先知先覺 者孫中山先生則早 已 自 我反省,並指 出 華夏文明確 實患有癌
症。什麼癌症?拙著《孫文革命:聖經和易經》 除了譴責帝國主義以外,已
經同時偵察出一些華夏癌症諸如矢志做皇帝的思 想,本書再接再厲 , 追査其
他癌症。
那麼本書又聳出華夏文明 究竟還患有什麼其他癌症?如何醫治?
偵察癌症所在,本偵 探有辦 法 。 至於如何醫治 , 就有待炎黃子孫群策群
力了 。 準此,本偵探決定採取 「 文明 交戰」 作為本 書的主旋律,向全世界的
華裔提供一些 參 考的線索 , 幸勿嫌棄。
從理論回歸到技術的問題:構思了文明 交戰作為本書的主旋律之後,再
接下來的任務是按照此主旋律,三番四次地大修全稿:凡是符合此主旋律的
各章,就精益求精 ;不符合者 ,
就割愛 。 例如 , 類似長篇偵探小說般的拙著

10 Mrutin to Clarendon, 7 Febmary 1857, FOl?/279,p. 330/f.


序言 23

《孫逸仙倫敦蒙難真相 : 從未披露的史實》II ,則無論怎樣濃縮, 也無法達到



短小精悍的標準,只好割愛。但突然想到孫中山 以俄為師」之言,是圍共
史學家長 期 爭論不休的議題, 因此特別設計了題為 〈 檢視孫中山「以俄為
師 」 之謎〉 的 、原來的第五十 九章 (現為第七十一 章) ,材料來源 是拙著
12
《中山先生 與英酮》 0 若黷 者諸君覺得收進本 書的各個歷史偵探故事過於短
小,饋來不夠 過癮,則請詳閲上述各書,如此即可観全豹 。
至於每章所含的獨立故事,則力求內容完整。這樣做的副作用是各章難
「 「
免有少量重覆之處 。權衡兩害取其輕 : 少量 內容重覆」 總要比 衣冠不
整」 的害處要輕 ; 故採少量重覆,容筆者鄭重敬請讀者鑒諒。其中第二十七
章到第六十二章闡述 、 分析孫中山 從童年到壯年 「 如何」 、 「
為 何 」 走 上革
命道路 ,最終導向辛亥革命 , 故廣東 人民出版社建議本 書副標題為「從鴉片

戰爭到辛亥 革命」,本偵探欣然接受。他們又認為該 等 章 目 頻頻使用 成
龍」 一 詞,幾近 「
八卦」。但是,為了引 起學術圏 子以外廣大讀者的興趣,

八卦」可能成為強項,故堅持己見。君不見,台灣出版界的朋友們雖然認

為《歷史偵探》這書名太 八卦 」 ,
建議改為《孫中山》; 但對眾多 章 目 用
上 「 成龍」 一 詞,卻無異議。 可能他們是希望用 「 正經」 的書名引起嚴謹學
者的注意,又用 「 八卦 」 的章目來引起廣大饋 者對《歷史偵探》的興趣 , 如
此就兩存其美了。
一本嚴謹的學術著作 , 為何要引起學術圏子以外的廣大戰者的興趣 ? 要
達到經世致用 之 目 標 , 硏究成果必須普及。
還有一個技術性的問題,容本偵探在此預告讀者諸君。孫中山的乳名叫
「帝象」 -象其出生地翠亨村北帝廟的北帝 ,非象皇帝。 13 「孫文」 這個名
字是他童年入讀翠亨村村塾時 ,老師給他起的。他在1884年領洗 成為基督

U 黃宇和 : 《孫逸仙倫敦蒙難真相: 從末披露的史實) ( 台北 : 聯經出版公司 • 1 9 98 ; 上海 :


上海雷店出版社 , 2004 ) 。
12 萸宇和 : (中山先生與及國》 ( 台 北 : 嶽灣學生書局 , 2 005) 。
1 3 黃宇和 : (三十歲前的孫中山) (香港 : 中華書局 , 2011 .: 北京 : 三 聯盡店 , 2 0 1 2 ) , 第 3
章,節2 .
24 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

宗教徒時取名 「 日新」,取自《大學 . 盤銘》 「 苟日新,又日新,日 日 新 」



之意 ; 而 日 新」 用廣東話音譯為英語時是 Yat Sen ' 因此與洋人交往時則
一律採孫逸仙 ( Sun Yat Sen) 。至於「孫中 山 」 這個名字,則最 初 是由 於
1 897年秋 他到了日本之後化名為中山樵,事緣日本人平山周回憶他與孫中
「 『
山在日本最 初 交往的片段時說 : 總理來京曰 : 昨夜熟慮,欲且留日本』 °
即同車訪犬獫,歸途過日比谷中山侯爵邸前,投宿寄屋橋外對鶴館,掌櫃不
知總理為中圍人,出宿泊帖求署名。弟 想到中山侯爵門標 ,乃執筆書 〔 姓 )

中山,未書名; 總理忽奪筆自署 〔 名〕 樵 。 曰 : 是中國山樵之意也 』 。

「 「
理號中山,蓋源於此」 。 14 後來章士釗將 中山樵」 改 為 孫中山」 ,說:「 時
' 『
先生名在 刊章 ,旅 行不便, 因易姓名為 『 中 山樵 』 中 山 』 姓 ,『 樵 』

名……顧吾貿貿然以 中山』 綴於 『 孫』 下,而牽連諮之曰 『 孫中 山 』 。始
也廣眾話言 ,繼而連章記載,大抵如此稱謂,自信不疑。頃之一呼百諾, 習
慣自然,孫中山孫中山云云,遂成先生之姓氏定形,終無與易」。 15 鑑於孫中

山本人從來不自稱「孫中山」,而且他在一切漢語公文以及書信上皆用 孫
文」 之名簽署 ,故筆者在本書適當的時候,仍會採「孫文」 之名 。
本偵探熱切期待,中國大陸 和台灣一家親,千萬別自 相殘殺 。
否則在未

來可 能發生的,以美圍 為首的盎格魯 · 撒克遜文明與華夏文明的第二場 文
明交戰」 中 , 「 圍必自伐,而後人伐之」! 因此,哪怕本偵探是手無縛雞之
力的文弱書生 , 而且已經是風燭殘年,仍然努力試圖為了實踐此熱切期待而
稍盡綿力。象徵性的辦法是爭取中國大陸、台灣 和香港在 201 6年差不多同
步出版本書,藉此慶祝海內外炎黃子孫的團結標誌 孫中山先生- 1 50
冥壽 (以實齡計算) 。經過一番努力,帶病親自 奔跑於澳洲 、香港 、廣州和

14 據 《總理年譜長編初稿各方簽註瘧編》 ( 中國胭民谿中央執行委員會綵史資料編纂委員會
編 , 油印本) 。 該文是平山周在 〈追懷孫中山先生座談會〉 上的發言 。 後來全文收錄在陳固
亭編 . 《國父與日本友人) ( 台北 : 幼獅 , ]977年再版) 。 後來又轉錄於尚 明軒、王學莊、
陳松等 ( 編 ) : (孫中山生平車業追憶錄) (北京 : 人民出版社 , 1986) . 頁 528-529 。
1 5 見章士釗 : (疏 〈黃帝魂〉) . (辛亥革命回憶錄) (北京 : 文史資料出版社 · 1981-1982)
一套八冊 , 第 1 集 , 頁217-304 : 其中頁243 。
序言 25

台北 之間聯繫,終於夢想成真 : 承當地高瞻遠視的三家出版社不棄,先後接
受了拙稿 , 並按照各自的客觀情況例如讀者的愛好 , 為本書取名如下 :
大陸版取名《歷史 偵探:從鴉片戰爭到辛亥 革命》o
台灣版取 名《孫中山: 從鴉片戰爭到辛亥革命》o
香港版取名《歷史 偵探:從鴉片戰爭到孫中山》(原定名)。
本 偵探快慰之餘,頻頻從病榻中掙扎起 來 , 按照本書三種新名字的不同
要求,統-增寫了十一章,故全書共七十一章,比 華夏聖賢孔子的名言:
「 七十而知天命,不愈矩 」 還大 一 「 歲」。 但由於大陸和台灣的書名有所改
動,再逐一恭請書法家題詞已來不及。情急之下,迫得借 用穗友的紙筆墨,
親自提筆重寫書名。本 偵探談不 上是任何意 義的書法家,而且五十多年來沒
有練字,所寫不成氣候,但依稀能代表本人的性格與當時複雜的情緒。
為何情緒突然變得複雜? 剛買到「中共中央黛校文史教研部歷史教研室
主任、教授 丶 博士生導師」1 6 劉悅斌先生為藍詩玲博士 (Dr. Julia Lovell) 翻
譯的《鴉片戰爭》 ( The Opium War ) • 封面推介資料印有「著名學者茅海
建 、馬 勇 、雷頤、王奇生、止庵、頂帆、陳洪、小寶 『 傾情推薦 』」 等 字
樣 。
為何觀此就變得戚情複雜?看本 書題為 〈 孫中 山是名夜夜絃歌的花花公
子?〉 的第六十三章,和題為 〈槍斃孫文!〉 的第七十章,可知大概。閱纘
行將出版的拙著《文明交戰》,更會一目 了然。
本書香港版定稿前的2015年12月,承剛到本校歷史系當博士 研究生的
衣慎思同學幫忙,找出 一些錯 字 ; 部分 初 排稿亦承其幫忙 校正,特致謝意。
哪怕在本 書的香港中 華 書局版本已經開始印刷的2016年2月5 日 ,本 偵
探仍遠飛英國,探討本書幾 件未完的心事。其一是本書曾提到辛亥革命爆發
後,英國外交部拒絕支持孫中山的新生政權,反而表態支持袁世凱。歷史學
家對此事的解釋是袁世凱掌握了軍政大權,能穩定全局,英國人可以安心地
繼續在砷州大地發財 。 但竊以為袁世凱 之強大只是表 面現象,英國外交部的
決定,是否有著更深層 次的理論基礎? 若 有的話,這理論基礎是什麼? 從本

16 http://baike.baidu.com/view/6536877.htm • 2015年 U 月 23 日 上網閱韻 。


26 孫中山 : 從明片戰爭到辛亥革命

偵探硏究及撰寫拙稿《文明交戰》當中、題為 〈微觀探索帝國主義性質〉 的
卷二(即英文原著《鴆夢》) 可見 ,英园盎格魯 . 撒克遜文明的精英,深謀
遠慮,做事沉實,不會輕易被表面現象迷惑的,否則不可能建立起全球性的
日不落大帝國 。 故竊以為在支持袁世凱而不支持孫中山這個問題上 , 英圉當
局會盡力找尋華夏文明深層次的矛盾的。這個深層次的矛盾是什麼?在英國
同門師弟師妹協助下 , 不枉此行,終於增寫了 三章:題為 〈 民主的英國為何
不支持追求民 主的孫中山? 〉 的第六十六章 , 「 一舉成名天下知一一 孫中山
在何處舉行首次記 者會? 」 的第六十一章 ,和「孫中山如何 、 為 何被「冊
封」 為國父」 的第七十三章。全 書以七十四章收場 。
又 哪怕本書的香港中 華書局版本已經在2016年2 月 18 日 正式出版了 ,
廣東人民出版社的三人編輯團隊仍然辛勤地編輯,並在紙稿上標出錯字和寫
下他們的修改建議。 雙 方議定,2Ol6年3月1 l - l 5 日這五個工作日,周驚濤
編輯到本偵探下榻的中山大學紫荊園 , 與筆者併肩 作戰。結果 在 1 l 日星 期
- (O9O0-l2OO , l 4OO46OO , l 7 30- l 83 O ) 共六個小時 ; 3月8日星 期 二
( 0900-1230 • 1400-1530) 共五個小時 ; 3月9日星 期三 ( 0830-1300) 共四個
半小時 總共十五個半小時 , 把該團隊在紙本上標出的錯 字全部在本偵探
的電子檔上改正。由 於是併肩 作戰:一 人操作,另 一 人複核,故效率極高 ,
也減少了在操作期間出現大量新的錯誤。
2016年3月9 日 星 期 三下午和晚上 , 本偵探獨力把香港中華書局在發印
後藍紙上的正誤 ,在本偵探的電 子檔上改正。準此 ,改正錯 字的工程全部竣
工。由此可知編輯工作是非常費時而又艱 鉅的,不同的人會找出不同的錯
字,同一個人在不同的時候也會找出不同的錯 字 。 謹對曾經參 與本書編輯工
作的眾編輯和朋友,致以崇高的敬意和深切的謝意 。
2016年3月15日星 期二,筆者為本書穗版定稿 , 威謝紫荊園技術員王
添榮先生幫忙刻錄舊式CD 光碟交廣東 人民出版社。由 於用力過度,天旋地
轉 。 筆者馬 上放慢腳步 , 惟昏眩有增無減 。 大 師兄林鉅成醫生聞訊 , 在
2016年3月20日星 期 天 從香港專程趕往廣州,接筆者回香港,當晚及翌日
藉嬿會召集群醫會診。無恙。大慰。於是筆者在2016年3月22日星期二,
序言 27

提前飛回澳洲 。在飛行途中及安返家園後, 仍盡最後努力優化拙稿,並於


24日星期四、耶穌苦難日前夕,灌進光碟, 空郵聯經出版公司。
恭候讀者賜正。

黃宇和 謹識
2016 年 3 月 24 日 星期 四
二 十 四 稿 (定稿) 淤 雪 梨 大 學老 中 青 書 房

也藉此機會道謝台灣的時事評論家胡忠信先生暨其助理 陳盈潔小姐,安
排2016年11月11日星 期五與本偵探訪談兩小時, 在空中樓閣 與廣大聽眾分
享破案驚喜。更衷心厭謝胡忠信先生慨允,為國父紀念館擬安排本偵探在翌
日、 圈父151 華誕 當天的演講站臺,至以為榮為幸。
威謝中央研究院近代史研究所前所長黃克武教授熱情推薦, 當今所長呂

妙芬教授盛情邀請,11月 14日星 期一上午在該所,以 孫文與英以色列信
仰」為題,做學術講座 , 集思廣益, 以便更好地構思下 一本拙著《文明交
戰》o
同樣關鍵的人物當然是國泰航空公司總裁朱圈樑先生及其得力助手黃美
詩、 陳倩瑜兩位小姐。若沒有他們幫忙,本 偵探是飛不起來的 ! 若飛不起
來,則訪談、演說、講座云云 , 皆無法實行。

黃宇和 又及
2016 年9 月 l9 日 星期 -
淤澳洲 雪 梨壯士敦灣青松院
29

第一章

導言 : 當不成偵探者不配治史 I

時人從何得知過往事? 看 書 ! -這麼簡單的道理也不懂?
寫書的人又從何洞悉過往 事?看前人的書 。
前人又從何洞悉過往事?語塞。
難怪孟子(西元前 372 _ 西 元前289 ) 曰 :「 盡信書,則不如無書」2。據
云太史公司馬遷 ( 西 元前 145 年或西 元 前 135年一西元前 86年) ,用以補救
圖 書不可盡信的辦法是: 「 讀萬卷書,行萬里路」。 3 即用實地調査的方法,
核實寫書的前人可有說謊 ,也藉此增廣見聞。在這個問題上,余英時先生
(1930- ) 音譯為柯靈烏4 的英圈牛津大學史學名家羅賓 . 喬治 . 科 林伍 徳

1 有位摯友看了這個題 目 , 認為可能用力過猛 , 會開罪不少人 , 故本偵探曾擬用 「 探案與治


史 」 取代之 · 其後思考再三 , 仍深戚清代乾嘉時期所養成的那種沒思想的純考證 , 貽密非
淺 , 害得中國史學界幾乎病入商肓 , 如此下去 , 亡國滅種之日不逅矣 。 詳見本章下文及行
將出版的拙藩 ( 文明交戰) 。
沉錒必須用猛藥 , 開罪某些頑固派也在所不惜 。
故鐐者一咬
牙 , 決定保存 「當不成偵探者不配治史」 作為本章題 目 。
2 《孟子 . 盡心下) 。
3 對於這句風行的話 , 經多人査證也找不到出處 。 某網友努力不懈的結果是査出西淤劉向
( 西元前77 年一 西元前 6 年 ) , 在其 (說苑》 當中轉述春秋時代的一個 《秉燭夜詔 ) 的故
事 , 曰 : 「
惟平生有三願 : 登萬痲山 , 行萬里路 , 詔萬卷告 」 。 見 : l1ttps://hk.knowledge
yahoo.com/question/question惲d=7008083 1 01469 • 20 1 5 年 6 月 9 日上網閲詔 ·
4 余英時 : 〈章實齋與柯靈烏的歷史思想-�中西歷史哲學的一點比較 〉 , 載余英時 : (歷史
與思想》 (台北 : 聯經出版公司 , 1976) , 頁 1 67-122 •
30 孫中山 : 從明片戰爭到辛亥革命

( Robin George Collingwood, 1889-1943) 教授 ,5 也認為歷史工作者科 研的第



步,猶如偵探破案 。 6 偵探要破案,卻不到案發現場蒐 集證據 ,是不可思議
的。科林伍德是西方歷史學理論的鼻祖 ,
司馬遷則是華夏文 明的太史公 , 可
知古今中外的大師 , 皆強調 偵探般的實地調査是不容或缺的治史方法 。 若不
具備偵探般的行事方式 、 邏輯思維和實地調査的毅力 , 確實不配治史。
而且,治史的要求,比諸 偵探更高 。 因為,若要偵破幾十年前、幾百年
前 、 甚至幾千年前所發 生的歷史懸案 , 比 當代偵探當場破解當代的案件,要
困難得多 。 君不見 , 司馬遷的《史記》仍然 從其他書籍中如實般轉載了不少
離奇怪誕 、 明顯是虛構的故 事 。 當代的中外史學著作也 有類似的情況 , 筆者
在各種拙著中 ,
尤其是最近的《三十歲前的孫中山》7 和《孫文革命:聖經和
易經》8 ,就列舉了不少例子。
為何如 此 ? 近世史學大師陳寅恪先生 ( 1890-1969年) 解釋說: 「 古人
著書立說 , 皆 有所為而發 ; 故其所處之環境,所受之背景,非完全明瞭,則
其學說不易評論 。 而古代哲學家去今數千年,其時代 之真相,極難推知。吾
人今 日可依據之材料,僅 當時所遺存最小之一部 ; 欲藉此殘餘斷片 , 以窺測
其全部結構」 , 難以哉 。
如何是好? 解決辦法是:治史「必須具備藝術家欣賞古代繪畫雕刻之眼
光及精神,然後古人立說之用意與對象,始可以真了解 。 所謂真了解者 ,必
胂遊冥 想 , 與立說之古人處於同一境界,而對於其持論所以不得不如是之苦
心孤詣,表一 種之同情 , 始能批評其學說之是非得失 ,而無隔閡膚廓之論。
否則數千年前之陳言舊說,與今日之情勢迥殊,何一不可以可笑可怪 目 之
乎?」9

5 他是牛津大學的形而上學教授 (Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy ) 。


6 Robin George Collingwood, The idea of Hist01y ( 1945; Oxford Paperbacks. 1994).
7 黃宇和 : 《三十歲前的孫中山》 (香港 : 中華書局 , 20 1 1. ; 北京 : 三聯齿店 • 201 2 ) 。
8 黃宇和 : 《 孫文革命 : 聖經和易經》 ( 香 港 : 中華書局 , 2 O l 4 : 廣」什 : 廣東人民出版祉 ,
201 6 ) 。
9 陳3計恪 , 〈 馮友蘭中 毆哲學史上冊審査報告 〉 , (金明館叢稿二編) ( 上海 : 上海古籟出版
第一章 毋言 : 當不成偵探者不配治史 3l

陳寅恪先生此言是經驗談,因為他本人就曾利用「神遊冥想」 的治史方
法破解了不少今人目 之為「可笑可怪」 的歷史懸案。例如他藉此而對魏晉南

北朝 宇文泰蘇綽不得不創立關隴文化本位政策 之苦心孤詣 」 ,
喜獲同情的
「 , 「
理解 ; 又例如 ,
他能 論唐太宗對魏徵之所以恩禮不終」 不得不斥責魏

徵 於已 死 之後」, 也 是他成功地 運用 神遊冥想真了解之法治史的又一
例」。1 0

陳寅恪先生所說的「神遊冥想」 ,正是西 方史學界 所強調的 歷史 想
像」 ( historical imagination ) 。 眾多運用此法中的表表者、牛津大學前皇家近
代史講座教授 ( Regius Professor o f Modem History) 休 . 崔姆 - 路普 ( Hugh

Trevor-Roper, 1914-2003) 甚至說:沒有想像力的人不配治史。I I


著名科學家愛因斯坦 ( A lbert Einstein, 1879-1955) 更說 , 邏輯可以把你
從A 帶到 B , 而 想像力則可以把你帶去任何地方 ( Logic will get you from A
to B. Imagination will take you eve1-ywhere ) 。 12 不是說想像優於邏輯:邏輯是

證 明真假的必須手 段,但邏輯很難讓人有所發 明。若要 發 明,思想就必須有


所飛躍。若要思想有所飛躍,就必須靠超人的想像力。想像所得是否可行,
又倒過頭來必須靠邏輯及實踐來證 明 , 否則就變成想入非非了。
近代著名的 上古歷史學家郭沫若 ( 1892-1978 ) 先生 , 就是以超人的想
像力而做出驕人的成績。對於郭沫若先生的治學方法與成就 ,
當今儒學大師
余英時先生做過如下精闢的評價 : 「 郭沫若以新詩人一變而為甲骨、金文的
專家,大家都說他聰 明絕頂。他的聰 明自 是不在話下。甲骨 、金文在門外漢

社 , 1982 ) , 頁247 。
JO 王永興 : 《陳寅恪先生史學述略稿) (北京 : 北京大學出版社 , ]998) , 其中第四節 : 「
陳安
恪先生的治史方法� , 頁 l 264 3 l : 其 中頁128 、 130 、 131 。
I I 這是路普在牛津大學退休演說會上所說的話 , 可以說是總結了他一 生教研歷史的經驗 。 演
講全文刊Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hisfo,y and Jmaginalion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980) 。
12 它可能出 自Aulobiographica/ Notes in Albert Einslein : Philosopher-Scientist (translated and eel.
Paul Arthur Schilpp, 1949) , 或Ideas and Opinions ( 1 9 54 ) 和 On Science and Religion (in
Na1ure, 1940). Xn4 02:32, 29 September 2007 (UTC) 。 見 ht tp://en.wi如pedia.org/wiki/
Wikipedia: Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2007_Seprember_29
32 孫中山 : 從鶘片戰爭到辛亥革命

看來好像是一個一個 字地辨認出來的, 非日積月累不能為功。事實上治此學


的人在具備了關於古史和古文字的基礎知識 之後,最重要 的是要有豐富 的 想
像力,把初看毫不相關的東西聯繫起來,從而展示出全新的意 義 」 。1 3

圖 1.1 司馬遷 ( 前 145 圖 1.2 羅賓 . 喬治 . 圖 1.3 陳寅恪 ( 1890- 圖 1 .4 休 . 崔姆-路


或前135一前86 ) 。 科林伍德 ( 1 8 8 9 - 1969 ) 。 普 ( 1914-2003 ) 。
1943 ) 。

且別說古代史研究 , 其實哪怕是當代探案,若偵探缺乏 想像力 ,就很難


在大暈證據面前有效地推 測 、 準確地鎖定犯案的人 。 故 本章導言取標題為
〈 當不成偵探者不配治史〉 o

本偵探凜遵古今中外前賢的教举 ,上窮碧落下黃泉,環球飛行發掘原始
檔案的嶄新資料,配以世界各大圖 書館的藏 書以便融會貫通前人智薏,同時
竭盡 所能進行實地調査(簡稱調研) ,更在收集到的堅實史料基礎上努力做
「歷史想像」,效應果然妙用無窮 。 在 1 9 70年代研究兩廣總督葉名琛時,推
翻了當時已 經蓋棺定論近一個世紀的「不戰不和不守不死不降不走 」 之所謂
「六不總督」 順口溜,偵破了 此百年冤案 ,為葉名琛平反了。 14 在1980年代研

13 余英時 , 〈談郭沫若的古史研究〉 , 香港 《明報月刊) , 總322期 ( l 992年第十期 ) , 及28-35


中之頁 29 。
14 John Y. Wong, Yeh Ming-ch 'en: Viceroy ofLiang-Kuang, I852-1858 (Cambridge University Press,

1976) 漢語增訂木見 (兩糜總督葉名琛) ( 北京 : 中華告局 , 1984 ; 上海 : 上海也店出版


社 , 2004 ) 。
第一章 毋言 : 當不成偵探者不配治史 33

究孫中山倫敦蒙難 ,試圖破解酮 人爭論了近百年的、孫中山是被綁架還是自


投羅網這懸案。碰巧斯特林 . 西格雷夫 ( S terling Seagrave ) 所著的《宋家
王朝》在 1986 年出版了 , 罕有地暢銷,它力斥孫中山愚蠢地跑到公使館宣
傳革命 , 結果銀鐺入獄 。1 5 本偵探憑著檔案鑽研,實地調査和歷史 想像,證
實孫中山的確 是被綁架進入公使館的。 16 如此又為孫中山洗脫了「愚蠢到自
投羅網」 的冤屈 。 在 l990 年代完成的英文原著《鴆夢 :第二次鴉 片戰爭探
索》,推翻了 當時雄踞西方學壇垂半個世紀的所謂「自由貿易的帝 圈主義」
理論,證明 鴉片確實是促使英圈發動兩次鴉片戰爭的罪魁禍首,而並非「自
17
由貿易的帝國主義」這種籠統概念在作祟 。 2000 年代出版的《中山先生與
英國》, 澄清了 所謂孫中山「聯俄容共」(國民黨語) 或「聯俄聯共」( 共產
黨 語 ) 的真相 。 18 20 10年代出版的 《三十歲前的孫中山》,破解的懸案包括
中國史學界長 期以來爭論不休,甚至曾引 起 法律訴訟以及政治風波的所謂
「 孫中山祖籍問題」。 1 9 在 2015 年出版的《孫文革命:聖經和易經》,更用這種

實證 結 合歷史想像的治史方法, 探索學術界長 期以來避而不談的孫中山與基


督宗教《聖經》的密切 關係 。20

15 「
他認為他喬裝得如此天衣無縫 . 他相信公使館內沒有任何人會認出他 . 他可以大搖大擺地
進出公使館 · 視該館職員如無物… …若無其事地 , 孫逸仙向該館職員述說清朝如何不穩定」
( He believed that his disguise was so effective that nobody at the legation would recognise him.
He could walk right in and cbat, and stroll out again without anyone's being the wiser...... Coolly,
Sun discussed the instability of tl1e Manchu regime) 。 Sterling Seagrave, The Soong Dynasl),
(New York: HarperPerennial, March 1986), p. 80
16 John Y. Wong, The Origins 母an Heroic Image: S1111 Ya/sen in London, 1896-1897 (Oxford
University Press, L986) . 漢語增訂本見 《孫中 山倫敦蒙難真相 : 從未披露的史實) (台北 : 聯
經出版公司 · l998 ; 上海 : 上海告店出版祉 , 2004) •
17 John Y. Wong, Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China
(Cambridge University Press, 1998).
18 見拙藩 《中 山先生與英國) (台北 : 豪洩學生雷局 . 2005 ) 。
19 見拙著 《三十歲前的孫中 山) (香港 : 中華書局 , 20 1 1 ; 北京 : 三聯書店 , 20 1 2 ) 。
20 見拙湝 (孫文革命 : 聖經和易經) ( 香港 : 中華告局 , 2 0 1 5 ; 炭」'l丶丨 : 糜東人民出版社 .
2016) •
34 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

「一
正如本書序言開宗明 義所說過的 : 千多年以來,文明交戰一直大規
模地進行著 。 遠至 1095年第一批 十 字軍東征開始的曠 日 持久的生死搏鬥,
近至19世紀的兩次鴉片戰爭 ( 1839-1 841, 1856-1860) 所展開的同樣是曠日
持久的百年屈辱 ,皆顯著的例子 。 … … 下一場盎格魯 . 撒克遜文明與華夏的
『 文明交戰』 ,指日可待? 」
在下一場可能發生的「文明交戰」 中,華夏文明的生存率有多高?
要生存,就不但需要大量的知 識 ,還急需大量的進化。如何方能進化?

想像!愛因斯坦說 : 想像比知識重要。知識是有限的, 想像則是無涯的,
刺 激著進步,人類的進化 由此而誕生」。 ( Imagination is more important 出an
knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire

world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution) 。2 1 準此,反對想像 丶 靨制

想像,就是鼯制進化。若華夏精英靨制同胞進化,迫使其遠遠落後於其他 民
族時,則將來萬 一再度發生 「 文明交戰」 時,華夏文明將重蹈第二次鴉片戰
爭慘敗的覆轍 。 22 期待著本書能起到警世鐘的作用,是所至祝 。
從宏觀再回歸到微觀 : 光 從治史的方法看,如何從「想像」飛躍到 「 進
步」? 關鍵是在發掘了堅實的史料之後 , 如何解讀這些史料來重建歷史 。 重
建了逼近真實的歷史,才能以史為鑑 ,並藉此逹到經世致用之目 標 。如何重
建歷史?古今中外的歷史學家們歷來都有爭議。就以中圈史學界的後起之秀
茅海建教授為例,他 與房德鄰及賈小葉兩位教授的筆戰,就很有意思 。 茅海
建開宗明 義地說 : 這場辯論「真是一件應該張開臂膀來歡迎的好事」。他殿
後的一句話是,若其他 「 史林高手們果能新入,也必將綻放絢爛之花 。 歷史
學家的最終目的,不在於證 明了自己的正確 , 而是使人觸摸到歷史的真實」。 23

21 Albert Einstein, On Cosmic Religion and Other Opinions and Aphorisms ( 1 93 1 ; Dover
Publicatio11S reprint. 2009).
22 關於這一點 . 本偵探在行將出版的 《文明交戰》 中 . 有進一步的論述 · 敬請詔者留意 .
23 茅海建 : 〈 史料的主親解讀與史家的憤值判斷一 股房徳鄰先生兼答跺小葉先生〉 · 《近代
史研究) , 2007 年第 5 期 . 頁 9 1 - 1 07 • 回應了 (近代史研究) 2007 年第 l 、 2 期連載的房徳鄰
先生論文 〈埭有為與公車上書 讀 《公車上書) 考證補〉 獻疑〉 . 和第3 期上刊出的農小
第一章 毋言 : 當不成偵探者不配治史 35

年已古稀的本 偵探深深地贊同此言。在重建歷史的過程中,作者無可避
免地沁入個人見解。但不用怕 ,因為哪怕沁入了作 者更多個人見解的「史
論」,則先賢陳寅恪先生有如下發 人深思的高見: 「 史論之作者,或有意或
無意,其發為言論之時,即已印入作 者及其時代之環境背景,實無異於今日
新聞紙之祗論時評,若善用之,皆有助於考史。故蘇子.瞻之史論,北宋之政
論也 ; 胡致堂 之史論,南宋之政論也 ; 王船山之史論,明末之政論也。今曰
取諸人論史之文,與舊史互證, 當日政治祗會情勢 ,益可藉此增加了解,此
所謂廢物利用,蓋不僅能供 習文者之摹擬練習而已也」。24
此言與當今西方史學界的最新的理論,有異曲 同工之妙 : 當今西方史學
界強調歷史是文化的一部分,而文化本身就是一件不斷發展的事物,它應該
是充滿活力而不是凍結了的,25 它是當今 與過去的對話。26 竊以為認真地與過

去對話,本著求真的態度禧貌地與同儕辯論,以臻 道理愈辯愈明」 的文明
境界,正是「使人觸摸到歷史的真實」 的最佳途徑。
願 與讀 者諸君共勉之。
最 後 ,讓本 偵 探回應本章開宗 明 義所引 孟 子 所 「盡 信 書 ,則不如無
書」27 的呼喚。當今中國大陸的華夏精英當中,像茅海建教授般,既博覽群
書,又勤奮地鑽研檔案史料,更甚有心思地査根究柢的學者,極為罕有。本
偵探深深地憂慮的是,有些當今中圍大陸獨領風騷的歷史學精英,既不做檔
案鑽研 , 又不做實地調直 , 更甚少與其他學者溝通,遑論歷史想像。反而高
高在上地自以為是。他們那一代人 . 從高小開始就遇上號稱十年浩劫的無產

葉先生論文 〈也談劉坤一 、 王文韶的兩件電奏〉 o

24 陳寅恪 , 〈馮友蘭中國哲學史上冊審査報告〉 , (金明館叢稿二編》 (上海 : 古緒出版社 ,


1982 ) , 頁247 •
25 Raymond Williams. Keywords: A VocGb11/a1y of C11/t111'e and Society (London: Croom Helm.
1984), p. 90.
26 Lawrence W. Levine. 祏ghbrow Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America
(Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 33.

27 (孟子 . 盡心下) •
36 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

階級文化大革命,從未受過中學的基礎訓練 ,上大學時也是靠工農兵 「 推
薦」(當然也有極少數是所謂 「 七八班」 考進去的) , 當時剛復課的大學又
是百廢待舉。終於戴上學士的四方帽時,已是名副 其實的「頭重腳輕根底
28
淺」 。 大學畢業後雖然靠閉門苦讀而成名 ; 但也不折不扣地成為西 方學術界
譏諷的, 「 蹲在太師椅上的史學家 」 ( armchair historian ) 。成名之後,竟然
處處指指點點 。 29 猶有甚 者 , 由 於成名後忙得連書也無暇仔細地看,但是為
了維持其「大師」的地位,就把別人辛辛苦苦得 來的科研成果亂批一通,擺
30
出了一副歷史教父的架 子 。 架 子 之大 , 把他整天掛在口邊的「中學」,當中

28 《明 . 解縉) 。 這是明朝第一位內閣首輔解縉 ( 1369-1415) 所寫對聯的上聯部分 。 全文是 :


「 牆上蘆葦 , 頭重腳輕根底淺 。 山間竹筍 , 嘴尖皮厚腹中空」 。

29 例子之一 , 可參l甜朱宗很 : 〈 評桑兵先生對百年來中國史學的挑戰 : 詔 (庚子勤王與晚清政


局 ) 〉 , 2006 年 6 月 30 日 . 香港中文大學 (二十一世紀) 網路版 • 2006年6 月 號 。 www.cuhk
edu.hk/ics/2 lc/supplem/.../060201 6g.htm • 2007 年 7 月 24 日 上網閱詔 。 其中菩句包括 : 「 十分
驚訝桑兵先生以懷古排外心態 , 挑戰近代中國百年來歷史學的發展 」 、 「 以當土包子為榮 ,
「 「
實在不是一種好的心態」 、 其實是小農社會的狹隘心態 」 、 為什麼中國歷史學家一百多年
來 , 向西方先進的人文社會科學 (即西學) 學習之後 , 反而今不如古 , 而且越來越不會研
究歷史 ? 」 、 「 不學習西方先迆的文化 . 不融入現代國際祉會 . 中圍是沒有出路的 」 。 胡適

也早在1929 年已經說過 : 目下就抵抗 〔 西學 〕 一說 . 已不成立」 (胡適 : 〈死裡逃生〉 , 上
海 ( 申報》 , 1929 年 1 0 月 28 日 ) 。 哪怕晚清官僚張之洞也懂得 「 知 中不知外 , 謂之礱瞽 」
( 《勸學篇 · 外篇 . 設學第三) ) 。 但桑兵教授在2 1 世紀的今天 3還在懷古排外 , 真是不可思
議 。 回 顧 ]9世紀下半葉 「 中鬬在半死不活地進行洋務運動的幾十年當中 , 英國人卻靜悄悄
地把消廷 「密碼』 逐一破解了 . 進而對中國的了解一日千里」 ( 見行將出版的拙藩 (文明交
戰) ) 。 當今美圈的情報工作 , 更是逵遠超越19世紀的英酮不知多少倍 ! 懷古排外的桑兵教
授快快夢醒吧 ! 猶幸當局已經開始重視這種 「 懷古排外心態」 ,
結果至少有十個網站轉載了
朱宗震先生的大文 , 包括中國祉科院近代史研究所的官 方網站 : http://j <ls.cass. en/
Article/200607 l 3 I 70703.asp ; 還有 《學術批評綢 》 丶 (學衡中國網》 、 和 「 國家清史編委會網
上工程」 的官方網站 《中華文史網》 等有分暈的網站 , 也有轉載 。 看來流傳甚殷 , 影響力
也很大 。 但是朱宗跟先生的大文發表後 · 快十年過去了 , 似乎仍未見桑兵教授有所回應 ·
反而變本加厲 . 見下註 。
30 桑兵 : 〈提升孫中山硏究的取徑〉 , (廣東社會科學) , 2013年第3期 , 頁9l-98 : 其中頁91 。
此文後來收入桑兵教授的另一本論文集 . 《治學的門徑與取法一晚清民毆研究的史料與史
學) (北京 : 社會科學文獻出版社 , 2014) · 光是書名主標題的口氣之大 , 已經令人咋舌 。
第一章 鴣言 : 當不成偵探者不配治史 37

的群經之首易經的「謙卦」,也拋到九霄雲外。如此又犯上西 方學術界所不

齒的 pretentious 〔 裝腔作勢 〕 丶 waffle 〔 言 之無物 〕 等 等毛病。更中了 嘴尖
皮厚腹中空」3 1 這下聯。諸如此類的華夏精英跟其影響所及 , 與盎格魯 . 撒
克遜文明的精英和其桃李甫一比較,在可能發 生的第二次文明交戰中 ,誰勝
誰敗, 不問可知。
願 與諮 者諸君共戒之。

31 (明 · 解縉) 。
39

,^._==
弟-早

鴉片戰爭與鴉片無關論

2004年 2 月 , 八十 多歲的澳洲英裔資深學者哈利 . 蓋 爾伯 ( H arry


Gelber ) 講座教授 , 1 出版了他的名著 《鴉片 、 士兵與傳教士 : 1 840-1842英國

與中國的戰爭及其後遺症》 。 2 茲歸納他的研究心得如下 : 從英圍的政治角

度看 , 1 840- 1 842 那場與中國的戰爭 , 並 非一場鴉片戰爭 」 言下之意正
是 : 鴉片戰爭與鴉片無關 。 他繼續寫道 :

它 只 是 區 區 一 些她方性的小摩擦 。 英 固 堅決反抗那腐 朽 透頊 , 卻 高 高 在
上而 又狂妄無知的 中 國 , 堅決維護 英 王 的 尊嚴 , 堅 決保設英 國 男 女 的性
命安全 , 堅決追償被 中 國 政府搶奪 了 的 財物 。 沒有任何一個倫敦人 , 也
沒 有 任 何 一 個 帶 兵 攻 打 中 國 的 軍 官 , 會認為該場戰爭 與 鴉 片 有 任 何 闢
係 。 若 中 國 人 有 本 事控制鴉 片 走私 , 就讓他們 大顗身手吧 , 英 軍絕對不
會代勞 。 那場戰爭 , 打 超 來 不 費 吹 灰 之 力 ; 卻 後 患 無 窮 , 到 了 數 十 年
後 , 傳教士 目 睹 中 國 的 苦雞 , 悲 天憫人 , 免錯誤地怪 罪 英 國 把 鴉 片 強加
玲 中 國 , 由 此 改 變 了 英美與 論 。 3

l 關於他的履歷 , 見http://bloomsbury.co面Harry-Gelber/authors/2636 • 2012年 1 月 2 1 日上網閱


詔·
2 Harry Gelber, Opium, Soldiers and Evangelicals: England's 1840-42 War with China and its

Afterma成 London: Palgrave Macmillan, February 2004, 264pp


3 見該書封底說明 。
40 孫中山 : 從鵲片戰爭到辛亥革命

因此,蓋爾伯講座教授責無旁貸地以糾正 此 等 所謂錯誤的輿論為己任 。
本偵探讀後極為詫異 ,
因為它大別於鄙 人所讀過的所有中外有關專著 。 大別
的地方在於 : 過去哪怕有盎格魯 · 撒克遜的文明精英干方百計 地為英國發動
鴉片戰爭而辯護 , 但辯護的方式都是防守型的 凸 蓋爾伯講座教授辯護的方
式卻是攻擊型的 。 這種巨大變化,促使筆者立志査明蓋爾伯講座教授的立論
方式 , 辦法是從逐句鑑定其微言大義做開始。
其劈頭第一句 ,
手法就很高 明。的確 ,
當時大英 帝國的領 地逼布全球,
在中國開闢的戰場 , 只能稱之為局部性戰爭 , 這是最為 明顯不過的事實 。 當
讀者接受了這個明顯的事實以後 , 蓋爾伯教授之把局部性戰爭等同 於這場戰
爭並非鴉片戰爭的說法 , 這也會先入為主地印在贖者的腦海裡。
他第二句話的前一段說「英圍堅決反抗那腐朽透頂 , 卻高高在 上而又狂
妄無知的中國 」 。此言不但外國讀者熟悉,中圈諮 者也痛心疾首當時清朝的
腐朽及天朝 上國的狂妄。英 圈反對這些現象,是合理的 。 接 下來第二句話的
中 間 一段 ,
謂英 圈「堅決維護英 王的尊嚴 ,
堅決 保護英國男女的性命安
全」 , 也合情合理 , 哪一個政府不堅 決維護自 己國家元首的尊嚴,不堅決保
護本國公民的性命安全?如此,待 蓋爾伯教授估計到已 經取得讀者信任以
後,就在第二句話的後一段畫龍點睛: 「 堅決追償被 中國政府搶奪了的財
物」。表面上這句話也 合情 合理,哪 圈政府不竭力保護本團公民的財 物? 證
者同樣會由衷地支持 。 但問題在於 ,
蓋爾伯教授並沒有告訴他的趙 者 , 這些
財物具體是什麼?

4 見 A . J. Sargent, Anglo-Chin蕊e Commerce and Diplomacy (Ox.ford: Clarendon Press, 1907); Hosea
Ballou Morse, 77,e Jnternational Relations of the G1inese Empire. Three volumes (Shanghai: Kelly
and Wa lsh, 1910-1918); David Owen, Brilish Opium Policy in India and China (New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press, 1934): D. C. M. Platt, Finance, T,·ade, and Politics: British Foreign Policy
1815-1914 (Ox.ford: Clarendon Press, 1968); Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians
in the Celestial Empire in the Early Par/ oflhe 191h Centwy and the War by Which They Forced
Her Gates �」ar (Chapel 比11, NC: Uruversity of North Carolina Press, 1975) and Wakeman,
Frederick, Jr. 'Tl1e Canton Trade and the Opium War', in John King Fairbank et al. (eds.), The
Cambridge History ofChina, v. 10,pt. 1 (Cambridge Unive」-sity Press, 1 978), pp. 163-2 12

第 章 鴉片戰爭與廚片無關論 4 1

容本 偵探指出,這些財物非比尋常 ,正是違禁的毒品鴉片煙!中國政府
並非搶奪了別國公民的一般財物 , 而是沒收了英圉公民明知故犯所走私的鴉
片。但是當今的普通外國讀者不一定知道當時中國政府所沒收的是違禁品 ,
很容易誤會是中圍貪污腐敗的官員橫蠻無理地搶奪了英區l公民的一般財物 。
蓋爾伯教授用字遣詞的手法極其高 明,他所用的英文字 seize,既可理解為

搶奪 ,也可理解為充公 。 般不明歷史細節的外國諮 者,會理解為搶奪,因
為蓋爾伯整句話是以「英國堅決反抗那腐朽透頂,卻高高在上而又狂妄無知
的中圈」作為開端的 。
他的第三句話的前半段說 「 沒有任何一個倫敦人 〔 會認為該場戰爭與鴉
片有任何關係 〕 」。蓋爾伯講座教授有所不知:在鴉片戰爭時期 當然有不少
倫敦人認為該場戰爭與鴉片有密切關係,但是現代人已經被諸如蓋爾伯教授
的高論蒙蔽住了,極少人知道當時英國有著非常強烈的反對鴉片貿易及鴉片
戰爭的群體。詳見下文 。
蓋爾伯教授的第三句話的後半段說 : 「 也沒有任何一個帶兵攻 打中國的軍
官 ,
會認為該場戰爭與鴉片有任何關係」, 則官兵的天職是奉命打仗 , 絕對不

容花半秒鐘問 為什麼?」 這一切都是那麼地合情合理,難怪深得讀者信任。
至於他第四句話: 「 若中國人有本事控制鴉片走私 , 就讓他們大顯身手
吧,英軍則絕對不會代勞」。當然 , 英軍不是中圈政府所僱傭的警察 , 自然

不會為中國政府緝私 。 因此 這句話同樣 言之成理。關鍵是:蓋爾伯既不是
倫敦高層,也不是販夫走卒 , 他是地位崇高的歷史學與政治學講座教授 · 天
職是明辨是非 , 主持公道!
他最後一句話的前半段說 「 那場戰爭,打 起來不費吹灰 之力」。他在故
技重施,說出了大家都知道的事實。在讓讀者不斷微微頷首之際 ,
就說出誤
導性很強的最後一段話: 「 卻後患無窮 ,
到了數十年後 , 傳教士目睹中圍的
苦難 ,悲天憫人,竟錯誤地怪罪英圍把鴉片強加給中國,由此改變了 英美輿
論」。我 的天!不待數十年後,也不光是傳教士 ,其實在鴉片戰爭期間甚至
之前,已經有英酮貴族、傳媒、 大批正 當商人、 不少家庭主婦挺身而出,反
對英圖把鴉片強加 給中國了。詳見下文 。
42 孫中山 : 從鶘片戰爭到辛亥革命

蓋爾伯教授這種瞞天過海的寫法, 對於一知半解的 當今廣大西 方知識分


子 · 非常見效 。 君不見 , 他這本書 , 在英國售 70 英鎊 , 在美國賣 107 美金 ,
仍然供不應求 : 初版連再版前後共 5 版 ( 見下表倒數第二欄 ) 。

表 2.1 哈利 . 蓋爾伯講座教授的著作表 5
初版和再 全球藏有
初版
書名 版版次 是書之圖
年份
總和 書館總和
1966 《澳洲 、 英圍與歐洲經濟共同體 , 1961 - 1 963 》 5 309
( Australia, Britain and the EEC, 1961-1963)

1968 《澳洲與美圈的軍事聯盟 : 代價與利益》 10 285


( The Austrahan-A merican Alliance: Costs and Benefits )
1970 《 澳洲國防存在的問題》 2 266
( Problems ofAustralian D4ence)
1973 《核武器與中圍政策》 8 219
( Nuclear Weapons and Chinese Policy )
1979 《 中圍的科技 、 圈防與外交 , 1975- 1978 》 5 413
( Technology, Defense, and External Relations in China,
1975-1 978 )
2001 《 帝國之崩潰與民族之誕生》 8 310
( Nations Out of Emp 园: European Nationalism and the
Transformation ofAsia )
2004 《鴉片 、 士兵與傳教士 : 1840-1842 英國與中 圈的戦爭 5 253
及其後迫症》
( Opium, Sold沱rs and Evangelicals: England's 1840-42
War with China, and its Aftermath )
2007 《龍與洋鬼子 : 西元前 l lOO 年迄今的中國與世界》 7 631
( The Dragon and the Foreign Devils: China and the
World, 11 OOBC to the Present )

5 WorldCat, "Gelber, Harry Gregor," http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/Jccn-n50- l8267, viewed


Tuesday 3 January 2012.
第二章 鶻片戰爭與鴞片無關論 43

圖 22 哈利 . 蓋爾伯 ( Harry Gelber)


講座教授 。

圖 2.1 哈利 . 蓋爾伯 ( Harry Gelber)


講座教授的名著 《鴉片 、 士兵與傳教
士 : 1840-1842 英國與中國的戰爭及
其後遺症》 封面書影 。

書成之後 , 蓋爾伯教授又環遊世界到處演講來廣為散播他的高論。例
如 , 2006年2月24 日 , 他在哈佛大學歐洲研究中心 6 所做公開講座 , 題目竟
然是: 「 那場並非 『 鴉片戰爭』 的所謂鴉片戰爭」7。容本偵探再次強調:英図
出兵攻 打中圖 的理由,正是要強迫中國政府賠償所繳去英商的鴉片 , 為此而
打的戰爭 , 怎能說它與鴉片無關? 為了鴉片而發動的戰爭,怎能不稱 之為鴉
片戰爭?聽眾當中的哈佛大學美國本土學生 ( 包括 本科生和研究生) , 若記
得美國紐約」l1 最高 法院著名法官 約翰 . 埃德蒙 (John Wortl1 Edmonds, 1799-
1874) 的話,肯定啼笑皆非。因為該法官曾說過:「 現在英國政府竟然要求

6 Harvard Center for European St1.1dies.


7 "The 'Opium War' that Wasn't," Harvard Crimson, bttp://v.rww.thecriinson.com/article/2006/2/23/
the-opium - war-tlrnt-wasnt-one/
44 孫中山 : 從明片戰爭到辛亥革命

中圍政府賠償被充公了 的東西 。 容我進言:這將是文明史上第一個案例(若


非第一 個案例 ,就讓我們盼望它是最後一個 案 例 ) , 一
個用 大炮的炮口 來提
出賠償走私犯的案 例 」 。8
最後,為了擴大其影響力 , 蓋爾伯教授乾脆把其大著全文放在網路上,
任由饋 者免費下載。9 鴉片戰爭真的與鴉片無關? 關係密切極了 ! 如何密切 ?
請看本書題為 〈太平天國的命運懸於一線一茶葉〉 的第二十二章。
其實蓋爾伯教授醉翁之意不在酒。他這本大作可以歸納為 一句話:華夏
冤枉了高尚的盎格魯 · 撒克遜民族 , 該打 ! 這種歪論 , 雖然滿足了當今全球
盎格魯 · 撒克遜民族當中不少人的好勝心理,但其實對於整個盎格魯 才散克
遜民族的清巻是非常不利的 , 因為它埋沒了哪怕是鴉片戰爭時代盎格魯 · 撒
克遜民族當中真正高尚的品質。據 本偵探考證,蓋爾伯教授的論調基本上是
撿拾鴉片戰爭時期 當事人-- 1 830 年代鼓吹 鴉片戰爭不遺餘力的鴉片私梟
渣顛 ( Willi an1 Jardjne, 1 784-1 843 ) 與其合伙 人孖地臣 ( J ames Matheson,

1796-1878 ) 等鷹派在其《廣小l1 紀事報》 ( Canton Register) 中的叫囂 , 10 而完

全忽視了當時在穗哪怕同樣是走私 鴉片的英商坦誠的話 , 諸如下面刊登在


《廣」l1 報》 ( Canton Press ) 的一段讀者來函 : 「 難 道我們不是一個龐大的走
私集團? 無論我們如何自欺欺人 , 也無法否認我們是走私犯-�名世界公
民 〔 謹啟 〕」。U

8 英語原文是 : "And now the British Govenunent demands of the Chinese Empire indemnity for
the property thus seized. I will venture to say that this is the first instance in the annals of
civilization, (if not the first, it is to be hoped it wiU be the last,) in which indefl1Jlity for si1rngglers
has been demanded at the cannon's moutl1" • 見 John Worth Edmonds, Origin and Progress of the
耶r between England and China: A Lecture Delivered before the Newburgh Lyceum, 1. 1 December
1841 (Newburgh: The Lyceum, 1841), p. 12.
9 http://ebookee.org/Opium-Soldiers-and-EvangelicaJs_332247.httnl#wRevK8tozt8KC5d」.99

10 見行將出版的拙藩 《文明交戰》 當中題為 〈 中線追蹤帝國主義發殷一一摧殘國魂〉 內題為


「 摧殘有形的願魂 : 火燒圓明園 」 的第一節 ·
l l 英語原文是 : `'Are we not smugglers on a large scale? Deceive ourselves as we please, we are
smugglers.--A citizen of the world," Canton Press , vol. I, no. 7, 24 October 1835.

第 章 鴉片戰爭與鴉片無關論 45

在英國本土的反 戰聲音更為嘹亮。1839年12月2日,倫敦的《晨報》
把英國準備發 動的對華戰爭譴責為 「 玷污了 英國的尊嚴 」。121840年3月28
日 ,《旁觀者報》(Spectator) 更評論說: 「 政府的御用文人在拼命地替對華
戰爭塗脂抹粉,把一 名黑得比黑炭還黑的非洲黑人塗成白人:加油吧 ! 盡情
地塗白吧 ! 歷史將把此場戰爭命名為 『 鴉片戰爭』!」 13 結果在1840年4月7

日, 鴉片戰爭」此詞首次在英圍國會的下議院辯論中出現了 , 那是英國戰
爭大臣的發言,哪怕他的動機是要譴責某些「英圈輿論竟然荒唐地認為英國
14
政府之發動對華戰爭是為了擴大非法的鴉片貿易」。 翌日,議員格拉德斯通

反駁說 : 擬 發 動之戰爭 , 比我曾經聽說過的、 或曾經閱讀過的任何一場 戰
爭,都要使得本國蒙受更大的恥辱」。1 5 結果英圈最具影響力的《泰唔士報》
在1840年4月25日和5月1日也用上「鴉片戰爭」這個 名詞。l6

哈哈!原來最早一 比中國人更 早一— 把該場戰爭命名為 鴉片戰爭」
者,竟然是與鴉片煙販同樣是浸潤在基督宗教《聖經》之中、但是言行一致
的英國人 ! 還不止 此,1840年4月24日,三百多名倫敦市民自發地擠進倫
敦大皇后街 (Great Queen Street ) 的共 濟會堂 (Freemasons' Hall ) , 參加一
個公眾集會,當中不乏衣冠楚楚的女土。他們熱烈討論當時英國政府擬發 動

``
12 英語原文是 Shame on the honour ofEngland," Moring Post, 2 December 1839.
1e Government
13 英語原文是 : ``The G writers are labouring strenuously to give a respectable colour to
the war with China. It is 'washing the blackamoor white': do what they can-gloss it over as they
may-Tl-IE OPIUM WAR is the name by which history will hand i t dowu·.--The Spectator, 28
March 1840.
14 英語原文是 t11e public opinion that "the Govemment was advocating the cause of the contraband
trade, to force an opium war on tl1e public; but he thought that it was impossible lo be conceived that
a thought so absurd and so atrocious should have ever entered the minds of the British Mu1istry".
見speech of the Secreta1y at War Thomas Macaulay ( 1 800-1859) in the House of Commons
Debates: "War with China," 7 April 1840. Hansmrl, House ofConunons, vol. 53, col. 716.
``
1 5 英文原文是 :· "a war more unjust in its origin, a war more calculated to cover this country with
pennaneut dis职·ace, I do not know and have not read," William Gladst0ne's speech, 8 April 1840,
Handard, House of Commons debate, vol. 53, cols. 800-820.
1 6 The Times, 25 April I 840, and l May 1840
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INTRODUCTION
It was not without reason that Philo, the famous Graeco-Jewish
scholar of Alexandria, regarded Aaron’s rod, which “was budded,
and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded
almonds,” as an emblem of his race. Torn from the stem that bore
and from the soil that nourished them, and for nearly twenty
centuries exposed to the wintry blasts of adversity and persecution,
the children of Israel still bud and blossom and provide the world with
the perennial problem now known as the Jewish Question—a
question than which none possesses a deeper interest for the
student of the past, or a stronger fascination for the speculator on
the future; a question compared with which the Eastern, the Irish,
and all other vexed questions are but things of yesterday; a question
which has taxed the ingenuity of European statesmen ever since the
dispersion of this Eastern people over the lands of the West.
“What to do with the Jew?” This is the question. The manner in
which each generation of statesmen, from the legislators of ancient
Rome to those of modern Roumania, has attempted to answer it,
forming as it does a sure criterion of the material, intellectual and
moral conditions which prevailed in each country at each period,
might supply the basis for an exceedingly interesting and instructive,
if somewhat humiliating, study of European political ethics. Here I will
content myself with a lighter labour. I propose to sketch in outline the
fortunes of Israel in Europe from the earliest times to the present
day. It is a sad tale, and often told; but sufficiently important to bear
telling again. My object—in so far as human nature permits—will be
neither to excuse nor to deplore; but only to describe and, in some
measure, to explain.
It is no exaggeration to say that the Jews have been in Europe
for a longer period than some of the nations which glory in the title of
European. Ages before the ancestors of the modern Hungarians and
Slavonians were heard of, the keen features and guttural accents of
the Hebrew trader were familiar in the markets of Greece and Italy.
As early as the fourth century b.c. we find the Hebrew word for
“earnest-money” domiciled in the Greek language (ἀρραβών), and
as early as the second century in the Latin (arrhabo)—a curious
illustration of the Jew’s commercial activity in the Mediterranean
1
even in those days. And yet, despite the length of their sojourn
among the peoples of the West, the majority of the Jews have
remained in many essential respects as Oriental as they were in the
time of the Patriarchs. A younger race would have yielded to the
influence of environment, a weaker race would have succumbed to
oppression, a less inflexible or unsympathetic race might have
conquered its conquerors. But the Jews, when they first came into
contact with Europe, were already too old for assimilation, too strong
for extermination, too hardened in their peculiar cult for
propagandism. Even after having ceased to exist as a state Israel
survived as a nation; forming the one immobile figure in a perpetually
moving panorama. The narrow local idea of the ancient Greek state
was merged into the broad cosmopolitanism of the Macedonian
Empire, and that, in its turn, was absorbed by the broader
cosmopolitanism of Imperial Rome. But the Jew remained faithful to
his own olden ideal. Monotheism superseded Polytheism, and the
cosmopolitanism of the Roman Empire was succeeded by that of the
Roman Church. The Jew still continued rooted in the past. Mediaeval
cosmopolitanism gave way to the nationalism of modern Europe. Yet
the Jew declined to participate in the change. Too narrow in one age,
not narrow enough in another, always at one with himself and at
variance with his neighbours, now, as ever, he offers the melancholy
picture of one who is a stranger in the land of his fathers and an
alien in that of his adoption.
The upshot of this refusal to move with the rest of the world has
been mutual hatred, discord, and persecution; each age adding a
new ring to the poisonous plant of anti-Judaism. For this result both
sides are to blame—or neither. No race has ever had the sentiment
of nationality and religion more highly developed, or been more
intolerant of dissent, than the Jewish; no race has ever suffered
more grievously from national and religious fanaticism and from
intolerance of dissent on the part of others. The Jewish colonies
forming, as they mostly do, small, exclusive communities amidst
uncongenial surroundings, have always been the objects of
prejudice—the unenviable privilege of all minorities which stubbornly
refuse to conform to the code approved by the majority. The same
characteristics evoked a similar hostility against primitive Christianity
and led to the persecution of the early martyrs. No one is eccentric
with impunity. Notwithstanding the gospel of toleration constantly
preached by sages, and occasionally by saints, the attitude of
mankind has always been and still is one of hostility towards dissent.
Sois mon frère, ou je te tue is a maxim which, in a modified form,
might be extended to other than secret revolutionary societies. The
only difference consists in the manner in which this tyrannical maxim
is acted upon in various countries and ages: legal disability may
supersede massacre, or expulsion may be refined into social
ostracism; yet the hostility is always present, however much its
expression may change. Man is a persecuting animal.
To the Jews in Europe one might apply the words which Balzac’s
cynical priest addressed to the disillusioned young poet: “Vous
rompiez en visière aux idées du monde et vous n’avez pas eu la
considération que le monde accorde à ceux qui obéissent à ses
lois.” Now, when to mere outward nonconformity in matters of
worship and conduct is superadded a radical discrepancy of moral,
political, and social ideals, whether this discrepancy be actively
paraded or only passively maintained, the outcome can be no other
than violent friction. It is, therefore, not surprising that the “black
days” should vastly outnumber the “red” ones in the Jewish Calendar
—that brief but most vivid commentary on the tragic history of the
race. The marvel is that the race should have survived to continue
issuing a calendar.
At the same time, a dispassionate investigation would prove, I
think, to the satisfaction of all unbiassed minds, that the degree in
which the Jews have merited the odium of dissent has in every age
been strictly proportionate to the magnitude of the odium itself. Even
at the present hour it would be found upon enquiry that the Jews
retain most of their traditional aloofness and fanaticism—most of
what their critics stigmatise as their tribalism—in those countries in
which they suffer most severely. Nay, in one and the same country
the classes least liable to the contempt, declared or tacit, of their
neighbours are the classes least distinguished by bigotry. It is only
natural that it should be so. People never cling more fanatically to
the ideal than when they are debarred from the real. Christianity
spread first among slaves and the outcasts of society, and its final
triumph was secured by persecution. We see a vivid illustration of
this universal principle in modern Ireland. To what is the enormous
influence of the Catholic Church over the minds of the peasantry
due, but to the ideal consolations which it has long provided for their
material sufferings? Likewise in the Near East. The wealthy
Christians, in order to save their lands from confiscation, abjured
their religion and embraced the dominant creed of Islam. The poor
peasants are ready to lay down their lives for their faith, and believe
that whosoever dies in defence of it will rise again to life within forty
days. It is easy to deride the excesses of spiritual enthusiasm, to
denounce the selfish despotism of its ministers, and to deplore the
blind fanaticism of its victims. But fanaticism, after all, is only faith
strengthened by adversity and soured by oppression.
Jewish history itself shows that the misfortunes which fan bigotry
also preserve religion. Whilst independent and powerful, the Jews
often forgot the benefits bestowed upon them by their God, and
transferred the honour due to Him to the strange gods of their
idolatrous neighbours. But when Jehovah in His wrath hid His face
from His people and punished its ingratitude by placing it under a
foreign yoke, the piety of the Jews acquired in calamity a degree of
fervour and constancy which it had never possessed in the day of
their prosperity. The same phenomenon has been observed in every
age. When well treated, the Jews lost much of their aloofness, and
the desire for national rehabilitation was cherished only as a
romantic dream. But in times of persecution the longing for
redemption, and for restoration under a king of their own race,
blazed up into brilliant flame. The hope of the Messianic Redeemer
has been a torch of light and comfort through many a long winter’s
night. But it has burnt its brightest when the night has been darkest.
If at such times the Jews have shown an inordinate tenacity of
prophetic promise, who can blame them? They who possess nothing
in the present have the best right to claim a portion of the future.
CHAPTER I

HEBRAISM AND HELLENISM

In spite of the well-known influence which Greek culture and Greek


thought exercised over a portion of the Jews under Alexander the
Great’s successors, the mass of the Hebrew nation never took kindly
to Hellenism. Alexander proved himself as great a statesman as he
was a warrior. An apostle of Hellenism though he was, he did not
seek to consolidate his Empire by enforcing uniformity of cult and
custom, as short-sighted despots have done since, but by
encouraging friendly intercourse between the Greeks and the
various peoples that came under his sceptre. Gifted with rare
imagination, he entered into the feelings of races as diverse as the
Egyptian and the Jewish. To the latter he allotted the border-lands
which had long been the bone of contention between themselves
and the Samaritans. He relieved them from taxation during the
unproductive Sabbath year. He respected their prejudices, honoured
their religion, and appreciated their conscientious scruples. While,
out of deference to Chaldean religious feeling, he ordered the
Temple of Bel to be rebuilt in Babylon, he forgave the Jewish soldiers
their refusal to obey his command as contrary to the teaching of their
faith. Conciliation was the principle of Alexander’s imperialism and
the secret of his success. The Ptolemies, to whose
301 b.c.
share, on the partition of the Macedonian Empire,
Palestine ultimately fell, inherited Alexander’s enlightened policy.
The High Priest of the Jews was recognised as the head of the
nation, and it was through him that the tribute was paid. So fared the
Jews at home.
Abroad their lot was equally enviable. Some modern critics had
doubted the settlement of Jews in Egypt until the third century. But
recent discoveries (notably Mr. R. Mond’s Aramaic Papyri) prove that
a Jewish community existed in Egypt even in the centuries preceding
Alexander. Now persuasion and the hope of profit drew many
thousands of them to Alexandria, Cyrene, and other centres of
Hellenistic culture. In all these places they lived on terms of perfect
equality with the Greek colonists. The newly-built city on the mouth
of the Nile soon became a seat of Jewish influence and a school of
learning for the Jewish nation. Under the benign rule of the
Ptolemies the Jews prospered, multiplied, and attained success in
every walk of life, public no less than private. Of the five divisions of
Alexandria they occupied nearly two. Egypt was then the granary of
Europe, and the corn trade lay largely in Jewish hands. Refinement
came in the train of riches, and freedom begot tolerance. The Jews
cultivated Greek letters, and some of them became deeply imbued
with the spirit of Greek philosophy and even of art. This friendly
understanding between the Jewish and the Greek mind gave to the
world the mystic union of Moses and Plato in the works of Philo and
the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, which was to
prepare the way for the advent of Christianity. And yet the bulk of the
Alexandrian Jews remained a peculiar people. Greeks and
Egyptians had fused their religions into a common form of worship.
But the Jews were still separated from both races by the invincible
barriers of belief, law, and custom. They still looked upon Jerusalem
as their metropolis, and upon Alexandria as a mere place of exile. In
the midst of paganism they formed a monotheistic colony. Their
houses of prayer were also schools of Levitical learning, where the
Torah was assiduously studied and expounded. Their one link with
the State was their own Ethnarch, who acted as supreme sovereign
and judge of his people, and represented it at Court.
Similar conditions prevailed in Palestine. There also Hellenic
language, manners, feasts, games, and philosophy effected an
entrance through the influence of the Greek colonies on the coast,
and a party of Jewish Hellenists was formed. In the land which once
rang with the prophetic utterances of an Isaiah and a Jeremiah were
now sung the love-poems of Sappho, and were quoted the witty
sarcasms of the Athenian Voltaire, Euripides. But the Torah, or
Jewish religious law, was bitterly opposed to all innovations, and the
anti-Greek section of the people, termed the “Pious” (Chassidim or
Assideans), regarded with deep misgiving the inroad of the foreign
culture. Hence arose an implacable feud between the Liberals and
the Conservatives, who hated, anathematised, and later crucified
each other as cordially as brethren only can do. But the Chassidim,
though politically worsted, were all-powerful in the affections of the
community, and the time was not distant when they were to assume
the supreme command.
In 198 b.c. Palestine, after a hundred years’ struggle, passed
under the sway of the Graeco-Syrian Seleucids, who, unlike their
predecessors, initiated a policy of forcible assimilation, and, aided by
the Hellenistic party among the Jews themselves, compelled their
subjects to adopt their own civilisation and to pay homage to their
own gods. However, neither the tolerance of the Graeco-Egyptian
nor the violence of the Graeco-Syrian kings succeeded in reconciling
the Jew to the ways of the Gentile. Antiochus
175–164 b.c.
Epiphanes might banish Jehovah from the Temple of
Jerusalem and enthrone Zeus in his stead; he might set up altars to
the pagan deities in every town and village; and he might exhaust all
the resources of despotism in the cause of conversion. The timorous
were coerced into a feigned and transient acquiescence, but the bulk
of the nation, baited into stubbornness, preferred exile or martyrdom
to apostasy. The defiled temple remained empty and the altars cold,
until the smouldering discontent of the outraged people broke out
into flame, and passive resistance yielded to fierce rebellion.
166–141 b.c. The movement was led by the heroic, devout, and
fierce house of the Maccabees—a branch of the
Hasmonaean family—who, after a long struggle, distinguished by
splendid endurance, astuteness, and unspeakable severity,
delivered their people from the levelling Hellenism of the foreign
rulers, instituted the Sanhedrin (Συνέδριον), and restored the
national worship of Jehovah in all its pristine purity and narrowness.
The victorious band finally entered Jerusalem “with
163 b.c.
praise and palm branches and with harps and cymbals
2
and viols and with hymns and with songs,” Simon was acclaimed
High Priest and Prince of Israel, and a new era was inaugurated.
The restoration of the Temple is still celebrated by the
141. May 23.
Jews in their annual eight days’ Feast of Dedication
(Chanukah), when lamps are lit and a hymn is solemnly sung
commemorating the miracle of the solitary flask of oil, which escaped
pagan pollution and kept the perpetual light burning in the House of
the Lord until the day of redemption.
But religious enthusiasm, though a powerful sword, is an
awkward sceptre, and it was not long ere the victorious family forgot,
as the “Pious” would have said, the cause of God in the pursuit of
self-aggrandisement and earthly renown. The conservative elements
had been united in the supreme effort to maintain their religious
liberty. But the interest in gaining political independence was limited
to the ruling family. The Hasmonaeans, having established their
dynasty, aimed at conquest abroad and at royal splendour at home.
One of them surrounded himself with a foreign bodyguard, and
another assumed the title of King. Of their former character they
retained only the enthusiast’s ferocity. Their family was torn with
feuds and stained with the blood of its own members. This policy of
worldly ambition lost them the support of the Chassidim, who could
tolerate bloodshed only for the sake of righteousness. Moreover, the
Hasmonaeans, in their new position as an established family, had
more in common with the priestly aristocracy than with the poor
fanatics by whose enthusiasm they had conquered that position.
They, therefore, joined the Hellenizing party, and, though a
barefaced adoption of the foreign gods was no longer possible, they
endeavoured to effect by example what the Seleucids had vainly
attempted to achieve by force. They were not altogether
unsuccessful. Greek architecture was introduced into Jerusalem.
The Greek numerals were adopted. Greek was understood by all the
statesmen of Judaea and employed in diplomatic negotiations.
Greek names became not uncommon. The Hebrew bards ceased to
hang their harps upon the willow-trees. There was no longer need for
bitter lamentation or lyric inspiration. Prose, tame but sober,
superseded the fiery poetry of olden times. Hymns gave place to
history. The Jews were at last enjoying with calm moderation their
triumphs, religious and political, over their foreign and domestic
enemies.
But, if the Hebrew muse was silent for want of themes, the
Hebrew genius, which had dictated the ancient psalms and inspired
the ancient prophets, was not dead. The national attachment to
tradition and strict Judaism was manifested by the revival of Hebrew
as a spoken tongue. It was employed on the coinage, in public
edicts, and in popular songs. Patriotism was nourished by the
celebration of the anniversaries of the national victories over the
enemies of Judaism. In one word, the crowd refused to follow the
fashions of the Court. The Jew had tasted the fruit of Occidental
culture and pronounced it unpalatable. Hellenism had been touched
and found base metal; and, notwithstanding his Kings’ efforts—their
Greek temples and Greek theatres—the Hebrew remained an
Oriental. “Cursed is the man who allows his son to learn the Grecian
wisdom” was the verdict of the Talmud, and a Jewish poet many
centuries after repeats the anathema in a milder form: “Go not near
3
the Grecian wisdom. It has no fruit, but only blossoms.”
But, though the bulk of the nation agreed in its attitude towards
foreign culture, there now appears an internal division into several
parties, differing from one another in the degree of their attachment
to the traditions of the past, and in their aspirations for the future.
Two of these sects stand out pre-eminently as representative of
Hebrew sentiment, and as the exponents of the two attitudes which
have continued to divide the Jewish nation through the ages down to
our own day. These are the Pharisees and the Sadducees, whose
names are first heard under the early Hasmonaean chiefs, but
whose views correspond with those of the Hellenistic and national
parties of the Seleucid period. The Pharisees were an offshoot of the
Assidean party which, as we have seen, had waged a truceless and
successful war against Hellenism. After their victory, the most
enthusiastic of the “Pious” retired from public life and nursed their
piety and disappointment in ascetic seclusion. But the majority of the
party were far from considering their mission fulfilled, or from being
satisfied with abstract devotion. They regarded it as a duty both to
the faith and to the fatherland to take an active part in politics. The
preservation of Judaism in its ancient exclusiveness was their
programme. All public undertakings, all national acts, as well as all
private transactions, were to be measured by the rigid standard of
religion. The Law in the hands of the Pharisees became a
Procrustean bed upon which the mind of the nation was to be
stretched or maimed, according to the requirements of nationalism
and the interpretations of the Scribes. This inflexible orthodoxy, with
its concomitants of discipline and sacrifice of individuality, was in
perfect accord with the Hebrew temperament, and the Pharisees
must be regarded as the interpreters of the views dear to the great
mass of their compatriots. As time went on, the Pharisaic attitude
became more and more hardened into a theological creed, clothed in
a web of ceremonial formalities, but vivified by an inspiring devotion
to the will of Jehovah, and an ardent belief in the ultimate triumph of
His Elect.
Against this teaching arose the sect of the Sadducees, who
played towards Pharisaism a part in one respect analogous to that
played by Protestantism towards Catholicism, in another to that
played by the Cavaliers towards the Roundheads. They derived all
their religious tenets from the letter of Scripture, rejecting the lessons
of oral tradition and the “legacies of the Scribes.” They refused to
believe in angels or in the resurrection of the dead, and they
repudiated the fatalistic doctrine that the future of the individual and
of the state depends not upon human action but upon the divine will,
fixed once for all. They pointed out that, if this were the case, the
belief in God’s justice would be reduced to an absurdity, as saint and
sinner would be confused in one indiscriminate verdict. The
Sadducees held that man is master of his own fortunes. The
Pharisees met the objection of their opponents as to divine justice by
the non-Scriptural doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, which had
crept into Judaism in the latter years of the Babylonian captivity. If
the saint and the sinner fared alike in this life, they argued, the
balance would be restored in the next. The righteous would then rise
up to everlasting bliss, and the wicked to everlasting shame. This
and other minor points formed the ground of dogmatic difference
between the two sects. Their difference in questions of practical
politics and in social views was characteristic of their respective
creeds. The Sadducees, far from expecting the salvation of the
nation from a miraculous intervention of the Deity, looked to human
wisdom for help. They placed the interests of the State above the
interests of the Synagogue. They shared in the aristocrat’s well-bred
horror of disturbing enthusiasms and of asceticism. Though
recognising the authority of the Law, they were temperate in their
piety and could not live by unleavened bread alone. They favoured
Hellenism and supported the Hasmonaean kings in their efforts to
shake off the trammels of ecclesiastical tyranny. The
40–4 b.c.
liberal and progressive and, at the same time,
degenerate tendencies of the Sadducean protestants are seen under
their most pronounced form in the sect of the Herodians, who later
helped Herod the Great in his endeavour to render pagan culture
popular among his subjects by the erection of temples and theatres,
by the adoption of heathen fashions of worship, and by the
encouragement of the Hellenic games. The party of the Sadducees
included the great priestly families, the noble, and the wealthy, that
is, the minority. Their opponents interpreted the feelings of the lower
priesthood and of the people. Judaism, as understood by the
Pharisees, was the idol for which the nation had suffered martyrdom,
and the national devotion to that idol had gained new fervour from
the recent struggle with Hellenism.
The hatred of the Jews towards Hellenism may, in one sense, be
regarded as a sequel to that older hostility which appears to have
embittered the intercourse between Europe and Asia from the very
dawn of history. It is an antipathy which under various names and
guises continues prevalent to this day—revealing itself now in anti-
Semitism, now in anti-Turkism, and again in the exclusion of Asiatic
immigrants from English-speaking countries: a sad legacy received
from our far-off ancestors and likely to be handed down to a remote
posterity. Long before the appearance of the Jew on the stage of
European politics this antagonism had manifested itself in the
hereditary feud between Hellene and Barbarian which the ingenious
Herodotus traced to the reciprocal abductions of ladies by the
inhabitants of the two continents, and of which, according to his
4
theory, the Trojan war was the most important and brilliant episode.
The same feud was in historic times dignified by the Persian king’s
gigantic effort to subdue Europe and, at a later period, by
Alexander’s success in subduing Asia. Had the father of history been
born again to celebrate the exploits of the latter hero, he would, no
doubt, have described the Macedonian campaign as part of the
chain of enmity the first links of which he had sought and found in
the romantic records of mythical gallantry. The modern student, while
smiling a superior smile at his great forerunner’s simple faith in
legend and traditional gossip, cannot but admit that there was true
insight in Herodotus’s comprehensive survey of history; but,
examining things by the light of maturer experience and with a less
uncritical eye, he will be inclined to regard this venerable strife as the
result of a far deeper antagonism between rival civilisations, rival
mental and moral attitudes—the attitudes which in their broadest
outlines may be defined as Oriental and Occidental respectively; in
their narrower aspect, with which we are more immediately
concerned, as Hebraic and Hellenic.
The Jew had one quality in common with the Greek. They both
saw life clearly and saw it as a harmonious whole. But they each
saw it from an opposite standpoint. The thoroughness, consistency,
and unity of each ideal by itself only rendered its incompatibility with
the other more complete. It is to this incompatibility that must be
attributed the failure of Hellenism in Western Asia generally and
among the Jews in particular. A system of life reared upon a purely
intellectual basis had no charm for a race essentially spiritual. The
cold language of reason conveyed no message to the mind of the
Hebrew who, in common with most Orientals, looks to revealed
religion alone for guidance in matters of belief and conduct. The
Oriental never feels happy except in a creed, and the Hellene offered
him nothing better than an ethical code. How mean and how earthy
must this code have appeared in the eyes of men accustomed to the
splendid terrors of the Mosaic Law! Again, the intellectual freedom—
the privilege of investigating all and testing all before accepting
anything as true—which the Greek has claimed from all time as
man’s inalienable birthright, and upon which he has built his noble
civilisation, was repugnant to a people swathed in the bands of
tradition and distrusting all things that are not sanctioned by
authority. The Greek had no word for Faith as distinct from
Conviction. He revered intelligence and scorned intuition. What
man’s mental eye could not see clearly was not worth seeing, or
rather did not exist for him. Palestine was the home of Revelation;
Hellas of Speculation. The one country has given us Philosophy and
the Platonic Dialogues; the other the Prophets and the Mosaic
Decalogue: the former all argument, the latter all commandment.
The following conversation between two representatives of the
two worlds brings their respective attitudes into vivid relief. One is
Justin Martyr, the other a mysterious personage—probably a
fictitious character—who sowed in Justin’s mind the seed of the new
religion.
Justin. Can man achieve a greater triumph than prove that
reason reigns supreme over all things, and having captured reason
and being borne aloft by it to survey the errors of other men? There
is no wisdom except in Philosophy and right reason. It is, therefore,
every man’s duty to cultivate Philosophy and to deem that the
greatest and most glorious pursuit, all other possessions as of
secondary or tertiary value; for, if these are wedded to Philosophy,
they are worthy of some acceptance; but, if divorced from
Philosophy, they are burdensome and vulgar.
Stranger. What is Philosophy and what the happiness derived
therefrom?
Justin. Philosophy is the Knowledge of that which is and is true.
The happiness derived therefrom is the prize of that knowledge.
Stranger. How can the Philosophers form a correct notion of
God, or teach anything true concerning him, since they have neither
seen him nor heard of him?
Justin. God cannot be seen with the eye, but only
comprehended by the mind.
Stranger. Has our mind, then, such and so great a power as to
perceive that which is not perceptible through the senses? Or can
man’s mind ever see God unless it is adorned with the holy spirit?
Justin. To whom can, then, one apply for teaching, if there is no
truth in Plato and Pythagoras?
Stranger. There have been men of old, older than any of these
reputed philosophers, saintly men and just, beloved of God, who
spoke through the divine spirit and predicted the things that were to
be. These men are called Prophets. They alone saw the truth and
declared it unto men; neither favouring nor fearing any one; not
slaves to ambition; but only speaking the things which they heard
and saw when filled with holy spirit. Their works are still extant, and
the lover of wisdom may find therein all about the beginning and end
of things, and every thing that he need know. They had not recourse
to proof, for they were above all proof, trustworthy witnesses of the
truth. Pray thou above all things that the gates of the light may be
5
opened unto thee.
This diversity of view reveals itself in every phase of Hebrew and
Hellenic life—political, social, religious and artistic. The Greeks very
early outgrew the primitive reverence for the tribal chief—the belief
that he derived his authority from Heaven, and that he was, on that
account, entitled to unlimited obedience on the part of man. Even in
the oldest form of the Greek state known to us—the Homeric—the
king, though wielding a sceptre “given unto him by Zeus,” is in
practice, if not in theory, controlled by the wisdom of a senate and by
the will of the people. Monarchy gradually developed into oligarchy,
and this gave way to democracy. Nor was the evolution effected until
the sacerdotal character, which formed one of the king’s principal
claims to reverence and obedience, lost its influence over the Greek
mind. In historic times the impersonal authority of human law stood
alone and paramount, quite distinct from any religious duty, which
was a matter of unwritten tradition and custom. The divorce of the
Church from the State in Greece was complete. Now, among the
Jews the opposite thing happened. Kingship remained hereditary
and indissolubly associated with sacerdotalism. The Semite could
not, any more than the Mongol, conceive of a separation between
the spiritual and the temporal Government. The King of Israel in the
older days always was of the house of David, always anointed, and
always wore the double crown of princely and priestly authority. And
when, after the return from Babylon, the house of David disappears
from sight, its power is bequeathed to the hereditary high-priest. To
the Jew Church and State, religion and morality, continued to be
synonymous terms; the distinction between the sacred and the
secular sides of life was never recognised; all law, political and
social, emanated from one Heaven-inspired code; and, while Greece
was fast progressing towards ochlocracy, Judaea remained a
theocracy.
The Greek was an egoist. He disliked uniformity. Although in the
direction of his private life he voluntarily submitted to a variety of
state regulations such as the citizen of a modern country would
resent as an irksome interference with the liberties of the individual,
yet, judged by the standard of antiquity, the Greek was anything but
amenable to control, and, as time went on, his attitude became little
better than that of a highly civilised anarchist. There were limits
beyond which the Greek would never admit his neighbour’s right to
dictate his conduct any more than his thoughts. He suffered from an
almost morbid fear of having his individuality merged in any social
institution. He would rather be poor in his own right than prosper by
association with others. Discipline was the least conspicuous trait in
his character and self-assertion the strongest. The Greek knew
everything except how to obey. The Jew, on the other hand, found
his chief happiness in self-effacement and submission. His everyday
life, to the minutest details, was regulated by the Law. He was not
even allowed to be virtuous after his own fashion. The claims of the
individual upon the community were only less great than the claims
of the community upon the individual. The strength of Hebraism
always lay in its power of combination, the weakness of Hellenism in
the lack of it.
Equally striking is the contrast discerned between the aesthetic
ideals of the two races. Much in Hebrew imagination is couched in
forms which would lose all their beauty and freshness, if expressed
in colour or marble; much that would look grotesque, if dragged into
the daylight of pure reason. Its effect depends entirely on the semi-
darkness of emotional suggestion. Now the Greek hated twilight. He
had no patience with the vague and the obscure in imagination any
more than in thought. Hence artistic expression was nothing to the
Jew; everything to the Greek. Judaism shunned pictorial
representation; Hellenism worshipped it. And, as art in antiquity was
largely the handmaid of religion, this diversity of the aesthetic
temperament led to an irreconcilable religious antagonism. The Jew
looked upon the pagan’s graven images with abhorrence, and the
pagan regarded the Jew’s adoration of the invisible as a proof of
atheism.
Not less repugnant to the Hebrew was the Hellenic moral
temperament as mirrored in literature, in social life, and in public
worship—that temperament which, without being altogether free
from pessimism, melancholy, and discontent, yet finds its most
natural expression in a healthy enjoyment of life and an equally
healthy horror of death. “I would rather be a poor man’s serf on earth
than king among the dead!” sighs Achilles in Hades, and the
sentiment is one which his whole race has echoed through the ages,
and which, despite nineteen centuries of Christianity, is still heard in
the folk-songs of modern Greece. The Greek saw the world as it is,
and, upon the whole, found it very good. He tasted its pleasures with
moderation and bore its pains with a good grace. He perceived
beauty in all things; adoring the highest and idealising the meanest.
Even the shrill song of the humble grasshopper held sweet music for
the Greek. He revelled in the loveliness and colour of life. He was
inspired by the glory of the human form. He extolled the majesty of
man. The Hebrew mind was nursed by meditation; the Hellenic drew
its nourishment from contemplation. Nature was the Greek’s sole
guide in taste as well as in conduct; from nature he learnt the canons
of the beautiful as well as the laws of right and wrong. Hence no
country has produced greater poets than Greece, or fewer saints.
How could this view of things, so sane and yet so earthy, be
acceptable to a race oppressed by the sense of human suffering as
the fruit of human sin? “Serve the Lord with joy; come before him
with singing,” urged the Psalmist in a moment of optimistic
6
cheerfulness. But it was only for a moment. The true note of
Hebraism is struck in another text: “Vanity of vanities, saith the
Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity.” The Greek understood the
meaning of the sad refrain; but he did not allow it to depress him. To
the Greek life was a joyous reality, or at the worst an interesting
problem; to the Jew a bad dream, or at the best an inscrutable
mystery. To the Hebrew mind the sun that shines in the sky and the
blossoms that adorn the earth are at most but pale symbols of Divine
Love, pledges for a bliss which is not of this world. And yet Socrates
emptied the cup of death with a smile and a jest, where Job would
have filled the world with curses and bitter lamentation. Laughter
came as spontaneously to the Greek as breath, and the two things
died together. The Jew could not laugh, and would not allow any one
else to do so. The truth is that the Greek never grew old, and the
Jew was never young.
Another lively illustration of the gulf which separated the two
races is offered by the Greek games. These were introduced into
Palestine by the Greek rulers and colonists, were adopted by the
Hellenizing minority among the Jews themselves, and were
denounced with horror by the Conservative majority. Nudity, in the
eyes of the latter, was the colophon of shamelessness, while by the
Greeks the discarding of false shame was regarded as one of the
first steps to true civilisation. Thucydides mentions the athletic habit
of racing perfectly naked as an index to the progress achieved by his
country and as one of the things that marked off the Hellene from the
7
Barbarian. The Greeks were free from that morbid consciousness of
sex which troubled the over-clothed Asiatics. Nor were they aware of
that imaginary war between the spirit and the flesh which gave rise
to the revolting self-torments of Eastern aspirants to heaven.
The peculiar characteristics of the Hebrew mind found their
supreme manifestation in the sect of the Essenes—the extreme wing
of the Pharisaic phalanx. The strictness of the Pharisees was laxity
when compared with the painful austerity of their brethren. The latter
aimed at nothing less than a pitiless immolation of human nature to
the demands of an ideal sanctity. Enamoured of this imaginary
holiness, the Essenes disdained all the real comforts and joys of life.
Their diet was meagre, their dwellings mean, their dress coarse.
Colour and ornament were eschewed as Satanic snares. The mere
act of moving a vessel, or even obedience to the most elementary
calls of nature, on the Sabbath, was accounted a desecration of the
holy day. Contact with unhallowed persons or objects was shunned
by the Essenes as scrupulously as contact with an infected person
or object is shunned by sane people in time of plague. They refused
to taste food cooked, or to wear clothes made, by a non-member of
the sect, or to use any implement that had not been manufactured by
pure hands. Their life in consequence was largely spent in water. For
whosoever was not an Essene was, in the eyes of these saints, a
source of pollution. Thus godliness developed into misanthropy and
cleanliness into a mania. Thus these holy men lived, turning away
from the sorrows of the earth to the peace of an ideal heaven;
deriving patience with the present from apocalyptic promises of
future glory; and waiting for the day when the unrighteous would be
smitten to the dust, the dead rise from their graves, and the just be
restored to everlasting bliss under the rule of the Redeemer—the
Son of Man revealed to the holy and righteous because they have
despised this world and hated all its works and ways in the name of
the Lord of Spirits. Celibacy, seclusion, communion of goods,
distinctive garb, abstinence, discipline and self-mortification, ecstatic
rapture, sanctimonious pride and prejudice—all these Oriental traits,
gradually matured and subsequently rejected in their exaggerated
form from the main current of Judaism, marked the Essenes out as
the prototypes of Christian monasticism, and as the most peculiar
class of a very peculiar people. Could anything be more diametrically
opposed to the genius of Hellas? Despite Pythagorean asceticism
and Orphic mysticism, enthusiastic ritual, symbolic purifications and
emotional extravagances, Greek life was in the main sober, Greek
culture intellectual, and the Greek mind eminently untheological.
Those who delight in tracing racial temperament to physical
environment may find in the contrast between the two countries an
exceptionally favourable illustration of their theory. There is more
variety of scenery in a single district of Greece than in the whole of
Palestine. Grey rocks and green valleys, roaring torrents and placid
lakes, sombre mountains and smiling vineyards, snow-clad peaks
and sun-seared plains, glaring light and deep shade alternately
come and go with a bewildering rapidity in the one country. In the
other, from end to end, the plain spreads its calm, monotonous
beauty to the everlasting sun, and the stately palms rear their heads
to the blue heavens from year’s end to year’s end, severe, uniform,
immutable. It is easy to understand why the one race should have
drawn its inspiration from within and the other from without; why the
one should have sunk the individual in the community and the other
sacrificed the community to the individual; why the one should have
worshipped the form and the other the spirit. It is especially easy to
understand the Greek’s inextinguishable thirst for new things and the
Jew’s rigid attachment to the past. Everything in Greece suggests
progress; everything in Palestine spells permanence.
The result of this fundamental discrepancy of character was
such as might have been foreseen. The intense spirituality of the
Jew was scandalised at the genial rationalism and sensuousness of
the pagan; while the pagan, in his turn, was repelled by the morose
mysticism and austerity of the Jew. History never repeats itself in all
particulars. But, so far as repetition is possible, it repeated itself
many centuries after, when Puritanism—representing the nearest
approach to the sad and stern Hebraic conception of life that the
Western mind ever achieved—declared itself the enemy of
Romanism, mainly because the latter retained so much of the pagan
love for form and delight in things sensuous. Cromwell’s Ironsides
illustrated this attitude by marching to battle singing the Psalms of
the Hebrew bard. It is given to few mortals, blessed with a calm and
truly catholic genius, to reconcile the rival attitudes, and, with
Matthew Arnold, to recognise that “it is natural that man should take
pleasure in his senses. It is natural, also, that he should take refuge
in his heart and imagination from his misery.”

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