EXPERI

MENTSFORBI
OLOGY

TOPI
C1:PHOTOSYNTHESI
S

1.Test
ingapl
antl
eaff
orst
arch

A.pr
ocedur
e

St
eps Reason

1.boi
lthel
eafi
nwat
erf
or2-
3mi
nut
es  toki
llt
hecell
s,soast
ost
opany
chemicalr
eact
ion

 t
obreakt
hecut
icl
eandmaketheleaf
mor
epermeabl
etoiodi
nesol
uti
on

2.boi
lthel
eafi
nal
cohol  toremovechlor
ophyl
l,sothatt
he
l
eafturnwhit
ishtomakethecolor
easil
yobser
vedwheniodinesol
n.is
putont hel
eaf

3.di
pthel
eafi
nwat
erf
or2mi
nut
es  tosoftent
heleafsothati
tcaneasi
ly
spreadout.al
coholmakesthel
eaf
bri
ttl
eandhard

4.spr
eadt
hel
eafi
nawhi
tet
il
e  thewhit
eti
leenablest
heanycol
or
changetobeeasil
yobser
ved

5.addf
ewdr
opsofi
odi
nesol
n.  t
otestal
eaff
orst
arch

B.r
esul
ts

 whenst
archi
spr
esent,
i
odi
net
urnsbl
uebl
ack

 whenst
archi
sabsent
,iodi
ner
emai
nsbr
own

2.I
sli
ghtnecessar
yforphot
osynt
hesi
s?

A.pr
ocedur
e

St
eps Reason

1.t
aket
hepot
tedpl
antandputi
tindar
k  t
odest
archi
t
 f
or24hr
s

2.pl
uckoneofi
tsl
eavesandt
esti
tfor  t
omakesur
eithasbeendest
arched
st
arch

3.usingapieceoffol
dedblackpaper,
coverpartofbot
hsidesofaleafon
pottedpl
ant

4.l
eavet
hepl
anti
nthesunf
orabout
5hr
s

5.pl
uckthel
eafandremovet
he
al
uminum f
oilandt
estt
hel
eaff
or
st
arch

B.r
esul
ts

 onl
ythear
easwhi
chhadr
ecei
vedt
hel
ightgobl
uewi
thi
odi
ne

C.concl
usi
on

 l
ighti
snecessar
yforphot
osynt
hesi
s

NB:acont
rolcoul
dbedesi
gned,
usi
ngt
ranspar
entmat
eri
ali
nst
eadofal
umi
num f
oil
/bl
ack
paper
3.I
scar
bondi
oxednecessar
yforphot
osynt
hesi
s?

A.pr
ocedur
e

1.t
akethepot
tedpl
antandputi
tindar
k  t
odest
archi
t
f
or24hrs

2.pl
uckoneofi
tsl
eavesandt
esti
tfor  t
omakesur
eithasbeendest
arched
st
arch

3.putpotassi
um hydroxi
deorsodium
hydroxi
desoln.i
napl ast
icbagand
coveroneoftheleavesonyourplant
wit
habag

4.putsodium hydrogensol
n.i
nanother
tr
ansparentplasti
cbagandcover
anotherleafonyourpl
antwit
hthi
s
bag

5.l
eavet
hepl
anti
nasunf
orabout5hr
s

6.removetheplast
icbagforeachl
eaf
andtesteachl
eafforst
arch

B.r
esul
ts

 l
eafA:star
chpr
esent.sodi
um hydr
ogecar
bonat
esuppl
ied
car
bondi
oxi
de

 l
eafB:st
archabsent
.iodi
ner
emai
nsbr
own.sodi
um hydr
oxi
deabsor
bed
car
bondioxed

C.concl
usi
on

 thefactt
hatstarchwasmadei ntheleaveswhichhadcarbondi
oxi
de,
butnotintheleaveswhichhadnocar bondioxi
de,
suggestthat
carbondi
oxideisnecessar
yforphotosynthesi
s
 4.i
schl
orophyl
lnecessar
yforphot
osynt
hesi
s?

A.pr
ocedur
e

1.pl
uckonevar
iegat
edl
eaff
rom apl
ant
gr
owingi
ntheopen

2.t
estt
hel
eaff
orst
arch

B.r
esul
ts

 onl
ythepartsthatwereprevi
ousl
ygr
eent
urnbl
uewi
thi
odi
nesol
n.t
he
par
tsthatwerewhitestai
nbrown

C.concl
usi
on

 si
ncestarchispresentonlyi
nt hepar
tswhichori
ginal
lycont
ained
chl
orophylli
tpr
ovest hatchl
orophyl
lisneededf
orphotosynt
hesis

NB:exper
imentpar
t:nongr
eenpar
t.cont
rolgr
eenpar
t.
5.I
soxygenpr
oduceddur
ingphot
osynt
hesi
s?

A.pr
ocedur
e

wat
er t
estt
ube

beakercont
aini
ngwat
er

f
unnel -
---
-

Wat
erpl
ant

pl
aci
ti
cine

1.setupt
heappar
atusasabove

2.l
eavet
heappar
atusi
nthesunf
or
f
ewdays

3.caref
ull
yremovethetubefrom the
topofthefunnel,
al
lowi
ngwat erto
runoutbutnotall
owingthegast o
escape

4.caref
ull
ylowert
heglowi
ngspl
inti
nto
thegasinthetestt
ube

B.r
esul
ts

 t
hef
lamegr
owsbi
gger

C.concl
usi
on

 t
hegasi
soxygen
NB:awat
erpl
anti
susedbecausei
tphot
osynt
hesi
zesi
nwat
er

:t
heexper
imenti
sdoneunderwat
erbecausewat
ert
rapst
hegas

:acont
rol,
anot
herpl
antinasimi
larsi
tuat
ionwi
llbepl
acedi
nthedar
k,nophot
osynt
hesi
s,
hencewil
l benogasproduct
ion

6.
seper
ati
ngpi
gmenti
nal
eaf

A.mat
eri
als/
requi
rement
s

 fr
eshleaves,
mot
or,
pest
le,
2beaker
s,dr
ygr
assst
em,
ethanol
,fi
lt
erpaperandar
azor
blade

A.
Procedur
e/met
hod

I
. col
lectgr
eenl
eavesf
rom pl
ant
sint
heschoolcompound

I
I. chopt
hel
eavesi
ntot
hesmal
lpi
ecesorcr
usht
hem usi
ngpest
leandmor
tar

I
II
. pl
acet
hecr
ushedi
ntosmal
lgr
assbeaker
 I
V. .
addal
coholt
ohal
ffi
llt
hebeaker

V. pl
acethebeakeri
ntoal
argegr
assbeakerhal
ffi
ll
edwi
thwat
eri
scal
ledawat
er
abat
h

VI
. .
heatthebeakerunti
ltheal
coholt
urnsgr
een.t
hisshowt
hatpi
gment
sint
he
l
eaveshasdissolvedi
ntoal
cohol

VI
I. r
emovet
heal
coholmi
xtur
efr
om t
hebeaker
,fl
teri
tint
oanot
hersmal
lbeaker

VI
II
. cutt
hesmal
llongst
ri
pof10cm l
ongst
icki
tint
oagl
assr
odusi
ngasel
lot
ape

I
X. suspendt
hefi
lt
erpaperst
ri
pintoacontai
nerwi
tht
hecol
our
edal
coholsuch
thatt
heti
poft
hepapertouchesthemi
xtur
e

X. al
lowt hestr
ipt
oabsor
bthecol
ouredal
coholf
orabout30mi
nut
es.
obser
vet
he
colourfor
medonthestr
ipf
rom t
hebott
om t
othetop

C.
resul
ts

 youwoul dseetheet hanolri

singinthefi
lt
erpaperandsepar
atingt
he
pigments.whatwasi ni
ti
all
ygr eenwouldsepar
ateint
o
yell
ow(xanthophyll
),orange(
car ot
ens)
,andgreenwouldremainbehi
nd
andthisischlorphyl
l

D.
Concl
usi
on

 t
her
esul
tst
ell
sthatt
heyar
ethr
eet
ypesofpi
gmenti
nagr
eenpl
ant

TOPI
C2:HUMANNUTRI
TIONANDDI
GESTI
ON
Rangesoff oodsubstancerequi
red:soln.ofgl
ucose,sucroseandst
arch;gr
ound-up
suspensioninwaterofpea,bean, car
rot,
,andgrape;mil
k,cast
or-oi
lbeans,andcooki
ngoi
l;
piecesofpotato,
bread,andboil
edwhi teofegg

1.
Foodt
est

No. Met
hod/
procedur
e Resul
ts Concl
usi
on

1.st
ar  pl
aceabout3cm3of  blue-
black  pr
esenceof
ch st
archsol
n.ina color st
arch
cont
ainer
 br
owncol
or  absenceof
 add2-3dr
opsofi
odi
ne star
ch
sol
n.

 obser
vecol
orchange

2.pr
ot  placeabout3cm3ofthe  pur
plecol
or  pr
esenceof
ei
n foodsolut
ioninatest pr
otei
n
tube
 bl
uecol
or  absenceof
 careful
lyadd4-
5dr
opsof prot
ein
biuretsol
n.

 placeabout3c
m3offood  vi
oletcol
or  pr
esenceof
soln.i
natesttube pr
otei
n

 addabout3c m3ofsodium
hydroxi
desoln.andmi x
well
.Add1or2dr opsof
coppersulphat
esol n.
,mixwellandobser ve
anycolorchange

NB:ift
hecolordoesnotchange
i
mmedi at
elylett
hesoln.st
and
for15minutesandthenobser
ve
agai
n
 3.l
ipi
d  placeadr opofoi
l/f
ood  tr
anslucent  presenceof
s substanceonapi eceof orgrease l
ipids
paper(f
il
terpaper
) spot

 examinet
hepaperwhil
e
holdi
ngupagai
nstl
ight
 not  absenceof
tr
anspar
ent l
ipi
ds

 2dr opsofcookingoilar
e  cl
oudy  presenceof
thoroughlyshakenwith whit
e fat
s/li
pids
about5c m3ofet
hanolina emulsi
on
drytesttubeuntilt
hefat
dissolves.  i
fthel
iqui
d  absenceof
st
aycl
ear fat
s
 thealcoholi
csoln.i
s
pouredintoatesttubes
containi
ngaf ew wat er

NB:t
hisi
sanet
hanol
/emul
sion
t
est

 Ayellowor  presenceof
4.reducing orangeor reducing
sugar (mon  placeabout3c
m3ofthe bri
ckr ed sugar
osacchar i
d foodsoln.i
natestt
ube color
ee. g
 addabout2dropsof  bl
uecol
or  absenceof
glucose
benedi
ct’
ssol
ution reduci
ng
and
mal tose) sugar
 heatgentl
yforf
ew
minutes

NB:themouthofthetest-
tube
mustbepoint
edawayf rom
peopleast
hesoln.t
endt obump
outofthet
ube

 placeabout3c
m3ofthe  Ayellowor  presenceof
foodsoln.i
natestt
ube orangeor reducing
bri
ckr ed sugar
 Addabout2c
m3of color
Fehl
ing’
sAsoln.f
oll
owed
bythesameFehli
ng’
sB
sol
n.

 heatgent
lyf
orf
ew
 mi
nut
es

5.Non  placeabout3c
m3ofthe  
redu foodsoln.i
natestt
ube
cing
suga  addfewdropsof
r(su hydr
ochl
oricaci
d
cros
 boi
lthesol
n.f
orf
ew
e)
minutes

 addver ysmallamountof
sodium carbonat
einto
thetesttubeunti
lthe
eff
ervescencestops

 pr
oceedasi
nst
eps2and
3above

6.vi
ta  pl
ace2cm3ofthedye  thedye  pr
esenceof
mins Pheno-i
ndo-2:
6- decol
ori
zes vi
tami
nC
C di
chlor
ophenoli
natest
tube

 Add1%vi t
aminCsolna
dropatati
mef r
om a
graduat
edpipet
te

2.
Enzymes
1.anexper
imentt
oshowt
hatenzymesar
esensi
ti
vet
oPH(
eff
ectofPHonenzymes
act
ivi
ty)

i
.act
ionofsal
ivaonst
arch

A.pr
ocedur
e

1.
take2t
estt
ubesandl
abelt
hem AandB

2.
Putsal
ivai
nbot
htestt
ubeAandB

3.Add2dropsofhydr
ochlor
icaci
dint
estt
ubeAandwai
tforf
ewmi
nut
etoal
lowt
heHCL
destr
oyacti
vesi
teofenzymes

4.
addst
arche.
gmai
zef
louri
nbot
htestt
ubesAandBandshaket
hem

5.
leavet
hemi
xtur
etost
andf
orf
ewmi
nut
es

6.
addi
odi
nesol
n.t
obot
htestt
ubesandshaket
hem wel
l

7.
leavet
hemi
xtur
etost
andf
orf
ewmi
nut
es

B.
Resul
ts

 resul
twouldshowt
hati
odi
newi
llt
urnbl
uebl
acki
ntestt
ubeA whi
le
brownintestt
ubeB

C.
Concl
usi
on

 t
heenzymesi
ssensit
ivet
oPHasitwasunabl
etodi
gestst
archi
n
t
estt
ubeAwherethecondi
ti
onwasaci
dic

i
i.act
ionofpepsi
nonegg-
whi
tepr
otei
n

A.
procedur
e

 acloudysuspensi
onofegg-
whi
tei
spr
epar
edbyst
ir
ri
ngt
hewhi
teofoneeggi
nto500
cm30ftapwater

 heatittoaboi
li
ngpoi
ntandf
il
ter
ingi
tthr
oughgl
asswoolt
oremovet
hel
arger
part
icles
  l
abel4t
estt
ubesA,
B,CandD

 pl
ace2c
m3ofegg-
whi
tesuspensi
oni
neachoft
hem

3dr
opsofHCL 3dr
opsofHCL 3dr
opsofHCL

A B C D

1c
m3pepsi
n 1c
m3 pepsi
n 1c
m3boi
ledpepsi
n

2c
m3egg-
whi
te 2c
m3egg-
whi
te

 t
henaddpepsi
nsol
n.andHCLt
othet
estt
ubes

 pl
aceal
l4t
ubesi
nabeakerofwar erat350cf
m wat or10-
15mi
nut
es

B.
resul
ts

 t
hecont
entoft
ubeCgocl
ear

 t
her
estr
emai
ncl
oudy

C.
concl
usi
on

 thechangef r
om acl
oudysuspensi
ont
oaclearsoln.showst
hatt
he
soli
dparti
clesofeggpr
otei
nhavebeendi
gestedtosolubl
epr
oduct

 t
hef
ail
ureofot
her3t
ubest
ogi
vecl
earsol
uti
onshowt
hat
:

 i
nApepsi
nwi
lonl
ywor
kinaci
dicsol
n.

 i
nBi
tist
hepepsi
nnott
heHCLwhi
chdoest
hedi
gest
ion

 i
nDpepsi
nisanenzyme,
becausei
tsact
ivi
tyi
sdest
royedby
boi
li
ng
i
ii
.Anexper
imentt
ofi
ndt
heopt
imalPHofanEnzyme

A.pr
ocedur
e

 mi
xpepsi
nandeggwhi
te

 pourt
hem i
nsi
xtubeseachpl
acedatdi
ff
erentPHf
rom 1t
o6

 sett
het
estt n370wat
ubei er

B.r
esul
ts

 t
het
estt
ubewi
thcl
ear
estmi
xtur
eist
heopt
imum PH

C.concl
usi
on

 si
nceenzymeworkbestatopt
imum PH,t
her
efor
e,thet
ubewit
hclear
est
mxtut
rei
ndicat
etheopt
imalPHasenzymehasworkedef
fci
ent
ly
2.
anexper
imentt
oshowt
heef
fectoft
emper
atur
eonenzymeact
ivi
ty

A.pr
ocedur
e

i
.pl
ace2c
m3ofst
archsol
n.i
nthr
eet
estt
ubesl
abel
edA,
BandC

i
i.
toeacht
estt
ubeadd1c
m3ofsal
iva(
sal
ivaamyl
ase)

ii
i.i
mmersetestt
ubeAint
oabeakercontai
ningcol
dwat
erwi
tht
hebl
ocks,
usi
ng
0
t
hermometer putt
het
emperatur
eat0c

i
v.putt
hesecondt
estt
ubei
nwat
erbat
hmai
nt nedat370c
ai

v.boi
lthecont he3rdt
entoft estt
ube

vi
.testt
hecont
ent
sof3t
estt
ubesbyusi
ngi
odi
nesol
uti
on

B.
resul
ts

 t
heresul
tswouldshowt
hatint
esttubeA-i
odi
net
urnsbl
uebl
ack,
theenzymesar
e
i
nact
iveandunabl
etodi
gestst
arch

 i
ntesttubeB-i
odi
nesoluti
onwil
ltur
nbrownenzymeshavedi
gest
edt
he
st
arch,
enzymesworkbestatat
emperat
ureof37degr
ees

 i
ntestt
ubeC-i odi
netur
nsbluebl
ack,
theenzymeswer
eunabl
etodi
gestst
arch,
si
nceboil
ingdenatur
edthem

C.
concl
usi
on

 t
heresul
tsshowt
hatenzymesact
ivi
tyi
saf
fect
edbyt
emper
atur
ewi
th37degr
eesas
i
tsbestt
emperat
ure

3.
exper
imentofenzymeonger
minat
ingbeanseed

A.Pr
ocedur
e

1.cr
usht
heger
minat
ingbeanseedi
namor
tar

2.addwat
ert
oobt
ain(
enzyme)ext
ract

3.
putst
archsol
n.i
ntestt
ubeAandB
4.
inat
estt
ubeAaddext
ract,
butl
eavet
estt
ubeBi
nint
act

5.
leavebot
htestt
ubet
ost
andf
orsomet
ime

6.
lat
eradddr
opsofi
odi
nesol
n.t
obot
htestt
ubesandobser
vecol
orchange

B.r
esul
ts

 i
ntestt
ubeA-
ther
ewi
llbebr
owncol
or.Thi
sshowt
hatt
her
e’snost
archpr
esent

 i
ntesttubeB–youwi
llobser
vebl
uebl
ackcol
or.Thi
schangei
ndi
cat
epr
esenceof
st
arch

C.
concl
usi
on

 t
heser
esultleadtoaconcl
usi
ont
hatt
heger
minat
ingbeanseedscont
ainanenzyme
whi
chdigeststar
ch

3.
exper
imentont
heper
meabi
li
tyoft
hevi
ski
ngt
ubi
ng

A.pr
ocedur
e

1.
ti
eoneendoft
hevi
ski
ngt
ubi
ngwi
that
hread

2.
pourami
xtur
eofst
archsol
n.andgl
ucosesol
n.i
navi
ski
ngt
ubi
ng

3.
ti
etheot
herendwi
tht
het
hread

4.cl
earasmuchaspossi
blet
heout
sideoffi
ll
edvi
skei
ngt
ubi
ngwi
thdi
sti
ll
edwat
ert
o
removeanytr
acesoft
hestar
chandglucose

5.pourdi
sti
ll
edi
nabeaker

6.t
estt
hedist
il
ledwaterf
orstar
chandglucosetomakesur
ethatt
hereisnost
archand
gl
ucoseint
hedisti
ll
edwateri
nthebeakeratthebegi
nni
ngoft
heexperi
ment

7.i
mmer
set
hevi
ski
ngt
ubi
ngi
nthedi
sti
ll
edwat
eri
nthebeaker

8.l
eavet
heappar
atusf
or20mi esat37oc
nut

9.af
ter20mi
nut
es,
testt
hedi
sti
ll
edwat
erf
orst
archandgl
ucose

B.
resul
ts

 t
her
eisgl
ucosei
nthedi
sti
ll
edwat
eraf
ter20mi
nut
es-
aresmal
lenought
opass
 acr
osst
hewal
loft
hevi
ski
ngt
ubi
ng

 t
her
eisnost
archi
nthedi
sti
ll
edwat
eraf
ter20mi
nut
es-
arel
arget
opass

C.
concl
usi
on

 thi
sshowsthatthewalloft
hevi ski
ngtubi
ngissemi-per
meable(select
ive)si
ncei
t
all
owssmallmolecul
esofglucoset opassacr
ossitbutdoesnotall
owl arge
molecul
esofstarcht
opassacr ossit

NB:

o mat
eri
al o r
epr
esent
ati
on

o vi
ski
ngt
ubi
ng o smal
lint
est
ine

o wat
er o bl
ood

o st
arch o l
argef
oodpar
ti
cles

o gl
ucose o smal
lfoodpar
ti
cles

o st
archandgl
ucose o di
gest
edf
oodpar
ti
cles

TOPI
C3:TRANSPORTANDTROPI
SM I
NPLANTS
1.exper
imentofosmosi
sinapl
antcel
ls

A.pr
ocedur
e

I
. cutt
hreeequalst
ri
pesoff
reshI
ri
shpot
atoeachofmass3gandl
engt
h7cm

I
I. t
estt
hef
lexi
bil
it
yofofeachst
ri
pbyt
ryi
ngt
obendt
hem

I
II
. col
lectt
hreet
estt
ubeandl
abelt
hem A,
BandC

I
V. l
eavet
hest
ri
psi
nthet
estt
ubes

V. i
ntestt
ubeAai
rpr
esent

VI
. i
ntestt m3of30% sugarsol
ubeBpour30c n.

VI
I. i
ntestt
ubeCpour30c
m3ofdi
sti
ll
edwat
er.t
hewhol
esetupshoul
dlookl
ike
thi
s

A B C

ai
r

m3of30% sugarsol
30c n 30c
m3ofdi
sti
ll
edwat
er

VI
II
. l
eavet
heappar
atusf
or20mi
nut
es

I
X. Af
ter20mi
nut
est
estt
hef
lexi
bil
it
yoft
hest
ri
p

B.Resul
ts

 Awi
llbest
if
f/r
igi
d/t
ough/
lessf
lexi
ble

 Bmor
efl
exi
bleandeasi
ert
obend
  Cver
yst
if
f/ver
ytough

C.concl
usi
on/
int
erpr
etat
ion/
expl
anat
ion

 Awi
llr
emai
nthesame

 Blooseswat
erbyosmosi
stot
hesugarsol
n.becausei
tisl
essconcent
rat
ed
t
hansugarsoln.

 Ct
hest
ri
phasabsor
bedwat
erbyosmosi
sfr
om t
hedi
sti
ll
edwat
er

NB.nowf
indt
hemassofeachst
ri
pbyr
ewei
ghi
ngi
tonat
ri
plebeam bal
ance

2.WHATHAPPENSWHENWATERANDSUGARSOLUTI
ONARESEPERATEDBYA
PAWPAW PETI
OLE

A.mat
eri
als

:Glasstube10% sugarsol
n.,af
ewpawpawl
eaves,
beaker
,dr
opperwi
thl
ongf
ine
end,sharpkni
fe,clampstand.

B.pr
ocedur
e

(
i)Coll
ectseverall
eavesbycut
ti
ngatt
hesemi-pet
iol
ejuncti
on.makesur
ethat
thepeti
oleremainatit
sbase.t
hecl
osedpet
iol
ebasewi l
lactasasemi
-
permeable
 (
ii
)cutofft
het
oppar
toft
hepet
iol
eatl
east5cm abovet
heendoft
hepet
iol
e
gr
oove

(
ii
i)addali
tt
lewateri
nsi
dethehol
lowandleavet
hepet
iol
einabeakerofwat
er
whenbeingt
ranspor
tedt
olaborat
ory

(
iv)Selectapawpawpeti
oleofri
ghtdiamet
er,
shakewateroutandfi
lli
twi
th10%
sugarsolut
ionusi
ngthedropper
.makesurethatnoai
rbubblesaretr
apped
i
nt heholl
ow

(
v)st
andthepet i
oleinabeakerofwat
erusi
ngt
hecl
ampst
andandmar
kthe
i
nit
iall
evelofsolut
ioni
nthetube

C.r
esul
ts

 wat
erwi
llmovef
rom t
hebeakert
othepet
iol
e

D.concl
usi
on

 watercr
ossesasemi
-per
meabl
emembr
anet
oanar
eaofhi
ghersol
utesol
n.
byosmosis
3.DEMONSTRATI
ONOFTHEMOVEMENTOFTHEAMMONI
AGAS

A.mat
eri
als

 agl
asst
ube2.
5cm di
amet
erx60cm l
ongwi
thar
ubber,
stopperateachend

 a1x50cm st
ri
pofbl
ott
ingpaper

 Phenol
pht
hal
einsol
n.

 cot
tonwoolandpi
th

 ammoni
asol
n.

B.pr
ocedur
e

a.t
hewhol
esetupshoul
dbeasbel
ow:

r
ubberst
opper

gl
asst
ube

r
ubberst
opper

cot
tonwoolsoakedi
n st
ri
pofbl
ott
ingpaperpr
evi
ousl
y

ammoni
asol
n. di
ppedi
nPhenol
pht
hal
einsol
n.

b.di
pthebl
ott
ingpaperi
ntoPhenol
pht
hal
einsol
n.andi
nser
tthegl
asst
ubei
nto
i
t.

c. pl
ugoneendofthetubewit
har ubberstopper.pl
ugtheotherendwi
tha
st
oppert
owhichisatt
achedtoasmal lballofcot
tonwoolsoakedi
n
ammoniasol
n.andheldi
napl acewithapi n

C.r
esul
ts
  themovementofvapouri
sindi
cat
edbyt
hepr
ogr
essi
ver
eddeni
ngoft
he
paperst
ri
p

D.concl
usi
on

 t
hismovementofammoni
avapori
scal
leddi
ff
usi
on

4.DI
FFUSSI
ONOFPOTASSI
UM PERMANGNET

A.mat
eri
als;

o abeaker

o pot
assi
um per
manganat
e

o spat
ula

B.pr
ocedur
e

i
. f
il
lthebeakerwi
tht
hewat
er

i
i. addcr
yst
alofpot
assi
um per
manganat
eusi
ngt
hespat
ula

i
ii
. obser
vewhatwi
llhappent
othecol
orofwat
er
 C.r
esul
ts

 i
nitial
lythepotassium andper manganat eionswillbemovingawayf rom the
crystali
ntothesurroundi ngwaterandevent ual
lythewaterbecomesa
uniform pi
nkcolor.thust heconcentr
at i
onofpotassium permanganateint he
surroundingwateri ncreases.Moleculesaremovi nginallt
hedirect
ionatal l
thet i
me.thi
smovementgoesonunt ilthecryst
alshasalldissol
vedand
thereisunif
orm distributi
onofpotassium andpermanganat eionsthroughout
thebeaker

5. measur
ingt
heupt
akeofwat
erbyapl
antbymeansofphot
omet
er

A.pr
ocedur
e

a)putapl
antshootandcuti
tthr
oughunderwat
er-
toavoi
dai
rbubbl
es

b)attacht
hecutendoftheshooti
ntot
hephot
omet
er,
fitexact
lyi
ntot
her
ubber
tubingwit
hnoairgaps

c) f
il
ltheappar
atuswi
thwat
er,
byopeni
ngt
hecl
ip

d)cl
oset
hecl
ipagai
nandl
eavet
heappar
atusi
nal
ightai
rypl
ace.

B.Resul
ts

 Asthepl
anttr
anspi
res,
thewateri
tlosesi
srepl
acedbywat
ert
akenupf
rom
thest
em i
nturni
tdrawwaterf
rom photomet
ertube

 r
ecor
dtheposi
ti
onoft
hewat
ermeni
scusever
y2mi
nut
esusi
ngt
hescal
e

 whenthemeniscusreachest
heendoft
hescal
eref
il
ltheappar
atuswi
th
waterf
rom t
hereser
voir

C.concl
usi
on

 asthewaterevapor
atef
rom t
heleavesmor
ewat
eri
sdr
awnf
rom t
hest
em i
n
tur
nitdr
awwat erfr
om t
hephotometert
ube

NB.t
her
ateofwat
ercanbecal
cul
atedasf
oll
ows

Rat
eofwat
erupt
ake=di
stancemovedbyt
hebubbl
es

Ti
met
akeni
nmi
nut
es

NB.youcanr
epeatt
heexper
imentbutwi
tht
heappar
atusi
ndi
ff
erentsi
tuat
ionse.
gwi
ndy,
sti
ll
ai
r,hotsunorcoolai
r,bl
owi
ngi
twi
thf
an,
put
ti
ngi
tinacupboar
d

6.MEASURI
NGTHEUPTAKEOFWATERBYAPLANTTHROUGHROOTHAI
RS

A.Pr
ocedur
e

1)obt
ainabeanpl
antandwashi
tsr
oot
scar
eful
ly

2)st
andi
tinameasur
ingcyl
inder

3)pourwat
eri
ntot
hemeasur
ingcyl
inderupt
othet
opmar
k

4)caref
ull
ypoural i
tt
leoi
lint
othemeasuri
ngcyli
ndersothati
tfor
msat hi
nlayer
overthesurf
aceofthewater.Thi
swi
llpr
eventevapor
ati
onofwaterf
rom the
measuringcyli
nder

5)wei
ght
hewhol
esetupi
nat
ri
plebeam bal
anceandr
ecor
dthemass

6)l
eavet
heappar
atusi
ntheopeni
nthel
abor
ator
yfor24hr
s

7)af
ter24hr
srewei
ghandr
ecor
dthemass

8)r
eadof
fthel
evelofwat
eri
nthemeasur
ingcyl
inder

B.r
esul
ts

 r
educedmass
  l
owerl
evelofwat
eri
nthemeasur
ingcyl
inder

C.concl
usi
on

 l
owerl
evel
ofwat
ershowsi
tsupt
aket
hroughr
oothai
rshencer
educedmass

7.EVI
DENCEOFFOODTRANSPORTTHROUGHPHLOEM

A.r
ingi
ng/
gir
dli
ngexper
iment

 pr
ocedur
e

i
. t
hephl
oem i
nawoodyst
em ar
ejustunder
neat
hthebar
k

i
i. i
faringofbar
kistakenofft
hestem,t
hephl
oem t
ubei
sal
sor
emoved
t
oo,
leavi
ngthexyl
em vesselbehi
nd

i
ii
. i
nthissi
tuat
iont
he,
foodsubst
ancecannotgetdownt
hest
em bel
owt
he
r
ing

 r
esul
ts

 f
oodsubst
anceaccumul
ateabover
ing

 bul
geabovet
her
ingbecauseext
ragr
owt
hoccur
sini
t

 r
ootdi
es

 concl
usi
on

 theresul
tshowsthatf
oodtr
ansportt
hroughphl
oem asther
ingi
ngof
barkindi
catethatt
her
eisnopassageoftother
ootshencet
heydie

B.useofaphi
ds
  pr
ocedur
e

i
. aphi
dssuchasgreenfly,
feedonpl antj
uices,t
heyhavespecialmout
h
part
scall
edstyl
ets,
theypushtheirstyl
etsint
othephloem t
ubesofa
pl
antandsuckupthesapfrom them

i
i. af
eedi
ngaphi
dcanbeanat
het
isedandi
tsst
ylet
scutof
f

i
ii
. phl
oem sapkeepf
lowi
ngoutoft
hephl
oem t
ubest
hrought
hest
ylet
s

i
v. t
hesapcanbeanal
ysed

 r
esul
ts

 t
hesapcanbef
oundt
ocont
ainsugarandmanyot
heror
gani
cmat
eri
al

 concl
usi
on

 t
her
eisf
oodpassi
ngi
nthephl
oem t
ube

8.HOW I
SSHOOTGROWTHAFFECTEDBYRI
NG-
BARKI
NGTHESTEM

A.Pr
ocedur
e

i
. not
reat
ment
(cont
rol
)

i
i. bar
kremovedf
or1cm i
nthe5thi
nter
nodef
rom t
heshootapex(
ri
nged)

i
ii
. l
eavesr
emovedf
r he5thi
om nodesabovet nter
node(
def
oli
ated)

i
v. bar
kremovedi
nthe5thi
nter
node(
ri
ngedanddef
oli
ated)

v. t
hewhol
esetupshoul
dlookasbel
ow:

A.
cont
rol

B.
ri
nged C.
Def
oli
ated D.
ri
ngedanddef
oli
ated
 d

B.r
esul
ts

 A-
mor
efoodwi
llbepr
oduced;

 ef
fect
:incr
easedgr
owt
hrat
eont
heshoot

 B-t
her oot
swil
lnotgetenoughfood;thi
swil
laff
ecttheabsor
pti
onof
waterandminer
alsalt
snegati
velyaff
ecti
ngfoodproduct
ion;

 ef
fect
:ther
ewi
llbel
owgr
owt
hrat
eont
heshoot

 C-l
essf
oodwi
llbepr
oduced;

 ef
fect
:sl
owgr
owt
h

 D-f
oodpr
oduct
ionwi
llbel
ow;t
her
oot
swi
llgetver
ysmal
lamountof
f
ood

 l
eastgr
owt
hrat
e

C.concl
usi
on

 theresul
tsshowthatri
ngbarki
ngaffectshootgr
owt hasfood
producti
ongetnegat
ivel
yaf
fectedasar esul
tsoflessabsorpt
ionof
waterbytheroot
s
9.DESI
GNANEXPERMENTTOSHOW THATRADI
CLES(
ROOTS)
HAVEPOSI
TIVE
HYDROTROPI
SM

A.Pr
ocedur
e

i
. t
akeat
roughandf
il
litwi
thasoi
l

i
i. pl
antmai
zeorbeanseedar
oundt
heedgesoft
het
rough

i
ii
. wat
ert
heseedr
egul
arl
yunt
ilt
heyger
minat
e

i
v. att
hecent
eroft
het
roughi
nser
tat
inwhi
chhasahol
esati
tsbase

v. st
artwat
eri
ngt
heseedl
ingbyput
ti
ngt
hewat
eri
nthet
inonl
yfor5days

vi
. af
ter5daysobser
vebyupr
oot
ingt
heseedl
ingcar
eful
ly

B.Resul
t

 youwi
llseet
hatal
ltheroot
swerebendi
ngt
owar
dst
hecent
erwher
ether
e
washi
ghconcentr
ati
onofwater

C.concl
usi
on

 t
her
efor
etheresult
sshowst
hatpl
antrootsgrowtowar
dther
egi
onofhi
gh
wat
erconcent
rat
ion,whi
chi
saposit
ivegeotr
opism

10.
EXPERMENTONWHI
CHPARTOFTHEPLANTRESPONDTOLI
GHT

A.pr
ocedur
e

i
. obtai
nadi
shcontai
ning3newlyger
minatedseedl
ingse.
gmaize.t
heshoot
shoul
dbeatl
east10mm long.putt
heseedli
nginthecar
dboard

i
i. covert
het i
pofoneoftheseedl
ingwit
haluminum f
oilofanyopaque
materi
al.coverthemi
ddl
eofthesecondseedli
ngwithaluminum f
oil.
leave
thethi
rdseedlingunt
ampered

i
ii
. l
ightthedi
shfr
om onesideandleavet
heappar
atusf
orsever
aldays.t
he
wholesetupshoul
dlookasfol
lows:
 l
ight

car
dboar
d

al
umi
num f
oil

i
v. af
ter leavi
ngtheappar
atusf
orsever
aldaysmakest
ateyourobser
vat
ion
onthe3seedl
ing

B.r
esul
ts

 aft
erl
eavi
ngt
heappar
atusf
orsever
aldayst
heappar
atuswi
lll
ookasshown
bel
low

l
ight

C.Concl
usi
on

 i
tist
heshoott
hatr
espondt
oli
ght
11.
exper
imentont
heef
fect
sofl
ightont
hegr
owi
ngshoot

A.pr
ocedur
e

I
. sel
ect2pot
tedpl
ant
sofbeansofsi
mil
arsi
zeandwat
ert
hem bot
h

I
I. placeoneofthem underacar
dboardboxwithawindowcutononesi
de
sothatl
ightr
eachestheshootf
rom onedi
recti
ononlyasf
oll
ows:

l
ight

A.

I
II
. placet
hot
herseedl
ingi
nani
dent
icalsi
tuat
ionbutt
hist
imeonacl
inost
atas
shownbel
ow:

l
ight

B.
 I
V. l
eavethe2appar
atusfor2days.af
tert
isperi
odcompar
ethe2seedl
ings
f
rom t
heboxesandcomparethei
rappearance

B.r
esul
ts

 i
nAt
her
ewi
llbeunequaldi
str
ibut
ionofauxi
ns

l
ight

 i
nB.t
her
ewi
llbeuni
for
m di
str
ibut
ionofauxi
ns

l
ight
 C.concl
usi
on

 theresult
sshowst hatwhent her
eisunifor
m dist
ri
buti
onoflightonshoot
ther
eisuni f
orm di
str
ibuti
onofauxi nsandhenceunif
orm vert
icalgrowth.
ther
eforetheshootont hecl
inostatgrowunif
ormlyandverti
call
y.therotat
ing
cli
nostatexposestheshoott oli
ghtequall
ysot hatther
ei sunifor
m
dist
ri
butionofauxi
ns.

 whil
eonesi dedill
umi nat
ionresult
sinunequaldist
ribut
ionofauxins.t
he
l
ightcausest heauxinstodif
fusefrom t
hei l
lumi
natedsidetothedarksideof
theshootthusincreasingauxinsconcentrat
ionont hedarkside.asaresul
t
thedarksideoft hwshootgr owsfasterthantheil
luminatedsideandsot he
shootbendt owardstheill
umnat ed

12.EXPERI
MENTONPLANTRESPONSETOGRAVI
TY

A.
Procedur
e

a.obt
ain4beanseedl
ingswhoser
adi
cles ar
ejustvi
sibl
e

b.wi
thpi
nsat
tacht
hem t
oasheetofacor
kinvar
iousposi
ti
onsasf
oll
ows;

A B C D

c. putthecorkinasmal
laquar
ium t
ankwi
thal
it
tl
ewat
eratt
hebot
tom andputa
sheetofatthet
op

d.covert
het
ankwi
thacar
dboar
dboxsoast
oputt
heseedl
ingont
hedar
k
 e. af
teraboutt
heseedl
ingobser
vet
heseedl
ingsandsket
cht
hei
rappear
ance

B.
Resul
ts

 t
her
oot
swi
llgr
owdownwar
ds

D.concl
usi
on

 t
her
esul
tsshowt
hatt
her
oot
sisr
espondi
ngt
ost
imul
usofgr
avi
ty
13.
GEOTROPI
SM I
NROOTS(
EFFECTS OFGRAVI
TYONTHEROOTS)

A.pr
ocedur
e

a.obt
ain2newl
yger
minat
edseedl
ingswhoser
adi
clesar
eeachabout10mm
l
ong

b.pi
noneoft
heseedl
ingst
oacor
konacl
inost
atasf
oll
ows

cl
inost
at

cor
k

c. pi
ntheot
herseedl
ingt
oapi
nofcor
kinabeakerasf
oll
ows

cor
k

cl
amp

d.putsomemoistcot
tonwooli
nthecl
inost
atchambersoast
okeept
he
seedl
ingmoi
st
 e. covert
hecli
nost
atandt hebeakerwi
tht
hecar
dboar
dboxesandl
eavet
he
cl
inost
atr
unningforseveraldays

B.RESULTS

 theonesonthecl
inostatwil
lhaveshownsimplygrowingstr
aight
outwardswhi
let
heoneswi thoutcl
inost
attheti
psoftheroot
swi l
lhave
growndownward,towardthedir
ecti
onfrom whi
chgravit
ywasact i
ngon
them

14.
EXPERI
MENTTOFINDTHEREGI
ONTHATRESPONDTOSTI
MULUSOFGRAVI
TY I
N
BEANSEEDLI
NGS
TOPI
C4:HUMANCI
RCULATORYSYSTEM

 EPERMENTTOFI
NDOUTTHEEFFECTOFPHYSI
CALACTI
VITYONPULSE
RATE

A.mat
eri
al

 st
opwat
ch

 st
udent

B.Pr
ocedur
e

a.i
npai
rs,
placeyourf
ingeronyourpar
tner
’swr
ist

b.countt
henumberofbeat
syouf
eelIami
nut
eandr
ecor
dint
het
abl
e
bel
ow

act
ivi
ty Pul
ser
ate(
beat
s/mi
nut
es)

st
andi
ng

wal
king

r
unni
ng

c. askyourpar
tnert
owal
kar
oundt
heschoolbl
ock;t
aket
hepul
seand
recor
d
 d.askyourpar
tnert
orunandr
ecor
dthepul
ser
ate

C.Resul
ts

 i
nst
andi
ng;l
owestpul
ser
ate

 i
nwal
king;pul
ser
atest
arti
ncr
easi
ng

 i
nrunni
ng,
thepul
ser
atei
shi
ghest

D.Concl
usi
on

 t
heresul
tsshowt hatast
hephysi
calact
ivi
tyi
ncr
eases,
thepul
se
r
ateal
soincreases.

TOPI
C4:RESPI
RATORYSYSTEM

 I
NVESTI
GATI
NGTHEEFFECTSOFEXERCI
SEONBREATHI
NG

A.mat
eri
als

 st
opwat
ch

 st
udent

 gr
aphpaper

B.pr
ocedur
e

a.countthenumberofbr
eat
hspermi
nut
eofaofbel
owst
udentatr
est
andrecordther
esul
tsbel
ow

act
ivi
ty Br
eat
hs/
minut
e

Atr
est

Af
terexer
cise

b.askyourf
ell
owstudentt
ojumpupanddownandfi
ndhi
sbr
eat
hing
rat
esoonaft
ert
heonemi nut
eexer
ciseandr
ecor
d

c. accountf
oranydi
ff
erencesi
nthet
hreer
ates

C.r
esul
ts

 i
twi
llbeshownt
hataf
terexer
ciset
henumberofbr
eat
hingr
atewi
ll
 0020i
ncr
ease

D.concl
usi
on

 t
her
esul
tsshowt
hatbr
eat
hingr
atei
ncr
easeswi
thexer
cise

TOPI
C5:LOCOMOTI
ON

1.
COMPOSI
TIONOFBONES

A.Pr
ocedur
e

a)t
akesmal
lpi
ecesoff
reshbonesandwei
ght
hem onat
ri
plebeam bal
ance

b)pl
acet
hem i
ntestt
ubeandcovert
hem wi
thHCL

c) fi
xadeli
ver
ytubef
rom t
hist
estt
ubet
oanot
hert
estt
ubecont
aini
ngl
imewat
er
asshownbelow.

d)l
eavet
heappar
atusi
nasaf
epl
acef
oraboutt
wodays

e) af
tert
wodaysobser
veandr
ecor
danycol
orchangei
nthel
imewat
er

f
)ri
nset
hebonesi
nwat
erandt
ryt
obendt
hem

g)drythebonei
nthesunandt
henr
ewei
ght
hem andf
il
lal
lyourr
esul
tsi
nthe
tabl
ebelow

t
reat
ment r
esul
ts

I
nit
ialmassofbones g

Fi
nalmassofbonesaf
tersoaki
ngi
n g
HCL

Di
ff
erencebt
nthe2masses g

Fl
exi
bil
it
yofbonesbef
oresoaki
ngi
n
HCL

Fl
exi
bil
it
yofbonesbef
oresoaki
ngi
n
 HCL

B.expect
edr
esul
ts

 af
ter2dayst
hel
imewatertur
nsmil
ky.t
hismeanst
hemixt
ureoft
he
HCLandbonesi
nthet
esttubespr
oducescar
bondi
oxi
de

 themassofthebonesdecr
eases.t
hismeanspar
toft
hebones
dissol
vesi
ntheHCL

 thebonesarehardbefor
esoakingintheHCL..butaf
tersoaki
ngi
n
theaci
df or2days,theybecomerubbery.t
hushardi
norganic
componentdissol
vesintheHCL

C.concl
usi
on

 ther
efor
e,whentheinor
ganiccomponenti
sremovedfr
om thebone,
thebonebecomesrubbery.i
fthesof
tprot
eincomponenti
sremoved
theboneleavi
ngthehardcomponentbehi
nd,t
hebonebecomebr i
tt
le
andhard

TOPI
C:6COORDI
NATI
ON

1.kneeJer
k

A.mat
eri
al

 ar
uler

 par
tner

B.pr
ocedur
e

(
i)askyourpar
tnert
osi
trel
axedonachai
rwi
thonel
egcr
ossedovert
heot
her
att
heknee

(
ii
)wi t
har
uler,
givehi
m ashar
pbutgent
let
apont
hekneej
ustbel
owt
heknee
cap
2.Toseei
fdogscoul
dbei
nducedt
opr
oducesal
ivai
ntheabsencef
ood

A.mat
eri
al

 dog

 f
ood

 bel
l

B.Pr
ocedur
e

(
i)theori
ginalst
imul
us(
food)i
spr
esent
ed,
ther
elat
edr
esponse(
product
ionof
sali
va)i
smade

(
ii
)thesubst
it
utesti
mulus(t
hesoundofabell
)ispresent
edtogethertoget
her
wi
tht
heorigi
nalsti
mulus(f
ood)
,thesameresponseisasbeforeismade

(
ii
i)t
hesubst
it
utest
imul
usi
snowpr
esent
edal
one,
thesamer
esponseasbef
ore
i
sst
il
lmade

3.exper
imentt
ofi
ndt
heef
fectofpr
act
iceonhi
tt
ingt
het
arget
 4.EXPERI
MENTTOFI
NDTHEEFFECTOFTI
MEOFBDAYONMEMORI
SINGALI
STOF
THEWORDS

TOPI
C7:EXCRETI
ON

 I
NVESTI
GATI
NGDI
ALYSI
S

A.pr
ocedur
e

1.war
m abeakerf
ullofwat
ert
oappr
oxi
mat
ely370C

2.ti
eat ightknotatoneendofal engthofdialysi
s(vi
ski
ng)t
ubi
ng.
useasyr ingetofi
llt
hetubi
ngwi t
hami xtureofstar
chandglucose
soln.closetheotherrendoft
het ubi
ngwi thapapercli
p

3.r
insetheoutsideoft
hedial
ysi
stubi
ngwi
tht
apwaat
ert
oremoveal
l
t
racesofstarchandgl
ucose.

4.pl
acet
het
ubi
ngi
nal
arget
estt
ubeofwar
m wat
erasshown
bel
ow:

370C

vi
ski
ngt
ubi
ng

st
archandgl
ucosesol
n.
 war
m wat
er

5.wi
thdr
awsomeoft
hewat
eri
ncont
actwi
tht
hewi
tht
het
ubi
ng.

6.t
estt
iswat
erf
orst
archandgl
ucose

7.aft
er20minuteswithdr
awsomemor
ewat
eri
ncont
actwi
tht
ubi
ng
andtesti
tforstar
chandgl
ucose

B.r
esul
ts

 thetestshowsbl
uebl
ackcol
orbecauset
het
ubi
ngi
ssel
ect
ive
permeable

NB;

Mat
eri
al Repr
esent
ati
on

Di
alysi
stubi
ng Thet
ubi
ngi
naki
dneyusedt
opur
if
ybl
ood

Gl
ucose/
star
chsol
n.

Whi
chpar
toft
hedoest
het
ubi
ngr
epr
esent

T0PI
C8:ECOSYSTEM
1.ECOLOGI
CALMETHODOFSTUDYI
NGECOSYSTEM

1)MARK,
RELEASEANDRECAPTUREMETHOD

 mat
eri
al

 i
nk

 sweepi
ngnet

 pr
ocedur
e

a)sel
ectahabi
tat

b)cat
cht
heor
gani
sm usi
ngasweepi
nganet

c) capt
uret
hem andmar
kthem usi
ngi
nk

d)r
eleaset
hemar
kedor
gani
sm,
lett
hem mi
xwi
tht
heot
her
s

e) cat
cht
heor
gani
smsagai
n,bot
hmar
kedandunmar
ked,
countt
hem

f
)thencal
cul
atet
hepopul
ati
onest
imat
ebyusi
ngt
hef
ormul
abel
ow;

popul
ati
on=#ofor n 1stcat
g.i chx#in2ndcat
chbot
hmar
kedand
unmar
ked

#ofmar
kedor
gani
smsr
ecapt
ured
2)QUADRANTMETHOD

 Pr
ocedur
e

a.sel
ectanar
eai
nwhi
cht
heor
gani
sm i
sfound

b.est
imat
ethesi
zeoft
hef
iel
dinsquar
emet
ers

c. t
hrowthequadr
antrandomly,countandr
ecordthenumberoft
heor
g.
f
oundperquadr
antagainstt
henumberofthrowsasbelow

Quadr
antt
hrows No.ofor
g./
plant

1 20

2 50

3 100

d.t
hrowt
hequadr
antsever
alt
imes

e. cal
cul
atet
henumberofor
g.i
neachquadr
antasbel
ow;

aver
age=20+50+100

f
.thenyoucal
cul
atet
hepopul
ati
onest
imat
ebyusi
ngt
hef
ormul
abel
ow;

Est
imat
edpl
antpopl
n.=aver
age#0fpl
antxt
otalar
eaoft
hef
iel
d

I
naquadr
ant

Ar
eaoft
hequadr
ant