structure

of
Atom

According to Dalton's is the smallest

theory, chemical particle
*
atom

reaction.
part
that take can in a

Atom
I
↓ ↓ ↓
Electron proton Neutrons
16x10-19C + 16x10-19 C O

charge
-

man 9.1 x
10-3'kg 166x10-27kg 1.66x10-27kg.
J. J. Thomson
Rutherford James Chadwick.
Goldsteine

model) -
* Thomson's Atomic Model:
-(Plumpudding (water melon model)

~+ recharge
nee

-
-
- vely charge-c's.
-

⑧ ⑧->

-
-
⑳

Thomson's
* model
of
atom could not
- ⑧

- able
explain,
to
Rutherford's a-scattering
zeriment.
ext

neutrality of
* the atom.
It
explains the
Rutherford'sa-scattering experiments--double
*

nucleus. -
charged.
- helium

Spark ↓
7

-
>

Radioactive I

substance.
thin
gold foil
->

chargeless
↓

anode X-rays
--
a
⑦ Cathode

rely charged He
tvely charged 3
↓articles
<-
particles
B-

1 -HetHelium nucleus
(e)
#- radioactive

observations
* and main
features:-

werecontinedon thereatraightemptiny
of the spallicles
⑪
not
② some
of x-particles
the when
fired cloud to
thecentre

got deflected
at
is
some
angles
that means some

positive charge present centre.

has the
③
few particles
Very Ipositive
thrown back that
are all the means

is present at the
centre &
change Rutherford
is
called itNucleus and all the also mass
present
at nucleus
the

4 The nucleus
the is small
the
size
of atom. very
as
compared to

of
size

radius nucleus (n=2ox A5

of
vo-> is a constant.
atom
of
A -
Atomic may

10-1 to 10-15m.
of of
*The radius nucleus is order
the
of
The radius atom is 10-4m.
101 to
of of
order
the
of
*

in 10-10m=

10-12 m
<ipm)/picomtel
=

(,(m) femtometer 10-15m.

=

10-9m inm
=

Selectrostatic 3
1lm 100
= m.

potential energy
kE 5mV2
=

I-pactice
>

for
Oze- nuclear
-
e
charge
y ↳ atomic no & e

repulsion
charge of proton.
is
E im approach: of
distance

energy of a-particle potential

when kinetic
energy
-

Imv2 Keke) = 2- atomicro

e ↓ exchangeproton
e
8 =

of approach
distance
I
se-charge of
k = -

4*Eo
I a
particle.
epsilon-
C
cont ↓
knot

1 9x109
=
permitilityof air/space.
Rutherford's
④ Atomic Model:
centrifugal
2- atomic no
---- paru
proteiene
e-
charge of n met
⑧

~L y

->
t
centripetal forc
electron -electrostatic
of
m- ze
mass
attraction
force of
velocity
electron
of atom.
us

radius
of
~-

Feles=
e
Fentrifugal =
 atom
for stabilityof
Fele
Fentrifugal
=

2.He

⑪ Maxwell's radiation o
theory of Electromagnetic
this
theory, charge particle
whenever
According in
to a

field of opposi tely charged

moves an electrostatic
circular
follows
it &
particle a
spiral path
radiates
energy er
↑

⑰ ( r i c her tex aiTi

 Bohr's atomic model:

①
lates:
. me

theory of applicable
Maxwell's
radiation won'tbe
electromagnetic ze

circular in which
orbits
for the

the electron revolves

In these orbits the e-will not house
any
stationary
& are called orbits.
energy they
② The electron can move
only in those orbits whose

anglual
momentum is an
integral multiple of h/2x.
mvr = nx1 h- planck's constant
↓ 2A

ulas momentum k 6.63x10- 343- sec

ang
=

of
m- mass ev

v-velocity of subit
ev

of
~- ladius

he obituo or shell no.

u 1,2,3
= -----

⑬
single
this
theory applicablelike only
a
is e

species or
hydrogen
H.
atexithydrogen like species
theay:More--
a r
s -
"r

were one
mr2 K222
=

-*ar
vk-2x2xx fur 9x109 =

I
k =

1.6x10-19

~meet
e = c

x 3.14
=

h 6.6x10- 345-1
an
=

a
~
218x106x
=

m/

2- atomic no n= abit no or shell no

pricipal
no.
or
quantum

I-hydrogen
atom
ground.=>
1.
=
n =

*
v
**
 v
2.18x10x
=

mis

*
arexoxopx e

0
0.529x12
=

~c for Hatomz=1=
state
ground
n =
1 =

r
0.5290 0.53A
=
=
Go =Bohrs
=>

radis
-

Kinetic
Energy
KE=
ImV3
2
E. =

ymx(2.18x100xE)
kE
Ix90x10-3(218x1082)25.
=

K.E =

6x10-19.1
13.6xe #
 energy =-
potential

P.E
27.2x
= ev
-

Total
Energy=Ete+(-27.2 x
22)
Tz

- Ex=-13.6x2
12
ev

negative sign represents

* The atom
that the
is stable.
1) state H-atom
1,
ground of
2 =
n =

E =
- 13.6 eV

The thatthe the

representsis bindingin
sign nucleus
energy of
re

the
e-with less than that

energy greates
* the will be the
stability
Lerses

Un 0.599X
=

unde
vn
2.18x108
=
mis v
E
En = 13.6
e
x
Ende
-

⑭ Juquency I
-
 PE =
- 2X k-E

Ex
of
H-Like atom
+2Bet3 /

single species.
electron

En = - 13.6
x !
13.6 eV
E, =
-

Ez
13.6 - 3.4eV
=
- =
=-

Ez
13.6xt 36 -1.5/er
=

-
=
=

En
136xz 1364 -0.85 ev
=
- -

=
=
some Baric felms in
nee

① (2)
of protons.
itNo
c number: -

②
of protons y
Mass number-All-no + no neutrons.

How to
represent an element:
was number.
②x
-
A
mass no-

I
F
X
↓ ⑦ND-
atomic no.
Atomic no

19

-=
-
9
F qp19Na23.

③
as having
pes:prithe aboutof aelemen same

eg:
in',
↓
IR?, it-tiprien.

potism Reuterium

in D2
3
it

0
4 Isosters!
--
-

Substances which have same number

-

of no-of
electrons as well as same
atoms in a molecules are called salters.
N20 3)
of
atoms
t
(no
=

note
- -

8
7 +7+
-

---
22
=2
=

E
⑤ Isoelectronic:
Ion or
or atom molecule which have
-

the number is called is electronic

electrons
of
same

species.
UT ,sAr lak goCat2.)
Eg:
⑥ Isotones:
-Element whichcontain
neuter
of
same no set

neons-145,5015316
nog
⑦ ars: The two
different which have
atoms same

number but atomic

mass different no are

called isobars.
18A540, 1914, 20140.
egir
·
fhers: The elements which have same value
(mp) called
isodiaphors.
ofneutron
an
-
proron)
8016
(n-p>2g oN =

-
&
 soeception Emission

the will
electron * The electron will emit
gain
*

& reach some a reach the

some
energy energy
higher energy state
at
ground
some
↑

level.

n1 nn
=
=
⑳
a

emission.
absorption
energy -
of energy n1
n1
=
⑧ =

(x)
wavelength d
· -

w
d s
↑

-
*

wavelength particles
distance
is the two
few the

on the
wave which are in same
phone.
 Theory (particle
of light)
Planck's Quantum nature

Whenever
light from any
comes

but
source
itcomes
itdoes notcome in

form of
continuous mannes in the small

packets of energy is called "photons". The energy

associated

every
with
photon called
quanta.
one

light
The associated
frequency
with is E& the
energyused
of light
is 0.

Ex U

E GW he
planck's constant
=

A wavelengthof light
E = I und

0
I
=

3x100m/s.
-speed of light
=

Photo electric
effect.
hotoelection

incide Te
-11111111111111111111
emitted electron

↳ser
-esss
selle
 the metal
emission
of
electrons
from a
reface when

exposed a
to
light of radiation
of appropriate wavelength
is called
photoelectric effect
* Minimum
metal energyis required eject
called threshold
I
to an electron
7
from the
the

surfaceassociated energy is
and
that
with called
frequency threshold
I 17 energy
represented by
and is No
frequency,
light of frequency
Let choose
us
suppose we a v

which than
grates>Vo
is No.

from of
law conservation
energy.
there holed emitted
of
+IE.
Energy given:
e
energy
hV hUo +
=

nr
hro+1 mV2
=

I work
junction
hr hro+
m2
=

h(r -vr)
tmV
=

velocity get v
(tro)
=
 E.
chargex voltage
=

voltage =Imute voltage.

=

↓
K.E eVoL

rol ein
hv

note
=

A
↓
=

nV hVo+ KE.
tage vol=
=

->

*
Important facts about
photelectric effects
① is
lag
incident
light
There no time blw the and

of photoelection.
emission

of photoelections, frequency
the
ofthe
2
For the emission

light
incident be
equal greates
must or
to

threshold
frequency
③ The rate metal
of of plections from face
eminion a

is directly purportional interityof light

the

④ The max. K.E.

of photoelectron
the
defends on
Juquency
the

lightered independent
the i tis
of intensity
the
of
but

I light
·
incident
 Graphs related
photoelectric effect!
to -

① KE. Vs hV-hUo KE-

-

mx - c
=

Y
=
E
-

&

y mx c+

KE

eopetano
I
tano
h
-

- -
-...
>

? fegue i X
Intensity.

KE

Intensity
 A metal
1. was irradiated
by a
light of frequency
3.2x185sect. The had itsKE
photoelectron produced
which
<times the
KE.
of photoelectron
metal
the
produced was

light of
when the
same irradiated with
a
was

2x1015 sect
frequency calculate
of wolfunction
value
the

12 hV-iner-work function
=

metal
fortheshold
a

I
k= 40 -

0
energy
=

work
fanation
or

KEI hr, =

-0 -
Q is cont

KEz = nVz -
-
D

01
c =

2
2402-20 n01-0 =

·n(2Vc-VI) 0 =

0 6.6x10
=
-

34(2x2x1615 -

32x1015)
6.6x10-
=

6.6x8x10-203.
=
34708x1015)8x1015
-

205:
-

=10
 Bohr's
Theory r
0.529x2a
=

v
2.18x106x2m/s
=

KE + 13.6
x er
=

PE
272x er
=
-

Ex TE 13.6 x
er
=
= -

Hatom2=
I
or 1
x 3
=

n1
=

ground E, =
-
13 er Ez = -1.51 ev
second excited
state
1st 3.4 eV
n2
=
-
Eg =
-
En = -185eV.
excited state
↳ n4 =
- third excited
state

Quantization
of Energy
n5 =

n4
bE 1-89
=

L
n 3
=
=

n 2
=

&
E 10.2 eV
DE Ez El *
= - =

n 1
-
= -
⑳

-
Drawbacks
of
Bohr's
Theory
①
Strong only farsing,
a ppl i c abl e in eye
te

ex:- alet, stitz.

-
-

② Bohr's
theory lines.
was not able to
explain fine splitting
the

of spectral
3
Bohr'stheory wasnotable explain
to Zeeman
effect'
and stalk effect
zeeman
effect:When
spectral
the lines are
exposed to

magnetic field they

get split.

magntic--- in

stack
Effect
application magnet

electric
splitting spectral
is called of stalk
lines in
presence of
effect.
field
(with field
electric

rela--
without electric
 spectrum
↓ ↓
absorption Eminion

n4 =

I
a nn
=

eminion. IE hC
=

-
⑧ n 1
=
u1
=

En =
-
13.6 x
12

Eu, = -

136x2
n,2

Exc =
-
13.6 x
n22

Enz -En1
(1 2]
+ 13.6 22
= x
-

DE
13.6x22(- 52]
=

B (- ] 1.xxz2
=

I=Y (- hit

-xio (i-it
!

* 1 109620x22
=
=

(2-hir]
wave number
 1 1090x107 (2- d
* =
=
x 22

r
1 Rnx22
( )
=

constant 1096x107m-1
RH-Rydberg's
=

2- atomic no

---wavelength
I =>
number
wave

lower level
m
energy
=

higher
level.
n
energy
=

(visible
Balmer
Region)
*
series

electron transition
makes
fom
Whenever an a

a higenergy
her
level to
wavelength
n =
2 then the

in will
of light prevent
the
region.
is

T
1
= R22
=

- i)
12 3,4,5,
-----
=

E hc
Ext
=

⑮
 wavelength Emax-smin
Emax- minimum

Emin-ilmax.

for
shortest
the
wavelength energy should be maximum
n =>1. ↑

Rnx22/ it]
x
i
=
=

Imin= RNx22x
↓min= ↳
RH
z 1
=

for H-atom

X10-7
-

↓min= a
for longhtwavelength
Energy should be nun

n
=3
=

for H-atom 2 1
=

Imax Rmx1(22
=
-

52]
Imax I
Ru

-7-
/Imax =

569e
 oax
~ I BGY
[ ↓ 7
min.
↓
-
* ↳line Balmer series
of
n3 = ton=2

B
line ↳ U a n 4ton
=
2
=

2 U U a u 570n
= 2
=
-

② (UV Region)
Lyman
series: -

1
jumps from
e nz = n t n=

⑭
=Rxx22(1 2] -

↳
↓

ng 2,3,4,
= -----

-Imax =?

↓min =?
-
-
 -SeriesinUV Regioen L I 2] -

wavelength formin wavelength

nc
for max = 2

Imax RNxx(tr-de) Imin=Rnx(+2 -ba]

I mix 1
RNx
=

smax RH

/Imax = 1
-

③ series.
hn -
(Near IR
Region)
12 n
=
n= 3

*
1 Rx22(5 42]
=

=
-

4,4,5,6,7
----

⑭ Imax=? - Imin=?

④ Brackett series:nr = n= h (IR

Region)
(Infeared)
5
1 RNx22( tiI
=

=
-

72 5,6,---
=

↓Imax 1
=
Imin=?
-
⑤
Amselics:-nc=U xi
to 5
=

(far IR
region).
1 R22 / -I
v =
=

12 6,7,8,----
=

min=? ↓ max=?

⑥ series?
y
-

42 h
=

n = 6

1 Rx22( +i)
v =
=
-

12 7,8-----
=

calculation lines
of of spectral
number

transition
when an makes
electron a
from u us u=n,
to
=

of spectral
lines
then the
possible no will be

of spectral lines=(nz-ni)(42-4,
no
&:Calculate the
no
spectral
of transition
lines observed when an

from
2- makes a 5
n= ton,=1

n2 5 =
ground state).
n=1

lines=(42-41) (n2-nit)
nog epectral 2

XN)
-5
-

=>

n 5 =

L n h
=

de 415
=>

lines.
W
n3
=
1
=

wi
↓ n2 =

und n1 =

: calculate the
of spectral no. lines obtained
from e-

such that
an

thatmakes transitions
fromin n 6
= ton-1
line is observed visible
region.
no
 '
-

ADHYAY Batch Structure of Atom LECTURE-3

De-Broglie's Equation:(wave particle duality):-
max
plancke light wave
has
particle
nature.
as will
as

has nature.
De-Broglie' particle
- wave

ding De-Broglie:
to

wavelength
the associated with

every particle
is
inversely proportional the
to lineas

momentum
of
the
particle.
↓at p linear
-> momentum
P
p
=
mv

< h-
planck's constant

↓1 th
-
me man
of particle
velocityof particle.
ve

=
m
:=

de
8
=

3x108 -
1-
in-
 = & K.E.
-
-

kE
m
=

felocity
*

-ke 2 KEXM = m23

mr= AIKE.
kE eV
=

x
h
Ne
voltage
=

mer

Relationships/w
wavelength
the and radius
of
orbit.

(abit)
Let
Now
us

the
suppose will
electron
the e-is
moving
behave as
in
a
circular
wave.
path
S

& &
-

S ↓

Electron save is in
phas Electron wave is out

of phase
 The no
of
waves made
by electron-
that
merncey
n
= -
F
=
mv
mur:
x
n x

=x
mur
-
n =n

waves:Principle quantum
I

no
of
no =n

↓
shell-
no

equalto
abit
the, ofwaves made by
* no et in an is

y waves 2
n 1
=

n 2
=

3
n 3
= - =

Bohr's Radius =
40 = 0.529
 r
aox
=

the nth
wavelength for
orbit-n
=
x
=

=x aox
for H-atom 2 = 1

↓= 2Aaox

fer n 1
=

wavelengthan
ata

In
general No-Bohr's radius

0529
=

&:
- calculate thewavelengthofthe ageexcited tothe
I state is 2A90-

n 1 =
↓1 2Aaox
= =

x Gx90
=

end excited state => n 3.

=

↓ 2aao X3
=

↓ 6K Go
=
 Heisenberg's Uncertainiprinciple:
ty this
According principle
to

It
is
impossible tell the
to exact
I exact
position and

momentum
of microparticle letsimultaneously
a

xxxxp ⑧

uncertainly
xx- in the
meanuement

of position
ep-uncertainty
measurement
in the momentum
of
= t haut
=

t =

xxxxp>
⑭
in the meanuement
:I the
& the
uncertainity of energyre
uncertainity
measurement
in the
then establish b/w DER
relation I At
by using
a

Heisenberg's uncertaintypriciple.
# proove that
atom.
the electron

DeB3m. (hint)
can not reside in the nucleus

of
an

: calculatetheuncertanity in

position assuming
uncertaining
the
the

weighing
(a) A tennis tall with
0.2kg
a
moving
&

velocityof 10m/s.

⑧ An
moving
in atom with
electron
2x100m/s.
an a
velocity
P 1%
=

xp to xP 1
=
=

100

(a) p 0.2x10
=

akgm/s.
=

sp to
=

xp x xx
=

nxx
But

4 x 3.14
e
Dx 2.63x10-32m.
=

-
-
 0 p 2x100x
=
q(x10-31
=182x10-25 -m/s
kg
25 7
xp
x0- 182x10-
=

an
4
=

x 1
=

AP
ox 18.2 x 10-27

2.89 x10-8
=
m.
-

- ↑

A:I the
unustainity
in
position $ are
momentum
equal
then calculate
velocityyet.
in
uncertainity
the the
In terms h, m, 2x
I
 Black
Body Radiations:Nature radiation
ofblack body can

classical mechanics.
not be explained by
black
Max planck in 1990
explained. The
phenomenon of
radiation.
body
When heated radiation
solids
they
emit
*

are over a wide

range of wavelengths.
For - dullred Is red
example: IronGod
male
-

↓
v
wavelength4-
=

Blue * white

wat
very high temp.
at

In it
of frequency,
* that the
emitted
terms means
frequency of
radiation
goes from
a lower
frequency a
to

higher frequency.
*
The ideal blackbody, which emits and alerts radiations
called
of
all black and the radiations
frequencies,
is a
body
emitted is called black radiations.
such
by a
body body

The radiation
intensity frequency of
the
from
black
*
ve calve a

body defends only on its

temperature.
At
temperature, interity of radiation emitted increases with
*

given
a

reaches
given wavelength
value at
wavelength,
increase
of a max a

increasing wavelength.
starts
decreasing
and then with

x42
+ 2

- wavelengths
(nm).
 Quantum Mechanical Model atom:
of
-

Schrdinger-
1926-wave equation
Itis
considering
the wave nature
of particle, let.
-

Eigenvalluncor 44 E4
=

4- I
: Time
↓

independent schrodinger wave

equation
↑- wave
function
H Hamaltonian
operator.
-

E
Energy
-
value

->

I
time inthe
- function
value
eigen
-

eigen

&
since 1.cas-
=
is not.
this
de

↳Since
s-eigenvaleeigenfunction
=

-
un
dx2

↑- Itis called the

whose
wave
function. Itis a mathematical

function value
depends upon (x,
y,
2)

4
(x,y,z)
 have
any physical significance.
*
4 does not

↳*
42-wavefunction
square- Itgives us the

probability density of finding an e-in a small

volume dV

probabilitydensity-abilitie
probability probabilitydensity
-
volume.
x

dP =

Y2dV

HN E4
=

at + t)4 m (E =

↑
F
Ye
v -

potential energy F

E- Total
energy
of
me may et

he
planck's constant
E 4 (x,
y, z) => 4(0,0,0) ->
polar/upherical
cartesian co-ordinate a
2
co-ordinate
system
system v,
m.e
_

2 UCOSO
=
⑳

a
x
vsinocalo
=

using
y sin
=

x
 '
-

ADHYAY Batch Structure of Atom LECTURE-4

 4(x,y,z) => 4(0,0,0) -
polar/upherical
cartesian co-ordinate a
2
co-ordinate
system
system v,
m.e
_

2 UCOSO
=
⑳

a
x
vsinocalo
=

using
y sin
=

an
rc(0,c)
↳
nucleus
0 c (0,x]

...
IT JEE-2017
=

⑤ =

spherical
m

- -
X
0

--
-

-
- -
-

- -
--
-
- - -

8.
·
-
-3
X X - X
-l-
24
= a
2-1-
=
 4(x,y,2) 4(2,0,0)
=

radius refix.
a given
for was

wis 02%.
an
independentfrom variable so 4 can
*

be
split product of two junctions.
into

4 (0,0,0) Rne(r) xyme (0,0)

=

where
principal no-
n ->
quantum
1- azimuthal quantum no.

magnetic quantum no.

m -

Run() Radial
function
- wave

y m.110,11
Angular function
- wave

spherical Harmonics.

+ - Hamaltonian
operator.

↓Laplacian operator. H4 E4 =

*
*
-

(io(wr)+sira o(sinafa)sir)
+ VIUSY ECUS4 =

t 1
=
l - reduced mass
2X
=i,is
 a fix
for value
of
a
fix value o

(tratr) sin singalstr

0 + VIUSY ECUS4 =

(E-vscr
sin=
second order
↓
differential equation
solutions equation
no
of
this
gives
us
magnetic quantum

Letus have solved

echrodinger's
* assume that we the
wave
equation & we
get results
the
for Radial wave

junction
as
follows:
-

R1o(Ul Ris(Ul
=
2
=

(e-zulao me

nuclear
Hatom
for

1 2 =
z-

are
charge
Bohr's ladies

functiondoes
te

RIs(U)
Wave a

significance.
But its
square gives
probabilitydensity-
as the

-
Riscl 3
=

(E) e-225/a0
(v)
probability density vs 1
+2 =

-LI probability]x
probability vae
-

&PCU) RYs26)
= x 4AUdr

de 4 =

(e-22urder
x

awaph of probability ver

probability
point
of distances.
max

->

Pa
at a
 as-abital:
to
-

R2e(81 R2,018)
=

2(a)*(1 E)
=

-
e- 24290

RISCUS VII 1 -

2 0 =

200

r 200
=

W
Z

Res(O

·
2

Ade:Node is
space
the
zero.
where the
probabilityof finding
an electron is

* Riscus
4(ao) (-)
=
e-zula.

ne
note 2
P21(8) vs I

· ⑧
node
 - - - -
-

- ↑
-
6

e n

-
- e n

(Rn) (PnL)
RIO

P1O

-
⑳u

-
X

-
-f
Salesfell!

s-subshell -
spherical

p-surshell
of dumbbell.
-

d not

pxpy
-Y
P2
-
8"
-x

pX
8 py
>X

d-subshell- double dumbbell

-
d-mbshell has 5-obitals
along
the orbitals
axis

dXY dyz d2X dx2y2 dz2

-
2

8iy
Y
a2 at

:
a

①::
this plane
insettween
-
the axis
 flower shape
#shell: of obitals: I
-
no -

komplex)
orbital
s- ->
2e-
px
py P2
1 I
prubshell
- x2 6e- =

dxy dyz dzadneyd22

drubeshell- 1 11 x=100-

ll
flubshell
- 11 I ihe
x2=

Aufban principle;
but bar

Building up
the in subshell
According in filling. I
this
to
principle,
occurs
increasing order
of energy
the electron in lowest them
will
firstgo energy
level &

higher.
to
 on
L

1S
L

3d
the
1842<2p<31<3p
<4143d<4P>35
<4d<sp16 - -

88

has a robitals which

p-subshell
*
are
I
same

arbitals are called arbitals

degenerate
there
energy,
has
p-ribshell 3-fold degeneracy
desubshall
s-fold
a 4

-- i-fold
4
subshell
-
a
Hund's Rule i
of multiplicity
maximum

thisrule, when
According filling of
to the e-starts

degenerate
rulerhells, all the orbitals
first occupy
in will

e-with
same
spin.
will
pairing of
one The es

when all the orbitals

occur
only are
singly occupied.
Is
iM =

2He = is

sti- is i

4 Be- 1s, 292

5B - Is
2p
x + is?
2p"
>N + is 252, 2p3
80 ->
is
222p"
a F -
11;22p5
10Ne ->
is"222p"
1 N9 (Ne] 3s
=

(Nel s
92
Mg
=>

13A)
=
(Ne) 352p1
14 Si I

15P

16 S

id

18 Ar =(Nel 303p6

19K (Ar) ns)

=

20Ca (Ar)ns"
=>

GISc => (Ar) us", 3d

22 Ti (Ar34s,302
=

23V (A)4,3d3
=

q4C
*
(Ar] us' 3d5
=

25 Mn
=> (Ar] 4s, 3d5
 26F & (A0] 413d6

27 (0 -> (Ar)4,307

28 Ni- (Ar) ns3d8

29G
* -
(Ar) us' 3d

30 Zn + /Ar) is 3 d

-N = is? 2
↑ 1414 Y

4) H14 X

FH4 1 X

: Is 22, 2p435,3p;d
d 41 4(*1414
Quantum Numbers
location
of
The e-can be seton
basis
the
of 4 quantum
numbers.

the e-in anatom.

They provide address
the
of
as

①
Principal Quantum no.

② Azimuthal Quantan no

③ Quarter
Magnetic
no

④ Quantum
Spin no

① Quantum:
Fial
-

shell
no. Ittells us about the
-

pricipal energy
level
of
in which itis
the electron

I
present

in
represented by
It is

incan values
take all
positive integer
n 1,2,3,4
= ----

I LMN - - - -

* is no
the
of principal energy level then us

y
n

be in the shell ant will

will
be the
the no
of arbitals
in the shell
electrons
and

of
no
 far obital (n2) (2n2)
n 1
=
no
of I nog es
n 2 4 8
1, 2p
=

1 3
+

n 3=
9 18

16 32
n 4
=

Quantum no:-Il)
thal

Ittells aboutthe
subshell which
of 's?
* us ein

represented by
it is It
present. is

Azimuthal
quantum no
gives
us the
magnitude of
*

angular
abital in
momentum 2-direction.

i can take values

from n 0
= m
to n-1.
=

evalues
of
no
=
n.

1
no
oI values

y
n 1 =

then 0
=

n =

2 then 1 0,= 1 2

n 3
=

1 0, 1, 2
then =
3

n 4
=

l 0,1,2,3
=
4
 /al
magnetic Quantum no:-(m)

'm'a'me'.
expresented by
Itis It
gives
us

orbital in subshell.
given
the
of
orientation a

* -m the
orientation arbital momentum
vector gives
us
of angular

of's'm'
value values
for given
a can take

te
from
- I too to

*
values
of
no in 21H1
=

which value
no
of values
for e = 0 0

1 1 3 1,0, + 1
for
-
=

l 2
= 5 -
2, -1,0,
+ 1,72

l 3
=
7 -

3, -2, -1,0, +1,+4

+ 3-
 Quantum no:
Spin is! Itcan take
Itis
two values
expresented by
+ or
-1.
clockwise and anticlockwise
do with
Ithas
nothing
* to

spin.
Itis not the solution
of schizoginder
*
wave
equation
Ithas
* classical
analogue.
no

a
exclusion principle
No two es in an atom
have set
of your quantum
can same was.

forth
Three be then
the
quantum no can same

be
different
must

parbital angular momentum:

tt)
momentun:5t1/ 1
In spin angular 2/

S (S,t32
=
3
+

+
---
(

moment:nt)
spin only magnetic e
BM.

Bin - Bohr
magnetor.
 is
n no
of unpainde--
x15-145
1 Bolvy
magneton 9.2732
=

des
electron is
when the
probabilityof finding an zero.

radial nodes n-l-

Number
of
=

n-
principle quantum no.

l- azimuthal quantum

of angular
No nodes or
= 1
nodal
planes

Total Radial nocks

Angular
nodes.
of
no nodes - +

=n
fe
Total nodes 1

of
no n
-
=
EE284.
Question:
For the
Hratom wave
functionfor as rbital is
given by
4 =
214) (1 0) -
e-11990.

Then
find outthe position of nodes than nucleus and
other

infinity.
node P(V) = 0
for

4 Is (8) x dr=dP(8)

42s() 0
=

4x(8) 0
=

) or ran
(in
-Far 0
=

2 = 200
-
-
 calculation
of nos:-
quantum
l
0:Calculate the set
-
last
of four was
quantum for ultimate
the or

of
et N.

N= s, 2p
+(1 n2 =

-
10 +1 l 1 =

m +1
=

s
+
=

0. calculate the set

-
last O
of four was
quantum for ultimate
the a

of
e

12

114 (s?3p5
=

ir (+2 + 3P
-

18 -> I
↓
n 3
=

l1=

m +
=
1

s= -

-
t
-
 penultimate -- second last electron

#
Rule. 241V- => (Ar 4s' 305

Itis estimate the

of
used a nutshell.
energy
* to

Greates value (n+1)

greater will
*
the be
of energy.
(n+1 value
y
mbshells than
is
for the
*
same 2

wbshell which has lower values have lower

will
of
a

energy. &
3d
3s
3p -
48

o
3+ 0 3 1 + 32 +

3
=
4
=
5
n
=