CHE391A:Unit Operation Lab 2023-24-II

Experiment no. 05: Tube and Tube Heat Exchanger

Group Number: 08 Batch: Saturday
Date of Experiment: 02/03/2024
Date of Report submission: 06/03/2024
Date of Revision: N/A
Name of Contributing Students:
Roll Number Member Name
211148 VARSHA J.T

210513 KHUSHI

211085 SUSHANT FAUJDAR

210351 DIVIT VISHNAWAT

Executive Summary:
Heat Exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid.
They have a multitude of industrial applications. Common examples of heat
exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic
refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant. There are various types of
Heat Exchangers available, we need to analyse which one has the best efficiency so
that we can minimize the industrial operational costs and maximize profits.

Problem Statement:
To calculate rate of heat transfer, LMTD, inner and outer heat transfer coefficients
and overall heat transfer coefficient for parallel and counter flow arrangements for a
tube and tube heat exchanger and compare the performance of parallel and counter
flow heat exchanger by plotting Ui vs LMTD and Uo vs LMTD plots.

Key Findings:
1.Counter flow heat exchanger is a more efficient heat exchanger as compared to
parallel flow heat exchanger.
2. Inner heat transfer coefficient is always greater than outer heat transfer coefficient.

Short Conclusion: We get a higher overall heat transfer coefficient for the counter
flow arrangement (averaged across three flow rates) for all three hot fluid setpoints,
and this result is consistent with the theory.

Recommendations:There should be a recycle system for cold water as well,

rather than it being passed to drain, as it will help save a lot of water.
Aim:
● To calculate rate of heat transfer, LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient
for parallel and counter flow for a tube and tube heat exchanger.
● To compare the performance of Parallel and Counter flow heat exchanger.

Line Diagram:

Signed Datasheet:
THEORY:
Heat Exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another.
Heat Exchangers are classified in three categories:
1) Transfer Type.
2) Storage Type.
3) Direct Contact Type
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one on which both fluids pass simultaneously
through the device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most
of the heat exchangers used are transfer type ones.
The transfer type exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangement as:
1. Parallel flow (fluids flow in the same direction)
2. Counter flow (fluids flow in opposite direction)
3. Cross flow (fluids flow at right angles to each other)

The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The
hot fluid is hot water which is obtained from an insulated water bath using a magnetic
drive pump and it flows through the inner tube while the cold fluid is cold water
flowing through the annuals. The hot water flows always in one direction and the flow
rate of which is controlled by means of a valve. The cold water can be admitted at
one of the ends enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a
counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations. For flow measurement
Rotameters are provided at inlet of cold water and outlet of hot water line. A magnetic
drive pump is used to circulate the hot water from a recycled type water tank, which
is fitted with heaters and Digital Temperature Controller.
As inspection shows, it is not possible with the parallel method of flow to bring the
exit temperature of one fluid nearly to the entrance temperature of the other and the
heat that can be transferred is less than that possible in countercurrent flow.
Moreover, the temperature difference between the warm and cold fluid streams is the
driving force for heat transfer, and this driving force (at the outlet of the cold fluid) is
significantly less in case of a parallel flow arrangement, a parallel flow arrangement is
expected to have poor heat transfer (i.e., lesser heat transfer coefficient) compared
to a counter flow arrangement.
Observation and Calculation:

a) Data:
Di = 9.5mm
Do = 12.7mm
L = 1.6 m
Ai = 0.0478 m2
Ao = 0.0638 m2
Cp ~ 4.18 J/kg K – 4.19 J/kg K

b) Nomenclature:
Ai = Inside heat transfer area, m2
Ao = Outside heat transfer area, m2
Cph = Specific heat of hot fluid at mean temperature, kJ/kg oC
Cpc = Specific heat of cold fluid at mean temperature, kJ/kg oC
Do = Outer diameter of tube, m
Di = Inner diameter of tube, m
Fh = Flow rate of hot water, LPH
Fc = Flow rate of cold water, LPH
L = Length of tube, m
Mh = Mass flow rate of the hot water, kg/s
Mc = Mass flow rate of the cold water, kg/s
Q = Average heat transfer from the system, W
Qc = Heat gained by the cold water, W
Qh = Heat loss by the hot water, W
Th = Mean temperature of hot water, oC
Tc = Mean temperature of cold water, oC
T1 = Inlet temperature of the hot water, oC
T2 = Outlet temperature of the hot water, oC
T3 = Inlet temperature of the cold water, oC (for parallel flow)
T4 = Outlet temperature of the cold water for counter flow, oC (for parallel flow)
T3 = Outlet temperature of the cold water, oC (for counter flow)
T4 = Inlet temperature of the cold water for counter flow, oC (for counter flow)
ΔTm = Log mean temperature difference, oC
Ui = Inside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/ m2 oC
Uo = Outside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/ m2 oC
ρc= Density of cold water at mean temp, kg/m3
ρh= Density of hot water at mean temp, kg/m3
c) Formula used:
d) Sample Calculation:
e)Observation Table:

f) Plots:
Results and Discussion:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficients for both inner and outer surfaces (U_i
and U_o) increase monotonically with increasing flow rate of cold fluid
2. For all three sets of T_hot fluid (ie, 45, 50, 55 degrees C), we get higher U_i
and U_o for the counter flow arrangement two out of three times. This is
expected from theory. The only discrepancy arrives at the highest flow rate,
where the heat transfer coefficient for the parallel flow arrangement exceeds
that of the counter flow arrangement..
3. Based on the data obtained, it is evident that the counter flow configuration
offers superior heat transfer efficiency compared to parallel flow. This is
evident from the higher heat transfer coefficients and effectiveness observed
in the counter flow arrangement.

Precautions:
1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than
230 volts.
2. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF
switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Operator selector switch off temperature indicator gently.
4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

Remarks:
1. Counter flow heat exchanger is a more efficient heat exchanger as compared
to parallel flow heat exchanger.
2. Inner heat transfer coefficient is always greater than outer heat transfer
coefficient

Conclusion:
We get a higher overall heat transfer coefficient for the counter flow arrangement
(averaged across three flow rates) for all three hot fluid setpoints, and this result is
consistent with the theory.