Passband Transmission

 In baseband pulse transmission, a data stream represented

in the form of a discrete pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM)
signal is transmitted over a lowpass channel.
 In digital passband transmission, the incoming data stream
is modulated onto a carrier with fixed frequency and then
transmitted over a band-pass channel.
 Passband digital transmission allows more efficient use of
the allocated RF bandwidth, and flexibility in
accommodating different baseband signal formats.

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 1
 Example
 Mobile Telephone Systems GSM:

GMSK modulation is used

 The modulation process making the transmission possible
involves switching (keying) the amplitude, frequency, or
phase of a sinusoidal carrier in accordance with the
incoming data.
 There are three basic signaling schemes:
 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

 Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

 Phase-shift keying (PSK)

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 2
Unlike ASK signals, both PSK and FSK signals have a
constant envelope.
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 3
 PSK and FSK are preferred to ASK signals for passband
data transmission over nonlinear channel (amplitude
nonlinearities) such as micorwave link and satellite channels.
 Coherent and Noncoherent
 Digital modulation techniques are classified into coherent
and noncoherent techniques, depending on whether the
receiver is equipped with a phase recovery circuit or not.
 The phase-recovery circuit ensures that the local oscillator
in the receiver is synchronized to the incoming carrier wave
(in both frequency and phase).
 Two ways in which a local oscillator can be synchronized with
an incoming carrier wave
 Transmit a pilot carrier
 phase-locked loop (PPL)

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 4
 Binary Phase Shift Keying
 PSK is a form of digital angle modulation. In this case
there are two output phases, one phase represents logic
1 and other output phase represents logic 0.
 Block diagram of BPSK transmitter is shown in figure

Binary data BPSK

sequence Non-return Product signal
to zero modulator
Level encoder

2
1 (t ) = cos(2f c t )
Tb
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 5
To generate a binary PSK signal, the first step is
representing the input binary sequence in polar form with
symbols 1 and 0 represented by constant amplitude levels .
Signal transmission encoder is performed by a polar Non
Return to Zero encoder

Second step is multiplying the carrier encoder the output of

PSK signal is
2E where 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
s1 (t ) = cos(2f c t )
Tb
2E
s 2 (t ) = - cos(2f c t ) where 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Tb 6
Where E is signal energy per bit

7
The transmitted signal can be written as

and

Where is the basis function of unit energy

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 8
 Coherent PSK Detection
To detect the original binary sequence of 1s and 0s we apply
BPSK signal to a correlator. The correlator output is compared
with threshold of zero volts.

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 9
If the transmitted symbol is 1

The correlator output is

Similarly if the transmitted symbol is 0 10

 Error probability of Binary PSK
 There are two possible kinds of erroneous decision
 Signal s2(t) is transmitted, but the noise is such that the
received signal point inside region with x1>0 and so the
receiver decides in favor of signal s1(t)
 Signal s1(t) is transmitted, but the noise is such that the
received signal point inside region with x1<0 and so the
receiver decides in favor of signal s2(t)

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 11
For the first case, the observable element x1 is related to
the received signal x(t) by

12
Therefore, the conditional probability density function
of x1 , given that symbol 0 was transmitted is

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 13
and the probability of error is

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 14
Similarly the error of the second kind

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 15
Coherent Binary FSK
In a binary FSK system, symbol 1 and 0 are distinguished
form each other by transmitting one of two sinusoidal
waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount.

BFSK modulated signal is defined by

2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2f i t ) 0≤ t ≤ Tb
Tb
0 elsewhere

Where i=1,2 and Eb is the transmitted signal energy per bit

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 16
The transmitted frequency nc + i
fi = Where i=1,2
Tb
Generation of Binary FSK
m(t )
Binary
2 FSK
Binary
data
On-off 1 (t ) = cos( 2f 1t ) signal
level Tb
sequence
encoder _______

Inverter
m(t )

2
 2 (t ) = cos(2f 2 t )
Tb

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 17
 The incoming binary data sequence is first applied to an
on-off level encoder, at the output of which symbol 1 is
represented by a constant amplitude of Eb volts and
symbol 0 is represented by zero volts.
 When we have symbol 1 at the input, the oscillator with
frequency f1 in the upper channel is switched on while the
oscillator with frequency f2 in the lower channel is
switched off, with the result frequency f1 is transmitted
 When we have symbol 0 at the input, the oscillator with
frequency f1 in the upper channel is switched off while
the oscillator with frequency f2 in the lower channel is
switched on, with the result frequency f2 is transmitted

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 18
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 19
Coherent detector of Binary FSK

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 20
If the transmitted symbol is 1

Tb
2E 2
x1 = ∫ cos(2f1t ) cos(2f1t )
0
Tb Tb
Tb
2
=∫ Eb cos 2 (2f 1t )
0
Tb
= Eb

Similarly if the transmitted symbol is 0 x 2 = Eb

 = x1 - x 2

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 21
The variance of the random variable L is independent of
which binary symbol was transmitted.

The random variables X1 and X2 are statistically

independence, each with a variance equal to N0/2

var[L] = var[ X 1 ] + var[ X 2 ]

N0 N0 = N0
= +
2 2
The symbol 0 was transmitted. The conditional probability
density function of the random variable L is
2
1 ( + E b )
f L (l | 0) = exp[- ]
2 N 0 2N 0

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 22
The condition x1>x2 the receiver making a decision in favor
of symbol 1, the condition probability of error given symbol
0 was transmitted
∞

Pe 0 = ∫ f L ( | 0)dl
0

1
∞
( + E b ) 2
= ∫ exp[- ]dl
2 N 0 0 2N 0
 + Eb
z=
2N 0
Changing the variable of integration from l to z

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 23
 ∞
1
Pe 0 = ∫ exp[- z 2 ]dz
 Eb
2 N0

1 Eb
= erfc( )
2 2N 0

Similarly Pe1 the conditional probability of error , symbol 1

was transmitted

1 Eb
Pe = erfc( )
2 2N 0

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 24
 Differential Phase Shift Keying
 Differential phase Shift Keying as the noncoherent
version of PSK.
 It perform the two basic operations at the transmitter
 Differential encoding of the input binary wave

 Phase shift keying

 To send symbol 0 we phase advance the current signal

waveform by 180 degrees, and to send symbol 1 we leave
the phase of the current signal waveform unchanged.

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 25
s1(t) denote the transmitted DPSK signal for 0 ≤t ≤ 2Tb when
we have binary symbol 1 at the transmitter input for the
second part of this interval namely Tb ≤t ≤ 2Tb, the
transmission of symbol 1 leaves the carrier phase unchanged.

Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2f c t ) 0≤ t ≤ Tb
2Tb
Eb
cos(2f c t ) Tb ≤ t ≤ 2Tb
2Tb

s2(t) denote the transmitted DPSK signal for 0 ≤t ≤ 2Tb when

we have binary symbol 0 at the transmitter input Tb ≤t ≤ 2Tb,
the transmission of 0 advances the carrier phase by 180
degree.

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 26
 Eb
s 2 (t ) = cos(2f c t ) 0≤ t ≤ Tb
2Tb
Eb
cos(2f c t +  ) Tb ≤ t ≤ 2Tb
2Tb

s1(t) and s2(t) are orthogonal over the two-bit interval 0 ≤t ≤

2Tb modulation with T=2Tb and E=2Eb

The average probability of error or bit error rate for DPSK

1 Eb
Pe = erfc (- )
2 N0

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 27
Generation of DPSK
 The differential encoding process at the transmitter
input stats with an arbitrary first bit serving as
reference.
 Let {dk} denote the differentially encoded sequence
with this added reference
 If the incoming binary symbol bk is 1, leave the symbol
dk unchanged with respect to the previous bit.
 If the incoming binary symbol bk is 0 change the symbol
dk with respect to the previous bit
 The differentially encoded sequence generated the
phase shift angle 0 and п represent the symbol 1 and 0.

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 28
{bk} 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
{dk-1} 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
Differential encoded 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
sequence{dk}
Transmitted phase (radians)0 0 п 0 0 п 0 0 0

Block diagram of DPSK Transmitter

2
cos(2f c t )
Tb
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 29
 DPSK Receiver

Received
Signal x(t) Tb

∫ dt
0

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 30
 Coherent Quadrature Modulation Techniques

 This is bandwidth conserving scheme for transmission

of binary data.
 These are called as quadrature carrier multiplexing
scheme, the general form of modulating wave is

s (t )  s I (t ) cos(2f c t )  sQ (t ) sin( 2f c t )

 Where sI(t) is the inphase component of the modulated

wave, and sQ(t) is the quadrature component

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 31
Quadriphase shift keying (QPSK)

 This is special case of BPSK

 Each possible value of the phase corresponds to a
unique pair of bits called a dibit.
 These are represented the Gray encoded set of dibits
10 ,00,01 and 11
 In quadriphase shift keying, the phase of the carrier
takes on one of four equally spaced values, such as π/4,
3π/4, 5π/4, 7π/4
 The transmitted signal are
 2E  
 cos 2f c t  (2i  1)  0  t  T
si (t )   T  4
0 elsewhere

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 32
 Where i=1,2,3,4 and E is the transmitted signal energy
per symbol.

 2E  
 cos(2i - 1)  cos(2f ct )
 T  4
 2E  
si (t )    - sin (2i  1)  sin(2f ct ) 0 ≤ t ≤ T
 T  4
0 elsewhere



Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 33
 The following observation can be made from the above
equations
 There are only two orthonormal basis functions Ф1(t)
and Ф2(t) in the expansion of si(t) .These are
2
1 (t )  cos(2f c t ) 0t T
T
2
2 (t )  sin( 2f c t ) 0t T
T
 There are four message points, and associated signal
vectors are defined by

  
 E cos2i  1 4 
si    i  1,2,3,4
 E sin 2i  1  
 4  34
Signal Space Characterization of QPSK

Input dibit Phase of QPSK Coordinates of message points

0 ≤t ≤ T signal si1 si2
E E
10 π/4  
2 2

E E
00 3π/4  
2 2

E E
01 5π/4  
2 2

E E
7π/4  
11 2 2

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 35
Signal Conctellation diagram or signal space diagram
Ф2

E Message point 4
Message point 3 (11)
(01) 2

Ф1
E E

2 2

Message point 2
Message point 1
(00)
E (10)

2

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 36
 QPSK Waveform

Input binary sequence 01 10 10 00

Odd number of
Sequence
Si1ф1(t)

even number of
Sequence
Si2ф2(t)

s(t)
37
 QPSK Transmitter
Block diagram of QPSK Transmitter

b1 (t )

Input 2
binary
1 (t ) = cos(2f c t ) QPSK
T wave
wave
b(t) b2 (t )

2
 2 (t ) = sin( 2f c t )
T
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 38
 QPSK Receiver

Output
Received
Signal x(t)
Binary
wave

39
 Gram Schmidt
Orthogonalization Procedure
Transforming an incoming message mi=1,2,…M into
modulated wave si(t) may be divided into separate discrete
time and continuous time operations
Any set of M energy signals { si(t) } can be expressed as
linear combinations of N orthonormal basis functions,
where N ≤ M.
If s1(t), s2(t),….. sM(t) are real valued energy signals, each
of duration T seconds
N 0 ≤ t ≤ T
si (t ) = ∑ sij  j (t ) (1)
j =1
i = 1,2,....M
40
Where the coefficients of the expansion are defined by

T
i = 1,2,....M
sij = ∫ s i (t ) j (t ) (2)
0 j = 1,2.....N

The real valued basis functions Ф1(t) , Ф2(t) , …. ФN(t) are

orthonormal
T
1 if i = j
∫ i (t )  j (t ) = 0 if i ≠ j
(3)
0

(i) Each basis function is normalized to have unit energy.

(ii) The basis functions Ф1 (t), Ф2 (t),…… ФN(t) are
orthogonal to each other over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 41
 Pictorial representation for generating the signal si(t)

Generate the signal si(t) consists of a bank of N multipliers

with each multiplier with its own basis function, followed by a
summer.

s i1

si 2 si (t )

siN

42
Pictorial representation for generating set of coefficients
It consists of a bank of N product-integrators or correlators
with a common input, and with each one supplied with its own
basis functions

s i1

si 2
si (t )

siN

43
 Part 1
We show that any given set of energy signal {si(t)} 0 ≤ i ≤ M
over 0 ≤ t ≤ T, can be completely described a sub set of
energy signals whose elements are linearly independent.
Let us assume that all si(t) ’s are not linearly independent
Then there exists a set of coefficients a1, a2, … aM not all
equal to zero, such that,
a1 s1 (t ) + a 2 s 2 (t ) + ..... + a M s M (t ) = 0 ; 0≤ t ≤ T (4)
Lets arbitrarily aM ≠ 0 then
1
s M (t ) = - (a1 s1 (t ) + a 2 s 2 (t ) + ..... + a M -1 s M -1 (t ))
aM
1 M -1
s M (t ) = - ∑ ai si (t ) (5)
a M i=1
44
 sM(t) could be expressed as linear combination of other si(t) s
i=1, 2, …. M-1

Consider the reduced set of signals s1(t), s2(t) ,…, sM-1(t)

These set of signals be linearly independent or not, if not
there is exists a set of numbers b1, b2, ….. bM-1

Lets arbitrarily bM-1 ≠ 0 then

b1 s1 (t ) + b2 s 2 (t ) + ..... + bM -1 s M -1 (t ) = 0 ; 0≤ t ≤ T (6)

M -2
1
s M -1 (t ) = - ∑ bi si (t ) (7)
bM -1 i =1

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 45
 Now following the above procedure for testing linear
independent of the remaining signal, eventually end up with a
linearly independent subset of the original set of signals.

the original set of signals s1(t), s2(t) … sM(t) denote this subset

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 46
 Part 2
We show that it is possible to construct a set of N orthonormal
basis functions Ф1(t), Ф2(t), ……, ФN(t), from the linearly
independent signals s1(t), s2(t), ….. sN(t)

Define the first basis function as

s1 (t )
1 (t ) =
E1
Where E1 is the energy of the signal s1(t)

s1 (t ) = E1 1 (t )

= s111 (t ) (8)
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 47
Determination of second basis function Ф2(t)
From equation (2) T

s 21 = ∫ s 2 (t ) 1 (t ) dt (9)
0

Let us define a new intermediate function

g 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) - s 21 1 (t ) (10)
T
Note that ∫ g 2 (t ) 1 (t ) dt
0

T T
= s 21 - s 21 = 0
∫ s 2 (t ) 1 (t ) dt - s 21 ∫ 1 (t ) 1 (t ) dt
0 0

g2(t) is orthogonal to Ф1(t)

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 48
Now energy of g2(t)
T T

= ∫ [s 2 (t ) - s 21 1 (t ) ]2
2
g
∫ 2 (t ) ) dt
0 0

T T T

=∫ s 2 (t ) - 2 s 21 ∫ s 2 (t ) 1 (t ) + s 21 ∫ 1 (t )
2 2 2

0 0 0

2
 E2 - 2 s21 s21  s21 = E 2 - s 212 (11)

Second basis function defined as

g 2 (t )
 2 (t ) = T
2
∫ 2 (t )dt
g
0
49
Substituting equation (10) and (11)

s 2 (t ) - s 211 (t )
 2 (t ) = 2
(12)
E2 - s 21

and T

E 2 = ∫ s 22 (t )dt
0

T
Verified that
 2
∫ 2 (t )dt = 1 Unit energy
0

∫ 1 (t )2 (t )dt  0 orthonormality

0
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 50
Determination Ф3(t)
2

g 3 (t ) = s3 (t ) - ∑ s3 j i (t )
j=1

g 3 (t ) = s3 (t ) - [ s311 (t ) + s32  2 (t ) ]
T T

s31 = ∫ s3 (t )1 (t )dt and s32 = ∫ s3 (t ) 2 (t )dt

0 0

It is now easy to identify that

g 3 (t )
3 (t ) = T
2
∫ 3 (t )dt
g
0 51
Indeed , in general

g i (t )
i (t )  T
i  1,2,...N (13)
2
∫ g (t )dt
i
0

where
i -1
g i (t )  si (t ) - ∑ siji (t ) (14)
j1

Where the coefficients sij

T
sij  ∫ si (t )  j (t ) dt (15)
0

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 52
Example :Consider the signals s1(t), s2(t), s3(t), s4(t) shown in
figure find the basic functions

s1 (t ) s 2 (t ) s3 (t ) s 4 (t )
1 1 1 1

t t t t
0 T 0 2T T T 0 T
3 3 3
The first basis function as
1 3
s1 (t ) = = ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T/3
1 (t ) = T T
E1
3
T /3 T /3
E1 = ∫ s1 2 (t ) dt T
= ∫ 1 dt =
0 0 3
Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 53
 s 2 (t ) - s 211 (t )
 2 (t ) = 2
E 2 - s 21
Now g 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) - s 21 1 (t )

Find the coefficient of s21

T
T
3
3
s 21 = ∫ s 2 (t ) 1 (t ) dt 3
=∫ 1 ) dt
0
0
T
T
= 0 ≤ t ≤ T/3
3
3 T T
g 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) - × = 0; 0≤ t≤
T 3 3
54
 T T 2T
g 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) - × 0 = 1; ≤ t≤
3 3 3
2T
T
2
3
2T
E 2 = ∫ s (t )dt
2 = ∫ 1 dt =
0 0
3
g 2 (t ) 1
 2 (t ) = =
E2 - s 2 2T T
21 -
3 3
3 T 2T
= ; ≤ t ≤
T 3 3

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 55
 g 3 (t )
3 (t ) 
2
E3 - s32

Now g 3 (t ) = s3 (t ) - s31 1 (t ) - s32  2 (t )

2T
3

s31 = ∫ s 3 (t ) 1 (t ) dt = 0
T
3
2T
3

s32 = ∫ s 3 (t )  2 (t ) dt
T
3 2T
3
3 T
= ∫ 1 dt =
T T 3
56
3
 2T
g 3 (t ) = 1; ≤ t≤ T
3
T 2T
=0 ≤ t≤
3 3
T T
2 = ∫ 1 dt 2T
E3 = ∫ s (t )dt
3 =
0 T 3
3

1 3
g 3 (t ) =
3 (t )  2T T =
E3 - s 2
- T
32
3 3
s4(t) is linearly depends on s1(t) and s3(t),

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 57
 In an M-ary signaling scheme
 there are M possible signals during each signaling
interval of duration T. Usually, M = 2n and T = nTb where
Tb is the bit duration
 In passband transmission, we have M-ary ASK, M-ary
PSK, and M-ary FSK digital modulation schemes.
We can also combine different methods:
 M-ary amplitude-phase keying (APK)
 M-ary quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
 M-ary signaling schemes are preferred over binary
signaling schemes for transmitting digital information
over band-pass channels when the requirement is to
conserve bandwidth at the expense of increased power.

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 58
The functional model of passband data transmission
system

 First message source emits one symbol ever T seconds

which denote by m1,m2,…… mM.
 The a priori probabilities P(m1), P(m2),…. P(mM) specify
the message source output.

priori probability p i = P ( mi )
Equal priority =
1
M 59
Signal transmission encoder is performed by a polar Non
Return to Zero encoder

The output of BPSK signal

2E
si (t ) = A cos(2f c t +  ) where A =
Tb
2E
If  = 0 then s1 (t ) = cos(2f c t ) where 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Tb
2E
If  =  then s 2 (t ) = - cos(2f c t ) where 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Tb

Where E is signal energy per bit

Dr J RAVINDRANADH/PROFESSOR 60