Exam Practice Answers

Exam practice: Answers
Theme 1: Landscapes and Physical Processes
Page 12
1 Identify the type of distinctive landscape shown in the OS map. AO3/AO4
Award 1 mark for Upland river landscape (1) 1 mark

this answer only
I think the distinctive landscape shown in the OS map is an upland river landscape. [1]
2 Describe two physical features of this landscape. AO3/AO4
Award 1 mark for River in its upper course (1) with a number of tributaries 4 marks
each valid answer joining the river (1). Lake evident towards the south of
with further marks the map (1).
for elaboration
Upland landscape with steep valley sides either side of
the river (1). There is some less steep land in the south of
the map (1). Quantification (1).
I can see a steep-sided valley. The slope in the north-east of the map seems to be steeper than the one in the south-
west. It is 504 m at its peak. Another feature that I can see is a river which looks like it is in its upper course. I can see
that there are a number of tributaries that join the main river and that this flows into a lake in the south of the map.
[4]
3 Explain why this landscape may attract tourists. AO1.2/AO2
6 marks
My Revision Notes: WJEC GCSE Geography Second Edition © Hodder Education 2021
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate detailed
lowest band. explanation of why tourists may visit the area
shown on the map. Band 3 answers will link
Band Mark Descriptor
features in the map to tourist activities.
Detailed explanation of why tourists may
visit this landscape. Features from the Examples may include:
resource will be given with links to why
There are many upland areas shown on the
3 5–6 they attract tourists.
map such as Sychnentydd. These areas are
Meaning is clear. The response has popular with walkers and hikers who want a
purpose, is organised and well challenging walk with the reward of stunning
structured. views when they reach the top.
Some explanation of why tourists may
visit this landscape. Some features from The Afon Elan river will be a feature that will
the resource will be mentioned with attract tourists as rivers are nice places to go
2 3–4 weak links to why they attract tourists. for a walk. The Afon Elan has a number of
Meaning is generally clear. The response meanders in it which makes the walk very
is structured. interesting. There is also a car park and picnic
site near by which makes access easier and
Simple statements showing basic
encourages people to come for a day trip. The
understanding of why tourists may visit
lake may attract people who like to fish as the
areas. May only mention a feature in
land immediately next to the lake looks flatter
1 1–2 passing. Generic.
and so easier to get to with all the fishing gear.
Meaning may lack clarity in parts.
Statements are linked by a basic
structure.
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect
0 or wholly irrelevant.
Tourists are attracted to aesthetically pleasing places and the environment shown in the map extract certainly has
much to offer. The Afon Elan river may attract tourists who like to go fishing or canoeing, and the lake may provide
opportunities for other water sports to take place. There is access via a road so people may bring small boats to sail
on the lake. The area is also ideal for walkers and hikers due to its varying terrain. People could walk from one side of
the valley to the other reaching a peak of 508 m in the north-east of the map. It would be a good challenge to many.
Also, as it is not a rocky cliff then there would be no climbing expertise needed and so the majority of the general
public would be able to do it if they wished. The area will also attract people who just wish to admire the view and
have a picnic. There is a picnic area located with a car park close to the river on the valley floor. This would be a good
day out for a family as the children would be able to play by the river. [6]
Page 13
1 Name two environmental challenges created by human activity. AO1.1/AO1
1 mark awarded for Examples may include: 2 marks

each valid answer
Global warming/climate change (1)
Destruction of habitats (1)
Water/land/air pollution (1)
Erosion of landscapes, e.g. footpath erosion (1)
Two environmental challenges created by human activities include pollution of oceans by oil spills and the removal
of habitats by destruction of rainforests due to logging. [2]
2 Suggest one reason why rural economies are diversifying. AO1.2/AO2
Award 1 mark for a Income from current farming is falling (1) so the family 4 marks
valid reason and up need to increase their income (1). Tourists willing to pay
to 3 marks for to camp on their land in a rural landscapes (1). Income is
elaboration of that increased which allows the family to remain on the farm
reason (1).
New crop opportunity arises (1). Farmer has capacity on

his land for growing additional crop (1). New crop
increases the farmer’s income/evens out their income
through the year (1). With increased income the farmer
sees the benefit in diversification and looks for further
opportunities (1).
Some farmers have seen their income drop over the last few years with supermarkets paying them lower prices. To
be able to carry on farming, farmers often need to supplement their income by generating money from other things.
This could be from attracting tourists to their land. As farms are rural locations, they would attract people who like
to caravan or camp and would pay to stay on their land. As they will now have visitors then if they opened a farm
shop to sell local produce, this would also give them an alternative income. [4]
3 Decide whether the impacts of human activity on Snowdonia National Park are
AO2/AO3
largely positive or negative.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate thorough
lowest band. evaluation of the positives and negatives
of human activity on Snowdonia National
Park and reach a justified decision.
Thorough evaluation of the positives and
negatives of human activity on Examples may include:
Snowdonia National Park. Clear links are
Negative impacts may include:
made between the human activity and
the impact. Both sides of the argument • Increased congestion on roads.
4 7–8 are addressed with reasoning and a • Previous industry such as slate or
conclusion is made. coal mines leave a visual scar on
the landscape.
Meaning is unambiguous. The response
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically • Increase in visitor numbers leads
structured. to more erosion at a faster rate on
footpaths and popular visitor
Evaluation of the positives and negatives locations. This will lead to the need
of human activity on Snowdonia National for more investment to repair
Park. Links are made between the existing paths and prevent/limit
human activity and the impact. Both the erosion of others.
3 5–6 sides of the argument are addressed
with reasoning and a conclusion is made.
Positive impacts may include:
Meaning is clear. The response has
purpose, is organised and well • Increase in tourists leads to the
structured. creation of more jobs in that
industry which increases
Some positives and negatives of the employment rates overall for
impact of human activity considered but locals. As Snowdonia attracts
lacks balance. Maybe more generic tourists throughout the year, this
2 3–4 impacts rather than specifically about income may be more reliable than
Snowdonia. farm work.
Meaning is generally clear. The response • As new facilities are built to attract
is structured. the tourists, this also means that
they are available for locals to use.
For example, there may be an
understanding of the impacts of human
increase in the number of gift
activity on environments. More generic
shops, outdoor equipment shops
statements and only either positive or
1 1–2 or swimming pools opened that
negatives given.
local people will also benefit from.
structure.
There have been a wide variety of human activities in Snowdonia National Park, all of which leave an impact.
Negative impacts include the increased congestion and air pollution created due to tourists. With high numbers of
tourists throughout the year, this increases the numbers of cars on the roads. As it is a rural area, many of the roads
are narrow and so congestion is more likely to happen. With cars in traffic jams, more pollution is released in
congested locations and reduces the quality of the air in those areas. However, a positive of tourists visiting the area
is that new facilities are built for the visitors which can also be used by the locals, e.g. a swimming pool. These
facilities may not have been built if it had not been for the numbers of people that visit, and so local people benefit
from visitors to the area. As well as tourism, Snowdonia also has a history of slate and coal mining. Due to the value
of these materials, they were mined for many years in the area providing a primary source of income. While, like
tourism, this brings benefits to the area of higher incomes for local people, there is also the disadvantage of the
destruction of the landscape with larger areas being dug out and waste tips left on the hillside. These waste tips
have caused ongoing issues for villages in the area as they can pose risks of slippage onto communities below.
Overall, I think that even though there are numerous positive and negative impacts of human activity on the
Snowdonia National Park, on balance I think these are more positive than negative. Without tourism there would be
very little income for the locals which would impact people’s lives greatly. The income would also help to maintain
conservation projects in the area to help keep the National Park status. [8]
Page 13
1 Name one technique used in National Parks to limit visitor numbers in certain AO1.1/AO1
areas.
1 mark for this Honeypot sites (1) 1 mark

answer only
One technique used to limit visitor numbers in certain areas of National Parks is honeypot sites. [1]
2 Suggest one reason why maintaining footpaths in the Brecon Beacons is AO2/AO3
difficult.
1 mark for a valid Upland environment (1) makes access difficult for labour 3 marks
reason and up to 2 and materials (1). Increases the cost of the maintenance
further marks for and so requires more funding (1).
elaboration
The Brecon Beacons is a National Park and therefore access roads are not as wide as they may be in non-National
Park areas. This makes getting repair materials and labour close to the site difficult. As a result, this increases the
cost of the repair as materials may be flown to the location by helicopter or physically carried to remote sites. Either
way it is a very time-consuming and costly activity. [3]
3 ‘The attraction of visitors and preservation of the landscape in National Parks is

AO2/AO3
impossible to achieve.’ To what extent do you agree?
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the lowest Responses should demonstrate
band. detailed understanding of the
conflicts caused by wanting to
attract more visitors and preserving
Detailed and good understanding of the the environment in the National
conflicts between attracting more visitors Park.
whilst preserving the landscape in National
Parks. Clear links are evident between Examples may include:
increased visitors and issues with landscape
4 7–8 The need to attract more visitors is
preservation. To what extent is clearly
driven by revenue. More visitors
addressed and a conclusion provided.
that come to the area increase the
Meaning is unambiguous. The response has amount spent and so increase the
clear purpose, is fluent and logically overall income for locals in the
structured. tourism industry. More visitors also
Good understanding of the conflicts between lead to an increase in investment in
attracting more visitors whilst preserving the the area which provides more
landscape in National Parks. Links are facilities for locals to use.
evident between increased visitors and
3 5–6 issues with landscape preservation. To what However, as National Parks, the
extent is addressed and a limited conclusion landscape of these areas is unique
provided. and needs to be protected for future
Meaning is clear. The response has purpose, generations to enjoy. If it was just
is organised and well structured. about protection of the landscape,
then areas could be isolated and
Some understanding of the conflicts
people prevented from going there
between attracting more visitors whilst
in order to keep endangered species
preserving the landscape in National Parks.
2 3–4 safe. However, if this happened
To what extent may be addressed.
then the land would not generate an
Meaning is generally clear. The response is income for local people. Also, it
structured. would be protected but no one
Basic understanding of the conflicts between would be able to enjoy it.
attracting more visitors whilst preserving the
landscape in National Parks. Simple Using honeypot sites is some way to
1 1–2 statements. get a balance between these
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. conflicting needs. It allows tourists
Statements are linked by a basic structure. to visit some areas but keeps them
away from other areas which allows
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect or
0 for those to be protected.
wholly irrelevant.
The two main aims of National Parks directly contradict each other and make it difficult to achieve both. If a National
Park is ‘to preserve the natural countryside for people to enjoy’ then the natural features of the landscape and
ecosystem should remain, and key features are not eroded or changed. Therefore, to achieve the ‘preser vation’ part
of their aim, the easiest way would be to limit access to the area. However, this does not allow people to enjoy the
natural beauty which is the other part of the aim of National Parks. The more visitors that you allow into the area,
the greater the impacts of footpath erosion and pollution, for example. The more visitors there are then the more
likely there will be development of the rural areas to provide facilities for these people, which would destroy more
greenfield areas.
However, one way in which a balance could be reached between these competing demands would be to use
honeypot sites. These are areas that actively attract tourists to come and visit them in National Parks and it is
accepted that these areas may experience a deterioration in their natural beauty. However, by attracting people to
these areas you are taking them away from more fragile areas, leaving these to be fenced off and preserved,
allowing them to recover. Therefore, I disagree with the statement that it is impossible to achieve both aims, it just
takes an overall strategy for the National Park rather than strategies for individual parts of the Park. [8]
Page 17
1 Circle two methods of erosion that cause the load of the river to get smaller AO1.1/AO1
and rounder.
Award marks for abrasion 2 marks

these answers only attrition
The two I have circled are abrasion and attrition [2].
2 Describe one small-scale feature of a waterfall. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Plunge pool (1) created underneath the waterfall by the 3 marks
the feature and 2 force of the water hitting the river bed (1) and abrasion
further marks for from the collapsed overhand rocks (1).
elaboration
The plunge pool is a small feature found in a waterfall. It is the deep pool that the water falls into. It is created by the
force of the water hitting the river bed and making it deeper. It also often has large rocks in the bottom due to the
collapse of the overhang. [3]
3 Draw an annotated diagram to show how a meander changes over time. AO3/AO4
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate good
lowest band. understanding of how a meander changes
over time. The diagram should be clear
and the annotation detailed.
A clear diagram with detailed
annotation. Annotation refers to specific Examples may include:
3 5–6
processes and the explanation of change
The diagram should show the meanders
over time is clear.
changing position over time. It should
A clear diagram with some annotation. show at least two positions to represent
Annotation may not give full explanation, this.
2 3–4
e.g. refers to erosion rather than the
type of erosion. Annotation should explain why the
A sketch with simple labels. No meander moves and refer to the specific
annotation or explanation. Sketch may types of erosion that are involved together
1 1-2 be vague. with the depositional processes.

[6]
Page 21
1 State two slope processes that result in cliff retreat. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Rockfalls (1) 2 marks

each correct answer
Landslides (1)
Slumping (1)
Rockfalls, slumping [2]
2 Describe how sediment moves along a coastline. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Longshore drift (1). Material is moved up the beach at an 4 marks
each valid point angle by the swash (1). The backwash pulls material back
down the beach at a right angle to the sea (1). The
material moves in the direction of the onshore wind (1).
The process that moves material along a coastline is called longshore drift. The prevailing winds push the sea up the
beach at an angle moving the material with it. This moves it along the coast. Then the backwash pulls the material
back into the sea at a right angle to the coastline. The next wave then pushes it back up the beach, again at an angle.
This zigzag action continues and results in material being moved along the coastline. [4]
3 Look at the map of the Ynyslas sand dunes on page 20. Suggest how the coastal AO2/AO3
landforms may change with increased cliff erosion to the south of the map.
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate good
lowest band. understanding of how the coastal
landforms in the area will change as a
result of increased cliff erosion to the
Detailed explanation of how coastal south of the map. Reference to features on
landforms change with increased cliff the map should be made to access band 3.
erosion. Reference is made to features
3 5–6 on the map. Examples may include:
Meaning is clear. The response has If there is an increase in the rate of cliff
purpose, is organised and well erosion towards the south of the map, this
structured. will increase the amount of sediment and
Some explanation of how coastal material that is being moved around by the
landforms change with increased cliff sea. As such the spit in the central part of
2 3–4 erosion. the map is likely to expand as more
material is available. This may cause a
Meaning is generally clear. The response
problem with the flow of water out of the
is structured.
River Dyfi as the estuary will become more
Simple statements showing basic restricted if the spit becomes larger.
understanding of how coastal landforms
change with increased cliff erosion.
1 1–2
structure.
The map of Ynyslas shows rocky cliffs to the south of the map, with a beach and spit extending to the north of the
cliffs across a river estuary. The material on the beach will be supplied by erosion on the cliffs and the material
making the spit will be supplied by material moving along the beach. Therefore, if there is more erosion of the cliffs,
there will be more material available on the beach. This may increase the size of the beach or the size and number of
the sand dunes at the north end of the beach. In turn, the more beach material there is the larger amount that will
be supplied to the spit. This may extend the spit and may partially block the river. [6]
Page 24
1 Name two ways in which extreme weather events change river landscapes. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Alter the river’s course (1). 2 marks

each correct answer
Extreme erosion events (1).
Large amounts of deposition further away from the river

(1).
Cause more erosion and erode riverbanks to cut through a meander. Also, large amount of erosion on the floodplain
including large boulders. [2]
2 Explain why climates influence the rate of erosion in coastal landscapes. AO1.2/AO2
4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate a detailed
lowest band. understanding of how climate influences
the rate of erosion in the context of coastal
landscapes. For band 2 a clear link must be
Detailed understanding of how climate shown between climate and rate of
influences the rate of erosion in coastal erosion.
2 3–4 landscapes. Response contains
elaboration and clear link between Examples may include:
climate and erosion rate is seen.
Colder climates may see more freeze–thaw
Basic understanding of how climate action on exposed cliffs due to large
influences the rate of erosion in coastal temperature differences between day and
1 1–2 landscapes. Response contains little night. This leads to a faster rate of cliff
elaboration and the link between climate erosion.
and erosion rate is weak or absent.
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect Areas with stronger and more frequent
0 or wholly irrelevant. storms will result in a greater rate of
erosion on beaches and cliffs due to the
more energy that the sea has to erode.
Climate plays a large role in affecting the rate of coastal erosion. The rates of erosion vary between winter and
summer with more significant erosion occurring in the winter. This is due to more freeze–thaw action occurring in
the winter due to temperatures falling below 0°C. This erodes the exposed sections of the cliff above sea level at a
faster rate than when the weather is warmer. Another factor is the frequency and severity of storms. [4]
3 Is geology as important as the processes of erosion and deposition in the AO2/AO3
formation of coastal landforms? Justify your answer.
6 marks
lowest band. evaluation of the role geology plays in the
formation of coastal landforms.
Comparison with erosion and deposition
Detailed evaluation of the importance of should be made with a conclusion as to the
geology in the formation of coastal importance of geology.
landforms. Comparison with erosion and
deposition are made and a conclusion is Examples may include:
3 5–6 made with justification.
Examples of the role of geology may
Meaning is clear. The response has include the resistance of rock, concordant
purpose, is organised and well and discordant coastlines and the features
structured. these cause.
Some evaluation of the importance of
geology in the formation of coastal Examples of the role of erosion may look at
landforms. A weak comparison with the formation of certain landforms and if
erosion and deposition are made. A basic these have an influence on supplying
2 3–4 conclusion is given with little to no material for other landforms.
justification.
Likewise, the role of deposition may
is structured.
include examples of deposition landforms
Simple statements showing basic and how these are linked to processes of
understanding of the importance of erosion.
geology in coastal landform formation.
Comparison to erosion and deposition
1 1–2 processes is very weak or absent.
structure.
Erosion and deposition are the key processes that create our coastal landforms and so shape the coastal
environment. However, the rate at which these happen is influenced by geology. Geology can influence how fast a
rock erodes. For example, cliffs made from chalk are likely to erode at a faster rate than those from limestone as the
rock is more porous and so not as resistant to erosion. Therefore, chalk-based coastlines are likely to change at a
faster rate than other areas. Another factor is the direction in which the different types of rocks are formed in
relation to the sea. A discordant coastline has rocks that run at right angles to the sea. This often results in a
headlands and bays type of coastline where the soft rock in between the harder rocks erodes quicker and form bays.
Whereas a concordant coastline has different rock types running parallel to the coastline and so the erosion is more
even, and you get less bays forming. Therefore, I think that geology is as equal in importance as erosion and
deposition due to the major influence it has over the speed and type of erosion that takes place. The resulting
landforms are a culmination of the three factors. [6]
Page 26
1 Give one store and one flow in a drainage basin. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Stores may include: 2 marks

each correct answer
Groundwater store (1), soil store (1), lake (1), vegetation
(1)
Flows may include:
Transpiration (1), evaporation (1), channel flow (1),

infiltration (1), groundwater flow (1), throughflow (1)
Store – soil store [1]

Flow – river channel flow [1]
2 Give two reasons why the type of rainfall influences movement of water AO1.2/AO2
through a drainage basin.
Award 1 mark for Size of the raindrops (1). The smaller the size of the 4 marks
each correct reason raindrops, the more water can infiltrate and the more
and a further 2 through and groundwater flow will occur (1).
marks for
elaboration Speed of rainfall (1). The faster the rainfall, the less water
infiltrates into the soil and so the more overland flow
that occurs (1).
The size of the raindrops influences how water moves through the drainage basin. The larger the raindrop then the
less likely they are to infiltrate into the soil due to them being restricted in getting through the air particles in the
soil. Therefore, this leads to more overland flow.
The speed of the rainfall also has the same effect. If the rain comes down slowly then there is more time for water
particles to sink into the soil and so there is more throughflow and groundwater flow. If the rain is more intense then
it is coming down too fast to sink into the soil – even though the soil is not saturated, there will be more overland
flow. [4]
3 Evaluate the influence of vegetation on flow of water through a drainage basin. AO2/AO3
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should show how different
lowest band. amounts and types of vegetation in a
drainage basin alter the amount of water
in the river channel. For bands 3 and 4
Thorough evaluation of the influence there should be a direct link between
that vegetation has on the flow of water vegetation and water movement.
through a drainage basin. Clear link
between the vegetation and the Examples may include:
4 7–8 movement of water. A conclusion is
Forested areas slow down the movement
given.
of water in a drainage basin. Interception
Meaning is unambiguous. The response and stem flow slow down the infiltration
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically rate and the roots of the trees absorb a
structured. larger amount of water than grass, for
Evaluation of the influence that example. As such, water moves at a
vegetation has on the flow of water slower rate and also moves through the
through a drainage basin. A link is land rather than as overland flow, which
evident but not fully explained. A in turn takes much longer for the water
3 5–6 to get into the river channel.
conclusion is given but may be brief.
purpose, is organised and well
structured.
Some evaluation of the influence that
vegetation has on the flow of water
through a drainage basin. Link is likely to
2 3–4 be weak or missing. Conclusion will be
brief if present.
is structured.
Simple statements with regards to the
effect of vegetation on the movement of
water.
1 1–2
structure.
There are many things that influence the movement of water through a drainage basin, and vegetation is a major
part of this. As water enters the drainage basin, vegetation slows down its movement before it even hits the ground.
The leaves on trees and plants intercept the water from where some of the water will evaporate back into the
atmosphere. Therefore, the broader leaved the plant, the more water that will evaporate. Once the water is in the
soil, the more plants that are present, then the more water will be taken up by the plants’ roots and absorbed into
the plant. This again removes water from the basin and returns it to the atmosphere through transpiration. There
are of course many other influences on how water moves through a drainage basin. Geology will influence how
much infiltration will take place and whether there are groundwater flows. The type of soil will also influence
infiltration and movement whereas the type of rainfall will influence how much overland flow there is. However, I
think that the biggest influence is the vegetation. If it is a forested drainage basin then there will be a lot less water
movement into the river channel than there will be if the trees were removed. [8]
Page 27
1 Identify two factors which may affect flooding in the UK. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Urbanisation (1) 2 marks

each valid factor
Deforestation (1)
Change in land use (1)
Urbanisation and deforestation. [2]
2 Describe how porous rocks will influence the shape of a hydrograph. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Porous rocks allow more infiltration (1). This decreases 4 marks
each valid point the peak flow (1). The rising/falling arm of the graph is
made longer (1). The lag time is also longer (1).
The more porous the rock then the more infiltration that will occur. This results in it taking longer for the water to
reach the river channel and so a longer lag time between peak rainfall and peak discharge. The peak flow will be
lower and the rising and falling limbs will be lower as the water is moving through the drainage basin at a slower
rate. [4]
3 Evaluate the importance of physical and human factors in the flooding of the AO2/AO3
Somerset Levels in 2014.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should show an evaluation of
lowest band. both physical and human factors that
contributed to the Somerset Levels flood.
Band 4 responses must consider physical
Thorough evaluation of the influence of and human factors in a balanced way and
physical and human factors in the provide a justified conclusion as to the
Somerset Levels flooding. A balanced primary cause.
discussion and a detailed conclusion as
4 7–8 to their relative importance. Examples may include:
Meaning is unambiguous. The response Physical factors may include:
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically
• Large area of flat land.
structured.
• Two large rivers (Tone and Parrett)
Evaluation of the influence of physical flow through the area.
and human factors in the Somerset • Heavy rainfall over a long period of
Levels flooding. A discussion and a time on ground that was already
conclusion as to their relative saturated.
3 5–6
importance. • River channel was silted up from
Meaning is clear. The response has years of deposition – reducing the
purpose, is organised and well channel capacity.
structured. • High tidal range.
Some evaluation of the influence of
physical and human factors in the Human factors may include:
Somerset Levels flooding. Conclusion will • Reduction in the frequency of
2 3–4
be very brief or absent. dredging.
Meaning is generally clear. The response • Extensive building on the
is structured. floodplain.
Simple statements with regards to the
factors that influence flooding.
1 1–2 Meaning may lack clarity in parts.
structure.
The flooding of the Somerset Levels in 2014 was the result of a combination of physical and human factors. The
physical geography of the area did not help and meant that flooding was more likely. The area is a large flat
floodplain and as such if the river floods the water is going to travel a long way and affect more areas. This area is
not only a floodplain for the River Tone, but also the River Parrett. Therefore, the water from two drainage basins is
flowing through the area, increasing the water volume and so the likelihood of a severe flood. One of the major
influences in causing this flood to happen when it did was the long period of heavy rainfall. The ground was already
saturated and with another extended period of heavy rain then there was nowhere for the water to go once channel
capacity had been reached which is why the river flooded. However, human influences compromised this channel
capacity. With many years of reduced frequency in dredging the river, the channel capacity had been reduced by all
the silt that was present in the channel. Therefore, the river was not able to hold the volume of water that it may
otherwise have been able to. Building on the floodplain also reduces the infiltration rate due to the impermeable
surfaces, which leads to a faster movement of water into the channel and so the higher chance of flooding.
Therefore, I think that both physical and human factors played their part in the cause of this flood as they have all
contributed to it. It is the combination of factors that resulted in the severity and arguably changing one of those
factors may have lessened the extent of the flood, but not prevented it. [8]
Page 29
1 Describe what you understand by the term ‘hard engineering’. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Physical structures (1) put in place to reduce flooding (1). 2 marks
each valid point
Hard engineering means physical structures that are put along rivers or coastlines to prevent or limit the flooding
that could potentially happen. [2]
2 Explain why there are often conflicts over proposed flood management plans. AO1.2/AO2
Award 1 mark for Reasons may include: 4 marks

each valid point
Flood defences can be eyesores (1).
Moving the course of the river channel may affect

people’s homes (1).
Management may take place in one part of the river

basin but the benefit felt in another (1).
Changing land use may devalue people’s property (1).
There are often conflicts over proposed flood management plans because people often have different opinions. For
example, if one area is likely to flood but the flood prevention measures are placed in another part of the drainage
basin (higher up the river) then there could be conflict as where the measures are in place does not actually benefit
that community. People may also not like the look of the defences and say it spoils the natural environment. Some
flood defences may also increase the risk of flooding for other areas of the river basin which may also be a source of
conflict. [4]
3 Evaluate the effectiveness of soft engineering as a strategy for managing UK AO2/AO3

floodplains in the future. 8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the lowest Responses should show an evaluation
band. of the positives and negatives of using
soft engineering techniques to
manage flooding in river basins. Band
Thorough evaluation of the positives and 4 answers should give a balanced
negatives of using soft engineering consideration of the positives and
techniques to manage flood plains. Clear negatives and provide a justified
link between the soft engineering strategy conclusion.
4 7–8 and its impact on flooding. A justified
conclusion is given. Examples may include:
Meaning is unambiguous. The response has Some positives may include:
clear purpose, is fluent and logically
• Works with the environment.
structured.
• Less of an eyesore.
Evaluation of the positives and negatives of • Helps to prevent floods from
using soft engineering techniques to happening.
manage flood plains. Link between the soft
3 5–6 engineering strategy and its impact on
Some negatives may include:
flooding. A conclusion is given.
Meaning is clear. The response has • No physical barrier to prevent
purpose, is organised and well structured. overflow if a flood does
happen.
Some evaluation of the positives and • Not a fast solution – more
negatives of using soft engineering effective in the longer term.
techniques to manage flood plains. Link is • Not everyone will agree to
2 3–4 likely to be weak or missing. Conclusion will the changes in land use.
be brief if present.
Meaning is generally clear. The response is
structured.
Simple statements with regards to soft
engineering techniques
1 1–2
Statements are linked by a basic structure.
0 wholly irrelevant.
Soft engineering can be a very effective management strategy in trying to ensure that floodplains do not flood. Soft
engineering involves the planting of trees in parts of the drainage basin to help slow down and absorb some of the
water. This has the effect of preventing the flood by taking out some of the water that would otherwise flow in the
channel. This is an effective strategy if there is room to plant the right quantity of trees. Too few trees and not
enough water would be absorbed or slowed down, and the flood may still occur. Another strategy is land-use zoning.
This is where the more valuable land uses like housing and office buildings are not placed next to the river, instead
the immediate floodplain is used for pastureland to graze animals. Therefore, if flooding does occur the impact is far
less because the valuable land uses are not affected. Both strategies reduce the impacts of the flood. However, it is
argued that if a flood does occur then there is nothing physically there to keep the water in the channel.
Straightening the channel or building flood walls and defences are forms of hard engineering that physically put a
barrier up to keep the water away from housing, etc. However, these are very costly and do not deal with the source
of the issue. They work against the natural processes in the drainage basin whereas soft engineering strategies work
with the drainage basin which in my opinion is a far more long-term solution. [8]
Worked example
1 a) Study the OS map extract below.

1 a ii) Give the four-figure grid reference where the river reaches the sea in Three
Cliffs Bay. Tick the correct answer in the box below. AO3/AO4
Credit this response only, 5387 (1) 1 mark

however indicated.
No marks if more than
one answer given
1 ii) Describe the relief (shape of the land) in box A shown on the map. Use
AO3/AO4
evidence from the map.
4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Candidates should show understanding of
lowest band. contour patterns and other relief features
Band Marks Descriptor such as the cliff and the beach which help to
Good description with changing describe the shape of the land. At the top
pattern communicated well. Use level there must be map evidence in the form
of map evidence supports of height, reference to spacing or value of
2 3–4 description. contours, or a grid reference. Descriptive
Meaning is unambiguous. The comments will include higher and steep in
response has purpose, is north with contours close together and
organised and well structured. gentle slopes to south with contours widely
Simple descriptive statements spaced. Flat on beach with steep cliffs at top
communicated in a basic way of beach. Note also the candidate’s ability to
with little linkage between communicate their observations of map
points. evidence as described in the AO3 descriptor.
1 1–2
No map evidence to support
points made.
Meaning is clear. Statements are
linked by a basic structure
Award 0 marks if the answer is
0 incorrect or wholly irrelevant.
2 Study the photograph below. Evaluate one or more strategies for managing landscapes in
AO2/AO3
Wales.
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the lowest Responses should apply knowledge and
band. understanding to one or more strategies
Band Mark Descriptor used to manage landscapes and attempt
to evaluate their relative merits.
Good evaluation of one or more Arguments should be based on evidence
strategies for management of landscapes and at the top level there should be a clear
showing clear ability to evaluate and statement of the characteristics of a
present evidence to justify points made. successful strategy compared with its
Answer is balanced between advantages disadvantages or with the deficiencies of
3 5–6
and disadvantages of one strategy or is others. Note that candidates can evaluate
able to give reasoned evaluation of two just one strategy or compare more than
or more strategies against each other. one with each other. Either way could lead
Meaning is clear. Response has purpose, to level 3, depending on the sophistication
is organised and well structured. of the evaluation.
Some evaluation of one or more Clearly the context will depend on the
strategies for managing landscapes but nature of landscapes studied but expect to
may lack evidence and/or objectivity. see reference to National Parks either as a
Imbalanced between advantages and strategy in their own right or to various
2 3–4 disadvantages of one strategy or management strategies within National
between different strategies if more than Parks. Reference could also be made to
one is considered. SSSIs. Evaluations may be based on
Meaning is generally clear. The response economic factors such as cost in relation
is structured. to perceived benefits or on sustainability
Valid statements lack depth/breadth and issues.
with only limited evaluation. Remember that you are not awarding
1 1–2 Meaning may lack clarity in parts. marks for factual content and the answer
Statements are linked by a basic must be assessed on the candidate’s
structure. ability to evaluate strategies. As a guide,
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect look for balance between advantages and
0 or wholly irrelevant. disadvantages at the top band and
focus on one or other of these in band 2.
Theme 2: Rural–Urban Links

Page 34
1 Define the term urban–rural continuum. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for A continuum along which all settlements are placed. (1) 1 mark
this answer only
A continuum between rural and urban areas along which all settlements can be placed. [1]
2 Give two reasons why counter-urbanisation takes place. AO1.2/AO2

Award 1 mark for Examples may include: 4 marks
each reason and 2
further marks for Need for improved housing (1). People can often buy a
elaboration of those larger house or have a larger garden outside of the city
reasons (1).
Improvements in transport (1) enable people to live
further away from their location of work (1).
Increased noise and air pollution in cities (1). People want
to live in a less polluted area (1).
Counter-urbanisation takes place due to the need for people to have larger houses or gardens as in rural areas land
is cheaper than in cities and so more space is available. Also, the noise and air pollution in cities may push people
away to a quieter and less polluted rural area. [4]
3 ‘The number of commuters will continue to increase over the next ten years.’ AO2/AO3
To what extent do you think this is true? 8 marks
band. detailed discussion as to whether
the candidate thinks commuting will
increase. Band 4 answers will show
Detailed and good understanding of the a balance to the argument with a
causes of commuting and whether this will clear justified decision being made.
increase in the next ten years. Clear links are
evident between the change and commuting. Examples may include:
4 7–8 To what extent is clearly addressed and a
Some possible reasons for an
conclusion provided.
increase in commuting include:
Meaning is unambiguous. The response has
• Improvements in transport
clear purpose, is fluent and logically
links makes commuting
structured.
easier.
Good understanding of the causes of • If population levels increase
commuting and whether this will increase in more people will need to
the next ten years. Links are evident between live in rural areas.
3 5–6 the change and commuting. To what extent is • If house prices increase in
addressed and a limited conclusion provided. cities, people will be forced
Meaning is clear. The response has purpose, is to leave the city if they want
organised and well structured. to purchase.
Some understanding of the causes of Some possible reasons for there not
commuting and whether this will increase in being an increase in commuting
the next ten years. To what extent may be include:
2 3–4 • With better broadband
addressed.
Meaning is generally clear. The response is availability, more people will
structured. work from home so there is
no need to go into the
Basic understanding of the causes of office.
commuting with weak reference to an • Congestion on rural roads
1 1–2 increase. Simple statements. leads to long commute
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. Statements times.
are linked by a basic structure. • Overcrowded public
transport or lack of services
0 puts people off commuting.
wholly irrelevant.
There are many reasons why the numbers of people commuting may increase in the next ten years. With
improvements in transport links, this means that people can live further away from their place of work and still have
time to commute to work. The more road improvements there are, the higher the number of commuters there will
be. If the population level increases, then there will simply be more people driving on the roads and more
commuters. As the UK population is currently expected to rise then there is likely to be more commuters. The cost of
living in cities will also push people out to live in rural areas and travel to work. If the cost or rent price of a house is
high, people will have more disposable income if they move to a rural area where competition for housing is less.
They may suffer a longer commute to work to have more disposable income in their pockets. However, the recent
Covid-19 outbreak may see a permanent reduction in the amount of commuters. It has forced many office workers
to work at home for a year. People have become used to working at home and if getting their work done they may
not return to the office permanently and so reduce the number of commuters. The faster broadband connections
also support this, allowing workers to connect online so that they do not physically need to be in the same room any
longer. I therefore do not think that the number of commuters will necessarily increase as modern technology is
advancing our working habits and allowing far more people to be able to work from home and so not drive to work.
[8]
Page 35
1 Give one example of service provision change in rural areas. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Examples may include: 1 mark
one correct answer Less frequent bus service (1). More people registered at
GP practice (1). Corner shop has less frequent customers
(1). Village school may see an increase in numbers (1).
Broadband/mobile phone range improves (1).
If more people move to rural areas, then there will be an increase in the number of people registered at GP practices
and so there may be longer waits to see the GP. [1]
2 Explain why some rural communities suffer from rural deprivation. AO1.2/AO2
4 marks
lowest band. understanding of why some rural
communities suffer deprivation. Band 2
answers will show a clear link between
Detailed understanding of why some the cause and deprivation.
rural communities suffer from rural
2 3–4 deprivation. Response contains
Examples may include:
elaboration and clear link between
reason and deprivation. Lack of industry – if industries close then
the employment opportunities are
Basic understanding of why some rural limited. Without employment, people
communities suffer from rural have less disposable income to spend in
1 1–2
deprivation. Response contains little the community which will cause
elaboration. community facilities such as shops to
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect close.
0 or wholly irrelevant. Rural to urban migration – as people leave
the rural area for jobs or to live
somewhere with more facilities, then
rural services are used less. In turn this
will lead to many of the services closing or
reducing the hours they are available due
to lack of support. Fewer services will
push more people away from the area.
Some rural communities will suffer more from deprivation than others due to their locations. The more rural the
community, the more deprivation they are likely to experience as they are further away from jobs in urban areas. If
there is no paid employment in the area, then it is likely that people will move away to get jobs. The less people that
live there then the more services such as shops and bus routes will close due to the lack of customers. With fewer
services this is another push for people to move away and as a result there is a cycle of deprivation that sets in. [4]
3 Suggest strategies that could be taken to make communities more sustainable AO2/AO3
in a rural area you have studied.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should explain why the
lowest band. strategies given would help to create
sustainable rural communities.
Thorough evaluation of the strategies Examples may include:

suggested for making rural communities
• Reliable and frequent public transport.
more sustainable. A clear link should be
• Reliable and fast internet connections.
shown as to why the strategy makes the
community more sustainable. A • Reliable and strong mobile phone
4 7–8
conclusion is given. signal.
• Village services such as shops, pubs,
post offices, etc., stay open and offer
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically long hours.
structured.
• Availability of green technologies such
Evaluation of the strategies suggested as promoting renewable energy.
for making rural communities more
sustainable. A link should be shown but
not fully explained. A conclusion is given
3 5–6 but maybe brief.
structured.
Some evaluation of the strategies
suggested for making rural communities
more sustainable. Link is likely to be
2 3–4 weak or missing. Conclusion will be brief
if present.
is structured.
Simple statements with regards to
making rural communities sustainable
structure.
The key to making sure that rural communities survive is to make them more sustainable. Ensuring that there are
easy to access links to nearby urban areas is very important. Fast roads or frequent bus services will encourage
people to live in the rural community even if they work elsewhere. This will enable residents to be able to access
more services outside of their village and possibly employment whilst being able to remain living in the village.
Another factor would be fast and reliable broadband. With the range of occupations that can be fulfilled remotely at
home ever increasing, never has the reliability and speed of internet connections been so important. Rural
communities have often had a poorer service as far as this is concerned and it is vital that they catch up to the
service provision that is available in urban areas. If this is managed, then people can work from home and it would
not matter if they are in a rural or urban area. If they work at home, then this would also increase the trade for the
local shops and businesses as they would be home during the daytime and so would be more likely to use them. If
these strategies were used then I think that even remote rural communities could be sustainable. [6]
Page 38
1 Identify two different examples of migration that the UK is experiencing. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Rural to urban migration (1). 2 marks
each valid answer Urban to rural migration (1).
Within an urban area (1).
To a different part of the UK (1).
Rural to urban migration and urban to rural migration. [2]
2 Draw conclusions from the trends shown in Figure 6. AO3/AO4

4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should show clear use of the
lowest band. data and draw conclusions from the
trends they can see. Band 2 answers will
use the three data sets and show chains
Detailed conclusions drawn which uses of reasoning.
information from all three data sets.
2 3–4
Response contains elaboration and
chains of reasoning.
The overall trend for the UK shows a
Basic conclusions made which may not steady increase in house prices from 1969
1 1–2 use all three data sets. Chains of to 1999 from which point the rate of
reasoning are not evident. increase rose significantly. A peak was
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect reached in 2008 which was followed by a
0 or wholly irrelevant. fall in prices which has continued to rise
again since 2009.
We can see that the UK peak of 2008 was

mainly driven by house prices in Northern
Ireland and England. In fact, Northern
Ireland saw a significantly larger rise and
fall than any other nation in the UK. This
may have been because their average
price was lower than the other nations in
1994 and therefore there was more
capacity for them to rise. Another factor
could be that there was more investment
in Northern Ireland which increased job
opportunities and so the need for housing
which increased the price rapidly.
The graph shows an overall increase in house prices for the period shown. There was a steady increase up until
around 1999 at which point the rate of price rise increased. There was a peak for all regions in 2008 followed by a
drop of prices in all areas, which started to rise again around 2012. Northern Ireland has seen a more exaggerated
response to the overall trend. It had a significantly higher peak in 2008 and a lower trough straight afterwards which
would make sense as the prices would have further to drop than the other regions which did not rise as much.
England is the region which tracks the UK trend most closely which is probably due to the fact that it is a much larger
region than any of the other regions and so has a stronger influence on the overall trend. Wales, Scotland and
Northern Ireland more or less show the same pattern since 2012 and seem to be far more in line with each other as
far as prices are concerned. [4]
3 Choose the best option to alleviate the current housing crisis in the UK. Justify AO2/AO3
your choice.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should show a reasoned
lowest band. decision as to their choice of strategy to
alleviate the current UK housing crisis. For
bands 3 and 4 there should be detailed
Thorough evaluation of all three options, consideration of two or more of the
giving the positives and negatives of strategies and a decision made with
each. Elaborated chains of reasoning. A reasoning.
4 7–8 justified decision is made.
Meaning is unambiguous. The response Examples may include:
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically Building more houses would help alleviate
structured. the housing crisis as it would provide more
Evaluation of at least two options, giving accommodation for people and also more
the positives and negatives of each. choice. If there are more houses available
Some chains of reasoning evident. A this would reduce the purchase or rent
decision is made with some evidence for price due to more choice which will make
3 5–6 their choice. it affordable for more people. However,
the negative side of this option is that it
will also decrease the price of existing
houses which may ‘trap’ people in their
structured.
current homes as the mortgage that they
Some evaluation of options but there will owe on the property will be more than the
not be balance. Chains of reasoning will value of the house if they sold it.
2 3–4 be brief or missing. A decision. Therefore, this strategy is likely to cause
Meaning is generally clear. The response other issues whilst helping to alleviate the
is structured. main issue.
Simple statements with reference to one

or more of the choices. A decision may Encouraging multiple occupancy dwellings
be given but no reasoning why that is a good way to house more people. There
1 1–2 choice was made. are many single people who own homes
with more than one bedroom. If they were
to rent out a room this would provide
more income for them and also a home for
structure.
another person. This would therefore help
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect the housing shortage without having to
0 or wholly irrelevant. build more houses. However, many people
would feel uncomfortable renting a room
to a stranger.
There are many options that town planners have to alleviate the current housing crisis in the UK, and it is probably a
combination of them all that would see complete success. However, some strategies would contribute to that
success more than others. Building more houses seems like an obvious one – the more houses there are then the
more homes available to house people. However, there are many issues with this. Where are these homes going to
be built? If they are built on greenfield land then there is the destruction of habitats and urban sprawl to consider.
There would be many complaints about expanding cities and habitats of rare species being lost. However, is building
more homes an effective solution? Very often new housing developments command a high price tag which many
people simply cannot afford. So maybe building more affordable housing is a better solution to this.
Encouraging multiple occupancy dwellings involves having more than one family unit living in a home. This could be
four single people house-sharing for example. This happens often when people are young or are students but less so
as people get older and begin to work. It is probably an effective solution for younger people but for mid-age people
with families then multiple occupancy dwellings are not ideal as people like their privacy. Improving older housing is
a good strategy to use as it is using brownfield sites and so not using land that has not been built on before.
Improving existing housing makes it more desirable for people to move to the area and so improves the perceived
value of the houses. I think the most effective solution is improving existing housing, but a combination of the three
strategies would be the most effective. [7]
Page 41
1 Name two benefits of a green belt. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Limits the growth of cities/urban sprawl (1). 2 marks
each valid answer Protects areas of countryside from development (1).
Limits urban sprawl and protects the countryside. [2]
2 Choose two features in Egan’s wheel. Explain why these contribute to a AO1.2/AO2
sustainable community.
each valid reason Well designed – so that they include lots of natural
and a further 2 light/renewable energy sources (1). Will be cheaper
marks for running costs for the residents (1).
elaboration. Do not
credit naming the Well served – lots of facilities for locals on their doorstep
parts of Egan’s wheel (1). Decreases the amount of transport needed (1),
– we are crediting reducing air pollution (1).
the explanation
Thriving – employment opportunities locally means a
higher revenue for the area (1), which leads to a better
maintained area (1).
A well-designed home will include clever features like insulation and lots of natural light. This will reduce the need
for heating as it will be naturally warm and so reduce the amount of energy used, saving the occupier money as well.
A second feature is a well-served community. This is one that has lots of facilities close by which means that people
do not need to travel for these services. As such it makes thriving communities as money is spent in the local area
encouraging more services to set up which reinforces the stay local message further. [4]
3 ‘Achieving a sustainable community is equally as difficult on a greenfield site as AO2/AO3

on a brownfield site.’ Discuss why this statement may be true.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate detailed
lowest band. understanding of the difficulties in building
sustainable communities. Band 4 answers
will show the difficulties for both
Detailed and good understanding of the brownfield and greenfield sites with
difficulties in building a sustainable balance and sophisticated chains of
community on both brownfield and reasoning.
greenfield sites. Sophisticated chains of
reasoning with comparison between the Examples may include:
4 7–8 two sites. A conclusion is made and
Issues for creating sustainable
justified.
communities on greenfield land may
Meaning is unambiguous. The response include:
• Destroying parts of the countryside
structured.
– land that has not been built on
A good understanding of the difficulties before will not be able to be
in building a sustainable community on restored to its natural state in the
both brownfield and greenfield sites. future.
Chains of reasoning with comparison • The cost of building the new
3 5–6 between the two sites. A conclusion is housing may be too high for local
made. residents to purchase.
Meaning is clear. The response has • Employment – where are all the
purpose, is organised and well new residents going to work? Will
structured. it lead to an increase in
commuting?
Some understanding of the difficulties in
• Social sustainability – will it lead
building a sustainable community on
people from urban areas to move
both brownfield and greenfield sites but
to the countryside and therefore
there may not be balance. Chains of
2 3–4 change the way of life in rural
reasoning with comparison. A conclusion
areas?
if made is brief.
Issues for creating sustainable
communities on brownfield sites may
is structured.
include:
Basic understanding of the difficulties in • There will be features of the
building sustainable communities. May previous land use that developers
only address one type of site. Simple will need to remove before they
1 1–2 statements. can start to build.
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. • There may be polluted soil if it’s an
Statements are linked by a basic old industrial location.
structure. • The land may be more expensive
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect than greenfield land.
Achieving a sustainable community is difficult whether it is created on greenfield or brownfield land. If building on
greenfield land, then sustainable issues appear at the building process as you are destroying natural countryside to
build the community. So care must be taken to restore as many habitats as possible. However, as the community is
being built from scratch it is much easier to include large windows and cavity wall insulation when the houses are
being built. The design and layout of the houses can also be done to maximise light which is far more difficult to do if
the houses are already built. When new developments are built it also requires the infrastructure that goes with
houses – water, gas, electric, etc. The cost of adding these to the network is passed on to the consumer purchasing
the house and so the houses are often too expensive for local people to purchase. Employment is also an issue.
Where are all the new residents going to work? Greenfield sites are usually in rural locations and so it is highly likely
that the residents will commute by car to get to work, which is not very sustainable.
However, building on brownfield sites is also difficult. Retrofitting double glazing and insulation is not always easy as
many of the buildings are in disrepair. Therefore, adapting them to make them more sustainable is not easy. You
also cannot alter the way that the house is facing so they may not be able to gain the benefits from being south-
facing with large windows, for example, as the house is simply not facing that way. There are also many features that
will be in the built environment that the developers simply have to put up with and cannot move. Buildings of
historical importance or which are listed are not always able to be adapted and so it is almost impossible to make
them sustainable.
Therefore, I think that it is not easy to make sustainable communities on either brownfield or greenfield sites as they
both have their unique set of challenges. The greenfield sites have particular challenges when building in habitat
conservation, whereas the brownfield sites are more challenged by retrofitting sustainable features. [7]
Page 43
1 Describe one economic factor that leads to retail change. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for a Increase in the number of home delivery firms (1) making 2 marks
valid factor and a delivering goods cheaper (1).
second mark for Large areas of free parking in out-of-town retail parks (1).
elaboration It is cheaper for the shopper to go there than pay for
parking in the city centre (1).
With the increase in the number of home delivery firms and websites that you can order from, there is less need for
people to visit the high street. [2]
2 Explain why many shoppers are attracted to out-of-town shopping centres AO1.2/AO2
rather than high streets.
Award 1 mark for Large amounts of free parking (1) so it is cheaper for the 4 marks
each valid reason shopper to go there than pay for all-day parking in the
and up to a further 3 city centre (1).
marks for Easier access than the city centre (1), so less time spent
elaboration on congested roads (1).
Located in the suburbs (1) so for many customers it is
closer to their home (1).
Out-of-town shopping centres attract shoppers as they usually have large parking areas so there is plenty of room to
park your car unlike in most high streets. They are often more easily accessible than town centres as they are often
on major road junctions and so accessible from many areas. The parking is also free, so it is cheaper for the
customers to park there than pay for all-day city centre parking. [4]
3 ‘Covid-19 is the single most important factor in the demise of the high street.’ AO2/AO3
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate
lowest band. understanding of the causes of the
demise of the high street and consider
the role that Covid-19 has played in this.
Detailed understanding of the causes of Band 4 candidates will show detailed
the demise of the high street. Thorough consideration of the effect of Covid-19
consideration of the impact of Covid-19 and at least one other factor with
and at least one other factor. sophisticated chains of reasoning.
Sophisticated chains of reasoning. To
4 7–8 what extent is clearly addressed and a Examples may include:
conclusion provided.
Some arguments the candidates may
Meaning is unambiguous. The response consider are:
• The forced closure of shops due to
structured.
Covid-19 has forced more consumers
Good understanding of the causes of the to shop online. They may continue
demise of the high street. Thorough this habit once the shops reopen.
consideration of the impact of Covid-19 • Covid-19 has forced many of the large
and at least one other factor. Chains of names on the high street out of
3 5–6 reasoning are evident. To what extent is business so these are no longer on
addressed and a conclusion provided. the high street to attract customers
Meaning is clear. The response has to shop.
purpose, is organised and well • More retailers have adopted an
structured. online presence to keep up to date
with the changing customer trends.
Some understanding of the causes of the
• Congestion and high car parking
demise of the high street. Covid-19 is
charges have been driving customers
considered but other factors may be
2 3–4 away from city centres for many
absent.
years.
Meaning is generally clear. The response • Out-of-town shopping centres are
is structured. easier for people to get to.
Basic understanding of the causes of the
demise of the high street. Simple
statements.
1 1–2
structure.
Covid-19 has certainly had a large impact on the high street with the closure of the majority of physical stores for
many months at a time. During the time that they were closed, many shops were not able to trade at all as they did
not have an online presence or suffered a huge reduction in trade. As such, a number of shops such as Debenhams
and Topshop went bankrupt and had to be sold and the shops shut permanently. With the closure of non -essential
shops, people had to shop online for non-essential items. This encouraged more people to shop online who maybe
had not done so before. Once they had bought products and had them delivered to their home, some people would
not go back to shopping on the high street when the shops reopened as they had discovered how easy it was to shop
online. Therefore, this had a negative effect on the high street. This trend has also encouraged more shops to sell
online as well as through their physical stores. This was an existing trend which has been amplified by the Covid
pandemic.
However, there are other factors that have led to the demise of the high street. Expensive parking and congested
roads have been turning people away from shopping on the high street for the last few years. The rise in internet
shopping started long before Covid and the dominance and convenience of stores such as Amazon have meant that
customers can purchase whatever they like without needing to leave their homes. Therefore, I agree to some extent
with the statement. Covid-19 has certainly been the final straw for many retailers and has advanced trends that
were already there by five to ten years. However, this trend was already there, it was just changing at a much slower
pace. [8]
Page 45
1 Study Figure 11. Describe the distribution of global cities shown on the map. AO3/AO4
Award 1 mark for There are clusters of global cities in Europe/SE Asia/North 2 marks
each valid point America (1).
There is a global city on every continent apart from
Antarctica (1).
There are more global cities in the northern hemisphere
(1) .
Global cities are spread across the world in every continent apart from Antarctica. There are also clear clusters in
Europe, South-East Asia and North America. [2]
2 Describe the characteristics of a global city. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Centres for finance and trade (1). 4 marks
each valid point Governance/they are the location of central governments
and international organisations (1).
Culturally diverse cities (1).
Centres for media organisations (1).
Centres for innovation/location of major universities (1).
A global city is a city that a centre for finance and trade and the government of the country. It is often culturally
diverse and has large media corporations’ headquarters located there. [4]
3 Explain why cities in NICs are growing at the fastest rate. AO1.2/AO2
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses show understanding as to why
lowest band. cities in NICs are growing at the fastest
rate. Band 3 candidates will show detailed
chains of reasoning in their arguments.
Detailed explanation as to why cities in
NICs are growing at the fastest rate. Examples may include:
Detailed chains of reasoning are
Natural population growth – NIC cities
3 5–6 provided.
often have much higher fertility and birth
Meaning is clear. The response has rates than those in HICs.
structured.
Migration – the pull factors of a city in the
Some explanation as to why cities in NICs NIC are much stronger than in a HIC where
are growing at the fastest rate. Some employment opportunities are more even.
2 3–4 chains of reasoning are provided.
Connections – cities in NICs are also often
is structured.
the transport hubs for the country.
Simple statements showing basic Therefore, this provides lots of opportunity
understanding as to why cities in NICs for people in that country to travel to the
are growing at the fastest rate. city and use the services of that city. This
1 1–2 encourages people to stay and so increases
Statements are linked by a basic the size of the city.
structure.
Cities in all parts of the world are growing, but in NICs they are growing at a faster rate. Newly industrialised
countries are those countries that have established themselves as a country with an industrial base, manufacturing
and exporting around the world. These industries, and certainly the scale of their manufacturing, are relatively
recent and so the factories in the cities need workers. As a result, the cities are growing at a fast rate because there
is work available there which may be more reliable and better paid than in the rural areas of those cities. As such
people move to the cities to have a better life for themselves and their families. [6]
Page 47
1 Give two reasons for population growth in global cities. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Employment opportunities (1). 2 marks
each valid point Often transport hubs for the country (1).
There are many job opportunities in global cities so people would be able to have a higher income which attracts
people to move to them. Global cities are also hubs of transport and so are easily accessible for people and trade. As
such, more trade organisations locate in these cities which in themselves will attract more people. [2]
2 Describe two reasons for population growth in a HIC global city that you have AO1.1/AO1
studied.
Award 1 mark for Answers will depend on the city chosen: 4 marks
each valid reason For example: Cardiff
and a further 2 Natural population change (1) – fertility rate in Cardiff
marks for has been growing since 2002 (1).
elaboration In migration (1) – the pull factors of employment and
good education have led to an increase in people moving
to Cardiff and its immediate surroundings (1).
Good connections (1) – it has good road, rail and air
connections to the rest of the UK and beyond (1).
One reason for the population growth in Cardiff is due to natural population change. The birth rate is higher than the
death rate and therefore there are simply more people being added to the city naturally. The fertility rate in Cardiff
has been growing since 2002 and so there has been an increase in the number of children each female has. There is
also net immigration into the Cardiff area due to the jobs available in the city. [4]
3 Compare the housing challenges faced by two global cities you have studied. AO2/AO3
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should clearly illustrate a
lowest band. comparison of the housing issues between
two global cities. For band 3 answers there
should be clear use of comparative
Detailed comparison of the housing language and detailed chains of reasoning.
challenges faced by two global cities.
Detailed chains of reasoning and Examples may include:
3 5–6 comparative language are used.
Answers will very much depend on the
Meaning is clear. The response has cities chosen by the candidates. However
purpose, is organised and well common themes that you would expect to
structured. see are:
Some comparison of the housing • Rate of population growth.
challenges faced by two global cities. • Overall population levels/population
This may not be balanced. Chains of density levels.
2 3–4 reasoning and comparative language are • Housing regulations and planning
used permission regulations.
Meaning is generally clear. The response • The amount of sub-standard
is structured. accommodation that is currently being
used in the city.
Simple statements with regards to
housing issues in two global cities.
Comparison may not be clear.
1 1–2
structure.
I am going to compare the housing challenges faced by the cities of Cardiff and Mumbai, both of which are global
cities. The main problem for housing that Mumbai has faced is the growth of slum areas and pavement dwellers. As
people have moved to the city they are unable to afford proper housing, or there is not enough purpose-built
housing to accommodate them. As such, poorer people have built slum areas from materials that they have found,
which over the years have grown to become communities.
The challenges faced by Cardiff on the other hand are deprivation and poverty in some locations within the city such
as Butetown. These areas have older housing that has not been maintained and are occupied by poorer members of
the community who may not be able to afford to improve them. Therefore, even though the extent of the poverty is
very different, as is the quality of the housing, the issues faced by both Mumbai and Cardiff are actually very sim ilar
in nature. [6]
Page 50
1 Describe how a transport hub helps a global city to grow. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for If many methods of transport meet in one place as a hub 2 marks
each valid point this brings more people to that city (1). Ideal place to
locate businesses due to the volume of people that pass
through it (1). More attractive for industry as has good
transport routes to export your products (1).
A transport hub helps a global city to grow as it is a centre of all transport links in the area and as such brings more
people to the city. It is therefore an ideal place to locate a business which will in turn attract more people to the
area. [2]
2 Explain why tourism enables global cities to be connected. AO1.2/AO2

4 marks
Award 1 mark for each The number of long-haul flights has increased together with the number
valid statement and a of destinations (1), therefore global cities may provide central hubs for
further mark for transportation (1).
development of this The number of short-haul flights has increased (1), which will increase
statement the exchange of culture (1).
Tourism is a valuable source of revenue for many countries (1), which
will increase its global economic importance (1).
Tourism enables global cities to be connected because first there needs to be routes to allow the tourists to reach
these countries. Therefore, investment in airports and infrastructure needs to take place for tourism to be able to
happen. This will encourage the number and frequency of both long- and short-haul flights so that more tourists are
able to visit. Increasing the number of tourists will also increase awareness of the country and its cu lture and
products, and therefore this will create more connections. [4]
3 For two global cities that you have studied, describe the connections that they AO2/AO3
have to the rest of the world and decide which type of connection is most 8 marks
important to that city.
Use the descriptors below, working upwards The candidate’s answers will depend on the
from the lowest band. cities that they have chosen. Candidates
Band Marks Descriptor should describe more than one connection
4 7–8 Both cities’ connections for each city. For example, direct flights
described with evidence. A between London and New York, and then
decision is made as to the explain why this is important in terms of it
most important connection being a global city. E.g. does it help trade,
type together with movement of people, exchanges of culture.
reasoning for this choice. The candidates should then explain which
3 5–6 Both cities’ connections connection is the most important for each
described with some city.
evidence but there may be
an imbalance. A decision is
made as to the most
important connection type
but the reasoning for this
choice may be sparse.
2 3–4 At least one connection for
each city is given but with
little evidence. A choice is
made as to the most
important connection for at
least one city but no
evidence given.
1 1–2 Some relevant information
is given but with little
evidence and not well
structured.
0 Award 0 marks if wholly
irrelevant.
The two global cities that I have studied are Cardiff and Mumbai. Cardiff is in south-east Wales and is connected by
land, air and sea. Cardiff International Airport handles both passengers and freight and therefore connects Cardiff to
the rest of the world for tourism, business and trade. It is linked to the rest of the UK primarily via the M4 motorway,
which is a major motorway linking London to the west of the UK. The M4 enables people to get from Cardiff to
London in around two hours. It also has a port which, while currently is reducing in size, in the early 1900s it was the
busiest port in the world, exporting Welsh coal globally. Whereas the port used to be the most important connection
for Cardiff I now think that it is the M4 motorway.
Mumbai also has a variety of connections and it too has an airport, port, road and rail links. It has a railway that links
Mumbai to all parts of India, which is important in moving goods and people around the country. These railways are
among the busiest railway systems in the world and are often overcrowded. Mumbai’s port (Nhava Sheva) is an
important link for trade and exports and imports across the Arabian Sea. Mumbai’s airport is also important for
bringing the thousands of tourists that visit yearly, together with the heads of MNCs that visit their outsourcing units
in the country. However, I think that the railway system is probably the most important connection in the city as this
transports thousands of people and goods on a daily basis. [8]
Worked example
1 What are push factors? Tick one answer from the statements below. AO1.1/AO1
Credit this response only Factors that force people to move away from their 1 mark
existing home (1).
2 Describe two ways in which one global city you have studied is connected to other
AO1.1/AO1
places.
Credit up to two valid Cardiff 4 marks
ways for 1 mark each and Has an international airport (1) connecting Cardiff to
1 mark for further several European cities for business/holidays (1).
description.
Has an international stadium/the Principality Stadium
Connections can be (1) attracting visitors from UK/abroad for
regional or global. sporting/cultural events (1).
Response will depend on Home to Welsh government (1), connecting Cardiff to
choice of global city, for Welsh regions/UK government (1).
example, Cardiff or
Somali population (1) keep in touch/send money to
Mumbai. No marks for
relatives abroad (1).
naming the city.
All global cities attract
economic migrants, daily
commuters to work,
provide special services,
act as transport hubs, are
centres of finance and
trade, and promote ideas
and information.
3 Study the information in the Resource box on the right. Should permission be given to build AO2/AO3
large new housing estates on the edge of villages such as Elsenham? Justify your answer by
referring to evidence in the Resource box. 8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the This question requires candidates to
lowest band. develop lines of argument to analyse and
evaluate rural change and make
judgements about the impacts of
Exceptional application of knowledge commuting and counter-urbanisation.
and understanding. Elements (a) (b) (c) and (d) are targeted.
Comprehensive chains of reasoning Candidates should apply knowledge and
4 7–8 provide sophisticated analysis. understanding of the impacts of
commuting and counter-urbanisation on
Balanced and coherent appraisal draws
accessible rural areas in the UK.
together wider geographical
understanding to justify decision. They may argue that housing should be
built because:
Thorough application of knowledge and
• This village is very accessible to
understanding.
London (referring to evidence of
Chains of reasoning provide elaborated M11 and rail service) so will
3 5–6 analysis. provide homes for commuters who
Balanced appraisal draws together wider work in London but who cannot
geographical understanding to support afford to live there (referring to
decision. £143,000 price difference).
Sound application of knowledge and • It is better to expand villages
understanding. because it will help protect
services (such as the post office,
Some connections provide valid but
shop and primary school) as the
2 3–4 limited analysis.
new residents will support local
Limited appraisal uses wider services.
geographical understanding to support
They may argue that housing should not be
decision.
built because:
Some basic application of knowledge and • Building homes on greenfield sites
understanding. is bad for nature and agriculture
Basic level of meaning ascribed to the and that using brownfield sites in
1 1–2 information/issue. London would be better. Evidence
Limited and weak appraisal uses some in the photo shows that people
wider geographical understanding to oppose the large new
support decision. development – an attitude known
as NIMBYism.
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect • Counter-urbanisation reduces the
0 or wholly irrelevant. availability of homes for those
raised in the countryside; attracts
the more affluent and pushes up
rural house prices, making them
unaffordable for local people;
results in the closure of village
shops and other services in some
villages; means that the more
established inhabitants feel that
their culture is threatened and
conflicts can occur between
traditional villagers and
newcomers.
Once a mark has been awarded for the geographical content, apply the performance descriptors for spelling,
punctuation and the accurate use of grammar and specialist terms that follow.
Band Mark Performance descriptions

High 4 • Learners spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy
• Learners use rules of grammar with effective control of meaning overall
• Learners use a wide range of specialist terms as appropriate
Intermediate 2–3 • Learners spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy
• Learners use rules of grammar with general control of meaning overall
• Learners use a good range of specialist terms as appropriate
Threshold 1 • Learners spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy
• Learners use rules of grammar with some control of meaning and any errors
do not significantly hinder meaning overall
• Learners use a limited range of specialist terms as appropriate
0 • The learner writes nothing
• The learner’s response does not relate to the question
• The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold
performance level, for example, errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar
severely hinder meaning
Theme 3: Tectonic Landscapes and Hazards

Page 55
1 Tectonic processes result in the formation of a distinct landscape. Tick (√) two features AO1.1/
found at constructive plate margins in the list below. AO1
Credit these responses only Shield volcano (1) 2 marks
Rift valley (1)
2 Describe how tectonic processes at a destructive plate margin have resulted in the AO1.1/
formation of one named large-scale feature, such as an ocean trench or a volcano. AO1
Credit four valid statements, Ocean trench: Oceanic plate and continental plate 4 marks
each for 1 mark, which focus converge (1), driven by convection currents in the mantle
on processes. Accept fold (1), denser oceanic plate forced under the continental
mountains as a valid landform. plate (1), process known as subduction (1), a long deep
Do not credit the name of the depression in the ocean floor is formed (1).
large-scale feature
Volcano: Oceanic plate and continental plate converge (1),
driven by convection currents in the mantle (1), denser
oceanic plate forced under the continental plate (1),
process known as subduction (1), as the oceanic plate
sinks, it melts (1), the molten magma finds its way to the
surface (1), through cracks/faults in the rock (1).
The high temperatures in the Earth’s core create convection currents in the mantle causing the tectonic plates to
move. At a destructive plate margin, an oceanic plate and a continental plate move towards each other and the
oceanic plate is forced underneath. This is called subduction. A long deep groove in the ocean floor, known as an
ocean trench, is formed; an example is the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean. [4]
3 Analyse the different tectonic processes that have formed the distinctive volcanic AO2/AO3
landscape found along a constructive plate margin. 8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from This question requires candidates to
the lowest band. develop lines of argument to analyse
Band Marks Descriptor different tectonic processes and
4 7–8 Exceptional application of demonstrate how these have formed
knowledge and understanding. a distinctive landscape.
Comprehensive chains of Magma rises beneath a constructive
reasoning provide sophisticated margin raising the crust and forming
analysis. an ocean ridge. One explanation is
3 5–6 Thorough application of that gravity then pulls the crust away
knowledge and understanding. from the ocean ridge, moving the
Chains of reasoning provide ocean plates apart. An alternative
elaborated analysis. explanation is that the convection that
2 3–4 Sound application of knowledge forced the magma to rise creates a
and understanding. Some circular movement pushing the ocean
connections provide valid but plates apart.
limited analysis. The distinctive landscapes formed
1 1–2 Some basic application of include ocean ridges, shield volcanoes
knowledge and understanding. and rift valleys.
Basic analysis.
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is
incorrect or wholly irrelevant.
The Earth’s crust is split into giant slabs which move around the surface due to tectonic processes. Radioactive decay
in the Earth’s core heats magma which rises and forces the Earth’s crust to rise forming an ocean ridge, which may
be over 2500 m high, e.g. the Mid-Atlantic Ocean ridge. The two plates that meet at the ocean ridge move apart.
There are two theories as to why this happens. One is that the ocean crust is heavier than the mantle below and
gravity pulls the crust away from the ridge. The other theory is that the convection currents, set in motion by the
rising magma, move in a circular motion and carry the plates away from each other. The result is the formation of
new crust with shield volcanoes which are formed as the runny lava spreads out. Where the ocean ridge appears
above the surface of the sea, new land is created, such as Iceland. Iceland is gradually being torn in two as the plates
continue to move apart creating rift valleys, such as in Thingvellir. [8]
Page 59
1 Circle the correct answers in the following sentences. AO1.1/

AO1
Credit these responses only. tsunamis (1), predictability (1) 2 marks
2 Study the photograph. Use the evidence in the photograph only to suggest two ways in AO2/AO3
which the tsunami had an impact on the lives of people who live in the coastal communities
affected by the tsunami.
Credit two valid statements, Houses destroyed (1), people are homeless (1), people 4 marks
each for 1 mark. Each of these lack clean drinking water (1), disease spreads (1), it will
statements can be elaborated be costly to rebuild houses (1).
for up to 2 additional marks. People have lost their possessions (1), will take the
Hence candidates can achieve 4 family a long time to recover (1).
marks via three routes (3+1, 2+2 Roads are destroyed (1), people unable to get to hospital
or 1+3). Credit only evidence (1), people unable to get to work (1).
from the photograph Shops/business destroyed (1), people unable to buy
food/drink (1), elderly and children are particularly
vulnerable (1).
Debris covers land (1), needs to be cleared before life
can get back to normal (1), costly process (1).
The photograph shows the total destruction of all the buildings. This means that people’s homes have been
destroyed and they will have nowhere to live. They will be exposed to the weather which may get very cold at night
and people may suffer since they would have lost a lot of their clothes. All the roads are also covered with rubbish
which means that children will not be able to get to school and people will not be able to get to work or to the shops
to buy food. [4]
3 ‘People who live in low-income countries (LICs) are likely to be more vulnerable to tectonic AO2/AO3
hazards than people who live in high-income countries (HICs).’ To what extent do you agree 6 marks
with this statement?
Use the descriptors below, working upwards Responses should demonstrate
from the lowest band. understanding of the lives of people who
Band Marks Descriptor live in LICs compared to HICs. Responses
3 5–6 Demonstrates detailed should link this understanding to give
understanding of the reasons why these people are likely to be
lives of people who live more vulnerable.
in lower income
countries and why this Responses in band 3 should give examples
makes them more to support understanding.
vulnerable. Makes a
judgement on ‘to what Examples may include:
extent’. People in lower income countries are likely
Meaning is clear. The to live and work in buildings that are less
response has purpose, is likely to withstand tectonic events.
organised and well Emergency services such as health and
structured. rescue teams are likely to have fewer
2 3–4 Demonstrates resources and not be trained as well as in
understanding of the richer countries. LICs are unable to afford
lives of people who live costly defences or warning systems.
in lower income
countries and why this People who live near Mount Merapi are an
makes them more example of people who live in a LIC. When
vulnerable. the volcano erupted in October 2010, 353
Meaning is generally people were killed and thousands of
clear. The response is people spent weeks living in emergency
structured. shelters. There were not enough toilets or
1 1–2 Simple statements show clean drinking water and diseases spread.
basic understanding. The There were shortages of food and people
answer may lack clarity. could not afford to pay inflated prices.
Statements are linked by
a basic structure.
irrelevant.
People who live in low-income countries do not have much money. Housing is often not well built and is likely to
collapse more easily in an earthquake. People cannot afford insurance policies to help them recover. Governments
are not as strong and lack money so they cannot warn people before an event, evacuate people during the event or
help in the rebuilding after the event. Poorer countries do not have well-trained and resourced emergency services
to rescue people and treat their injuries. An example is the people who live near Mount Merapi in Indonesia. The
volcano erupted in October 2010. People’s homes were washed away by pyroclastic flows. There was a lack of
medical services, 353 people were killed, thousands of people spent weeks living in emergency shelters. There were
not enough toilets or clean drinking water and diseases spread. There were shortages of food and medicine and it
took people many years to recover. [6]
Page 62
1 Study Figure 9 on page 61, ‘Hazard map for Montserrat’. Complete the following AO1.1/AO1
sentences choosing words from the box below.
Credit these responses only south (1), 6 (1), V (1), pyroclastic (1) 4 marks
2 Study the image below. Describe the location of Mount Merapi. AO3/AO4
Credit three valid statements Java (1), centre of island (1), in the south of Indonesia (1), 3 marks
based on the map, each for 1 Indian Ocean to the south (1), S/SW of Borneo (1), SE of
mark Sumatra (1), SW of Sulawesi (1), coastal (1), accurate
distance from named feature (1).
Mount Merapi is located near the coast on the island of Java. The Indian Ocean is to the south. It is about 800 km
south-west of Borneo. [3]
3 Should permanent exclusion zones be set up around all active volcanoes to reduce the risks AO2/
associated with eruptions? Justify your decision. AO3
8 marks
the lowest band. synthesise links between different areas
Band Marks Descriptor of knowledge and understanding to
4 7–8 Exceptional application of analyse and evaluate vulnerability and
knowledge and understanding. hazard reduction.
Comprehensive chains of
reasoning provide Candidates should develop lines of
sophisticated analysis. argument about how hazard mapping
Balanced and coherent may be used to reduce the risks
appraisal draws together wider associated with volcanic eruptions.
geographical understanding to
justify decision. They may agree because: hazard
3 5–6 Thorough application of mapping allows local authorities to limit
knowledge and understanding. or restrict access to certain areas and
Chains of reasoning provide control the development of areas
elaborated analysis. considered to be at risk; safe zones are
Balanced appraisal draws therefore created.
together wider geographical
understanding to support They may disagree because: monitoring
decision. and improved emergency planning are
2 3–4 Sound application of used to reduce the risks; lots of people
knowledge and understanding. depend on the fertile soil for farming;
Some connections provide many also work in the tourist industry;
valid but limited analysis. hazard mapping will not prevent the
cancellation of flights due to volcanic
Limited appraisal uses wider ash. Some volcanoes erupt infrequently.
geographical understanding to Some volcanoes are less dangerous.
support decision.
1 1–2 Some basic application of
knowledge and understanding.
Basic level of meaning ascribed
to the information/issue.
Limited and weak appraisal
uses some wider geographical
understanding.
Balance acknowledges both sides of the
argument but doesn’t necessarily give them
equal weight.
If the risks of living close to an active volcano are low and the benefits are great, then I would disagree with setting
up an exclusion zone. Farmland in the area may be fertile, perhaps there are valuable minerals to be found and
many volcanoes are attractive for tourists, providing jobs and an income. Most volcanoes are quite safe, they are not
explosive and lava flows are easy to get away from. However, where the risks are great, for example, when the
volcano is explosive and the risks of lahars and pyroclastic flows are high, then I would agree that an exclusion zone
is a sensible precaution. Mount Merapi is Indonesia’s most active volcano although many people live close to it
because the land is so fertile. In 2010 it erupted and pyroclastic flows killed over 350 people. In March 2020 it began
erupting again and this time the government set up a 3.5 km exclusion zone. On the island of Montserrat, the
Soufriére volcano began erupting in 1995 and has continued to erupt ever since. The whole of the southern half of
the island together with sea areas to the east and west are an exclusion zone. [8]
Worked example
1 Study the map below. Complete the box to give the latitude and longitude of Puerto Rico. AO3/
AO4
Credit only these answers within the range North (1), 65–67 (1) 2 marks
shown for 1 mark each
2 Explain why ocean trenches are formed where two plates collide. You may use a diagram AO1.2/
to help your answer. AO2
4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards Trenches are formed where the oceanic crust bends
from the lowest band. downwards through the process of subduction and slides
Band Marks Descriptor back into the mantle at destructive margins. The more
2 3–4 Good explanation that dense plate is the one that sinks beneath the lighter
shows clear plate. The depth of the trench is represented by the
understanding of the leading edge of the plate that is conserved.
issues involved.
1 1–2 Simple statements with Credit answers that are in the form of either prose or
some merit although diagram or combination of both, but do not double
tendency towards credit. Look for quality of understanding through
explanation of cause and effect.
description over
explanation.
0 Award 0 marks if the
answer is incorrect or
wholly irrelevant.
3 Evaluate different strategies that can be used to protect people in different places that AO2/
experience powerful earthquakes. AO3
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Candidates should apply their knowledge and
the lowest band. understanding of strategies designed to protect
Band Marks Descriptor people in earthquake-prone environments. They
3 5–6 Good evaluation of strategies should consider a range of strategies which could
showing clear ability to be confined to the resources, but they may
evaluate and present evidence consider other strategies that go beyond the
to justify points made. Answer resources such as shelters, warning systems and
acknowledges advantages and quality of emergency response. They must
disadvantages of one strategy consider potential advantages and disadvantages
or is able to give reasoned of different strategies. Different strategies might
evaluation of two or more be more suitable depending on the level of
strategies against each other. development in relation to cost of protecting
Meaning is clear. Response buildings and giving access to more people. Ensure
has purpose, is organised and that credit is given for the quality of evaluation
well structured. rather than knowledge and understanding of the
2 3–4 Some evaluation of one or strategies themselves.
more strategies but may lack
evidence and/or detail.
Imbalanced between
advantages and disadvantages
of one strategy or between
different strategies if more
than one is considered.
Meaning is generally clear.
The response is structured.
1 1–2 Valid statements lack
depth/breadth and with only
limited evaluation.
Meaning may lack clarity in
parts. Statements are linked
by a basic structure.
Theme 4: Coastal Hazards and their Management
Page 68
1 Circle the correct answers in the following sentences. AO.1/AO1
Credit these responses only flooding (1), relief (1) 2 marks
2 Study the photograph. Use evidence in the photograph only to suggest two ways in which AO2/AO3
the cyclone had an impact on the lives of people who live in the coastal communities
affected by Cyclone Phailin.
Credit two valid statements, Houses destroyed (1), people are homeless (1), people 4 marks
each for 1 mark. lack clean drinking water (1), disease spreads (1), it will
Each of these statements can be be costly to rebuild houses (1), people may lack
elaborated for up to 2 additional insurance (1).
marks. Hence candidates can People have lost their possessions (1), photograph
achieve 4 marks via three routes suggests people are poor (1), will take the family a long
(3+1, 2+2 or 1+3). time to recover (1).
Credit only evidence from the
photograph
The photograph shows that people’s homes have been destroyed and they will have nowhere to live. Diseases may
spread if they are unable to wash and they may not be able to get to a doctor to get medicine. The people in the
photograph look poor. It is unlikely that they will have insurance and so it will take a long time for them to recover.
[4]
3 ‘People who live in coastal communities in low-income countries (LICs) are likely to be AO2/AO3
more vulnerable to coastal flooding than people who live in high-income countries (HICs).’ To 6 marks
what extent do you agree with this statement?
from the lowest band. understanding of the lives of people who
Band Marks Descriptor live in LICs compared to HICs. Responses
3 5–6 Demonstrates detailed should link this understanding to give
understanding of the reasons why these people are likely to be
lives of people who live more vulnerable.
in lower-income
countries and why this Responses in band 3 should give examples
makes them more to support understanding.
vulnerable. Makes a
judgement on ‘to what Examples may include:
extent’. People in lower income countries are likely
Meaning is clear. The to live and work in buildings that are less
response has purpose, is likely to withstand flooding events.
organised and well Emergency services such as health and
structured. rescue teams are likely to have fewer
2 3–4 Demonstrates resources and not be trained as well as in
understanding of the richer countries. LICs are unable to afford
lives of people who live costly sea defences.
in lower income
countries and why this People living on the Nile Delta are an
makes them more example. They rely on boreholes for
vulnerable. drinking water which is increasingly
Meaning is generally contaminated by sea water. Alexandria is
clear. The response is built in Egypt’s LECZ and has a population
structured. of 4.5 million people. One-third of Egypt’s
1 1–2 Simple statements show fish catches come from lagoons protected
basic understanding. The by sand banks which would be washed
answer may lack clarity. away if the sea levels rose.
Statements are linked by
a basic structure.

irrelevant.
People who live in low-income countries do not have much money. There is likely to be a lack of coastal flood
defences and housing is usually not as well built. Governments are not as strong and lack money so they cannot
warn people before an event, evacuate people during the event or help in the rebuilding after the event. Poorer
countries do not have well-trained and resourced emergency services to rescue people and treat their injuries. An
example of people living in a coastal community in a LIC are people living on the Nile Delta, Egypt. Here most people
live in poorly built multi-storey buildings, have little savings and no insurance. They rely on fishing, agriculture and
tourism for their income. I therefore fully agree with the statement that people who live in low-income countries are
likely to be more vulnerable. [6]
Page 75
1 One strategy which may be used to reduce the risk of flooding is to hold the line. Tick (√) AO1.1/
two correct characteristics of hold the line in the list below. AO1
Credit these responses only Use hard engineering (1). 2 marks
Sea defences are regularly maintained (1).
2 Study Figure 8 on page 72. Describe the location of Medmerry. AO3/AO4

Credit three valid statements Coastal (1), county of Sussex (1), south of UK (1), English 3 marks
based on the map each for 1 Channel to the south (1), SW of Bognor Regis (1), WNW of
mark Selsey (1), ESE of Portsmouth (1), ESE of Southampton (1),
accurate distance from named feature (1).
Medmerry is located on the coast in the county of Sussex, about 12 km south-west of Bognor Regis. [3]
3 Should all communities be protected from coastal flooding? Justify your decision. AO2/AO3
8 marks
Band Marks Descriptor and evaluate coastal management
4 7–8 Exceptional application of strategies. Candidates should develop
knowledge and understanding. lines of argument about future
Comprehensive chains of management approaches to the
reasoning provide sophisticated problem of flooding in the UK.
analysis.
Balanced and coherent They may argue all communities
appraisal draws together wider should be protected and that ‘hard’
geographical understanding to engineering is the best option because
justify decision. new defences will protect many
3 5–6 Thorough application of homes and businesses and road and
knowledge and understanding. rail infrastructure in the area and are
Chains of reasoning provide good value for money. They may
elaborated analysis. argue that areas of low-value coastline
Balanced appraisal draws are not worth protecting and that
together wider geographical government funds could be spent on
understanding to support public services. These areas of
decision. coastline should be allowed to flood.
2 3–4 Sound application of knowledge
and understanding. Cost-benefit analysis would be one
Some connections provide valid strategy that could be used to reach a
but limited analysis. decision on whether a community
Limited appraisal uses wider should be protected.
support decision.
Limited and weak appraisal uses
some wider geographical
understanding to support
decision.
Balance acknowledges both sides of the argument
but doesn’t necessarily give them equal weight.
Cost-benefit analysis involves adding up the benefits of a course of action, and then comparing these with the costs
associated with it. In areas where there are few people and the land has a low value then it is difficult to justify the
costs of protecting that stretch of coastline. However, even if the community is small then if you live in that
community you would want to see it protected. A good example of such a dilemma is at Borth on the Ceredigion
coastline. Wooden groynes protecting the village needed replacing. It was estimated that to renew the defences
would cost £7 million but property valued at over £10 million would be protected. There was also a strong social
argument to renew defences because it would protect many jobs in the tourist industry which would have been lost
if Ynyslas sand dunes were cut off from the town. The decision was made to protect the town. Environmental
concerns are also becoming increasingly important. At Medmerry in West Sussex, managed retreat has created a
RSPB wildlife reserve. I believe it is impossible to protect the entire coastline from erosion and flooding, local
councils must weigh up economic, social and environmental factors when deciding which stretches of coastline to
protect and which to give back to nature. [8]
Page 78
1 Study Figure 10 ‘Tropical storm tracks and the areas where they form’. AO1.1/
Complete the following sentences choosing words from the box below. AO1
Credit these responses only sea (1), Capricorn (1), east (1), north (1) 4 marks
2 Describe two of the human factors that increase the vulnerability of communities to AO1.1/
coastal hazards. AO1
Credit two valid human factors, Poverty (1), living in informal/poor housing (1), level of 4 marks
each for 1 mark. education (1), age (1,) disability/health (1), population
Each of these statements can be density (1), lack of investment/coastal defences (1),
elaborated for up to 2 additional quality of emergency services (1).
marks. Hence candidates can
achieve 4 marks via three routes
(3+1, 2+2 or 1+3)
In countries where the population are more educated, they will be less vulnerable because warnings and information
can be more easily spread. The age of the population is an important factor because the very old and very young
take longer to get from one place to another and would find it difficult to escape in an emergency. [4]
3 Analyse the challenges faced by small island states as sea levels rise in the future. AO2/AO3
8 marks
Band Marks Descriptor the challenges faced by governments
4 7–8 Exceptional application of and communities living in small island
knowledge and understanding. states as sea levels rise.
Comprehensive chains of Responses should demonstrate
reasoning provide sophisticated knowledge of the particular situation
analysis. and problems faced by small island
3 5–6 Thorough application of states and understanding of the
knowledge and understanding. impacts of sea level rise. Responses
Chains of reasoning provide should analyse some of the possible
elaborated analysis. responses to these impacts.
2 3–4 Sound application of knowledge Small island states are low-lying
and understanding. Some coastal countries that share similar
connections provide valid but challenges of rapid population growth,
limited analysis limited resources, remoteness and a
1 1–2 Some basic application of fragile environment. Some may
knowledge and understanding. conclude that there are no solutions
Basic analysis. and many will have to be abandoned
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is in the future.
The Maldives is a good example. The
population of 350,000 live on islands
where 80% of the land is less than 1 m
above sea level. Responses include
building of sea walls and artificial
islands.
Small island states are low-lying island states often found in very remote locations. Many are poor and have a
growing population to house and feed. Because they are poor, they are unable to pay for expensive sea defences or
pay for the clear up when flooding has occurred. Most of the population live in poorly built houses unable to
withstand storms and flooding. Many of them rely on agriculture, fishing or tourism to survive, which are all under
threat from higher sea levels and the increased storm activity associated with climate change.
The Republic of Maldives provides a good example. The Maldives consists of about 200 inhabited islands and a
population of 350,000. 80% of the land is less than one metre above sea level. 90% of its income comes from
tourism, the rest from fishing and agriculture. All of these are under threat as sea levels rise. A three-metre-high wall
has been built around the capital city with funding from Japan and an artificial island called the ‘City of Hope’ is being
built to house 130,000 people. It will, however, be impossible to protect all of the islands in the group and many will
have to be abandoned in the future, their population becoming environmental refugees. [8]
Worked example
1 Study the map below. AO3/AO4

1 a) Complete the box to give the latitude and longitude of Puerto Rico.
Credit only these answers within the range North (1), 65–67 (1) 2 marks
shown for 1 mark each
1 b) Explain why rising sea levels are likely to be a problem in the future for people who live AO1.2/
in small island states. AO2
4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards Climate change is likely to raise sea levels in the future
from the lowest band. which will both inundate low-lying land on small islands
Band Marks Descriptor and increase the severity of storms and potential surge
2 3–4 Good explanation that events. Populations tend to concentrate near the coast
shows clear as they often survive or make a living from fishing. The
understanding of the populations of many small island states are poor and thus
issues involved. lack the resilience to recover from the impacts of
1 1–2 Simple statements with extreme weather events and the potential loss of homes
some merit although from rising sea levels. Look for quality of understanding
tendency towards through explanation and do not credit simple description
description unless it serves to support the explanation.
overexplanation.
wholly irrelevant.
2 Evaluate different strategies that can be used to protect coastlines in the future. AO2/AO3
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Candidates should apply their knowledge and
the lowest band. understanding of strategies designed to protect
Band Marks Descriptor coastlines. They should consider a range of
3 5–6 Good evaluation of strategies strategies which could be confined to the
showing clear ability to resources, but they may consider strategies that go
evaluate and present evidence beyond the resources such as other forms of both
to justify points made. Answer hard and soft engineering. They must consider
acknowledges advantages and potential advantages and disadvantages of
disadvantages of one strategy different strategies and reach a conclusion at the
or is able to give reasoned end. They may consider economic arguments in
evaluation of two or more relation to cost and the sustainability of strategies
strategies against each other. in the face of increasing storm events with climate
Meaning is clear. Response change in the future. Ensure that credit is given for
has purpose, is organised and the quality of evaluation rather than knowledge
well structured. and understanding of the strategies themselves.
2 3–4 Some evaluation of one or
more strategies but may lack
evidence and/or detail.
Imbalanced between
advantages and disadvantages
of one strategy or between
different strategies if more
than one is considered.
Meaning is generally clear.
The response is structured.
1 1–2 Valid statements lack
depth/breadth and with only
limited evaluation.
Theme 5: Weather, Climate and Ecosystems

Page 82
1 Study Figure 5. AO3/AO4

Give the average sea ice extent in 1979.
Accept only this answer 16.5 (1) 1 mark
2 Describe the changes in the extent of Arctic sea ice between 1979 and 2016. AO3/AO4
Credit four valid statements, each for Decrease (1), fluctuates (1), large 4 marks
1 mark. Allow 2 marks for decrease 2002–2006 (1), quantified (2).
quantification, e.g. overall decrease
16.5–14.4 km² (1), average 0.08 km²
per year (1)
The area covered by sea ice in the Arctic was 16.5 million km² in 1979. This area has decreased since that date so
that by 2016 it covered about 14.4 million km². This is a decrease of 2.1 million km² in 37 years. This decrease has
not been gradual but has seen annual fluctuations, increasing and decreasing. The biggest decrease happened
between 2002 and 2006, when there was no increase. [4]
3 Evaluate the evidence that supports the idea that the Earth’s climate is changing. AO2/AO3
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Candidates should apply their
lowest band. knowledge and
Band Marks Descriptor understanding of the
3 5–6 Good evaluation of evidence showing evidence for recent and/or
clear ability to evaluate and present past climate change. They
evidence to justify points made. should consider a range of
Answer acknowledges strengths and evidence such as ice cores
weaknesses of different bodies of from the Antarctic, showing
thought and is able to give reasoned that the amount of carbon
evaluation of two or more pieces of dioxide (CO 2) in the
evidence. atmosphere has changed
Meaning is clear. Response has over the last 420,000 years.
purpose, is organised and well Shifting seasons and earlier
structured. arrival of spring, causes
2 3–4 Some evaluation of evidence but may changes in migration patterns
lack detail. Imbalanced between of birds, for example, storks
strengths and weaknesses of one wintering in southern Europe
piece of evidence or between instead of Africa. Glaciers and
different pieces of evidence if more ice sheets melting, e.g., the
than one is considered. Pasterze Glacier in Austria
Meaning is generally clear. The retreated 8 km in past 160
response is structured. years. Candidates should
1 1–2 Valid statements lack depth/breadth question the strength of this
and with only limited evaluation. evidence and reach a
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. conclusion about whether the
Statements are linked by a basic evidence demonstrates that
structure. the Earth’s climate has
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is changed.
incorrect or wholly irrelevant. Ensure that credit is given for
the quality of evaluation.
Evidence that climate has changed in the past includes the study of ice cores from the Antarctic ice sheet which
show that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed over the past 420,000 years. Scientists
believe that changing CO2 levels indicate changing global temperatures since CO2 is a greenhouse gas. A small
number of scientists question this link. They would argue that there is no actual evidence that CO2 is causing global
warming, they argue that CO2 levels were increasing during the Industrial Revolution but the Earth’s temperatures
did not rise until later. Glaciers around the world are retreating and ice sheets are melting. The Pasterze Glacier
Austria has retreated by about 8 km in the past 160 years. This provides strong evidence but records only stretch
back for the last 400 years and only a small number of glaciers have been measured. The body of evidence that our
climate is changing is growing all of the time. It includes changes in nature, fossil evidence and the study of tree
rings. There are still come eminent scientists, however, who would argue that the evidence is not conclusive. [6]
Page 85
1 Calculate the rise in the average global temperature between 1880 and 2000. AO3/AO4
Credit 1 mark for correct answer and 1 14.4 – 13.5 (1), 0.9°C (1) 2 marks
mark for correct calculation
14.4 – 13.5 = 0.9°C [2]
2 Describe how the natural greenhouse effect warms the Earth’s atmosphere. AO1.1/AO1
Credit four valid statements, Solar energy enters the atmosphere (1), most 4 marks
each for 1 mark passes through the atmosphere (1), some is
absorbed and/or reflected (1), the Earth’s
surface is heated (1), the Earth radiates long-
wave energy (1), this is easily absorbed
greenhouse gases (1), e.g. carbon dioxide (1),
this warms the Earth’s atmosphere (1).
Solar energy enters the atmosphere and most of the short-wave energy passes through the atmosphere. This heats
the Earth which in turn radiates long-wave energy. This is easily absorbed by naturally occurring greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide. This then warms the Earth’s atmosphere. [4]
3 ‘People’s actions are the major cause of recent climate change.’ To what extent do you AO2/AO3
agree with this statement? 8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Responses should demonstrate
the lowest band. understanding of how people’s actions
Band Marks Descriptor could be a major cause of recent
4 7–8 Exceptional application of climate change.
knowledge and understanding. There is increasing evidence that
Comprehensive chains of people’s actions are adding to the
reasoning provide sophisticated amounts of greenhouse gases in the
analysis. atmosphere through: burning fossil
Balanced and coherent fuels, deforestation, dumping waste in
appraisal draws together wider landfill and commercial cattle farming.
geographical understanding to Measurements by the Met Office have
justify decision. shown that global temperatures have
3 5–6 Thorough application of increased by 0.6°C in the past 100
knowledge and understanding. years since the Industrial Revolution.
Chains of reasoning provide The Pasterze Glacier in Austria has
elaborated analysis. retreated by about 8 km in the past
Balanced appraisal draws 160 years.
together wider geographical Not everyone agrees that people are
understanding to support causing climate change. They point to
decision. many natural causes of climate change
2 3–4 Sound application of knowledge such as volcanic eruptions and
and understanding. variations in the amount of energy
Some connections provide valid given off by the Sun. Mount Pinatubo
but limited analysis. erupted in 1991, ejecting 10 km³ of
Limited appraisal uses wider ash into the atmosphere together
geographical understanding to with 15 million tonnes of SO 2.
support decision. Following this, world temperatures
1 1–2 Some basic application of decreased by 0.5°C.
Limited and weak appraisal uses
some wider geographical
decision.
incorrect or wholly irrelevant
The world’s climate varies naturally, for example, as a result of changes in the Earth’s orbit, although there is now
strong evidence that recent climate change is mainly the result of human activities. Over long periods of time, ice
ages show that climate changes naturally, the last ice age ended about 11,000 years ago. There have been other
recorded natural changes such as the Medieval Warm Period followed by a cooler period known as the Little Ice Age.
Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991 and in the following year world temperatures decreased by 0.5°C because of all the
ash in the atmosphere. Hence climate does change naturally. In the last century our climate has started to change
rapidly – the Earth has warmed by 0.6°C. People’s actions are adding to the amounts of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and intensive farming. Evidence of global warming
includes glacial retreat, for example, the Pasterze Glacier in Austria has retreated by about 8 km in the past 160
years. Shifting seasons are leading to changes in the migration patterns of birds and insects. Hence, although a small
number believe that recent climate change is due to natural causes, the majority of people think that humans are
causing it. The evidence suggests that recent change is so dramatic that it is almost certainly has been caused by
people. [8]
Page 90
1 Calculate the percentage increase in the number of hurricanes in the North AO3/AO4
Atlantic between 2000 and 2019. Show all your workings.
Credit 1 mark for correct answer and 1 18 – 8 x 100 (1), 125% (1) 2 marks
mark for correct calculation 8
2 Describe two impacts of a named located high-pressure hazard. AO1.1/AO1
Credit two valid statements, Example: California drought (2012–19). 4 marks

each for 1 mark.
Each of these statements can be Crop failure led to food shortages (1), lost farm
elaborated for up to 2 additional production cost $2 billion (1) 17,100 agricultural
marks. Hence candidates can jobs were lost (1).
achieve 4 marks via three routes Homeowners had no running water (1) for five
(3+1, 2+2 or 1+3) months (1), had to rely on water being delivered
by road (1).
Dry soil led to dust storms (1), dry vegetation led

to wildfires (1), property was damaged and
wildlife killed (1).
Salmon and trout died (1) in the river San Joaqui

(1) as a result of rising water temperature and
falling river levels (1).
Groundwater supplies were not recharged (1),

this could have long-term impacts on farming (1),
this water is needed to irrigate crops (1).
Between 2012 and March 2019, California, in the USA, experienced a severe drought. High pressure blocked low-
pressure systems from the Pacific Ocean that usually bring rainfall. The result was wildfires brought on by dry
vegetation which easily caught fire and destroyed people’s houses. The drought also led to crop failures and food
shortages with many farmers losing their income and jobs. [4]
3 Explain why tropical low-pressure systems are described as the most destructive AO1.2/AO2
weather hazard on Earth. 6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should
lowest band. demonstrate understanding
Band Marks Descriptor of why tropical low-pressure
3 5–6 Demonstrates good understanding of systems are described as the
tropical low-pressure systems and the most destructive of weather
destruction they can bring. hazards.
Meaning is clear. The response has Responses in band 3 should
purpose, is organised and well give an example to support
structured. understanding.
2 3–4 Demonstrates some understanding of
tropical low-pressure systems and the Examples may include:
destruction they can bring. Tropical storms have wind
Meaning is generally clear. The speeds that can reach over
response is structured. 120 km/hour. They give
1 1–2 Simple statements showing limited heavy rain which can cause
understanding of tropical low- severe flooding. High winds
pressure systems and the destruction and low pressure generate
they can bring. large waves and storm surges
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. which can cause flooding in
Statements are linked by a basic coastal areas.
structure.
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is Tropical Cyclone Idai hit land
incorrect or wholly irrelevant. on the evening of 14 March
2019 and caused havoc in the
Mozambique city of Beira.
843 people were killed,
185,000 people were made
homeless.
There were 6,000 cases of

cholera. One million acres of
crops were destroyed, hence
1.7 million people needed
food aid.
Tropical low-pressure systems are among the most powerful and destructive weather systems on Earth. Tropical
storms are known as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones in different parts of the world. They have wind speeds that
can reach over 120 km/hour. When tropical storms strike land they can cause huge amounts of damage. Most of the
damage is caused by flooding and storm surges. A storm surge is when the ocean level rises at the coastline due to
the power of the storm. Tropical storms also cause damage, with high-speed winds that can blow down trees and
damage homes. Tropical Cyclone Idai, for example, hit land on the evening of 14 March 2019 and wreaked havoc in
the Mozambique port city of Beira. It was particularly destructive because the coastline was low-lying, housing in
Beira was self-built and of poor quality and Mozambique is a low-income country. A storm surge of 3.5–4 metres
high hit Beira destroying 90% of the city and 843 people were killed. There were 6000 cases of cholera and 1 million
acres of crops were destroyed. [6]
Page 92
1 Give two weather conditions associated with areas of high pressure in the UK. AO1.1/AO1
Credit two valid statements, Low wind speed (1), lack of clouds (1), dry 2 marks
each for 1 mark weather (1), hot in summer (1), cold in winter (1),
fog in winter (1), thunderstorms in summer (1).
High-pressure areas in the UK are associated with clear skies and dry weather. In summer, weather is usually hot and
in winter it can get very cold.
2 Annotate the diagram to explain why temperatures and amount of rainfall differ in AO1.2/AO2
urban areas compared to rural areas.
Credit four valid statements, Higher temperatures (1), particularly at night (1), 4 marks
each for 1 mark. At least one buildings absorb heat from the Sun (1), heat is
statement must relate to given off by burning fossil fuels (1). Increased
temperature and one statement convectional rainfall (1), particularly
to rainfall thunderstorms (1), higher temperatures lead to
increased convection (1), more dry days due to
less moisture in the air (1).
Temperatures are higher in urban areas. Building materials absorb heat and tarmac road surfaces absorb large
amounts of heat due to their dark colour. Heat is absorbed during the day and then released slowly at night. Heat is
also given off by homes, factories and cars.
Urban areas get a larger number of dry days, since there is less moisture in the air. They have more rainfall when
they do have rain. This happens because convection currents, generated by higher temperatures, cause convectional
rainfall and also increase the likelihood of thunderstorms. [4]
3 Climate varies in different parts of the UK. Explain why. AO1.2/AO2

6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Answers are likely to focus on
lowest band. the following factors:
Band Marks Descriptor Latitude/distance from the
3 5–6 Detailed understanding of factors equator.
affecting climate and reasons why it Altitude/height above sea
varies. Responses are fully elaborated level.
showing clear links between factor Prevailing wind.
and impact on climate. Ocean currents.
Meaning is clear. Response has Distance from the sea.
purpose, is organised and well Air masses.
structured. Reference to urban climates.
2 3–4 Understanding of one or more factors
is demonstrated. Response contains Answers in the top band will
some elaboration. make clear links between
Meaning is generally clear. The factor(s) and temperature
response is structured. and precipitation.
1 1–2 Basic understanding demonstrated by
a list of possible factors. Ideas are not
elaborated.
structure.
The north of the UK generally has cooler temperatures than the south. This is because the north is at a higher
latitude where the Sun’s rays are not as concentrated. The west of the country is generally warmer than the east of
the country in winter because of the warming effect of the prevailing westerly winds blowing off the Atlantic Ocean.
In winter, the sea is warmer than the land and the seas around the UK are particularly warm because of the presence
of the North Atlantic Drift, an ocean current that brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico.
The west of the country is generally wetter than the east, particularly in winter. This is because low-pressure systems
called depressions move across the UK from the west. They bring moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and fr ontal
rainfall. In summer, the south-east of the country can sometimes have a greater number of thunderstorms because
this part of the UK will have more high pressure with hot weather in the summer. [6]
Page 98
1 Give two features of the savannah ecosystem that make it distinctive. AO1.1/AO1
Credit two valid statements, The climate has a marked wet and dry season (1), 2 marks
each for1e mark temperatures are high throughout the year (1),
plants are xerophytic (1), plants are pyrophytic (1),
vegetation consists of scattered trees (1), drought-
resistant bushes (1), grasses that can grow up to 4
m in height (1), huge diversity of insects, birds and
animals (1), contains large herds of grazing animals
(1).
Savannah lands have two distinct seasons: a wet season and a dry season. Temperatures are high throughout the
year. Plants have adapted to live in the dry season, such as the acacia tree that has long roots to tap water deep
underground. These drought-resistant plants are known as xerophytic plants. The savannah also contains a large
diversity of animal life such as lions and zebras. [2]
2 Describe the distribution of the savannah ecosystem. AO3/AO4

Credit four valid statements, Located north and south of tropical rainforest biome 4 marks
each for 1 mark (1), within the tropics (1), broad band around the
globe (1), largest expanse in Africa (1), named
country, for example, Kenya (1), quantification, for
example, continuous belt across Africa over 6000
km wide in some places (1).
Savannah grasslands are found within the tropics between rainforest and desert biomes. They are located in a broad
band around the globe. The largest expanse is in Africa. They are found countries such as Brazil, Tanzania, India and
northern Australia. [4]
3 Explain why climate is important in the development of the savannah. AO1.2/AO2

6 marks
from the lowest band. understanding of why climate is
Band Marks Descriptor important to the development of the
3 5–6 Demonstrates detailed savannah ecosystem. Responses in
understanding of the band 3 should give examples to
importance of climate in the support understanding.
development of the
savannah. Examples may include:
Meaning is clear. The Savannah regions have two distinct
response has purpose, is seasons: a wet season and a dry
organised and well season. In the wet, with high
structured temperatures, seasonal plants grow
2 3–4 Demonstrates vigorously, particularly grasses, up to
understanding of the 4 m in height. Plants and animals
importance of climate in the adapt to the long dry periods. Many
development of the plants are xerophytic, for example,
savannah. the acacia tree with its small, waxy
Meaning is generally clear. leaves and thorns. Animals may
The response is structured migrate great distances in search of
1 1–2 Simple statements show food and water. Many herbivorous
basic understanding. The species feed off the grasslands, for
answer may lack clarity. example, zebra. In turn, carnivores
Statements are linked by a such as the lion have evolved to hunt
basic structure. and feed on the herbivores.
0 Award 0 marks if the answer
is incorrect or wholly
irrelevant.
The savannah biome has distinct wet and dry seasons. Few trees are able to survive the dry season but grasses
thrive. Because of the availability of grass, there are many grazing animals that take advantage of this abundant food
supply. The savannah biome is rich with herbivores such as elephants, zebras, gazelles and buffalo. The many
herbivores in the savannah bring many carnivores. Herbivores have developed traits which help them escape
predators such as being fast, large or tall. Animals travel great distances in search of food and water. Plants and
animals have to adapt to the long dry periods. Many plants are xerophytic, for example, the acacia tree with its
small, waxy leaves and thorns. Some plants may also store water, for example, the baobab tree, or have long roots
that reach down to the water table like the acacia tree. [6]
Page 101
1 Give one reason why nutrients are recycled rapidly in rainforests. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for identifying The forest floor is hot and humid (1) decomposition 2 marks
the reason and the second occurs quickly (1).
mark for elaboration which Abundant in decomposers/bacteria/fungi (1) breaks
makes a clear link to rapid down litter (1).
nutrient cycling (1+1) Decomposers release nutrients (1) which are quickly
taken up by living plants (1).
Hot and damp conditions allow rapid decomposition to take place. The nutrients are in high demand from the
rainforest’s rapidly growing plants so they do not stay in the soil for long. [2]
2 Describe how the patterns of rainfall have changed in the Sahel region between 1950 AO1.1/AO1
and 2010.
Credit four valid statements, Average rainfall decreased (1), between 1950 and 4 marks
each for 1 mark 1967 every year had a greater than average rainfall
(1), between 1965 and 2010 only ten years have had
a greater than average (1), between 1979 and 1987
a continuous period of below average rainfall (1),
1983/84 had the least rainfall (1), quantified, for
example, 4 cm/month below average in 1983/84
(1).
Rainfall in the Sahel varies considerably from year to year. Since 1970 the totals have generally declined. Between
1950 and 1970, rainfall totals were generally higher than the long-term average. Since 1970 the totals have generally
been lower than the long-term average, with some exceptions such as in 1994 and 1999. In the period 1980 until
1987, rainfall totals were particularly low, almost 4 cm/month lower in 1984. [4]
3 Explain why deforestation in tropical rainforests has an impact on both climate and AO1.2/AO2
the nutrient cycle. 6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working Examples may include:

upwards from the lowest band. Deforestation removes the supply of
vegetation, therefore lack of dead organic
Band Marks Descriptor matter for decomposition and nutrient
3 5–6 Thorough and cycling.
elaborated It removes the protective canopy which
understanding of the means soil and nutrients may be washed
link between away by heavy rainfall. Less
deforestation and evapotranspiration if vegetation removed
impacts on climate which can influence rainfall on a local and
and nutrient cycle. regional scale, reducing the productivity of
Depth of remaining forested areas, therefore
understanding is reducing availability of nutrients.
demonstrated Larger-scale deforestation can lead to
through chains of changes in the biome and desertification
reasoning. due to lower rainfall levels. Removal of trees
2 3–4 Elaborated removes a carbon sink and can contribute to
understanding of the warming on a global scale.
links between Shifting cultivation and plantation
deforestation and agriculture – will influence nutrient cycling
impact(s). by changing the size of stores and flows.
Demonstrates
breadth of
understanding.
1 1–2 Simple, valid
statement(s)
demonstrate basic
understanding of the
link.
wholly irrelevant.
When trees in the rainforest are felled the nutrient cycle is broken and there is no new input of plant material.
Rainfall rapidly removes the nutrients stored in the soil through surface runoff and leaching. Soils quickly become
infertile and vulnerable to erosion. The canopy of the rainforest acts like a giant umbrella. If removed, soils dry in the
sunshine, also reducing fertility. Heavy rainfall from convectional storms hits the ground with great force and soils
are washed away, leading to gullying and mudslides on steep slopes.
Trees act as a water store by intercepting rainfall. They release water into the atmosphere through evaporation and
transpiration, this forms clouds and the next day’s convectional rainfall. If trees are removed then interception and
transpiration are reduced, evaporation is increased, without the water store the regional climate becomes drier.
Scientists predict that temperatures in the Amazon will increase by 2–3°C and rainfall will decrease over the next 50
years. [6]
Page 104
1 Complete the following sentences choosing words from the box below. AO1.2/AO2
Credit these responses only sustainable (1), timber (1), ecotourism (1) 3 marks
2 Give two ways in which the rainforest can be managed sustainably. AO1.1/AO1
Credit two valid statements, Agro-forestry (1), growing trees and crops at the 4 marks
each for 1 mark. Each statement same time (1).
can be further elaborated for up Selective logging (1), only cutting down trees that
to 2 additional marks. Hence, are a certain species or age (1), the international
candidates can achieve 4 marks Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) ensures this (1).
via three routes (3+1, 2+2 or Forest reserves (1), areas of forest are protected (1),
1+3) for example, Alto Maués National Park in Brazil (1),
wildlife corridors link up fragmented areas of land
(1).
Encouraging ecotourism (1), a highly profitable form
of tourism that relies on the protection of the forest
(1).
Debt-for-nature swaps (1), poor countries can
‘swap’ debt with a rich country if they protect an
area of rainforest (1).
Forest reserves can be set up where the plants and animals that live in the rainforest are protected. An example of
such a reserve is the Alto Maués National Park in Brazil. In recent years, as people have looked for more exotic holidays,
there has been a growth in ecotourism. Ecotourists like to visit the rainforest and meet its wildlife and people. If the
forest is cleared, they won’t want to come. The Yachana ecolodge in the Amazon rainforest is one example of an
ecotourism development. [4]
3 Do you agree that it is possible to solve the problem of desertification in the savannah AO2/AO3
grasslands? Justify your answer. 6 marks
Use the descriptors below working Responses should use evidence of suggested
upwards from the lowest band. solutions to solve the problem of
Band Marks Descriptor desertification to support their arguments.
3 5–6 Thorough application
of knowledge and Examples may include:
understanding. Yes: Scientists, politicians and
Chains of reasoning environmentalists have suggested a number
provide elaborated of solutions to the problem. These include
analysis. crop rotation and increasing the length of the
Balanced appraisal fallow period to allow the soil to recover. By
draws together wider diverting rivers or digging wells the areas
geographical prone to desertification can be irrigated.
understanding to Genetically modified crops can be engineered
support decision(s). to withstand water shortages. In the Sahel
region of Africa 11 countries have agreed a
project to build a ‘Green Wall’ across the
southern edge of the area suffering from
2 3–4 Sound application of desertification. Hence there are many possible
knowledge and solutions which have a proven record of
understanding. success.
Some connections
provide valid but No: Many of the countries suffering from
limited analysis. desertification are poor and unable to devote
Limited appraisal uses resources to tackling the problem. In most of
wider geographical these countries the population is growing
understanding to rapidly and population pressure means that it
support decision(s). is impossible to increase the fallow period or
1 1–2 Some basic application reduce grazing numbers without causing food
of knowledge and shortages. This is a particular problem
understanding. because most of the people in these countries
Basic levels of meaning rely on agriculture. If water is diverted from
ascribed to the rivers then this may cause water shortages in
information/issue. other places. Digging wells reduces the
Limited and weak amount of groundwater which may cause
appraisal uses some problems in the future.
wider geographical
understanding to
support decision(s).
wholly irrelevant.
There are many ways in which desertification can be reduced. Planting more trees would help reduce soil erosion
because tree roots hold the soil together. The quality of the soil can be improved by encouraging people to reduce
the number of grazing animals. Water can be stored in earth dams in the wet season and this can be used to irrigate
crops during the dry season. This is an example of using appropriate technology to manage water supplies in the
desert environment. Most countries suffering from desertification are poor and are unable to afford, for example, to
plant more trees. In many of these countries the population is growing rapidly and farmers need to feed their
families so in the short term they do not have the luxury of worrying about long-term consequences. They chop
trees down to use the wood for fires to cook their food. Climate change is also a factor which is out of the control of
the people in areas suffering from desertification. In conclusion, I agree that it is possible to solve the problem of
desertification but I do not think it will happen until the countries affected begin to control their population growth
and begin to develop. [6]
Worked example
1 a) What is the median value for maximum wind gusts? AO3/AO4

Credit this response only 78 (1) 1 mark
1 b) Give one limitation of using mode for the data in the table above. AO3/AO4
Credit one valid statement with 1 mark There is more than one mode (1), does not 1 mark
take into account extreme values (1).
1 c) Give one reason why low-pressure systems cause high wind speeds. AO1.2/AO2
Credit one valid statement with 1 mark and its Air rises rapidly (1), drawing in air towards 2 marks
explanation with 1 mark the centre of the low pressure (1). Isobars
close together (1), causing a steep pressure
gradient (1).
2 'Haiti is unable to respond to the damage caused by low-pressure systems unless it has AO2/AO3
help from richer countries.' To what extent do you agree with this statement? Refer to 8 marks
evidence in the Resource box to support your answer.
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Candidates should make use of
the lowest band. evidence.
Band Marks Descriptor
4 7–8 Exceptional application of Examples may include:
knowledge and understanding. Average incomes in Haiti are 23 times
Comprehensive chains of lower than in UK meaning that people
reasoning provide sophisticated cannot quickly repair damage or
analysis. recover lost income from the
Balanced and coherent damaged economy.
appraisal draws together wider
geographical understanding to Scale of the damage was huge with
justify decision. 13% of the population needing aid.
3 5–6 Thorough application of Scale of damage to the housing is
knowledge and understanding. severe – houses need to be made safe
Chains of reasoning provide and repaired. Crops are damaged so
elaborated analysis. incomes are lost. GNI per person is
Balanced appraisal draws very low, so people will be unable to
together wider geographical afford to make repairs.
decision. The consequence is that people will
2 3–4 Sound application of knowledge depend on aid from the government
and understanding. or NGOs. They may live in temporary
Some connections provide valid housing for long periods.
but limited analysis. Overcrowding and poor sanitation
Limited appraisal uses wider make them vulnerable to cholera.
support decision. Candidates may justifiably argue that
1 1–2 Some basic application of every country needs help after a
knowledge and understanding. disaster of this magnitude, whatever
Basic level of meaning ascribed the level of development. A decision is
to the information/issue. required as to whether candidates
Limited and weak appraisal uses agree or disagree with the statement.
some wider geographical They may partially agree/disagree
understanding to support based on some issues being less
decision. challenging to deal with than others.
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is They may comment on social,
incorrect or wholly irrelevant economic or environmental impacts
Balance acknowledges both sides of the argument and conclude that vulnerability
but doesn’t necessarily give them equal weight. depends on the category or scale of
the impact. Balance is required in the
discussion. Balance may take the form
of range of factors, opinion, scale,
level of development.
Theme 6: Development and Resource Issues

Page 108
1 Describe the relationship between infant mortality and GNI per capita. AO3/AO4
Credit three valid statements, each for Negative correlation (1), infant mortality 3 marks
1 mark increases when GNI per capita decreases (1),
relationship is exponential (1), for example,
Norway has a GNI per capita of U$94,000
and an infant mortality of 2 deaths per 1,000
live births (1).
As the GNI per capita increases, so the infant mortality rate decreases. For example, the Central African Republic has
a GNI per capita of US$1000 and an infant mortality of 95, whereas Norway has a GNI of U$94,000 and an infant
mortality of 2. The relationship shows an exponential decrease in infant mortality as GNI increases. [3]
2 Give two limitations of using GNI per capita as a measure of economic AO1.1/AO1
development.
Credit two valid statements, each for Does not recognise regional inequalities (1), 2 marks
1 mark only measures wealth (1), does not consider
cost of living (1).
GNI is an average figure for the whole country but within all countries there are both rich and poor people. GNI is a
measure of wealth, which on its own may not give an accurate picture of human development. [2]
3 ‘Low-income countries are unlikely to develop without help from high-income countries.’ AO2/AO3
To what extent do you agree with this statement? 8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Responses should recognise that low-
the lowest band. income countries do not have the
Band Marks Descriptor human and sometimes natural
4 7–8 Exceptional application of resources to be able to help
knowledge and understanding. themselves. Many have rapid
Comprehensive chains of population growth and lack the wealth
reasoning provide sophisticated to provide essential services such as
analysis. education and healthcare. Subsistence
Balanced and coherent agriculture often dominates the
appraisal draws together wider economy with limited manufacturing
geographical understanding to industry. For example, Malawi in
justify decision. central Africa has few roads to
3 5–6 Thorough application of transport goods, farms are small and
knowledge and understanding. productivity low, 37% of children are
Chains of reasoning provide malnourished to the extent that it
elaborated analysis. stunts their growth, over a million
Balanced appraisal draws people suffer from HIV and the country
together wider geographical is landlocked so finds it difficult to
understanding to support trade with the rest of the world.
decision.
2 3–4 Sound application of knowledge
and understanding.
Some connections provide valid
but limited analysis.
Limited appraisal uses wider
support decision.
decision.
incorrect or wholly irrelevant
Low-income countries are defined by the World Bank as countries with a GNI per capita of $1045 or less. They often
have a multitude of economic, social, political and environmental problems which make it difficult for them to make
progress and develop on their own. Often their economies are dominated by subsistence farming which provides
little wealth. Multinational companies often use these countries to grow low-value primary products such as oil palm
and tea, wages are very low and seasonal.
Malawi in central Africa is an example of a low-income country. It is landlocked which means that it is difficult for it
to trade with the rest of the world. Education standards are poor with only 8% of children completing secondary
education. Many suffer from poor health and over 1 million people are infected with HIV. Malawi lacks the human
and physical resources to be able to lift itself out of poverty. I agree with this statement and believe that it is very
difficult for countries such as this to help themselves, they need some help to kick start their economies. [8]
Page 116
1 a) Study the table. AO3/AO4

Calculate the range of GDP values shown in the table. Show your workings.
Credit these answers only 21,177 (1) 2 marks
21,439 – 262 (1)
21439
–262
21177 [2]
1 b) Give two limitations of using total GDP as a measure of economic development. AO1.1/AO1
Credit 1 mark for each valid Does not show disparities in wealth (1). 2 marks
limitation given Does not show variance between regions within a
country (1).
Does not include all productive activities in a
country/only includes legal activities in a country
(1).
Does not take account of size (population) of
country (1).
Does not consider cost of living (1).
GDP does not show differences in wealth within a country and it does not take into account how expensive it is to
live in a country. [2]
2 Give two reasons to explain why tourism can be an important contribution to a AO1.2/AO2
country’s average income.
Credit two valid statements, Provides employment (1) which gives people a 4 marks
each for 1 mark. higher income than may otherwise be available (1).
Each of these statements can be Attracts investment from companies based outside
elaborated for up to 2 of the country (1), e.g. large hotel chains opening
additional marks. Hence up hotels providing employment opportunities (1).
candidates can achieve 4 marks Opportunities for informal employment (1),
via three routes (3+1, 2+2 or tourists buy products from street vendors (1).
1+3).
Do not credit naming country or
unqualified wealth
Tourism provides job opportunities; this gives those people in work extra spending power. When the tourists are
from abroad this will bring foreign currency into a country. MNCs may invest in a country by building the
infrastructure needed to develop tourism, such as airport facilities and hotels. This will again provide jobs and bring
foreign currency into a country. [4]
3 Explain why enclave tourism has consequences for development in LICs and/or NICs. AO1.2/AO2
6 marks
lowest band. understanding of why enclave
Band Marks Descriptor tourism has consequences for
3 5–6 Good understanding and detailed development in LICs/NICs.
explanation of why enclave Consequences referred to may
tourism has consequences for be positive or negative. To gain
development. Answer must be the higher levels there must be
clearly relating to LICs/NICs. a clear explanation why tourism
Meaning is clear. The response links to development.
has purpose, is organised and well Maximum band 1 if not enclave
structured. tourism.
2 3–4 Some understanding of why
enclave tourism has Examples may include:
consequence(s) for development. Restricts economic
Some reference made to development – as many of the
LICs/NICs. hotels built in LICs/NICs are part
Meaning is generally clear. The of large multinational
response is structured. companies, the majority of the
1 1–2 Simple statements showing income generated from tourists
limited understanding of why is leaked back to the countries
enclave tourism has where these companies are
consequences for development. located. This also applies to
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. airlines, cruise ships, etc.
Statements are linked by a basic Enhances economic
structure. development – the majority of
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is tourists may look for souvenirs
incorrect or wholly irrelevant. to purchase, this opens up
opportunities in the informal
economy for handmade
products to be sold to tourists,
generating an income for locals.
With ‘enclave tourism’ tourists pay one price and get all their travel, accommodation, drinks and entertainment in
one place. Less money is spent in local shops and restaurants and money is leaked back to the MNCs that own the
airline companies and hotel chains. A country would not get as much economic benefit as it would if it developed its
own tourist industry or if tourists stayed in locally owned hotels and used locally owned restaurants. The
development of the large luxury hotels that tourists demand requires large sums of money that many poorer
countries do not have. The foreign-owned hotels employ local people and source much of its foodstuffs from local
suppliers so there is still a benefit which the country would not get if the tourists did not com e. Also, many people
are employed in the informal sector, for example, selling souvenirs to tourists. Gambia is a good example of a low-
income country that has seen the development of enclave tourism in its coastal belt. [6]
Page 118
1 As NICs become more developed, income inequalities between rich and poor people AO3/AO4
sometimes increase. Study the information below. By how many times has the
income of the richest 1 per cent increased compared to the poorest 10 per cent?
Show your working.
Credit the correct answer with 1 mark. 182 (1). Working: 11,830 divided by 65 (1). 2 marks
Credit the working with 1 mark
11,830÷65=182 [2]
2 Fair trade can help reduce inequalities in NICs. Tick one statement in the box below AO1.1/AO1
that best describes fair trade.
Credit this response only The money paid to producers is guaranteed 1 mark
regardless of prices on the world market (1).
3 Explain why fair trade helps reduce inequalities in LICs such as Ghana. AO1.2/AO2
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Producers receive a fair
lowest band. price/more money than on
Band Marks Descriptor the free market for goods
3 5–6 Good understanding of reasons why which means they can:
fair trade helps to reduce inequalities. • invest in education for
Responses are fully elaborated their children which helps
showing clear links between ideas. reduce educational
Meaning is clear. The response has inequalities
purpose, is organised and well • spend money on basic
structured. needs such as food or
2 3–4 Some understanding of one or more shelter or improved
reasons is demonstrated. Response water sources which
contains some elaboration. reduces health
Meaning is generally clear. The inequalities.
response is structured. There must be a link between
1 1–2 Basic understanding demonstrated by the benefits of fair trade and
a list of reasons. Ideas are not reduction of inequality.
elaborated.
structure.
The Fairtrade Foundation was set up in 1992 to sell products carrying the FAIRTRADE mark. Fair trade means that
producers receive a guaranteed and fair price for their products. This means their quality of life will improve. They
will have more money to spend on feeding their family thus reducing health inequalities. They will also be able to
give their children a better education, reducing the inequalities of opportunity. Fair trade can also reduce gender
inequalities by empowering women. Fair trade products include tea, sugar, chocolate, bananas and clothing made
from fair trade cotton. Examples of places benefiting from fair trade include the cocoa farmers of Ghana who can
now make their own Divine Fairtrade chocolate and the Kasinthula Cane Growers Association (KCG), a Fairtrade
project in southern Malawi, processing and selling sugar cane produced by smallholder farmers. [6]
Page 121
1. What is irrigation? Tick one box below. AO1.1/AO1

Credit this response only Supplying water to land to help crops grow 1 mark
(1).
2 Describe the differences in use of water in Vietnam compared to Thailand. AO3/AO4

Credit each valid comparative Vietnam uses a much greater amount/four 3 marks
statement with 1 mark. Credit times more in industry (1). Vietnam uses
processing of data much less in agriculture/30% less (1).
Vietnam uses a little more for domestic (1).
Vietnam uses a lot more of its water in industry, 21% of its overall water use compared to 5% in Thailand. Thailand
uses a lot more water in agriculture, 22% more. Vietnam uses a greater percentage of its water use in domestic uses
than Thailand, 11% compared to 5%. [3]
3 Explain why population growth and agricultural change lead to increasing demand for AO1.2/AO2
water. 6 marks
the lowest band. understanding of the reasons
Band Marks Descriptor for increasing demand for
3 5–6 Good understanding of why water.
both population growth and
agricultural change lead to Population growth – more
increasing demand for water. people require more water for
Meaning is clear. The response cooking, drinking, washing, etc.
has purpose, is organised and More water will be used in the
well structured. production of more food to
2 3–4 Some understanding of why feed a larger population.
either population growth More water used in the
and/or agricultural change production of products such as
impacts on water demand. steel.
Meaning is generally clear. The Agricultural change – increased
response is structured. quantity of reservoirs, wider
1 1–2 Simple statements showing use of irrigation systems,
basic understanding of factors increased use of hydroponics.
leading to increased water
demand.
Population growth will lead to an increasing demand for water since there will be more drinking water needed, food
to be cooked and clothes to be washed. Also, with more people more crops will need to be grown and more animals
kept to feed the increased numbers. Crops need to be watered and animals drink water hence more water will be
needed. This is known as embedded water or virtual water. To produce 1 kg of beef, 15,000 litres of water will be
needed. The population of the world has increased from 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 7 billion today. As a country
develops, agriculture is likely to become more commercial. This will use more water in irrigation – sprinklers use vast
quantities of water. As agriculture changes and develops, along with industrial growth, this will increase the wealth
of the population and there will be a growth in consumerism with water being used in appliances such as washing
machines and in the leisure industry, e.g. golf courses. [6]
Page 124
1 Study Figure 12 ‘Increasing water stress: the world of water in 2070 on page 121. AO3/AO4
1 a) Name the mapping technique used in this map.
Credit this response only Choropleth (1) 1 mark
1 b) Give three ways in which this map could be adapted so that it is easier to AO3/AO4
understand.
Credit three valid responses Reduce the number of categories (1). 3 marks
Leave out the numbers in the key (1).
Make colours used more distinct (1).
Make intervals in each category the same size
(1).
Add statistics/symbols to map (1).
Add lines of latitude/longitude (1).
Naming of continents/countries (1).
It would be easier to understand if the continents and a selection of countries were named. The key is also confusing
with the categories going up in odd amounts, e.g. 0.51-<1.00 then 1.01-<1.7. It would be easier to understand if they
went up in equal amounts or leave out the numbers and just have the descriptive terms, e.g. extreme stress. The
number of categories could be reduced to extreme stress, some stress and no stress. [3]
2 ‘The advantage of the LHWP are greater than the disadvantages for Lesotho.’To what AO2/AO3
extent do you agree with this statement? Use evidence from the resources. 6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Responses should consider the
the lowest band. advantages and disadvantages of the
Band Marks Descriptor LHWP for Lesotho. Only credit
3 5–6 Detailed evaluation including responses that can be linked to the
advantages and disadvantages resources.
of the LHWP to Lesotho.
Information in the resources is Advantages:
interpreted carefully and used Income for Lesotho.
to good effect to justify the Increased water availability.
argument. Potential for HEP.
Meaning is clear. The response
has purpose, is organised and Disadvantages:
well structured. Loss of land.
2 3–4 Some evaluation including Little compensation for loss of income.
advantages and disadvantages Water security for locals has not been
of the LHWP for Lesotho. improved.
There is valid but limited
interpretation of information
in the resource. Maximum
band 2 if does not make
decision.
Meaning is generally clear. The
response is structured.
1 1–2 Simple statements may include
advantages and/or
disadvantages of the LHWP.
Maximum band 1 if only
advantages or disadvantages
or they are in relation to S.
Africa.
parts. Statements are linked by
a basic structure.
The Lesotho Highland Water Project aims to transfer water from the mountains of Lesotho, where there is an excess
of water, to South Africa, where there is a shortage of water. The money that would be received from South Africa
can be invested in the country to kick start development. This will improve the well-being of the people which will
mean that they will be more productive if they do not fall ill. Money can be spent on improving roads which may
attract industry to the country and will help people travel more easily to work, hospital or school. The reservoir will
take up a huge amount of land and take away the best farmland used by subsistence farmers who have no other way
of making a living. The reservoir will most likely benefit those people who already have money. In conclusion, the
evidence shows that for the long-term benefit of Lesotho the project should go ahead. In the short-term life will be
harder for the farmers but their lives will also improve as the country develops. [6]
Page 126
1 Display the information in the table above using a suitable graph. AO3/AO4
Credit 1 mark for choice of a Bar graph, pie chart, pictogram (1), accurate 4 marks
suitable graph and 3 marks for axis (1), labelled (1), title (1), accurate graph
accurate construction (1).
2 Describe the patterns of regional inequality in one named NIC. AO1.1/AO1

Allow 1 mark per correct Answers will vary depending on country 4 marks
descriptor or credit studied. Elaboration points might include
elaboration of an idea (4x1, or reference to specific data or specific locations
3+1, or 2+2). within the country studied. Do not credit
Maximum 2 with no named reasons.
country or specific reference Location of capital city (1). Urban–rural
to country disparity (1). North–south divide (1). Coastal–
inland differences (1). Core–periphery (1). Use
of correct located example(s) (1).
In India there are marked regional inequalities between the richer south and west and poorer north and east. States
such as Maharashtra have access to the coast and have large cities such as Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur. Mumbai is
the centre for Bollywood, India’s massive film industry, and is the financial capital of India. The region is the main
centre for heavy industry, producing 39% of India’s industrial output. Bihar in the east is landlocked and most people
are farmers only producing enough food for their families or they are landless labourers earning very poor wages. In
Bihar, 53% of the population are illiterate and 34% live in poverty. [4]
3 Explain why inequalities exist within one named NIC that you have studied. AO1.2/AO2
6 marks
the lowest band. understanding of why
Band Marks Descriptor inequalities exist within a named
3 5–6 Good understanding of why NIC.
inequalities exist within a Maximum band 2 if no named
named NIC. NIC.
Meaning is clear. The response
has purpose, is organised and Examples may include:
well structured. Historical development issues
2 3–4 Some understanding of why such as colonial background.
inequalities exist within a Large multinational companies
country. Maximum band 2 have invested in many NICs but
without a named NIC. may be centred in one part of
Meaning is generally clear. The the country.
response is structured. The development of tourism
1 1–2 Simple statements showing may be concentrated in only
basic understanding of why some parts of the country.
inequalities exist within a Government policy may favour
country. certain parts of the country with,
Meaning may lack clarity in for example, investment in
parts. Statements are linked education.
In India there are marked regional inequalities between the richer south and west and poorer north and east. The
reasons for this are partly historical. The west of the country has access to the coast and therefore the region had
access to world trade. This is further highlighted by investment of multinational companies such as Tata Steel which
has headquarters in Mumbai. Mumbai is also home to Bollywood and is India’s financial capital. These provide many
job opportunities. The multiplier effect means that the workers will spend their money in shops and entertainment
which will provide further jobs. The north and east are landlocked and so have not developed international trade
routes. The majority of people are poor farmers. They have very limited spending power and so there is no multiplier
effect. There are other reasons for inequalities within India which include their caste system where groups such as
the Dalits (untouchables) are excluded from many opportunities. These inequalities are higher in rural areas than
urban areas. [6]
Page 130
1 Give a four-figure grid reference for the location of the Amazon Distribution Centre. AO1.1/AO1
Credit this response only 9637 (1) 1 mark
9637 [1]
2 Give two reasons to explain why this site was chosen by Amazon for a distribution AO1.1/AO1
centre.
Credit two valid statements Gently sloping land (1), easier to build a large 4 marks
each for 1 mark. Each warehouse (1), needed to store the large range of
statement can be further goods sold by Amazon (1).
elaborated for up to 2 Near main roads (1), for example M1 which links to
additional marks. Hence the motorway network (1), easier to transport and
candidates can achieve 4 deliver goods (1).
marks via three routes (3+1, Nearby villages (1), for example Aspley Guise (1),
2+2 or 1+3) provide workers for Amazon (1).
There are many main roads nearby, such as the M1. This means that Amazon can easily deliver its goods all over the
country. The land here is quite flat and this makes it easier to build the large warehouse needed to store the goods
sold by Amazon. [4]
3 Explain why inequalities exist between different regions of the UK. AO1.2/AO2
6 marks
the lowest band. understanding of why
Band Marks Descriptor inequalities exist within the UK.
3 5–6 Good understanding of why The national divide is between
regional inequalities exist the north and the south of the
within the UK. country. The dividing line is not
Meaning is clear. The response an actual line but describes the
has purpose, is organised and economic and social differences
well structured. that exist between Wales and
2 3–4 Some understanding of why the north and the south of
regional inequalities exist England. The reasons for the
within the UK. inequalities are largely historical
Meaning is generally clear. The since the economy of the north
response is structured. and Wales was dominated by
1 1–2 Simple statements showing heavy industries such as coal,
basic understanding of why steel and textiles. These have
regional inequalities exist now declined. The capital city of
within the UK. London is located in the south
Meaning may lack clarity in with its financial and banking
parts. Statements are linked sector. The south also has many
by a basic structure. of the UK’s major airports and
0 Award 0 marks if the answer is lighter manufacturing industries
incorrect or wholly irrelevant. such as food processing and
electronics.
There is a clear divide in wealth in the UK between a poorer north and a richer south. The decaying industrial areas
of Wales, the Midlands, the north of England and Scotland contrast with the wealthy, finance and technology led
southern economy. For example, the steel industry, which is largely located in the north, has lost over 300,000 jobs
in the last 50 years as a result of this deindustrialisation. Other reasons for the inequalities are that London is in the
south and it is the capital city and a global centre for finance and banking. The south has centres of research, in
places such as Oxford and Cambridge, where, for example, new vaccines are developed for viruses. The south also
has a better infrastructure, with major airports such as Heathrow and Gatwick and a better motorway network
which distribution businesses such as Amazon need. However, it should be noted that within the south there are
also inequalities, such as poor former industrial inner-city areas and within the north there are richer areas such as
Aberdeen with its oil revenues. [6]
Worked example
1 Study the graph below. AO3/AO4

1 a) Calculate the difference in hourly pay between Inner London and the Sheffield region.
Show your working.
Award 1 mark for working, 36 – (-13) (1), 36+13 (1), 49 (1). 2 marks
and 1 mark for the correct
answer
1 b) Describe two social impacts of regional inequality in the UK. AO1.1/

AO1
Allow (2+2) or (3+1). Must High unemployment in some areas/reliance on 4 marks
address two different issues. A benefits/living on low income (1) means people may not be
comparative example can be able to afford basic needs (1) such as adequate housing (1).
used as an elaboration (1) Poverty can lead to health issues (1) which may reduce life
expectancy (1). May encourage migration of young/educated
(1), leads to brain drain (1).
Quality of education may vary depending on postcode (1)
which can affect life chances and opportunities (1) which can
contribute to a cycle of poverty in some areas (1).
Conflict/division (1).
1 c) Study the information in the Resource box below about the Liverpool City Region AO2/AO3
Enterprise Zone. Evaluate the success of investment in creating growth in deprived regions of 8 marks
the UK.
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from Candidates may refer to information
the lowest band. from the Resource box. They may refer
Band Marks Descriptor to evidence from their own knowledge
4 7–8 Exceptional application of in support of the discussion. Likely
knowledge and understanding. discussion points include the impact on
Comprehensive chains of the economy of redevelopment such as
reasoning provide offices and hotels, and the extent to
sophisticated analysis. which this has an effect on improving
Balanced and coherent some of the deprivation indicators in
evaluation draws together the area, e.g. health, education, crime,
wider geographical skills. Jobs will and have been created
understanding to justify but in a narrow sector (tourism and
decision(s). retail) of the economy. Redevelopment
3 5–6 Thorough application of improves the attractiveness of the area
knowledge and understanding. and may attract further investment, but
will this be the investment that is
Chains of reasoning provide needed to improve the deprivation and
elaborated analysis. inequality in the area? The jobs created
Balanced evaluation draws may not reflect the skill base of the
together wider geographical population, and therefore may not
understanding to support address the creation of growth needed
decision(s). for sections of the population.
2 3–4 Sound application of Candidates should reach a conclusion as
knowledge and understanding. to whether they believe this
Some connections provide redevelopment project is/can be a
valid but limited analysis. success in creating growth in deprived
Limited evaluation uses wider regions.
support decision(s).
Basic levels of meaning
ascribed to the
information/issue.
decision(s).
wholly incorrect or irrelevant.
Once a mark has been awarded for the geographical content, apply the performance descriptors for spelling,
punctuation and the accurate use of grammar and specialist terms that follow.
Band Mark Performance descriptions
High 4 • Learners spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy
• Learners use rules of grammar with effective control of meaning overall
• Learners use a wide range of specialist terms as appropriate
Intermediate 2–3 • Learners spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy
• Learners use rules of grammar with general control of meaning overall
• Learners use a good range of specialist terms as appropriate
Threshold 1 • Learners spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy
• Learners use rules of grammar with some control of meaning and any errors
do not significantly hinder meaning overall
• Learners use a limited range of specialist terms as appropriate
0 • The learner writes nothing
• The learner’s response does not relate to the question
• The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold
performance level, for example errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar
severely hinder meaning
Theme 7: Social Development Issues

Page 134
1 Give two indicators that measure gender differences in a country. AO1.1/AO1
each valid point Male and female birth/death rates.
Male and female life expectancy.
Male and female average income.
Male and female literacy rates.
Male and female literacy rates and male and female life expectancy. [2]
2 Give two reasons why the concept of a continuum of social development is AO1.2/AO2
beneficial when comparing countries.
Award 1 mark Grouping countries into rich and poor is inaccurate (1) as 4 marks
for each valid every country is at a different stage of development (1). A
reason and a continuum shows where on a development scale they are (1).
further 1 or 2 Useful so that one country’s progress from year to year can be
marks for seen (1), whereas if not on a scale the progress may not be
development clear (1).
It allows a more accurate representation as to where on their development path the country is. If it is not poor or
rich but in between, then it can be seen exactly how developed the country is. It is very easy to compare countries
using the continuum as you can see where they are relative to other countries. [4]
3 Evaluate the benefits of using the HDI to measure social development. AO2/AO3
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate thorough
lowest band. evaluation of the benefits of the HDI to
measure social development. For the
higher levels you would expect to see
Thorough evaluation of the benefits of positives and negatives for the use of HDI.
using the HDI to measure social Candidates may also compare to other
development. Both sides of the indicators which is also creditworthy.
argument are addressed with reasoning
4 7–8 and a conclusion is made. Examples may include:
Meaning is unambiguous. The response Consideration of the ease of using the HDI.
Why the variety of components used to
structured.
create the HDI is beneficial.
Evaluation of the benefits of using the Explanation of advantages of complex
HDI to measure social development. indicators over single indicators.
Both sides of the argument are
The drawbacks of only using the HDI.
addressed with reasoning and a
3 5–6 What groups of factors are not considered
conclusion is made.
in the HDI.
structured.
Some benefits of using HDI to measure
social development are given but with
2 3–4 little reasoning.
is structured.
understanding of the HDI as an indicator
for development.
1 1–2
structure.
As the HDI is a complex indicator of development it takes into consideration more than one factor. This is useful as it
considers different types of factors about the country. Taking in social, economic and demographic factors, it
provides one figure about a country that can be compared for its own progression year to year or against other
countries. This is a great benefit as it allows easier comparison. It will also give a more accurate measure for
countries that have disparities in their development profile. For example, some countries may have a high GDP and
so if just economic factors were considered they would show as being highly developed. However, their social
development may be low, and this would not be reflected if just economic factors are considered. However, the HDI
should be considered along with other factors, e.g. environmental factors are not considered in the HDI and with
global warming becoming increasingly important for countries to consider, maybe environmental indicators should
also be taken into account?
On balance I do think it is important to consider the HDI as a measure of a county’s social development as it
considers more than one type of development so that a broad measurement of the country’s development is taken,
but other factors should not be ignored. [7]
Page 139
1 Define the term child labour. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Where children carry out regular work (1) which damages 2 marks
each valid point their physical or mental development/which can be
dangerous/for long hours (1).
Child labour is where children carry out regular work which limits their ability to go to school or damages their
health. [2]
2 Look at the two population pyramids on page 133. Draw conclusions as to AO3/AO4
the two countries’ future population structures.
6 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate an
lowest band. understanding of the two population
pyramids and draw conclusions as to how
both may change in the future.
Detailed conclusions are made as to Band 3 candidates must use data to
future population structures using the support their conclusions and offer
data from both pyramids. Clear reasoning.
reasoning should be provided along with
3 5–6 supportive data.
Comments on overall shapes of the
pyramids.
structured.
Is there a difference between genders?
Conclusions are made as to future
Overall life expectancies.
population structures using the data
from both pyramids. Reasoning may be What ages are most of the population
2 3–4 provided along with supportive data. shown.
is structured. Use comparative language.
conclusions are given with little to no
reasoning or use of supportive data.
1 1–2
structure.
I can see that Nigeria’s population pyramid has a wide base and narrows quickly towards the top. The percentage
aged 0–4 are around 16% whereas by age 20–25 this has roughly halved to 8%. I would predict with improvements in
medical care that death rates would fall and so there would be increases in the middle section of the pyramid as
more people live to adulthood. I would also expect the birth rate to fall which would decrease the percentage of
population shown in the pyramid base.
Looking at India’s pyramid, I can see that people in India are already beginning for to live longer as the middle part of
their pyramid is larger than Nigeria’s. I would expect this to continue with an increase of the widest part to continue
up to middle adult age (e.g. 45–50) as the health of the country continues to improve. The base of the pyramid may
also contract below 8% as birth rates continue to fall. [6]
3 Choose one of the methods below for tackling the Syrian refugee crisis in
Europe. Justify your choice.
AO2/AO3
• Allow entry of all refugees for a limited time period.
8 marks
• Refuse entry to all refugees as they try to enter Europe.
• Welcome all refugees that are trying to enter Europe.
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should include justification for
lowest band. the candidate’s choice of method. Band 4
answers should explain why the other
options were not chosen.
Detailed justification of choice made.
Includes reference as to why the other Examples may include:
methods were not chosen.
4 7–8 All methods considered.
Positives and negatives of each given.
structured. Choice made which is justified.
Clear link seen between the strategy and
Justification of choice made. Includes
how effective this will be in tackling the
reference as to why at least one other
Syrian refugee crisis.
method was not chosen.
3 5–6
structured.
Some justification of the choice made.
Little reference to the other methods.
2 3–4
is structured.
Simple statements indicating choice but
little justification.
structure.
I think allowing entry of all refugees for a limited time period is the best strategy from those offered. Refugees have
had to flee their home through no fault of their own due to human impacts (e.g. war). When areas of Syria become
disrupted by war there is an influx of refugees fleeing for their safety. I think it is only right to allow people into
Europe in these circumstances as they will have nowhere else to go. However, I do not think this should be ongoing,
but more as a safe refuge whilst their homelands are uninhabitable. I don’t think that Europe should welcome all
refugees indefinitely as there is a fixed land area and so an ultimate limit on the amount of people that can live in
those countries. If countries need people to fill job vacancies then great, but this is more likely to be for certain
periods of time. Whereas not letting any refugees in at all is inhumane as we cannot expect people to stay in cities
that are being overtaken by fighting. I therefore think that allowing entry to Europe for a limited time period is a
balanced approach. [6]
Page 142
1 Circle the correct words in the following sentences. AO1.1/AO1

Credit these answers Higher (1), 1000 (1) 2 marks
only
Higher/1000 [2]
2 Look at the table above. Suggest two reasons why progress towards AO2/AO3
development goals are monitored.
Award 1 mark for To see if strategies are working and progress is being 4 marks
each valid point and made (1). To ensure resources are being put into
another 2 marks for effective strategies (1).
development To measure the rate of progress (1) so places where
progress is slow can be given extra support (1).
It is important to measure the progress made towards development goals so that their success can be measured. If
there is not a measure taken at the start of the strategy and another at the target end time, then you do not know if
the goal has been achieved. Also measuring during the process can show if progress is being achieved and highlight
issues earlier so that they can be addressed before the deadline. [4]
3 Use the information provided about Malawi on pages 140 and 141. Compare AO2/AO3
the issues for Malawi created by HIV and malaria.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should include comparison
lowest band. between impacts of HIV and malaria. There
needs to be clear links between the
disease and the issue it creates for Malawi.
Detailed comparison of the issues
created by both HIV and malaria. Comparative language must be used.
Comparative language is used and clear
reasoning as to which is creating the
4 7–8 biggest issues. Social impacts of malaria.
Meaning is unambiguous. The response Social impacts of HIV.
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically Are they equally accepted in society?
structured. Ease of management strategies for both.
Comparison of the issues created by
both HIV and malaria. Comparative
language is used and reasoning as to
3 5–6 which is creating the biggest issues.
structured.
Some comparison of the issues created
by both diseases but lacking detail. Little
2 3–4 evidence of reasoning.
is structured.
Simple statements with basic
comparison.
structure.
Malaria and HIV are two diseases that are of great concern in countries such as Malawi and can have devastating
effects on those that contract them. One of the main issues with malaria is that it is transmitted by mosquito bites
and so controlling mosquitos is the key to controlling the disease. This is very difficult as they become more resistant
to insecticides. Whereas HIV is more easily controlled through the use of condoms, for example. The challenge here
is ensuring that everyone uses them.
Another difference in impacts is who is affected by this disease. Malaria can affect anyone, whoever gets bitten by a
mosquito. However, children and pregnant women are more susceptible to the disease having a more severe impact
on them. Whereas HIV generally affects adults through unprotected sex but can be passed on to children if the
mother is infected when pregnant.
A final difference in the issues created by the disease is that people can recover from malaria if given the correct
treatment in time. Whereas people infected with HIV will always be infected, but if they have access to anti-viral
medication the impacts can be controlled. As Malawi is an LIC, the availability of the anti-virals is not great. [8]
Worked example
1 a) In the world in total there are 168 million child labourers. How many are AO3/AO4
found in the rest of the world? Show your working.
Accept this answer 168 m – 158.2 m (1). Answer = 9.8 million (1). 2 marks
only and award 1
mark
b) Explain why child labour is more common in some parts of the world. AO1.2/AO2
4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the In countries where there are high levels
lowest band. of poverty, children are forced to work to
supplement the family income or may be
forced into prostitution because of
Detailed understanding of the reasons. poverty.
Response contains some elaboration and Lack of education, particularly for girls,
2 3–4
clear link between child labour and why means that they may be forced into work
it is more prevalent in some locations. to survive.
Basic understanding demonstrated by a Where large families are common, older
1 1–2 list of possible reasons. Ideas are not children may work as unpaid domestic
elaborated. servants while parents work to bring in
money.
Award 0 marks if the answer is wholly
0 Children may be sold for work to clear
incorrect or irrelevant.
debts.
AIDS orphans may be forced into work as
they are now the only breadwinners for
the family.
Contractors may have a demand for
cheap labour, so children are employed
rather than adults to increase profits.
Children are also less aware of their rights
so may be less likely to complain with
poor working conditions.
2 ‘Bottom-up approaches to development are the better option to address

AO2/AO3
healthcare issues in sub-Saharan Africa.’ To what extent do you agree with this
statement? 8 marks
lowest band. understanding of both bottom-up and top-
down strategies to manage healthcare
issues in sub-Saharan Africa. The resources
Detailed and good understanding of the refer to malaria and it is expected that this
relative success of bottom-up and top- should be referenced in the answer.
down management of healthcare issues
in sub-Saharan Africa. ‘To what extent do To gain the higher levels there must be
4 7–8 you agree’ is clearly addressed. reference to both top-down and bottom-
Meaning is unambiguous. The response up approaches and the candidate must
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically make a judgement as to how far they
structured. agree with the statement.
Detailed understanding of the relative
success of bottom-up and top-down Examples may include:
management of healthcare issues in sub- Bottom-up approaches – local school
Saharan Africa. Some attempt to answer education programmes that teach how
3 5–6
‘to what extent do you agree’ is made. malaria is transmitted and how to avoid
Meaning is clear. The response has being bitten by mosquitos ensures that
purpose, is organised and well everyone in the community is aware of the
structured. issue and how to avoid it. Little cost and
the infrastructure is already in place
Some understanding of the relative
through existing schools.
success of either bottom-up or top-down
management of healthcare issues in sub-
2 3–4 Top-down approaches – a UN-driven
Saharan Africa.
Meaning is generally clear. The response vaccination programme. Everyone living in
is structured. affected areas is given a vaccine to prevent
catching malaria. This would be very
Simple statements which reference the effective but would cost a lot in terms of
benefits of healthcare management in money and logistics.
sub-Saharan Africa.
1 1–2 Mainly repeats the resources.
structure.
Theme 8: Environmental Challenges
Page 147
1 Give two factors that will increase the ecological footprint of a person. AO1.1/AO1
each valid point Increase in distance travelled using cars, trains, planes,
etc. (1).
Purchasing goods that are manufactured outside of their
local areas (1).
Purchasing their energy supply from non-’green’ energy
companies (1).
Increase in the number of flights taken each year.

Turning up the temperature of the thermostat to heat a building. [2]
2 Suggest reasons why the disposal of e-waste may have an impact on people. AO1.2/AO2
Award 1 mark E-waste is often transported large distances to be disposed of 4 marks
for each valid (1) which leads to more pollution in countries that did not
reason and a generate the waste (1), leading to job opportunities in LICs to
further 1 or 2 dismantle this waste (1).
marks for
development Breakdown of e-waste can lead to chemicals seeping into the
soil (1), pollute the soil/water supply (1), lead to less land to
grow crops/small water supply for locals (1).
E-waste contains many metal and chemical components which when broken apart can get into water and soil and
pollute them. This can then affect a community’s ability to grow food or extract water. They are often transported
large distances across the world to other countries which adds to the pollution in that country, often a LIC . [4]
3 Compare the impact of consumerism on tropical rainforests and one other AO2/AO3
biome you have studied.
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should demonstrate a
lowest band. comparison of the impact of consumerism
on tropical rainforests and one other
ecosystem. At band 4 this should be
Thorough comparison of consumerism detailed and sophisticated chains for
on tropical rainforests and one other reasoning will be evident.
ecosystem. Sophisticated chains of
reasoning and comparative language are Examples may include:
4 7–8 used.
Describe the impact of consumerism on
Meaning is unambiguous. The response tropical rainforests.
Describe the impact of consumerism on
structured.
another biome.
Comparison of consumerism on tropical Use comparative language in these
rainforests and one other ecosystem. descriptions.
Chains of reasoning and comparative
Include judgement as to where
3 5–6 language are used.
consumerism has had most contact.
Clearly show links between consumerism
and the impact on the biome.
structured.
Some comparison but this may be brief
or biased to one location. Reasoning will
be brief and comparative language may
2 3–4 not be used.
is structured.
understanding of the impacts of
consumerism on the environment.
1 1–2
structure.
Consumerism has a large impact on the tropical rainforest. The majority of the reasons for rainforest destruction is
to obtain raw materials that will be used in the manufacture of goods. For example, logging to obtain wood to be
used for construction and furniture. The more furniture and other wooden goods we purchase, the more the need
for rainforest destruction is driven and therefore consumerism is having a direct and devastating impact on
rainforests.
In comparison, a freshwater aquatic ecosystem may not be impacted as much, simply because it does not contain as
many materials that are used in products and services that people consume. For example, fish may be extracted to
be consumed as food, which in turn will cause the food web to become unstable which disrupts the balance in an
ecosystem. However, I think that the impact will be far less compared to the rainforest as the whole ecosystem will
not be destroyed, just elements removed from it. Therefore, I think the impact of consumerism on an ecosystem will
depend on how many resources within that ecosystem are of use in products and manufacturing processes. [8]
Page 151
1 Circle two forms of transport in the box below that are low in carbon AO1.1/AO1
emissions.
Credit these answers Bicycle (1). Walk (1). 2 marks
only
Bicycle/walk [2]
2 Give two reasons why international agreements on climate change may not be AO1.2/AO2
successful.
Award 1 mark for International agreements need all nations to agree a 4 marks
each valid point and certain level of emissions in order for them to work (1).
another 2 marks for Many countries do not agree (1).
development
Different countries have different incentives to reduce
their greenhouse gas emissions (1). Those countries that
are being affected by climate change may not be the
ones that are creating the most pollution (1).
The success of international agreements on climate change depends on the agreement of all countries. If a level of
emissions is agreed, it needs all countries to agree and not just a few of them. Unfortunately, some countries opted
out of the Paris Agreement. Another reason is that different countries have different urgencies on tackling climate
change. A country with high levels of pollution may not necessarily suffer the effects of climate change whereas
another country may give off few emissions but suffer greatly from the effects. [4]
3 Choose the most important strategy from the three below to help the UK
adjust to living with climate change. Give reasons for your choice.
AO2/AO3
• Improve coastal defences for increased coastal erosion.
8 marks
• Improve flood defences along rivers.
• Prepare for more tourism.
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Responses should include justification for
lowest band. the candidate’s choice of method. Band 4
candidates should explain why the other
options were not chosen.
Detailed justification of choice made.
Includes reference as to why the other Examples may include:
methods were not chosen.
4 7–8 All methods considered.
Positives and negatives of each given.
structured. Choice made which is justified.
Clear link seen between the strategy and
Justification of choice made. Includes
how effective this is at helping people
reference as to why at least one other
adapt to living with climate change.
method was not chosen.
3 5–6
structured.
Some justification of the choice made.
Little reference to the other methods.
2 3–4
is structured.
Simple statements indicating choice but
little justification.
structure.
I think improving flood defences along rivers is probably the most important strategy for the UK to adjust to living
with climate change because flooding is predicted to be one of the biggest issues for the UK from climate change. All
parts of the UK are in a river basin and the lower parts of these are vulnerable to increased flooding. Therefore,
improving flood defences along rivers will protect far more people from the devastation that is caused by flooding.
Coastal defences are also important as the sea level is predicted to rise, but these will benefit coastal communities
only, a smaller proportion of the population in total. These communities will benefit from the river defences as many
of them will be at the mouth of a river.
Preparing for tourism is important from an economic point of view as this has the potential to increase income.
However, when compared to protecting people’s lives and homes I do not feel that this is as important as flood
defences. As flood defences save lives, whereas tourism will enhance people's lives, I feel that the most important
thing to focus on would be saving people’s lives and homes. [8]
Page 154
1 Define the term ‘National Park’. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for An area of special countryside (1) which is protected for 2 marks
each valid point people to enjoy (1).
A National Park is an area of special countryside which is protected for people to enjoy. [2]
2 Suggest two benefits of using land-use zoning to manage threatened habitats. AO1.1/AO1
Award 1 mark for Areas of land are designated a certain use (1) which 4 marks
each valid point and enables areas under threat to be protected (1) which
a further 2 marks for reduces the number of people/activities, protecting that
elaboration area (1).
People will be more aware of the fragility of the habitat
(1) and therefore will be more aware of the impact of
their actions (1) and so help protect the environment (1).
One benefit of using land-use zoning to manage threatened habitats is that it protects the most vulnerable areas.
Areas of land are designated a certain land use and so human activities can be directed to other areas so that more
fragile ones can be allowed to recover. A second benefit is public awareness. People will be more aware of how
delicate some habitats are and therefore will be more mindful of the impact of their actions. [4]
3 Evaluate the impact of ecotourism on an ecosystem that you have studied. AO2/AO3
8 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Candidates need to show clear evaluation
lowest band. of the impacts of ecotourism on an
ecosystem of their choice.
Detailed evaluation of the impact of Examples may include:

ecotourism on an ecosystem. Clear link
Ecosystem is clearly identified.
between the action and the impact.
Detailed chain of reasoning and Ecotourism in the area is described with
4 7–8 impacts on the ecosystem.
conclusion made.
Meaning is unambiguous. The response Both positives and negatives are described.
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically A decision is made as to whether the
structured. benefits are more positive or negative.
Evaluation of the impact of ecotourism
on an ecosystem. Link between the
action and the impact. Chains of
3 5–6 reasoning and conclusion made.
structured.
Some discussion but little evaluation.
Conclusion may be missing.
2 3–4
is structured.
Simple statements with little evaluation.
1 1–2
structure.
There are many benefits of ecotourism to the Great Barrier Reef area in Australia. One of these benefits is an
increase in income to the area where the money can be used to pay for restoration and protection work. As tourism
is controlled by land-use zoning in this area, the local people can earn a good income from the millions of people
that visit every year, yet the area is still protected for future generations. There is a view that more tourists bring
more damage and pollution which to some extent is true. The more tourists there are the more transport is used
which causes air pollution. However, when balanced out by the income the tourists bring that can be used to
maintain the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem, overall there is a benefit to the environment and the local population
which are primary aims of ecotourism. The locals are able to earn a living, with sections of the natural landscape
sectioned off to be preserved and so maintaining the ecosystem. [8]
Worked example
1 a) Calculate the mean ecological footprint of the top six African countries. Show
your workings. AO3/AO4
Credit these responses 4.55+2.86+2.84+2.59+2.06+2.03 2 marks

only. 6 = 2.82
1 b) Explain why ecological footprints vary throughout the world.

AO1.2/AO2
4 marks
Use the descriptors below, working upwards from the Answers likely to focus on variations in
lowest band. lifestyle and level of development. May focus
Band Marks Descriptor on differences within or between countries
Detailed understanding of the and both approaches are valid.
reasons. Response contains some
elaboration and clear link Examples may include:
2 3–4 Wealth/GDP and the resulting impact on
between ecological footprints and
why they are higher in some consumerism and level of investment in
locations. infrastructure and technology.
Basic understanding Some societies in LICs may have a smaller
1 1–2 demonstrated by a list of possible footprint due to low technology and low
reasons. Ideas are not elaborated. levels of consumerism.
Use of resources may be lower in some
Award 0 marks if the answer is
societies, reducing the footprint.
0 incorrect or wholly irrelevant.
Political factors may have an influence here
in terms of decisions made about investment
in green technology.
Footprints may vary within countries due to
local government policy.
2 ‘Sustainable tourism is the best option for managing natural habitats.’ To what extent do you
AO2/AO3
agree?
8 marks
band. understanding of both sustainable tourism
Band Mark Descriptor and at least one other method for managing
natural habitats. Other methods may include
Detailed and good understanding of the wildlife corridors, debt-for-nature swaps,
relative success of sustainable tourism wetland restoration, etc.
and at least one other strategy in
managing natural habitats. ‘To what The resources refer to both wildlife corridors
4 7–8
extent do you agree’ is clearly addressed. and debt-for-nature swaps and it is expected
Meaning is unambiguous. The response that one of these should be referenced in the
has clear purpose, is fluent and logically answer.
structured.
Detailed understanding of the relative To gain the higher levels there must be
success of sustainable tourism and at reference to both sustainable tourism and
least one other strategy in managing another method, and the candidate must
3 5–6 natural habitats. Some attempt to answer make a judgement as to how far they agree
‘to what extent do you agree’ is made. with the statement.
purpose, is organised and well structured. Examples may include:
Some understanding of the relative Sustainable tourism on the Great Barrier Reef
success of sustainable tourism and/or – visitor numbers are limited and zones have
some reference to another strategy in been created to restrict activities in certain
2 3–4
managing natural habitats. areas in an attempt to protect the reef. This
Meaning is generally clear. The response has been effective in allowing the coral to
is structured. recover in certain areas whereas other areas
Simple statements which reference where tourists are still able to access are
strategies for managing natural habitats. recovering more slowly.
Only one method will be referred to or
more if just named. Mainly repeats the Debt-for-nature swap in USA and Indonesia
1 1–2
resource. agreed to divert $28.5 million which was to
Meaning may lack clarity in parts. repay Indonesia’s debt to the USA into
Statements are linked by a basic environmental strategies to protect areas of
structure. rainforest in Borneo. This reduced the
Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect economic pressure on Indonesian
0 or wholly irrelevant. government to develop the land which in
turn enabled the rainforest to remain
undeveloped.

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Exam practice: Answers

Theme 1: Landscapes and Physical Processes

1 Identify the type of distinctive landscape shown in the OS map. AO3/AO4

Award 1 mark for Upland river landscape (1) 1 mark

2 Describe two physical features of this landscape. AO3/AO4

3 Explain why this landscape may attract tourists. AO1.2/AO2

1 Name two environmental challenges created by human activity. AO1.1/AO1

1 mark awarded for Examples may include: 2 marks

Destruction of habitats (1)

Water/land/air pollution (1)

Erosion of landscapes, e.g. footpath erosion (1)

2 Suggest one reason why rural economies are diversifying. AO1.2/AO2

New crop opportunity arises (1). Farmer has capacity on

1 mark for this Honeypot sites (1) 1 mark

3 ‘The attraction of visitors and preservation of the landscape in National Parks is

Award marks for abrasion 2 marks

The two I have circled are abrasion and attrition [2].

2 Describe one small-scale feature of a waterfall. AO1.1/AO1

Award 0 marks if the answer is incorrect

Award 1 mark for Rockfalls (1) 2 marks

Rockfalls, slumping [2]

2 Describe how sediment moves along a coastline. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Alter the river’s course (1). 2 marks

Large amounts of deposition further away from the river

1 Give one store and one flow in a drainage basin. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Stores may include: 2 marks

Flows may include:

Transpiration (1), evaporation (1), channel flow (1),

Store – soil store [1]

Award 1 mark for Urbanisation (1) 2 marks

Change in land use (1)

Urbanisation and deforestation. [2]

1 Describe what you understand by the term ‘hard engineering’. AO1.1/AO1

Award 1 mark for Reasons may include: 4 marks

Moving the course of the river channel may affect

Management may take place in one part of the river

Changing land use may devalue people’s property (1).

3 Evaluate the effectiveness of soft engineering as a strategy for managing UK AO2/AO3

1 a) Study the OS map extract below.

Credit this response only, 5387 (1) 1 mark

Theme 2: Rural–Urban Links

1 Define the term urban–rural continuum. AO1.1/AO1

2 Give two reasons why counter-urbanisation takes place. AO1.2/AO2

1 Give one example of service provision change in rural areas. AO1.1/AO1

Thorough evaluation of the strategies Examples may include:

1 Identify two different examples of migration that the UK is experiencing. AO1.1/AO1

Rural to urban migration and urban to rural migration. [2]

2 Draw conclusions from the trends shown in Figure 6. AO3/AO4

We can see that the UK peak of 2008 was

Simple statements with reference to one

1 Name two benefits of a green belt. AO1.1/AO1

Limits urban sprawl and protects the countryside. [2]

3 ‘Achieving a sustainable community is equally as difficult on a greenfield site as AO2/AO3

1 Describe one economic factor that leads to retail change. AO1.1/AO1

2 Describe the characteristics of a global city. AO1.1/AO1

1 Give two reasons for population growth in global cities. AO1.1/AO1

1 Describe how a transport hub helps a global city to grow. AO1.1/AO1

2 Explain why tourism enables global cities to be connected. AO1.2/AO2

Band Mark Performance descriptions

Theme 3: Tectonic Landscapes and Hazards

1 Circle the correct answers in the following sentences. AO1.1/

1 Circle the correct answers in the following sentences. AO.1/AO1

Credit these responses only flooding (1), relief (1) 2 marks