Agma 930-A05 Spur Gear

AGMA 930- A05
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Calculated Bending Load Capacity of

Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External Spur
Gears
AGMA 930- A05
AGMA INFORMATION SHEET

(This Information Sheet is NOT an AGMA Standard)
Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External
Spur Gears
Am e ri can
G e ar
AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5
M an u factu re rs
As s o ci ati o n
CAUTION NOTICE : AG M A te ch n i cal p u b l i cati o n s are s u b j e ct to co n s tan t i m p ro ve m e n t,
re vi s i o n or wi th d rawal as d i ctate d by e xp e ri e n ce . An y p e rs o n wh o re fe rs to an y AG M A
te ch n i cal p u b l i cati o n s h o u l d b e s u re th at th e p u b l i cati o n i s th e l ate s t avai l ab l e fro m th e As -
s o ci ati o n on th e s u b j e ct m atte r.
[Tab l e s o r o th e r s e l f -- s u p p o rti n g s e cti o n s m ay b e re fe re n ce d . C i tati o n s s h o u l d re ad : S ee
AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5 , Calculated Bending Load Capacity ofPowder Metallurgy (P/M) External

Spur Gears, pu bl i sh ed b y th e Am e ri can G e ar M an u factu re rs As s o ci ati o n , 5 0 0 M o n tg o m -
e ry S tre e t, S u i te 350, Al e xan d ri a, Vi rg i n i a 2231 4, h ttp : //www. ag m a. o rg . ]
Ap p ro ve d J an u ary 1 9, 2005
ABSTRACT
Th i s i n fo rm ati o n sh eet d e s cri b e s a p ro ce d u re fo r cal cu l ati n g th e l o ad cap aci ty o f a p ai r o f p o wd e r m e tal l u rg y
(P /M ) e xte rn al s p u r g e ars b as e d o n to o th b e n d i n g s tre n g th . Two typ e s o f l o ad i n g are co n s i d e re d : 1 ) re p e ate d
l o ad i n g o ve r m an y cycl e s ; an d 2 ) o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g . I n a s e p arate an n e x, i t al s o d e s cri b e s an e s s e n ti al l y
re ve rs e p ro ce d u re fo r e s tab l i s h i n g an i n i ti al d esi g n fro m s p e ci fi e d ap p l i e d l o ad s . As p art o f th e l o ad cap aci ty
cal cu l ati o n s , th e re i s a d e tai l e d an al ys i s o f g e ar te e th g e o m e try. Th e s e h ave b e e n e xte n d e d to i n cl u d e u s e fu l
d e tai l s on o th e r as p e cts o f g e ar g e o m e try s u ch as th e cal cu l ati o n s fo r d e fi n i n g g e ar to o th p ro fi l e s , i n cl u d i n g
vari o u s fi l l e ts .
P u b l i sh e d by
American Gear Manufacturers Association

500 Montgomery Street,
Get more FREESuite 350, Alexandria,
standards Virginia
from Standard 2231Group
Sharing 4 and our chats
©
C o p yri g h t 2005 by Am e ri can G e ar M an u factu re rs As s o ci ati o n
Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d .
No p art o f th i s p u b l i cati o n m ay be rep ro d u ced in an y fo rm , in an e l e ctro n i c
re tri e val sys tem o r o th e rwi s e , wi th o u t p ri o r wri tte n p erm i s s i o n o f th e p u b l i sh e r.
P ri n te d in th e U n i te d S tate s o f Am e ri ca
I SBN : 1 -- 5 5 5 8 9 -- 8 45 -- 9
ii
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 930-- A05
Contents
P ag e
Fo re wo rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 S co p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 D e fi n i ti o n s an d s ym b o l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Fu n d am e n tal fo rm u l as fo r cal cu l ate d to rq u e cap aci ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 D esi g n s tre n g th val u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto rs fo r s tre n g th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6 C al cu l ati o n d i am e te r, d c
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7 E ffe cti ve face wi d th , F e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8 G e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th , J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9 Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto rs fo r l o ad i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
B i b l i o g rap h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Annexes
A C al cu l ati o n of spu r g e ar g e o m e try fe atu re s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
B C al cu l ati o n of spu r g e ar facto r, Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
C C al cu l ati o n o f th e s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r, K f

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
D P ro ce d u re fo r i n i ti al d esi g n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
E C al cu l ati o n o f i n ve rs e fu n cti o n s fo r g e ar g e o m e try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
F Te s t fo r fi l l e t i n te rfe re n ce by th e to o th o f th e m ati n g g e ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
G C al cu l ati o n e xam p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Tables
1 S ym b o l s an d d e fi n i ti o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 R e l i ab i l i ty facto rs , K R
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 M an u factu ri n g vari ati o n ad j u s tm e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
© AG M A 2005 -- -- Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d
iii
AGMA 930-- A05 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Foreword
[Th e fo re wo rd , fo o tn o te s an d an n e xe s , if an y, in th i s d o cu m e n t are p ro vi d e d fo r
i n fo rm ati o n al p u rp o s e s on l y an d are n ot to be co n s tru e d as a p art of AG M A I n fo rm ati o n
Sh eet 9 3 0 -- A0 5 , Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External

Spur Gears. ]
Th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t was p re p are d b y th e AG M A P o wd e r M e tal l u rg y G e ari n g C o m m i tte e
as an i n i ti al re s p o n s e to th e n e e d fo r a d e s i g n e val u ati o n p ro ce d u re fo r p o wd e r m e tal l u rg y
(P /M ) g e ars . Th e co m m i tte e an ti ci p ate s th at, afte r ap p ro p ri ate m o d i fi cati o n an d
co n fi rm ati o n b as e d o n ap p l i cati o n e xp e ri e n c e , th i s p ro ce d u re wi l l b e co m e p art o f a s tan d ard
g e ar rati n g m e th o d fo r P /M g e ars . As s u ch , i t wi l l s e rve th e s am e fu n cti o n fo r P /M g e ars as
th e rati n g p ro ce d u re i n AN S I /AG M A 2 0 0 1 -- C 9 5 fo r wro u g h t m e tal g e ars . To ward th i s e n d ,
th e d esi g n e val u ati o n p ro ce d u re d e s cri b e d h e re cl o s e l y fo l l o ws AN S I /AG M A 2 0 0 1 -- C 9 5 ,
wi th ch an g e s m ad e fo r th e s p e ci al p ro p e rti e s o f P /M m ate ri al s , g e ar p ro p o rti o n s , an d typ e s
of ap p l i cati o n s . Th e s e d esi g n co n s i d e rati o n s h ave m ad e it possi bl e to i n tro d u ce som e
s i m p l i fi cati o n s in co m p ari s o n to th e ab o ve m e n ti o n e d s tan d ard .
Th e fi rs t d raft o f AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5 was m ad e in June 1 996. I t was ap p ro ve d b y th e AG M A
Te ch n i cal D i vi s i o n E xe cu ti ve C o m m i tte e in J an u ary 2 005.
S u g g e s ti o n s fo r i m p ro ve m e n t o f th i s d o cu m e n t wi l l b e we l co m e . Th e y s h o u l d b e s e n t to th e
Am e ri can G e ar M an u factu re rs As s o ci ati o n , 5 0 0 M o n tg o m e ry S tre e t, S u i te 3 5 0 , Al e xan d ri a,
Vi rg i n i a 2 2 3 1 4.
Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
iv
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Powder Metallurgy Gearing Committee

C h ai rm an : H. S an d e ro w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M an ag e m e n t & E n g i n e e ri n g Te ch n o l o g i e s
Vi ce C h ai rm an : Wal te r D. B ad g e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n e ral M o to rs C o rp o rati o n
ACTIVE MEMBERS
T. R . B e d n ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M i l wau ke e E l e ctri c To o l C o rp o rati o n
T. R . B o b ak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mG M i n i G e ars N o rth Am e ri ca
D. Bobby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n n o vati ve S i n te re d M e tal s
P. A. C rawfo rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M TD P ro d u cts , I n c.
J . A. D an ah e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QM P Am e ri ca
F. E b e rl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H i -- Le x Au to m ati ve C e n te r
S . T. H aye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B u rg e s s N o rto n M fg . Co.
T. M . H o rn e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G KN S i n te r M e tal s
K. Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P o l l ak D i vi s i o n o f S to n e ri d g e
I. Las ki n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C o n s u l tan t
D. D. O s ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M e tal P o wd e r P ro d u cts C o m p an y
E. R e i te r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We b G e ar S e rvi ce s , Ltd .
J . T. Ri l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B l ack & D e cke r, I n c.
R. R u p p re ch t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M e tal P o wd e r P ro d u cts C o m p an y
D. S e rd yn s ki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M i l wau ke e E l e ctri c To o l C o rp o rati o n
G. Wal l i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D o rs t Am e ri ca, I n c.
v
(Th i s p ag e is i n te n ti o n al l y l e ft b l an k. )
vi
to o l i n g fal l s h o rt i n te s ti n g , i t m ay b e p o s s i b l e to u s e
Am e ri can G e ar M an u factu re rs
th e s am e to o l i n g fo r a d esi g n ad j u s te d fo r g re ate r
As s o ci ati o n --
face wi d th .
1 .1 .4 Limitations
C al cu l ate d Ben d i n g Lo ad
G e ars m ad e fro m al l m ate ri al s an d b y al l p ro ce s s e s ,
i n cl u d i n g P /M g e ars , m ay fai l in a vari e ty of m od es

C ap aci ty o f P o wd e r
o th e r th an b y to o th ben d i n g . Th i s i n fo rm ati o n sh eet
d oes n ot ad d re s s d esi g n fe atu re s to re s i s t th e s e

M e tal l u rg y (P /M )
o th e r m o d e s o f fai l u re , s u ch as e xce s s i ve we ar an d
o th e r fo rm s o f to o th s u rface d e te ri o rati o n .
E xte rn al S pu r G e ars
CAUTION: Th e cal cu l ate d l o ad cap aci ty fro m th i s p ro -
ce d u re i s n o t to b e u s e d fo r co m p ari s o n wi th AG M A rat-
ings of wro u g h t m e tal g e ars , e ve n th o u g h th e re are
m an y si m i l ari ti es in th e two p ro ce d u re s .
1 Scope 1 .2 Types of gears
1 .1 General
Th i s cal cu l ati o n p ro ce d u re i s ap p l i e d to e xte rn al s p u r
g e ars , th e typ e o f g e ar m o s t co m m o n l y p ro d u ce d by
1 .1 .1 Calculation th e P /M p ro ce s s .
Th i s i n fo rm ati o n sh eet d e s cri b e s a p ro ce d u re fo r

1 .3 Dimensional limitations
cal cu l ati n g th e l o ad cap aci ty of a p ai r of p o wd e r
Th i s p ro ce d u re ap p l i e s to g e ars wh o s e d i m en si on s
m e tal l u rg y (P /M ) g e ars b as e d on to o th ben d i n g

co n fo rm to th o s e co m m o n l y p ro d u ce d by th e P /M
s tre n g th . Two typ e s of l o ad i n g are co n s i d e re d : 1 )

p ro ce s s fo r l o ad carryi n g ap p l i cati o n s :
re p e ate d l o ad i n g o ve r m an y cycl e s ; an d 2 ) o ccas i o n -
-- Fi n e s t p i tch : 0. 4 mm m od u l e;
al p e ak l o ad i n g . Th i s p ro ce d u re is to be u sed on
p re p are d g e ar d esi g n s wh i ch m eet th e cu s to m ary -- M axi m u m acti ve face wi d th : 1 5 ¢ m od u l e, wi th
g e ar g e o m e try re q u i re m e n ts s u ch as ad e q u ate a 65 mm m axi m u m ;
b ackl as h , co n tact rati o g re ate r th an 1 . 0, an d ad e -

-- Minimum n u m ber o f te e th : 7;
q u ate to p l an d . An e s s e n ti al l y re ve rs e p ro ce d u re fo r
-- M axi m u m o u ts i d e d i am e te r: 1 80 mm;
e s tab l i s h i n g an i n i ti al d esi g n fro m s p e ci fi e d ap p l i e d
l o ad s is d e s cri b e d in an n e x D. -- P re s s u re ° an g l e : 1 4. 5 to 25 ° .
1 .1 .2 Strength properties 1 .4 Gear mesh limitations

Fati g u e s tre n g th an d yi e l d s tre n g th p ro p e rti e s u sed Som e of th e cal cu l ati o n s ap p l y on l y to m esh i n g
i n th e s e cal cu l ati o n s m ay b e take n fro m p re vi o u s te s t co n d i ti o n s e xp re s s e d as a co n tact rati o g re ate r th an
e xp e ri e n ce , b u t m ay al s o b e d e ri ve d fro m p u b l i s h e d on e an d l ess th an two . Th i s tran s l ate s i n to th e
d ata o b tai n e d fro m s tan d ard te s ts o f th e m ate ri al s . re q u i re m e n t th at th e re is at l e as t on e p ai r of
1 .1 .3 Application co n tacti n g
two p ai rs .
te e th tran s m i tti n g l o ad an d n o m o re th an
Th i s p ro ce d u re is i n te n d e d fo r u se as an i n i ti al
e val u ati o n o f a p ro p o s e d d esi g n p ri o r to p re p arati o n
of te s t s am p l e s . S u ch te s t s am p l e s might be
2 Definitions and symbols
m ach i n e d fro m P /M b l an ks o r m ad e fro m P /M to o l i n g
b as e d
i n i ti al
on th e p ro p o s e d
e val u ati o n . Fi n al
d esi g n
acce p tan ce
afte r it p as s e s
o f th e p ro p o s e d
th i s
2.1 Definitions
d esi g n sh ou l d be b as e d on ap p l i cati o n te s ti n g an d Th e te rm s u sed , wh e re ve r ap p l i cab l e , co n fo rm to
n ot on th e s e cal cu l ati o n s . If s am p l e s m ad e fro m AN S I /AG M A 1 0 1 2 -- F9 0 .
© AG M A 2 005 -- -- Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d 1
2.2 Symbols s ym b o l is i n tro d u ce d , it is d e fi n e d an d d i s cu s s e d in
d e tai l .
Th e s ym b o l s an d te rm s u sed th ro u g h o u t th i s i n fo r-
NOTE : Th e s ym b o l s an d d e fi n i ti o n s u sed in th i s i n fo r-
m ati o n sh eet are in b as i c ag re e m e n t wi th th e m ati o n sh eet m ay d i ffe r fro m o th e r AG M A d o cu m e n ts .
s ym b o l s an d te rm s Style
g i ve n in AG M A 9 0 0 -- G 0 0 ,
Th e u se r s h o u l d n o t as su m e th at fam i l i ar sym b o l s can
Manual for the Preparation of Standards, Informa- be u se d wi th o u t a care fu l stu d y o f th e i r d e fi n i ti o n s .
tion Sheets and Editorial Manuals, an d AN S I /AG M A Th e s ym b o l s an d te rm s , al o n g wi th th e cl au s e
Gear Nomenclature, Definitions ofTerms

1 0 1 2 -- F9 0 , n u m b e rs wh e re th e y are fi rs t d i s cu s s e d , are l i s te d i n
with Symbols . In al l cas e s , th e fi rs t ti m e th at e ach al p h ab e ti cal o rd e r b y s ym b o l in tab l e 1 .
Table 1 - Symbols and definitions

Symbol Terms Units Reference
C A
O p e rati n g ce n te r d i s tan ce mm Eq 24
d G e ar p i tch d i am e te r mm Eq 37
d AG
O p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r o f g e ar mm Eq 25
d AP
O p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r of pi n i on mm Eq 24
d c
C al cu l ati o n d i am e te r mm Eq 1
E M od u l u s o f e l as ti ci ty N /m m
2
Eq 38
F e
E ffe cti ve face wi d th mm Eq 1
F o
O ve rl ap p i n g face wi d th mm Eq 26
F x
E ach face wi d th e xte n s i o n , n ot l arg e r th an m mm Eq 27
F xe 1
E ffe cti ve face wi d th e xte n s i o n at o n e en d mm Eq 26
F xe 2
E ffe cti ve face wi d th e xte n s i o n at o th e r en d mm Eq 26
f qm
Facto r re l ati n g to axi s m i s al i g n m e n t ad j u s tm e n t -- -- Eq 36
f qv
Facto r re l ati n g to m an u factu ri n g vari ati o n s ad j u s tm e n t -- -- Eq 37
h t
Wh o l e d e p th o f g e ar te e th mm Eq 32
J G e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th -- -- Eq 28
J t
G e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th u n d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 1
J y
G e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th u n d er o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 2
K B
Ri m th i ckn e s s facto r -- -- Eq 31
K f
S tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r u s e d i n cal cu l ati n g ben d i n g g e o m e try facto r, -- -- 8. 2
J
K ft
S tre s s co rre cti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 29
K fy
S tre s s co rre cti o n facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s -- -- Eq 30
K L
Li fe facto r -- -- Eq 1 2
K Lo ad re ve rs al facto r -- -- Eq 1 2
¢
LR
K Ly
Li fe facto r at 0. 5 1 0
4
cycl e s -- -- Eq 1 3
K mt
Lo ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 31
K my
Lo ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s -- -- Eq 40
K ot
O ve rl o ad facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad s -- -- Eq 31
K oy
O ve rl o ad facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s -- -- Eq 40
K R
R e l i ab i l i ty facto r -- -- Eq 1 2
K s
S i ze facto r -- -- Eq 1 2
K T
Te m p e ratu re facto r -- -- Eq 1 2
K ts
Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r ben d i n g fati g u e s tre n g th -- -- Eq 1
K tw
Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r re p e ate d to o th l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 1
K v
D yn am i c facto r -- -- Eq 31
K y
Yi e l d s tre n g th facto r -- -- Eq 21
(continued)
2
Table 1 (co n cluded)
Symbol Terms Units Reference

K ys
Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r yi e l d s tre n g th -- -- Eq 2
K yw
Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 2
k ut
C o n ve rs i o n facto r fo r u l ti m ate s tre n g th to fati g u e limit -- -- Eq 5
m M od u l e mm Eq 1
m B
B acku p rati o -- -- Eq 32
m ct
M o d i fyi n g facto r due to to o th co m p l i an ce fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g -- -- Eq 35
m cy
M o d i fyi n g facto r due to to o th co m p l i an ce fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s -- -- Eq 41
m w
M o d i fyi n g facto r due to to o th s u rface we ar -- -- Eq 35
N G
N u m ber o f te e th o f g e ar -- -- Eq 24
N P
N u m ber o f te e th of pi n i on -- -- Eq 24
n N u m ber o f to o th l o ad cycl e s -- -- Eq 1 4
n u
N u m ber o f u n i ts fo r wh i ch on e fai l u re wi l l be to l e rate d -- -- Eq 20
q m
Ad j u s tm e n t due to axi s m i s al i g n m e n t -- -- Eq 35
qv Ad j u s tm e n t due to m an u factu ri n g vari ati o n s -- -- Eq 35
S b
B e ari n g s p an mm Eq 36
S F
S afe ty facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th -- -- Eq 31
s t
D esi g n fati g u e s tre n g th N /m m
2
Eq 1
s tG
Fati g u e l i m i t, fu l l re ve rs al , ad j u s te d fo r G -- 1 fai l u re rate N /m m
2
Eq 3
s tT
G -- 1 0 fai l u re rate fati g u e limit (p u b l i s h e d d ata) N /m m
2
Eq 3
s tTG
Ad j u s tm e n t in fati g u e limit fro m G -- 1 0 to G -- 1 N /m m
2
Eq 3
s uG
U l ti m ate te n s i l e s tre n g th , ad j u s te d fo r G -- 1 N /m m
2
Eq 9
s uM
Minimum u l ti m ate s tre n g th l i s te d in M PI F S tan d ard 35 N /m m
2
Eq 1 0
s uT
Typ i cal u l ti m ate s tre n g th (p u b l i s h e d d ata) N /m m
2
Eq 5
s u TG
R e d u cti o n in u l ti m ate s tre n g th fro m typ i cal to G -- 1 N /m m
2
Eq 9
s y
D esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th N /m m
2
Eq 2
s yG
Yi e l d s tre n g th , ad j u s te d fo r G -- 1 N /m m
2
Eq 6
s yM
Minimum yi e l d s tre n g th l i s te d in M PI F S tan d ard 35 N /m m
2
Eq 7
s yT
Typ i cal yi e l d s tre n g th (p u b l i s h e d d ata) N /m m
2
Eq 6
s yTG
R e d u cti o n in yi e l d s tre n g th fro m typ i cal to G -- 1 N /m m
2
Eq 6
T t
To rq u e l o ad cap aci ty fo r to o th ben d i n g u n d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g Nm Eq 1
T y
To rq u e l o ad cap aci ty u n d er o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g Nm Eq 2
tR Ri m th i ckn e s s mm Eq 32
V qT
To o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te to l e ran ce (o r m e as u re d vari ati o n ) mm Eq 39
v t
P i tch line ve l o ci ty m /s Eq 39
Y To o th fo rm facto r -- -- Eq 28
3 Fundamental formulas for calculated fo rm u l as an d u s e th e l o we r cal cu l ate d val u e . To fi n d
torque capacity th e o ve ral l l o ad cap aci ty of a p ai r of n o n -- i d e n ti cal
g e ars , or of al l th e g e ars in th e d ri ve trai n , th e
cal cu l ate d l o ad cap aci ty to rq u e fo r e ach g e ar m u st
be co n ve rte d to a p o we r val u e . Th i s is d on e by
Two typ e s of l o ad i n g h ave been i d e n ti fi e d in 1 .1 .1 .
m u l ti p l yi n g th e to rq u e val u e fo r e ach g e ar by th e
E ach h as i ts o wn fo rm u l a fo r cal cu l ate d to rq u e
cap aci ty, re fl e cti n g th e co rre s p o n d i n g cri ti cal m ate ri - co rre s p o n d i n g g e ar speed , g e n e ral l y e xp re s s e d as
al p ro p e rti e s an d o th e r facto rs . To fi n d th e l o ad rad i an s p e r u n i t ti m e i n te rval . Th e l o we s t o f al l th e s e
cap aci ty of a g e ar u n d er th e co m b i n e d typ e s of p o we r val u e s b e co m e s th e cal cu l ate d p o we r cap ac-
l o ad i n g , cal cu l ate th e two to rq u e val u e s fro m th e i ty o f th e co m p l e te g e ar p ai r o r d ri ve trai n .
© AG M A 2005 -- -- Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d 3
3.1 Tooth bending under repeated loading 4.1 .1 Previous test experience
s K d F J m
=
I f th e re h as b e e n p re vi o u s s u cce s s fu l e xp e ri e n ce in
T t ts c e t
(1 )
t
K2000
tw
th e l ab o rato ry o r fi e l d te s ti n g o f g e ars fro m th e s am e
m ate ri al o f s i m i l ar d e n s i ty an d p ro ce s s i n g , i t m ay b e
wh e re
possi bl e to p e rfo rm re ve rs e cal cu l ati o n s to arri ve at
T t
i s to rq u e l o ad cap aci ty fo r to o th b e n d i n g un-
an acce p tab l e d esi g n fati g u e s tre n g th . Th e val u e
d e ri ve d fro m th i s p ro ce d u re m ay b e o ve rl y co n s e rva-
d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g , Nm;
ti ve u n l e s s th e te s t p ro g ram i n cl u d e d a ran g e o f l o ad
s t
is d esi g n fati g u e s tre n g th , N /m m
2
(s e e co n d i ti o n s th at b racke te d th e l i n e b e twe e n s u cce s s -
4. 1 . 2 . 1 ) ; fu l o p e rati o n an d fai l u re by re p e ate d ben d i n g .
K ts
is co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r ben d i n g 4.1 .2 Derived from published data
fati g u e s tre n g th (s e e 5. 1 ) ;
Wh e n s u i tab l e g e ar te s t d ata is n ot avai l ab l e ,
d c
is cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r, mm (s e e cl au s e 6) ;
pu bl i sh ed d ata b as e d on s tan d ard m ate ri al te s ti n g
m e th o d s can b e u s e d , b u t o n l y afte r ad j u s tm e n ts are
F e
is e ffe cti ve face wi d th , mm (s e e cl au s e 7) ;
m ad e to ad ap t th e fati g u e s tre n g th val u e s to th e
Jt is g e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th un-

d esi g n p ro ce d u re s o f th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t. Th e s e
p ro ce d u re s are b as e d on val u e s th at co rre s p o n d to

d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g (s e e cl au s e 8) ;
th e fo l l o wi n g co n d i ti o n s :
m is m od u l e, mm;
7
a) n u m ber o f te s t cycl e s of 1 0 ;
K tw
is co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r re p e ate d
b) te s t fai l u re rate s p ro j e cte d to “l ess th an 1 in a
to o th l o ad i n g (s e e cl au s e 9) .
1 00”, i . e. , 1 p e rce n t o r “ G -- 1 ” fai l u re rate ;
3.2 Tooth bending under occasional peak c) l o ad cycl i n g o f ze ro -- to -- m axi m u m l o ad (to re fl e ct
loading typ i cal g e ar to o th l o ad cycl i n g ) .
s K d F J m 4.1 .2.1 Data published as “typical fatigue limit”

T y
= y ys
2 000 K
c e y
(2 )
S u ch d ata fo r P /M m ate ri al s g en e ral l y m eet co n d i -

yw
wh e re
Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats ti o n (a) o f 4 . 1 . 2 , b u t n o t co n d i ti o n s (b ) an d (c) . Val u e s
cal l e d “ typ i cal ” g e n e ral l y re fe r to te s t re s u l ts wi th
T y
is to rq u e l o ad cap aci ty u n d er o ccas i o n al 50% o f th e s p e ci m e n s fal l i n g b el o w an d 50% ab o ve
p e ak l o ad i n g , Nm; th e pu bl i sh ed val u e . Th i s co rre s p o n d s to a “ G -- 5 0 ”
s y
is d esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th , N /m m
2
;
fai l u re rate , al s o kn o wn as m e an fati g u e l i fe .
K
D ata pu bl i sh ed by th e M e tal P o wd e r I n d u s tri e s
is co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r yi e l d
ys
Fe d e rati o n (M P I F) [1 ] h as been d e te rm i n e d as th e
s tre n g th ;
90% s u rvi val s tre s s fati g u e l i m i t, u si n g ro tati n g
K yw
is co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r b e n d i n g fati g u e te s ti n g . Th i s fati g u e l i m i t d ata i s al s o
o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g ; kn o wn as th e “ G -- 1 0 ” fai l u re rate fati g u e l i fe .
J y
is g e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th
R o tati n g ben d i n g fati g u e te s ti n g i m poses l o ad
cycl i n g o f fu l l -- re ve rs al l o ad s . Th e cri ti cal l o cati o n o n

u n d er o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g .
th e te s t s p e ci m e n is s u b j e cte d to th e m axi m u m s of
b o th te n s i l e an d co m p re s s i ve s tre s s e s .
4 Design strength values

Ad j u s tm e n ts to m eet th e co n d i ti o n s o f 4 . 1 . 2 (b ) an d
(c) are e xp re s s e d in th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n s :
s tG
= s tT
−s tTG
(3 )
D esi g n s tre n g th val u e s d epen d n ot on l y on th e P /M

wh e re
m ate ri al co m p o s i ti o n , an d an y h e at tre atm e n t, bu t
s tG
is fati g u e l i m i t, fu l l -- re ve rs al , ad j u s te d fo r
al s o on th e d e n s i ty ach i e ve d d u ri n g co m p acti o n or
2
G -- 1 fai l u re rate , N /m m ;
p o s t -- s i n te ri n g re p re s s i n g .
s
4.1 Fatigue strength, st
is G -- 1 0 fai l u re rate fati g u e limit (p u b l i s h e d
tT
2
d ata) , N /m m ;
Th e val u e fo r d esi g n fati g u e s tre n g th can be s tTG

is th e ad j u s tm e n t in fati g u e limit fro m G -- 1 0
2
o b tai n e d fro m al te rn ate s o u rce s . to G -- 1 , N /m m .
4
Th e ad j u s tm e n t, s tTG
, h as been e s ti m ate d fo r P /M 4.2.1 Previous test experience
2
s te e l s as 1 4 N /m m fro m a s tati s ti cal an al ys i s of
I f a g e ar o f th e s am e m ate ri al an d s i m i l ar d e n s i ty an d
re ce n tl y pu bl i sh ed d ata [2 ] .
p ro ce s s i n g h as been te s te d fo r th e l o ad cau s i n g
Th e d esi g n fati g u e l i m i t, afte r ad j u s tm e n ts , s t

, i s:
p e rm an e n t d e fl e cti o n o r b re akag e o f th e te e th , i t m ay
b e p o s s i b l e to p e rfo rm re ve rs e cal cu l ati o n s to arri ve
s
s t
= tG
(4 )
at a l i m i ti n g d esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th .
4.2.2 Derived from published data

0. 7
Th e facto r of 0. 7 is co m m o n l y u sed to co n ve rt fro m
Wh e n s u i tab l e g e ar te s t d ata is n ot avai l ab l e ,

fu l l -- re ve rs al to ze ro -- to -- m axi m u m l o ad cycl i n g . Fo r
pu bl i sh ed d ata b as e d on s tan d ard m ate ri al te s ti n g

th o s e g e ar ap p l i cati o n s , s u ch as i d l er or p l an e t
m e th o d s can b e u s e d , b u t o n l y afte r an ad j u s tm e n t i s
g e ars , wh e re th e g e ar te e th e xp e ri e n ce fu l l y re ve rs -
m ad e to ad ap t th e yi e l d s tre n g th val u e s to th e d e s i g n
ing l o ad s , th i s ad j u s tm e n t facto r wi l l be co rre cte d
p ro ce d u re s o f th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t. Th e s e p ro ce -
th ro u g h th e ap p ro p ri ate ch o i ce of l o ad re ve rs al
d u re s are b as e d on val u e s th at co rre s p o n d to th e

facto r, see 5. 1 . 2.
fo l l o wi n g co n d i ti o n :
4.1 .2.2 Data estimated from “typical ultimate

tensile strength”
-- te s t fai l u re rate s p ro j e cte d to “l ess th an 1 in a
1 00”, i . e. , 1 % o r “ G -- 1 ” fai l u re rate .
Wh e n fati g u e l i m i t d ata i s n o t d i re ctl y avai l ab l e , i t can 4.2.2.1 Derived from “typical yield strength”
be e s ti m ate d fro m u l ti m ate te n s i l e s tre n g th val u e s .
I n as -- s i n te re d g e ars , th e p u b l i s h e d d ata i s g e n e ral l y
Th i s e s ti m ati o n p ro ce s s is d e s cri b e d b e l o w.
i n th e fo rm o f a “ typ i cal yi e l d s tre n g th ” b as e d o n 0 . 2 %
o ffs e t. Th i s “ typ i cal yi e l d s tre n g th ” , b as e d o n a G -- 5 0

C o n ve rt th e typ i cal u l ti m ate te n s i l e s tre n g th to th e
fai l u re rate , m u st be co n ve rte d to a “d esi g n yi e l d

G -- 1 0 fai l u re rate fati g u e limit by th e fo l l o wi n g
s tre n g th ” , b as e d on a G -- 1 fai l u re rate . Th i s

e xp re s s i o n :
=
ad j u s tm e n t m ay be re p re s e n te d by th e fo l l o wi n g
s tT
k ut
s uT
(5 )
e q u ati o n :
wh e re s yG
= s yT
−s yTG
(6 )
s uT
is typ i cal u l ti m ate te n s i l e s tre n g th val u e ,
wh e re
s
2
N /m m ; 2
is yi e l d s tre n g th , ad j u s te d fo r G -- 1 , N /m m ;
yG
k ut
is co n ve rs i o n facto r fo r u l ti m ate s tre n g th to s yT
is typ i cal yi e l d s tre n g th (p u b l i s h e d d ata) ,
2
fati g u e l i m i t; N /m m ;
Fo r h e at tre ate d s te e l (m arte n s i ti c

s yTG
is re d u cti o n in yi e l d s tre n g th fro m typ i cal to
2
G -- 1 , N /m m .
m i cro s tru ctu re ) :
Th e ad j u s tm e n t, s , is best d e te rm i n e d fro m te s t
k ut
= 0. 32
yTG
o b s e rvati o n s . An al tern ati ve m e th o d is to re fe r to
Fo r as -- s i n te re d s te e l (p e arl i te an d fe rri te m i - M P I F S tan d ard 35, wh e re th i s s te p i s acco m p l i s h e d
cro s tru ctu re ) : fo r as -- s i n te re d m ate ri al s b y th e l i s ti n g of “m i n i m u m ”
k
s tre n g th val u e s . Fo r th e s e m ate ri al s :
=
= 0. 39
ut
s yG
s yM
(7 )
Fo r as -- s i n te re d s te e l (fe rri te on l y
wh e re
m i cro s tru ctu re ) :
k = 0. 43
s yM
is “m i n i m u m ” yi e l d s tre n g th l i s te d in M PI F
ut
2
S tan d ard 35, N /m m .
Th e n co n vert th i s e s ti m ate d G -- 1 0 fai l u re rate fati g u e

Th e d esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th is th e n set e q u al to th i s
l i m i t, s tT
, to th e d esi g n fati g u e limit fo r ze ro -- to
ad j u s te d yi e l d s tre n g th :
m axi m u m l o ad i n g u si n g e q u ati o n s 3 an d 4.
s y
= s yG (8 )
4.2 Yield strength, sy 4.2.2.2 Derived from “typical ultimate strength”

Th e val u e of d esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th can be o b tai n e d In h e at tre ate d m ate ri al s , typ i cal yi e l d s tre n g th s are
fro m on e o f two s o u rce s . ap p ro xi m ate l y th e s am e as typ i cal u l ti m ate
s tre n g th s . Desi g n yi e l d s tre n g th , s,

y
m ay b e d e ri ve d 5.1 .1 Life factor, KL
fro m typ i cal u l ti m ate s tre n g th b y fi rs t co n ve rti n g th e
Th e l i fe facto r is th e rati o of th e ben d i n g fati g u e
typ i cal val u e fo r a G -- 5 0 fai l u re rate to a d e s i g n val u e

s tre n g th at th e re q u i re d n u m b e r o f to o th l o ad cycl e s ,
wi th a G -- 1 fai l u re rate , as in 4. 2 . 2 . 1 .
n, to th e s tre n g th at 1 0
7
cycl e s . I t can be e s ti m ate d
s =s −s
uG uT u TG
(9 ) fro m th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n s :
wh e re Fo r 0 < n < (0 . 5 × 1 0
4
),
s s
K =K =
0. 9
s
is typ i cal u l ti m ate s tre n g th ad j u s te d to th e y
uG
(1 3 )
2 L Ly
G -- 1 fai l u re rate , N /m m . t
s × 4
≤ n≤ × 7
 
Fo r (0 . 5 1 0 ) (1 1 0 ),
K −
i s typ i cal u l ti m ate s tre n g th (p u b l i s h e d d ata) ,
uT
K = +
2
N /m m ;
1 2. 1 21 1
s
 K 
L Ly
i s re d u cti o n i n u l ti m ate s tre n g th fro m typ i cal

u TG
to G -- 1 , N /m m
2
.
− 0. 303 − 1 l og n (1 4 )
s
Ly
Th e ad j u s tm e n t,
u TG
, is best d e te rm i n e d fro m te s t
Fo r n > (1 × 1 0
7
),
K
o b s e rvati o n s . An al tern ati ve m e th o d is to re fe r to
= 1 , fo r fe rro u s m ate ri al s on l y (1 5 )
M P I F S tan d ard 35, wh e re th i s s te p i s acco m p l i s h e d L
(fo r n o n -- fe rro u s m ate ri al , co n s u l t te s t d ata)

fo r h e at tre ate d m ate ri al s b y th e l i s ti n g of “m i n i m u m ”
s tre n g th val u e s . Fo r th e s e m ate ri al s : wh e re
s =s (1 0 ) n is n u m ber o f to o th l o ad cycl e s ;
K ¢
uG uM
4
i s l i fe facto r at 0 . 5 1 0 cycl e s , fo u n d fro m
Ly
wh e re
s
e q u ati o n 1 3 wi th s tre n g th val u e s fro m
is “m i n i m u m ” u l ti m ate s tre n g th l i s te d in
uM 4. 1 . 2 . 1 or 4. 1 . 2 . 2 an d 4. 2. 2 . 1 or 4. 2 . 2 . 2 .
5.1 .2 Load reversal factor, KLR

2
M PI F S tan d ard 35, N /m m .
Th e d esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th is th e n set e q u al to th i s
In 4. 1 . 2 . 1 , th e facto r o f 0 . 7 was i n tro d u ce d to ad j u s t

ad j u s te d u l ti m ate s tre n g th :
s =sy
uG Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats (1 1 )
th e fati g u e s tre n g th val u e s fo r th e d i ffe re n ce i n cycl i c
l o ad i n g in m ate ri al te s ti n g fro m th e typ i cal cycl i c
l o ad i n g o f g e ar te e th . I n m ate ri al te s ti n g , th e l o ad is
fu l l y re ve rs e d wh i l e in m ost g e ar ap p l i cati o n s th e
5 Combined adjustment factors for strength l o ad i s ze ro -- to -- m axi m u m i n o n e d i re cti o n o n l y. Th e
K LR
facto r re ve rs e s th i s ad j u s tm e n t fo r th o s e l ess
typ i cal g e ar ap p l i cati o n s in wh i ch th e g e ar to o th

Th i s facto r i s a co m b i n ati o n o f facto rs re l ati n g to th e
l o ad i n g is b i d i re cti o n al , as fo l l o ws :
K
s tre n g th o f th e P /M g e ar m ate ri al u n d e r th e o p e rati n g
= 1 .0 i f l o ad is u n i d i re cti o n al (1 6 )
co n d i ti o n s . U se of s u ch a co m b i n e d facto r h el ps LR
K
s i m p l i fy th e fu n d am e n tal fo rm u l as i n cl au s e 3 . As an
= 0. 7 i f l o ad is b i d i re cti o n al , as (1 7 )
ad d e d ad van tag e , th i s co m b i n e d facto r m ay b e u s e d LR
in i d l er o r p l an e t g e ars
wi th o u t d e tai l e d an al ys i s fo r su bseq u en t g e ar d e-
si g n s wi th s i m i l ar o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s . 5.1 .3 Size factor, Ks

5.1 Combined factor for bending fatigue I n s o m e wro u g h t m ate ri al s , th e s to ck fro m wh i ch th e
strength, K s t
g e ar is m ach i n e d m ay h ave n o n -- u n i fo rm m ate ri al
K K p ro p e rti e s wh i ch are re l ate d to s i ze . H o we ve r, wi th
K =K K K
ts
L LR
(1 2 ) P /M m ate ri al s , th e p ro p e rti e s o f th e p o wd e r m i x are
s
T R i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e s i ze o f th e fi n i s h e d g e ar. Th e s i ze
wh e re o f th e P /M g e ar m ay i n fl u e n ce p ro ce s s i n g , wh i ch in
K
tu rn m ay affe ct th e s tre n g th p ro p e rti e s at th e g e ar
is l i fe facto r;
L
te e th , bu t on l y th ro u g h ch an g e to o th e r m ate ri al
K LR
is l o ad re ve rs al facto r; ch aracte ri s ti cs s u ch as d e n s i ty an d h ard n e s s . I n th at
K s
is s i ze facto r;
cas e ,
fati g u e
th e s i ze
s tre n g th
e ffe cts
val u e ,
wi l l be
s,
re fl e cte d
as
d i re ctl y
d e s cri b e d in
in th e
4. 1 .
K K
t
is te m p e ratu re facto r; Th e re fo re , fo r P /M g e ars , s i ze facto r, i s:

T
s,
K R
is re l i ab i l i ty facto r. K = s
1 (1 8 )
6
5.1 .4 Temperature factor, KT to s tre s s e s d e ve l o p e d d u ri n g o ccas i o n al p e ak
l o ad i n g .
Th i s facto r re fl e cts an y l o s s o f s tre n g th p ro p e rti e s at
high o p e rati n g te m p e ratu re s . Th i s ap p l i e s to
°
Fo r u n h ard e n e d m ate ri al s :
h ard e n e d g e ars fo r wh i ch a te m p e ratu re o ve r 1 7 7 C
K y
= 1 . 00 (2 2 )
m ay cau s e som e te m p e ri n g .
Fo r h ard e n e d m ate ri al s :
Fo r g e ar b l an k te m p e ratu re s b e l o w th e l e ve l at wh i ch
s tre n g th is affe cte d : K y

= 0. 75 (2 3 )
K = 1 (1 9 )
5.2.2 Stress correction factor, Kf

T
Fo r g ear b l an k te m p e ratu re s ab o ve th e l e ve l at
K
J
wh i ch s tre n g th i s affe cte d , i s i n cre as e d to re fl e ct
T
Th i s facto r is u sed in th e cal cu l ati o n of , th e
th e l oss in s tre n g th . Fo r ve ry l ow g e ar b l an k
g e o m e try facto r fo r b e n d i n g s tre n g th (s e e cl au s e 8 ) .
te m p e ratu re s in i m p act p ro n e ap p l i cati o n s , K T

m ay
I t re fl e cts th e i n cre as e i n l o cal s tre s s e s d u e to s h arp
be i n cre as e d to re fl e ct an y re d u cti o n in i m p act

ch an g e s in g e o m e try at or n e ar th e cri ti cal s e cti o n .
p ro p e rti e s .
Th e s e i n cre as e d s tre s s e s d i re ctl y affe ct th e b e n d i n g
5.1 .5 Reliability factor, KR s tre n g th u n d e r re p e ate d l o ad i n g . U n d e r o ccas i o n al
l o ad s , h o we ve r, l o cal yi e l d i n g m ay take p l ace an d
Th i s facto r acco u n ts fo r th e e ffe ct of th e typ i cal

th e s tre s s co n ce n trati o n h as l i ttl e or no s i g n i fi can t
s tati s ti cal d i s tri b u ti o n of fai l u re s fo u n d in fati g u e

e ffe ct on l o ad cap aci ty. In th e AG M A g e ar rati n g
te s ti n g of m ate ri al s . I ts val u e is b as e d on th e
cal cu l ati o n , th i s d i ffe re n ce is tre ate d by re --
fre q u e n cy o f fai l u re s th at can b e to l e rate d i n th e g e ar

i n tro d u ci n g th e s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r as a b e n e fi -
ap p l i cati o n , e xp re s s e d as n o m o re th an o n e fai l u re i n
ci al ad j u s tm e n t to th e yi e l d s tre n g th . In th e
s o m e n u m b e r o f u n i ts , n u
. K R
m ay b e e s ti m ate d fro m
cal cu l ati o n p ro ce d u re s o f th i s d o cu m e n t, a d i ffe re n t
th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n :
= +
an d m o re d i re ct ap p ro ach is u sed , an d s u ch an
K R
0. 5 0. 25 l og n u
(2 0 )
ad j u s tm e n t is n ot n eed ed an d is n o t i n cl u d e d in th e
ab o ve “ co m b i n e d facto r fo r yi e l d s tre n g th ” . As
wh e re
d e s cri b e d in cl au s e 8 an d an n e x C, th e J facto r fo r
n u
is n u m ber o f u n i ts fo r wh i ch on e fai l u re wi l l
e ach typ e of l o ad i n g is cal cu l ate d wi th a s tre s s
be to l e rate d .
co rre cti o n facto r wh i ch is ap p ro p ri ate l y m o d i fi e d to
re fl e ct th e d i ffe re n ce s .
Som e val u e s fro m th i s e q u ati o n , al o n g wi th e q u i va-
l en t “G ” val u e s , are g i ve n in tab l e 2.
5.2 Combined factor for yield strength, Kys

K 6 Calculation diameter, dc
K ys
= K K s
y
(2 1 )
wh e re Th e cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r, as u s e d i n e q u ati o n s 1 an d
K
2, m u st ag re e wi th th e d i am e te r val u e u sed in
is yi e l d s tre n g th facto r;
Y
y
cal cu l ati n g th e facto r, s e e an n e x B . Fo r s p u r g e ars ,
K s
is s i ze facto r (s e e 5. 1 . 3) ;
it is th e s am e as th e o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r o f th e
K T
is te m p e ratu re facto r (s e e 5. 1 . 4) .
g e ar fo r wh i ch th e to rq u e cap aci ty i s to b e cal cu l ate d .
5.2.1 Yield strength factor, Ky I ts val u e d epen d s
an d th e o p e rati n g
on th e re l ati ve n u m b e rs
ce n te r d i s tan ce an d m ay b e , b u t i s
of te e th
Th i s facto r re fl e cts th e d i ffe re n ce b e twe e n th e n o t n e ce s s ari l y, e q u al to th e s tan d ard p i tch d i am e te r,
re s p o n s e o f h ard e n e d ve rs u s u n h ard e n e d m ate ri al s as fo l l o ws :
Table 2 - Reliability factors, KR

Requirement of application: n u units Equivalent G-- value KR
No m o re th an 1 fai l u re in: 1 0, 000 G -- 0 . 0 1 1 . 50
1 , 000 G -- 0 . 1 0 1 . 25
1 00 G -- 1 . 0 0 1 . 00
Fo r th e pi n i on : wh e re
C F
= =
2 i s e ach face wi d th e xte n s i o n (n o t l arg e r th an
d d
x
A
m
(2 4 )
N
+N
c
AP ), mm;
G
m
1
is m od u l e, mm.
P
wh e re
d AP
is o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r of pi n i on , mm; 8 Geometry factor for bending strength, J
C A
is o p e rati n g ce n te r d i s tan ce , mm;
Th e g e o m e try facto r is a n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al val u e
N P
is n u m ber o f te e th of pi n i on ;
wh i ch re l ate s th e s h ap e o f th e g e ar to o th , al o n g wi th
N G
is n u m ber o f te e th o f g e ar. s o m e as s o ci ate d g e o m e try co n d i ti o n s , to th e te n s i l e
ben d i n g s tre s s i n d u ce d b y a u n i t l o ad ap p l i e d o n th e
Fo r th e g e ar:
to o th fl an k. Fo r s p u r g e ars , th e re are two e l e m e n ts
C
= =
2
d d A
(2 5 )
wh i ch go i n to i ts cal cu l ati o n :
N
+N
c
J= Y
AG
P
1 (2 8 )
G K f
wh e re wh e re
d AG
is o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r o f g e ar, mm. Y is to o th fo rm facto r (s e e an n e x B) ;
K f
is s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r (s e e an n e x C) .
8.1 Tooth form factor, Y

7 Effective face width, Fe
Th i s facto r is d e p e n d an t on l y on g e o m e try, wi th th e
ad d i ti o n of a co e ffi ci e n t of fri cti o n wh e re th e to o th
Th e e ffe cti ve face wi d th re p re s e n ts th e face wi d th

sl i d i n g fri cti o n fo rce m ay h ave a s i g n i fi can t e ffe ct o n
cap ab l e o f re s i s ti n g b e n d i n g l o ad s . I f th e two m ati n g

s tre s s e s . As p art o f m aki n g th i s a n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al
g e ars h ave th e s am e face wi d th s wh i ch are fu l l y

facto r, th e g e o m e try is s cal e d to a to o th of unit
o ve rl ap p i n g ,
th e n th e e ffe cti ve face wi d th o f e ach is
m od u l e. Th e e l e m e n ts o f th e facto r are :
e q u al to th e co m m o n face wi d th . I f, h o we ve r, th e re i s
-- th e l o cati o n al o n g th e to o th fl an k wh e re th e to o th
a p o rti o n of a face wi d th wh i ch e xte n d s b e yo n d th e
l o ad wi l l h ave i ts g re ate s t e ffe ct on ben d i n g

o ve rl ap p i n g wi d th , th e n th i s e xte n s i o n m ay co n tri b -
s tre s s ;
u te to re s i s ti n g th e ben d i n g l o ad .
-- th e p ro p o rti o n s o f th e to o th s h ap e , e s p e ci al l y in
Th e e xte n s i o n s m ay b e p re s e n t at o n e o r b o th en d s
th e reg i o n o f th e to o th fi l l e t;
o f th e face wi d th o f e i th e r o f th e m ati n g g e ars .
-- th e d i am e te r u s e d to re l ate ap p l i e d to rq u e val u e s
Th i s m ay be e xp re s s e d as e q u ati o n s :
to a tan g e n ti al fo rce , by trad i ti o n th e o p e rati n g
F e
= F o
+F +F xe 1 xe 2
(2 6 )
p i tch d i am e te r o f th e g e ar.
wh e re
Th e cal cu l ati o n fo r d e te rm i n i n g th e Y facto r is
d e s cri b ed i n an n e x B wi th cal cu l ati o n o f s o m e o f th e
F e
is e ffe cti ve face wi d th , mm;
re q u i re d g e o m e try d ata d e s cri b e d in an n e x A.
F o
is o ve rl ap p i n g face wi d th , mm ; 8.2 Stress correction factor, Kf
F xe 1
i s e ffe cti ve face wi d th e xte n s i o n at o n e e n d ,
Th i s facto r is d e te rm i n e d by a co m b i n ati o n o f to o th
mm;
g e o m e try, th e typ e o f l o ad i n g , an d som e p ro p e rty o f
F xe 2
is e ffe cti ve face wi d th e xte n s i o n at o th e r th e m ate ri al th at d e te rm i n e s to wh at e xte n t it is
en d , mm. s e n s i ti ve to s tre s s co n ce n trati o n . Th e cal cu l ati o n is
d e s cri b e d in an n e x C.
Th e s e effe cti ve face wi d th e xte n s i o n s m ay be
e s ti m ate d as fo l l o ws : S i n ce th e typ e o f l o ad i n g m ay b e a s i g n i fi can t facto r,
th e re wi l l g e n e ral l y be two val u e s co n s i d e re d fo r
− 
Fo r e ach e xte n s i o n :
e ach g e ar. O n e, K ft
, i s fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g an d th e
F K
F = 1
m
Fx
(2 7 )
o th e r,
fy
, is fo r th e o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad co n d i ti o n .
J
xe x
2
Th i s l e ad s to two possi bl e val u e s fo r th e facto r:
8
Fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g : h ave al re ad y been ad d re s s e d e l s e wh e re in th e
= Y
cal cu l ati o n s . As fo r m ate ri al s tre n g th , th e re h ave
J (2 9 )
t
K ft
been a wh o l e s e ri e s of ad j u s tm e n ts , s u ch as th e
s e l e cti o n o f th e G -- 1 val u e s fro m p u b l i s h e d d ata, s e e
wh e re
cl au s e 4 , an d th e vari o u s facto rs d e fi n e d i n cl au s e 5 .
K ft
is s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d S i m i l arl y fo r th e l e ve l of l o ad i n g , a n u m ber of
l o ad i n g .
ad j u s tm e n ts h ave been i n tro d u ce d , as d e s cri b e d in
cl au s e 9. B as e d on co n ce rn s fo r m ate ri al s tre n g th
Fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s :
an d l o ad i n g , u n l e s s th e s e ad j u s tm e n ts are j u d g e d to
J y
= K
Y (3 0 )
be i n ad e q u ate , th e s u g g e s te d val u e fo r th e s afe ty
fy
facto r wo u l d be on e.
wh e re
Th i s fi rs t s e l e cti o n m ay b e i n cre as e d afte r co n s i d e r-
K fy
is s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r fo r o ccas i o n al
ati o n of th e possi bl e re s u l ts of fai l u re of th e g e ar
o ve rl o ad s .
u n d e r s tu d y. I f s u ch fai l u re i s l i ke l y to b e fo l l o we d by
s e ve re e co n o m i c l oss, o r e ve n m o re i m p o rtan tl y, by
i n j u ry to th o s e as s o ci ate d wi th th e fai l e d e q u i p m e n t,
9 Combined adjustment factors for loading th e n th e s afe ty facto r sh ou l d re fl e ct th e l e ve l o f th e
h azard s .
Th i s i s a co m b i n ati o n o f th e re m ai n i n g l o ad cap aci ty

Al s o to be co n s i d e re d is th e l e ve l of te s ti n g th at
facto rs , m ost o f wh i ch re l ate to to o th l o ad i n g u n d er

p re ce d e s fi n al acce p tan ce o f th e d esi g n . B e cau s e
th e o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s . Th e u se of s u ch a
th e P /M p ro ce s s is u sed to p ro d u ce g e ars fo r m as s
co m b i n e d facto r h el ps s i m p l i fy th e fu n d am e n tal
p ro d u cti o n , th e re i s g e n e ral l y th e n e e d an d o p p o rtu -
fo rm u l as in cl au s e 3. As an ad d e d ad van tag e , th i s
n i ty fo r e xte n s i ve te s ti n g . Th i s , an d th e re co g n i ti o n
co m b i n e d facto r m ay be u sed wi th o u t d e tai l e d

th at P /M p ro ce s s e s are highly co n s i s te n t, i n d i cate s
an al ys i s fo r su bseq u en t g e ar d esi g n s wi th s i m i l ar
th at high s afe ty facto rs are rare l y n e ce s s ary.
o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s .
9.1 .2 Overload factor for repeated loads, Kot

9.1 Combined adjustment factor for repeated
tooth loading, Ktw Th i s facto r al l o ws fo r two typ e s of re p e ate d o ve r-
K tw
= S K F ot
K K B mt
K v
(3 1 )
l o ad s .
o p e rati o n
One typ e is th e o ve rl o ad th at
o f th e p ro d u ct b e yo n d i ts n o m i n al rati n g .
re s u l ts fro m
If
wh e re
th e cal cu l ate d l o ad cap aci ty i s g o i n g to b e co m p are d
S F
is s afe ty facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th ; to th e l o ad as s o ci ate d wi th th e n o m i n al rati n g , th e n
K ot
is o ve rl o ad facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad s ;
th i s facto r s h o u l d b e ad j u s te d to re fl e ct th i s p o te n ti al
K B
is ri m th i ckn e s s facto r;
o ve rl o ad . Th e o th e r typ e is th e o ve rl o ad re s u l ti n g
K mt
is l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad -
fro m e xte rn al l y ap p l i e d d yn am i c l o ad s . An yth i n g in
th e d ri ve trai n th at is n ot s te ad y in i ts e ffe ct on
ing;
K v
is d yn am i c facto r.
tran s m i tte d to rq u e o r s p e e d m ay i n tro d u ce d yn am i c
9.1 .1 Safety factor, SF

to rq u e s . Fo r e xam p l e , n o n -- s te ad y to rq u e s are
as s o ci ate d wi th d ri vi n g m e m b e rs l i ke i n te rn al co m -
A s afe ty facto r is co m m o n l y i n tro d u ce d i n to d esi g n b u s ti o n en g i n es or som e typ e s o f h yd rau l i c m o to rs .
cal cu l ati o n s to p ro vi d e g re ate r p ro te cti o n ag ai n s t Th e y are al s o as s o ci ate d wi th varyi n g d ri ve trai n
possi bl e fai l u re . Th i s p ro te cti o n m ay be sou g h t l o ad s s u ch as re ci p ro cati n g pu m ps or i n te rm i tte n t
b e cau s e of co n ce rn th at som e e l e m e n ts of th e cu tti n g acti o n s .
d esi g n p ro ce s s m ay h ave o ve rs tate d th e s tre n g th of
Th e s e l e cti o n o f th e ap p ro p ri ate val u e o f th i s facto r
th e m ate ri al o r m ay h ave u n d e rs tate d th e l e ve l o f th e
m ay b e b as e d o n a th o ro u g h d yn am i c an al ys i s o f th e
l o ad i n g . S o m e ti m e s th e ad d e d p ro te cti o n ag ai n s t
d ri ve trai n wi th al l i ts i n e rti a, co m p l i an ce an d
fai l u re is b as e d on co n ce rn fo r som e e xtre m e l y
d am p i n g e ffe cts . M ost o fte n , h o we ve r, it wi l l be
s e ve re re s u l t o f fai l u re .
s e l e cte d in acco rd an ce wi th p as t e xp e ri e n ce wi th
In s e l e cti n g a val u e fo r s afe ty facto r, it is fi rs t s i m i l ar p ro d u cts an d wi th th e ap p l i cati o n of
n e ce s s ary to re co g n i ze th at m an y o f th e s e co n ce rn s e n g i n e e ri n g j u d g e m e n t.
9.1 .3 Rim thickness factor, KB d i s tri b u ti o n facto r is e s ti m ate d by co n s i d e ri n g th e
vari o u s i te m s wh i ch co n tri b u te to , o r p arti al l y o ffs e t,

Th e cal cu l ati o n of ben d i n g s tre n g th at th e to o th fi l l e t,
th e e ffe ct on to o th ben d i n g s tre n g th .

as in an n e x B, p re s u p p o s e s th at th e m ate ri al in th e
ad j ace n t are as is ad e q u ate to s u p p o rt th e s tre s s e d Th e co m m o n co n tri b u ti n g i te m s are :
re g i o n s . I f th e ri m th i ckn e s s u n d er th e ro o t ci rcl e is
-- m i s al i g n m e n t o f th e g e ar axe s due to m an u fac-
to o s m al l to p ro vi d e th i s s u p p o rt, or is i ts e l f u n d er
tu ri n g vari ati o n s in th e g e o m e try o f th e h ou si n g ,
s tre s s fro m tran s m i tti n g to rq u e fro m th e g e ar we b o r

b e ari n g s , s h afts , an d an y o th e r s u p p o rt fe atu re s ;
s p o ke s , th e n a ri m th i ckn e s s facto r is n eed ed to
-- m an u factu ri n g vari ati o n s in th e g e o m e try o f th e

co m p e n s ate fo r th e s e ri m s h o rtco m i n g s .
to o th s u rface s , s u ch as axi al ru n o u t (wo b b l e ) or
Th e P /M g e ar is rare l y d esi g n ed wi th a n arro w we b n o n -- u n i fo rm to o th th i ckn e s s acro s s th e face
an d e xte n d e d ri m , as is th e co m m o n p racti ce in wi d th .
m ach i n e d or cas t wi d e -- face g e ars . Fo r th e typ i cal

Th e e ffe ct of th e s e i te m s on n o n -- u n i fo rm l o ad
P /M g e ar, th e re fo re , th e ri m th i ckn e s s facto r i s s e t to

d i s tri b u ti o n i n cre as e s wi th th e face wi d th of th e
on e. Th e re i s a p racti ce o f i n tro d u ci n g h o l e s i n to th e
m ati n g g e ars . I n th e cas e o f g e ar axi s m i s al i g n m e n t,
o th e rwi s e sol i d we b o f P /M g e ars to re d u ce we i g h t

th e s i ze of th e face wi d th in re l ati o n to th e b e ari n g
an d co m p acti o n are a. I f th e s e h ol es are p l ace d to o

s p an i s o fte n s i g n i fi can t. I n th e cas e o f to o th s u rface
cl o s e to th e ro o t ci rcl e o f th e g e ar te e th , a co n d i ti o n
g e o m e try, th e m an u factu ri n g vari ati o n s te n d to
s i m i l ar to a th i n ri m re s u l ts . Th e ri m th i ckn e s s facto r
i n cre as e as face wi d th b e co m e s l arg e r i n re l ati o n to
m ay th e n be cal cu l ate d as fo l l o ws :
g e ar d i am e te r.
B acku p rati o , m B
Th e co m m o n i te m s th at te n d to i m p ro ve l o ad
t
m =hB
R
(3 2 )
d i s tri b u ti o n are :
t
-- l o cal to o th co m p l i an ce in th e fo rm of ben d i n g or
wh e re
twi s ti n g o f th e to o th , co m b i n e d wi th co n tact s u rface
tR is ri m th i ckn e s s , mm;
d e fo rm ati o n s ;
ht is Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
wh o l e d e p th o f g e ar te e th , mm.
-- l o cal to o th s u rface we ar, e s p e ci al l y in th e e arl y
Ri m th i ckn e s s facto r, K B
cycl e s o f re p e ate d l o ad i n g .
Fo r m ≥ B
1 .2 Th e l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad s can b e
K = re l ate d to th e s e i te m s b y th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n :
K = +  q + q m × m 
1 (3 3 )
B
Fo r m B
<1 . 2 mt
1 (
m v
)
ct w
(3 5 )
K = − m
1 . 2 91 6 3. 682 l og (3 4 )
wh e re
q
B B
9.1 .4 Load distribution factor for repeated loads, m

is ad j u s tm e n t due to axi s m i s al i g n m e n t;
K mt q v
is ad j u s tm e n t due to m an u factu ri n g
vari ati o n s ;
Th i s facto r acco u n ts fo r an y l ack of co m p l e te an d

m ct
i s m o d i fyi n g facto r d u e to to o th co m p l i an ce ;
u n i fo rm co n tact al o n g th e axi al l e n g th o f th e m ati n g

m w
is m o d i fyi n g facto r due to to o th s u rface
g e ar te e th . S u ch l i m i te d co n tact i n te rfe re s wi th a
we ar.
u n i fo rm d i s tri b u ti o n o f th e tran s m i tte d l o ad . Th e l o ad
P ro ce d u re s fo r s e l e cti n g ap p ro xi m ate val u e s fo r

te n d s to co n ce n trate wh e re co n tact is b e s t, wh i ch
th e s e facto rs are d e s cri b e d b e l o w. Th e y q u al i tati ve -

rai s e s th e ben d i n g s tre s s at th e co rre s p o n d i n g
l y co n s i d e r m an y o f th e e l e m e n ts th at can i n fl u e n ce
p o s i ti o n s al o n g th e b as e of th e to o th . Ad j ace n t
th e e ffe ct of n o n -- u n i fo rm l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n . Th e
p o rti o n s o f th e to o th h el p to s u p p o rt th e s e co n ce n -
q u an ti tati ve val u e s are o n l y e s ti m ate s wh i ch m ay b e

trate d l o ad s an d , to s o m e e xte n t, l i m i t th e ri s e i n l o cal
u s e d u n ti l m o re ap p ro p ri ate val u e s are d e ve l o p e d b y

s tre s s .
an al yti cal o r e xp e ri m e n tal m e th o d s .
9.1 .4.1 Axis misalignment adjustment, qm

It is g e n e ral l y i m p racti cal to p re ci s e l y e val u ate th e
e xact n atu re o f th e n o n -- u n i fo rm l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n , i ts
e ffe ct o n l o cal ben d i n g s tre s s , an d th e re s u l ti n g l oss Th i s facto r re co g n i ze s th at th e e xte n t of axi s
in l o ad cap aci ty. I n s te ad , a val u e fo r th e l o ad m i s al i g n m e n t wi l l be i n fl u e n ce d by th e e xp e cte d
1 0
accu racy of th e h ou si n g , th e typ e of b e ari n g s , an d Table 3 - Manufacturing variation adjustment

th e m o u n ti n g of th e g e ar wi th re s p e ct to b e ari n g
Typical AGMA
l o cati o n s . I t al s o re co g n i ze s th at wi th m i s al i g n m e n t
accuracy grade 1 ) fqv
d e te rm i n e d by th e s e co n d i ti o n s , i ts co n tri b u ti o n to
Q5 1 .0
n o n -- u n i fo rm l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n wi l l i n cre as e wi th face
Q6 0. 75
wi d th .
Q7 0. 6
F
=
Q8 0. 4
q f o
(3 6 )
m qm
S b
Q9 0. 3
Q1 0 0. 2
wh e re N O TE :
1 )
S ee AG M A 2 0 0 0 -- A8 8 .
F o
is o ve rl ap p i n g face wi d th , mm;
S b
is b e ari n g s p an , mm;
9.1 .4.3 Tooth compliance modifying factor, mct
f qm
is facto r re l ati n g to axi s m i s al i g n m e n t
Th i s facto r take s i n to acco u n t th e co m p l i an ce o f th e

ad j u s tm e n t:
m ate ri al , as i n d i cate d b y i ts m o d u l u s o f e l as ti ci ty, an d
Fo r m ach i n e d m e tal h ou si n g wi th ro l l i n g
th e d e g re e of l o ad i n g , as i n d i cate d by th e d esi g n
el em en t b e ari n g s :
s tre s s .

fqm
= 0. 1
s 0. 5
Fo r m ach i n e d m e tal h ou si n g wi th s trad d l e

m ct
= − 1 5
E
t
(3 8 )
m o u n te d s l e e ve b e ari n g s :
fqm
= 0. 2
wh e re
Fo r m ach i n e d m e tal h ou si n g wi th o ve rh u n g
s
t
i s d esi g n fati g u e l i m i t, N /m m
2
(s e e 4 . 1 . 2 . 1 ) ;
m o u n te d s l e e ve b e ari n g s :
E is m od u l u s o f e l as ti ci ty, N /m m
2
.
fqm
= 0. 5
9.1 .4.4 Tooth wear modifying factor, mw
Fo r as -- cas t o r m o l d e d h o u s i n g wi th s trad d l e Th i s facto r co n s i d e rs th at we ar is affe cte d by th e
m o u n te d s l e e ve b e ari n g s : h ard n e s s o f th e to o th s u rface s , wi th ve ry s l o w we ar
fqm
= 0. 6
e xp e cte d fro m h e at tre ate d P /M m ate ri al s . Al s o , th e
ki n d of we ar wh i ch best co rre cts fo r n o n -- u n i fo rm
Fo r as -- cas t or m ol d ed h ou si n g wi th o ve r-
co n tact co n d i ti o n s take s p l ace wh e n e ach to o th is

hung m o u n te d s l e e ve b e ari n g s :
co n tacte d b y o n l y o n e to o th o n th e m ati n g g e ar. Th i s
fqm
= 1 .0
co n tact co n d i ti o n i s m e t o n l y wh e n th e g e ar rati o h as
9.1 .4.2 Manufacturing variations adjustment, qv an i n te g e r val u e .
Fo r on e or b o th g e ars in as -- s i n te re d
Th i s facto r co n s i d e rs th at P /M p ro ce s s vari ati o n s co n d i ti o n an d wi th an i n te g e r val u e fo r g e ar
fro m i d e al g e ar g e o m e try are i n fl u e n ce d by g e ar rati o :
p ro p o rti o n s . Th i s i n fl u e n ce is e xp re s s e d , fo r th e
m w
= 0. 6
s ake o f s i m p l i ci ty, i n te rm s o f th e rati o o f face wi d th to

Fo r o n e o r b o th g e ars in as -- s i n te re d co n d i -
p i tch d i am e te r. I t al s o re co g n i ze s th at g e ar g e o m e try
ti o n an d wi th a n o n -- i n te g e r val u e fo r g e ar
m ay be s u b s tan ti al l y i m p ro ve d by a fi n al fi n i s h i n g rati o :
p ro ce s s .
m w
= 0. 8
Fo r b o th g e ars in h e at tre ate d co n d i ti o n :
F
q v
= f qv
d
o
(3 7 ) m w
= 1 .0
9.1 .5 Dynamic factor, Kv

wh e re
Th i s facto r acco u n ts fo r th e ad d e d d yn am i c to o th
F o
is o ve rl ap p i n g face wi d th , mm;
l o ad s th at are d e ve l o p e d by th e m esh i n g acti o n of
d
th e g e ars . Th e s e l o ad s are i n fl u e n ce d b y:
is g e ar p i tch d i am e te r, mm;
f qv
i s facto r re l ati n g to m an u factu ri n g vari ati o n s
-- i m p e rfe cti o n s in th e g e o m e try o f th e g e ar te e th ;
ad j u s tm e n t (s e e tab l e 3) . -- speed o f th e m esh i n g acti o n ;
© AG M A 2 005 -- -- Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d 1 1
-- s i ze an d m as s o f th e g e ars . K v
is d yn am i c facto r.
In p ri n ci p l e , th e ap p ro p ri ate val u e o f th i s facto r m ay 9.2.1 Safety factor, SF

be d e ri ve d fro m a th o ro u g h d yn am i c an al ys i s o f th e
Th i s facto r i s g e n e ral l y th e s am e as th e s afe ty facto r

d ri ve trai n wi th co n s i d e rati o n o f al l th e s e i n fl u e n ce s .
d i s cu s s e d in 9. 1 . 1 fo r fati g u e l o ad i n g .
I n p racti ce , an ap p ro xi m ate val u e m ay b e cal cu l ate d
fro m an e q u ati o n wh i ch u s e s a g e ar i n s p e cti o n val u e 9.2.2 Overload factor for occasional overloads,
as th e i n d i cato r of i m p e rfe ct g e o m e try an d th e Koy
p i tch l i n e ve l o ci ty as th e m esh i n g speed i n d i cato r.
Th i s facto r sh ou l d be b as e d on th e typ e s of
Th e g e ar i n s p e cti o n m ost co m m o n l y u sed fo r P /M

o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s th at m ay be ap p l i e d to th e
g e ars i s th e g e ar ro l l i n g ch e ck, o r d o u b l e fl an k te s t, i n
g e ars . Som e co n s i d e rati o n s are i te m s s u ch as th e
wh i ch th e te s t g e ar i s ro l l e d wi th a m as te r g e ar. See
i n e rti a an d ti m e d u rati o n o f l o ad i n th e s ys te m u n d er
AG M A 2 0 0 0 -- A8 8 . O n e m e as u re m e n t m ad e b y th i s
co n s i d e rati o n . Th e s e m ay be d i ffe re n t fro m th e
i n s p e cti o n i s th e to o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te vari ati o n ,

re p e ate d o ve rl o ad s an d wi l l g e n e ral l y re q u i re a
an ap p ro xi m ate i n d i cato r o f th e d e g re e th at th e g e ar
d i ffe re n t facto r.
wi l l co n tri b u te to e xci ti n g d yn am i c l o ad s . Th i s val u e ,
as e xp re s s e d by i ts to l e ran ce , V
qT
, is p art of th e
9.2.3 Rim thickness factor, KB
s p e ci fi cati o n o f g e ar q u al i ty. I f m e as u re d val u e s are
Th e s am e facto r d i s cu s s e d in 9. 1 . 3 is u sed h e re .
avai l ab l e , th e y m ay b e u s e d i n p l ace o f th e to l e ran ce .
S i n ce m esh i n g co n d i ti o n s are d e te rm i n e d by th e 9.2.4 Load distribution factor for occasional

g e o m e try of b o th g e ars , if th e to l e ran ce s or m e a- overloads, Kmy
s u re m e n ts d i ffe r b e twe e n th e two , th e val u e u sed in
Th e e q u ati o n u sed to e s ti m ate th i s facto r i s:
K = +q +q m 
th e fo l l o wi n g cal cu l ati o n s sh ou l d be th e l arg e r.
K = v
 1 + 0. 0055 V v qT t
 0. 5
(3 9 )
N o te
my
th at
1
th i s
(
m
e q u ati o n
v
)
cy
d i ffe rs fro m th e
(4 1 )
e q u ati o n in
wh e re
9 . 1 . 4 i n th at th e m o d i fyi n g facto r d u e to to o th s u rface
V qT
is Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
to o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te to l e ran ce (o r we ar h as been o m i tte d . O ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s m ay
m e as u re d vari ati o n ) , m m; o ccu r b e fo re we ar h as p ro g re s s e d e n o u g h to m o d i fy
v is p i tch line ve l o ci ty, m /s . l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n . Th e re m ai n i n g facto rs are th e
m
t
9.2 Combined adjustment factor for occasional s am e e xce p t fo r

cy
, th e m o d i fyi n g facto r due to
overloads, Kyw to o th co m p l i an ce wh i ch is h e re e s ti m ate d b y:
K =S K K K K
wh e re
yw
F
oy
B
my v
(4 0 )
m = −cy
1 5  sE 
y
0. 5
(4 2 )
S F
is s afe ty facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th ; wh e re
K oy
is o ve rl o ad facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s ;
s is d esi g n yi e l d s tre n g th , N /m m
2
(s e e 4. 2) .
K
y
B
is ri m th i ckn e s s facto r;
9.2.5 Dynamic factor, Kv
K my
is l o ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r o ccas i o n al
o ve rl o ad s ; Th e s am e facto r d i s cu s s e d in 9. 1 . 5 is u sed h e re .
1 2
Annex A
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Calculation of spur gear geometry features

[Th i s an n e x is p ro vi d e d fo r i n fo rm ati o n al p u rp o s e s on l y an d sh ou l d n ot be co n s tru e d as a p art o f AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5 ,
Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Power Metallurgy (P/M) External Spur Gears . ]
A.1 Introduction A.2.2 Data for each gear

Th e cal cu l ati o n o f th e s p u r g e ar fo rm facto r i n an n e x
M em ber d e s i g n ate d by fi n al s u b s cri p t: P = pi n i on
B re q u i re s d ata d e s cri b i n g a n u m ber of g e ar

(d ri ve r) an d G = g e ar (d ri ve n )
g e o m e try fe atu re s . Th i s an n e x g i ve s th e d e tai l e d -- n u m ber o f te e th , N ;
cal cu l ati o n s fo r e ach of th e s e fe atu re s as l i s te d

-- o u ts i d e d i am e te r, d O
;
b e l o w. See A. 9 fo r l i s ti n g o f s ym b o l s an d te rm s .
-- ti p rad i u s , r r
;
Fo r th e i n d i vi d u al g e ar:
-- to o th th i ckn e s s (at re fe re n ce d i am e te r) , t ;
-- e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r afte r ti p ro u n d i n g , see -- ro o t d i am e ter (fo r ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t) , d R

;
A. 3 . 1 ;
-- fi l l e t rad i u s (fo r ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t) , r ;
f
-- to o th th i ckn e s s at i n d i cate d d i am e te r, s e e A. 4 . 1 ; -- b as i c rack d e d e n d u m (fo r g e n e rate d tro ch o i d fi l -
l e t) , b BR
-- g e n e rate d tro ch o i d fi l l e t p o i n ts , see A. 4 . 5 ;
-- b as i c rack fi l l e t rad i u s (fo r g e n e rate d tro ch o i d fi l -
-- minimum fi l l e t rad i u s , see A. 4 . 6 ;

l e t) , r fB R
.
-- ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t p o i n ts , see A. 5 . 6 .

A.2.3 Gear mesh data
Fo r th e g e ar m esh : -- e ffe cti ve o p e rati n g ce n te r d i s tan ce , C A
.
-- o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te rs , see A. 7 . 2 ;

A.3 Tip radius geometry
See fi g u re A. 1 .
-- d i am e te rs at h i g h e s t p o i n ts of si n g l e to o th
l o ad i n g , see A. 8 . 2 .
In ad d i ti o n , th i s an n e x su ppl i es som e d e tai l e d
cal cu l ati o n s fo r fe atu re s n ot re q u i re d by an n e x B.

t O
Th e s e h ave been i n cl u d e d b e cau s e th e y are co n -
n e cte d to th e re q u i re d cal cu l ati o n s an d are u s e fu l fo r

t OR
g e n e ral re fe re n ce p u rp o s e s .
r r
Fo r th e i n d i vi d u al g e ar:
-- re m ai n i n g to p l an d afte r ti p ro u n d i n g , see A. 3 . 2 ;
d O
-- p o i n ts on th e i n vo l u te p ro fi l e , see A. 4 . 2 ;
-- b o tto m l an d fo r th e ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t, see A. 5 . 5 .

t
OE
d
d
OE
Fo r th e g e ar m esh : α rC
rC
-- p ro fi l e co n tact rati o , see A. 8 . 4 ;

Figure A.1 - Tip round
-- fo rm limit cl e aran ce (te s t fo r ti p -- fi l l e t
i n te rfe re n ce ) , see an n e x F.
A.3.1 Effective outside diameter, dOE
A.2 Input data Th i s is th e d i am e te r at wh i ch th e i n vo l u te j oi n s in
tan g e n cy wi th th e ti p ro u n d . I t i s cal cu l ate d fo r e ach
A.2.1 Data common to the mating gears g e ar in th e fo l l o wi n g s te p s :
-- m od u l e, m ; Step 1 . D i am e te r at ce n te r o f ti p ro u n d , d rC
:
-- p re s s u re an g l e , φ .
d rC
= d O
− 2 r r
(A. 1 )
Step 2. S tan d ard p i tch d i am e te r, d: a h ob. Al th o u g h s u ch a to o l is n ot actu al l y u sed to
d = N× m
m an u factu re a P /M g e ar, th e co rre s p o n d i n g b as i c
(A. 2 )
rack m ay be u sed to d e fi n e th e P /M g e ar tro ch o i d
Step 3. B as e ci rcl e d i am e te r, dB
: fi l l e t.
d B
= d( co s φ ) (A. 3 )
If th e P /M g e ar is to re p l ace a g e ar m ach i n e d by
Step 4. P re s s u re an g l e at ce n te r o f ti p ro u n d , φ rC
:
an o th e r typ e o f to o l , s u ch as a g e ar s h ap e r cu tte r, th e
tro ch o i d d e s cri b e d h e re wi l l b e s l i g h tl y d i ffe re n t fro m
d
φ rC
= arcco s
d
B
(A. 4 )
th e
are
s h ap e
m ach i n e d
of th at
wi th
m ach i n e d
a p ro tu b e ran ce
tro ch o i d . Som e
fe atu re on
g e ars
th e
rC
Step 5.
to o l . Th e p ro tu b e ran ce p ro vi d e s an u n d e rcu t fi l l e t
P re s s u re an g l e at e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e -
φ
wh i ch can cl e ar th e ti p of a fi n i s h i n g to o l u sed to
 
te r, :
OE
m o d i fy th e i n vo l u te fl an k in a s e co n d ary o p e rati o n .
r
= +
Th i s an al ys i s d oes n ot co ve r s u ch a fe atu re , e ve n
φ φ
2
r
(A. 5 )
d
arctan tan wh e n it is u sed on a h ob or o th e r rack s h ap e d
OE rC
g e n e rati n g to o l . It h as been o m i tte d b e cau s e th e
Step 6. E ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r, dOE

ad d i ti o n o f an u n d e rcu t co n d i ti o n i s rare l y n e e d e d in
P /M g e ars .
d
d OE
= co s
B
φ
(A. 6 )
A.4.1 Basic rack

OE
A.3.2 Remaining top land, tOR Th e cal cu l ati o n u ses s e ve ral d ata i te m s re l ate d to
th e b as i c rack. S ee fi g u re A. 2 .
Th i s is th e wi d th of th e o u te r ti p of th e g e ar th at
re m ai n s afte r ro u n d i n g at e ach co rn e r. Th e cal cu l a-

A.4.1 .1 Specified basic rack proportions
ti o n is n eed ed on l y as a ch e ck on th e d esi g n o f th e
g e ar. I t co n s i s ts o f two s te p s an d u ses som e o f th e

Th e fo l l o wi n g d ata i te m s d e fi n e th e p o rti o n of th e
d ata fo u n d in A. 3 . 1 .
b as i c rack th at h el ps d e te rm i n e th e tro ch o i d fi l l e t:
Step 1 . To o th th i ckn e s s h al f -- an g l e , α :
-- to o th th i ckn e s s , t
BR
;
α= t
d
(A. 7 )
-- d ed en d u m , b BR
;
Step 2. R e m ai n i n g to p l an d , tOR
-- fi l l e t rad i u s , rfB R
.
t OR
= d O
α + (i n v φ ) − tan φ OE
+ φ rC
 Th e s e
s p e ci fi cati o n .
d ata can be take n fro m
I t i s cu s to m ary fo r s tan d ard s to s p e ci fy

th e b as i c rack
(A. 8 )
b as i c rack p ro p o rti o n s fo r unit m od u l e. Th e ab o ve
i te m s wo u l d th e n b e cal cu l ate d b y ad j u s ti n g th e u n i t
I f th e cal cu l ate d re m ai n i n g to p l an d is n e g ati ve , th e
p i tch d ata fo r th e actu al m od u l e o f th e g e ar, m .

two ti p rad i i i n te rs e ct i n si d e o f th e s e l e cte d o u ts i d e
d i am e te r. To co rre ct th i s d e s i g n fl aw, o n e o r m o re o f
I f a s e p arate b as i c rack s p e ci fi cati o n i s n o t avai l ab l e ,
th e fo l l o wi n g d esi g n ch an g e s are n eed ed :

val u e s of th e fi rs t two of th e s e i te m s can be
d e te rm i n e d fro m s o m e o f th e d ata i n A. 2 , as fo l l o ws :
-- re d u ce th e ti p rad i u s ;
-- re d u ce th e o u ts i d e d i am e te r; B as i c rack to o th th i ckn e s s , acco rd i n g to co m m o n
p racti ce :
-- i n cre as e th e to o th th i ckn e s s .
= πm
A.4 Generated trochoid fillet points t BR
2
(A. 9 )
Th e tro ch o i d d e s cri b e d b e l o w i s g e n e rate d b y a rack B as i c rack d ed en d u m , b as e d on th e s p e ci fi e d g e ar
 
s h ap e d o u tl i n e ro l l i n g on th e s tan d ard p i tch ci rcl e o f ro o t d i am e te r:
t− t
th e g e ar. Th i s rack s h ap e d o u tl i n e , u n i ve rs al l y cal l e d
a “ b as i c rack” , i s o fte n vi s u al i ze d as th e o u tl i n e o f an
b BR
= 0. 5 Nm +
tan
BR
φ −d R
(A. 1 0 )
i m ag i n ary rack s h ap e d g e ar g e n e rati n g to o l s u ch as
1 4 © AG M A 2005 -- -- Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d
CL To o th CL S p ace
p BR
g fB R
N o m i n al
p i tch line
t BR
G e n e rati n g
p i tch line
φ BR
G
Gy
h y h b
fB R
RS
yfB R fB R
b BR
r fB R
S tart o f fi l l e t
rad i u s cu rve
H
Figure A.2 - Generating basic rack
Th e th i rd d ata i te m , b as i c rack fi l l e t rad i u s , can n o t b e B as i c rack fo rm d ed en d u m :
d e te rm i n e d
d e n tl y
fro m
s p e ci fi e d , as
o th e r
n o te d
d ata
in
bu t
A. 2 . 2 .
m u st
Th e
be i n d epen -
rad i u s m ay
b fB R
=b −r BR fB R
[1 − (s i n φ )] (A. 1 2 )
be ze ro , i n d i cati n g a s h arp co rn e r, bu t is al m o s t Th e ce n te r o f th e fi l l e t rad i u s i s l o cate d on th e b as i c
al ways a g re ate r val u e , u p to o n e -- fo u rth o f th e b as i c rack b y i ts co o rd i n ate s , g fB R

an d h fB R
, re l ati ve to th e
rack d e d e n d u m o r e ve n l arg e r. H o we ve r, i t m ay n o t n o m i n al p i tch l i n e, as th e G -- axi s , an d th e to o th
e xce e d th e s i ze o f th e fu l l ro u n d rad i u s . A fu l l ro u n d ce n te rl i n e , as th e H -- axi s . See fi g u re A. 2 . Th e s e
b as i c rack fi l l e t wi l l p ro d u ce a fu l l ro u n d g e ar fi l l e t, co o rd i n ate s are cal cu l ate d as fo l l o ws :
l e avi n g n o p art o f a ro o t ci rcl e b e twe e n j oi n ed fi l l e ts .

G -- axi s co o rd i n ate :
+ b − r + r
t 
Th i s m axi m u m b as i c rack fi l l e t rad i u s i s:
πm φ g = BR
φ fBR
−b φ
( tan )
φ
co s fB R BR fB R
2 co s
=
(s i n )
r fBR X
4
1 − (s i n
BR
φ )
(A. 1 1 ) (A. 1 3 )
A.4.1 .2 Calculated basic rack data H axi s
cate d
co o rd i n ate
at th e
(m e as u re d
n o m i n al p i tch
fro m
l i n e) :
th e G -- axi s l o-
Th e ab o ve d ata m ay b e u s e d to cal cu l ate ad d i ti o n al

h fB R
=b −r BR fB R
(A. 1 4 )
i te m s o f b as i c rack g e o m e try, n am e l y:
A.4.2 Rack shift

-- b as i c rack fo rm d ed en d u m ;
Th e g e n e rati n g p i tch line on th e b as i c rack, wh i ch
-- l o cati o n of th e ce n te r of th e b as i c rack fi l l e t ra-

ro l l s on th e g e n e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e on th e g e ar, is
d i u s.
co m m o n l y o ffs e t fro m th e n o m i n al p i tch line on th e
Th e b as i c rack fo rm d ed en d u m , b fB R
, re fe rs to th e b as i c rack. Th e rack s h i ft i s th e o ffs e t d i s tan ce an d ,
d i s tan ce fro m th e b as i c rack n o m i n al p i tch l i n e to th e as s h o wn in fi g u re A. 2 , is p o s i ti ve in th e d i re cti o n
tan g e n t poi n t at th e s trai g h t line to o th fl an k an d th e away fro m th e g e ar ce n te r. Th i s d i s tan ce is
fi l l e t rad i u s cu rve . I t is cal cu l ate d as fo l l o ws : cal cu l ate d , as fo l l o ws :
R ack s h i ft: co n d i ti o n s . At e ach b as i c rack p o s i ti o n , th e re is a
t− t s trai g h t line co n n e cti n g th re e p o i n ts :
y RS
= 2 ( tan
BR
φ )
(A. 1 5 )
-- poi n t of co n tact (p i tch p o i n t) b e twe e n th e rack
g e n e rati n g p i tch line an d th e g e ar g e n e rati n g

S i n ce th e g e n e rati n g acti o n th at d e fi n e s th e tro ch o i d
p i tch ci rcl e ;
i s b as e d on th e b as i c rack g e n e rati n g p i tch l i n e, th e
fi l l e t rad i u s ce n te r m u st n ow be l o cate d re l ati ve to

-- poi n t at th e ce n te r o f th e rack fi l l e t rad i u s ;
th i s l i n e , wh i ch i s l ab e l e d as th e G y -- axi s . S e e fi g u re
A. 2 . -- p o i n t o n th e g e n e rate d tro ch o i d (al s o o n th e rack
fi l l e t rad i u s ) .
C o o rd i n ate al o n g th e H -- axi s (m e as u re d fro m th e
G y -- axi s l o cate d at th e g e n e rati n g p i tch l i n e ) : Th e “ p i tch -- p o i n t tro ch o i d l i n e”, m ake s th e “ p i tch --
h = h −y poi n t p o l ar an g l e ” , θ f
, wi th th e rack p i tch l i n e. E ach
yfB R fBR RS
(A. 1 6 )
g e n e rate d poi n t on th e tro ch o i d i s as s o ci ate d wi th a
val u e o f th i s an g l e .
Th e b as i c rack fo rm d ed en d u m fro m e q u ati o n A. 1 2
an d th e rack s h i ft fro m e q u ati o n A. 1 5 are u s e d to te s t
At th e s tart o f th e tro ch o i d , fi g u re A. 3 (a) , th e tro ch o i d

fo r u n d e rcu tti n g as fo l l o ws :
p o i n t i s o n th e ro o t ci rcl e , an d th e s am e p o i n t i s at th e
th e re is u n d e rcu tti n g i f: ro o t o f th e rack fi l l e t rad i u s . Th e p i tch -- p o i n t tro ch o i d
b fB R
−y RS
 > d 2
si n
2
φ  line i s al s o a rad i al line o f th e g e ar.
p o l ar an g l e fo r th i s tro ch o i d p o i n t o n th e ro o t ci rcl e i s :
Th e p i tch -- p o i n t
th e re is no u n d e rcu tti n g i f:
θ = ° (A. 1 8 )
b  ≤ d 
90
fR
fB R
−y RS
2
si n
2
φ (A. 1 7 )
Fo r th e typ i cal cas e o f tan g e n cy to th e i n vo l u te , th e
A.4.3 Trochoid generating limits tro ch o i d en d s at th e poi n t of tan g e n cy, or fo rm
d i am e te r p o i n t, see fi g u re A. 4 (b ) . Th e p i tch poi n t
Th e tro ch o i d e xte n d s fro m i ts “ s tart” , poi n t R on th e

p o l ar an g l e fo r th i s tro ch o i d poi n t i s:
ro o t ci rcl e , to Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
i ts “en d ”, poi n t F wh e re it co n n e cts to
th e i n vo l u te p ro fi l e . Th i s co n n e cti o n is g e n e ral l y a θ fF
= φ (A. 1 9 )
tan g e n cy, b u t b e co m e s an i n te rs e cti o n i n th e cas e o f
I n th e cas e o f u n d e rcu t g e ars , th e tro ch o i d e n d s i n an

u n d e rcu tti n g .
i n te rs ecti o n wi th th e i n vo l u te . Th e p i tch poi n t p o l ar
Fi g u re A. 3 (a) an d (b ) s h o w th e b as i c rack p o s i ti o n e d an g l e co rre s p o n d i n g to th i s i n te rs e cti o n poi n t is
to g e n e rate th e limit p o i n ts fo r th e fi rs t two o f th e s e s l i g h tl y l arg e r th an th e val u e o f e q u ati o n A. 1 9 .
φ
B as i c rack
θ f
= 90 ° B as i c rack
r fB R
G e n e rati n g G e n e rati n g
p i tch line on p i tch line on θ f

= φ
b as i c rack b as i c rack
P i tch poi n t
r fB R
G e n e rati n g
ci rcl e on g e ar
En d o f tro ch o i d
S tart o f tro ch o i d at i n vo l u te
at ro o t ci rcl e (p o i n t F)
G e n e rati n g
(p o i n t R)
ci rcl e on g e ar
(a) S tart o f tro ch o i d at ro o t ci rcl e (b ) En d o f tro ch o i d at i n vo l u te
Figure A.3 - Start and end of generated trochoid
Th e e xact val u e of th i s an g l e an d th e su bseq u en t I n te rm e d i ate p o i n ts can be fo u n d fro m e q u al l y
cal cu l ati o n o f th e e xact val u e s o f th e co o rd i n ate s of s p ace d i n te rm e d i ate val u e s of th e p i tch poi n t p o l ar
th e i n te rs e cti o n poi n t are n ot e s s e n ti al to th e fi l l e t an g l e . Th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n g i ve s th e val u e o f th e
p ro fi l e d ata u s e d i n an n e x B . I f th e e xact co o rd i n ate s “ k -- th ” poi n t an d ap p l i e s to th e i n te rm e d i ate an d th e
are d e s i re d fo r a co m p l e te d e tai l e d to o th o u tl i n e , s tart an d en d p o i n ts :
 n − k + θ
th e y m u st be fo u n d by an i te rati ve cal cu l ati o n
θ k −
=
( 1 )
θ
s e arch i n g fo r th e i n te rs e cti o n of th e tro ch o i d cu rve
−
f1 f fn
an d th e co n n e cte d i n vo l u te . Th e n u m e ri cal s te p s i n f
n f
1
s u ch a cal cu l ati o n are b e yo n d th e s co p e of th i s

fo r ( k = 1 to n f
) (A. 2 2 )
d o cu m e n t. H o we ve r, th i s i n te rs e cti o n m ay b e fo u n d
wh e re
g rap h i cal l y afte r e xte n d i n g th e i n vo l u te cu rve s . Th i s
p ro ce d u re is su ppl i ed in A. 6 . 2 . n f
is n u m ber o f p o i n ts al o n g th e fi l l e t
.
A.4.4 Fillet point selection A.4.5 Fillet point coordinates

If th e tro ch o i d is to be d e s cri b e d by a s e l e cte d Th e s e co o rd i n ate s can b e cal cu l ate d as fo l l o ws , see
n u m ber of p o i n ts , n ,
f
th e n th e val u e s of e q u ati o n s fi g u re A. 4 (a) , (b ) an d (c) :
n
Step 1 .
A. 1 8 an d A. 1 9 b e co m e th e fi rs t an d -- th val u e s of
f
P i tch poi n t p o l ar rad i u s :

th i s an g l e , o r:
θ f1
= θ fR
= ° 90 (A. 2 0 )
Ã =
h yfB R
+r
θ
(A. 2 3 )
θ = θ =φ
f fB R
si n
(A. 2 1 ) f
fn fF
θ f
h
θ
yfB R
fR
P i tch poi n t
r fB R
ρ f
B as i c rack
Poi n t on
tro ch o i d
G e n erati n g
G e ar ce n te r G e n e rati n g
ci rcl e on
p i tch line on
g e ar
b as i c rack
Figure A.4(a) - Generation of fillet point of spur gear tooth
h yfB R
θ f
θ fR
ε
Y d P i tch poi n t
d
2
f
ε g fB R
ρ
f
B as i c rack
f
C
L
ε f
( v α
f
,
f
)
S ee fi g A. 4 (c)
X
G e n e rati n g
G e ar ce n te r G e n e rati n g
ci rcl e on g e ar
p i tch line on
b as i c rack
Figure A.4(b) - Generation of fillet point of spur gear tooth
Y
Poi n t on
x f tro ch o i d
B as i c
rack
G e ar ce n te r
y
α
f
X
f
v f
Figure A.4(c) - Generation of fillet point of spur gear tooth
Step 2. G e n e rati n g ro l l an g l e fro m a p i tch poi n t at Step 4. R e ctan g u l ar co o rd i n ate s o f tro ch o i d p o i n t,
to o th ce n te rl i n e to a p i tch p o i n t at wh i ch k -- th tro ch o i d re l ati ve to g e ar to o th ce n te rl i n e as th e X -- axi s wi th
 
poi n t is g e n e rate d : th e o ri g i n at th e g e ar ce n te r:
h θ x = v co s α (A. 2 7 )
+ v α
f f f
co s
g
yfB R f
2
fB R
si n θ y = (A. 2 8 )
=
si n
ε
f f f f
A.4.6 Minimum radius along trochoid curve

(A. 2 4 )
d
rad i an s
f
co s θ f 1
Th e s h ap e o f th e tro ch o i d is s u ch th at th e rad i u s of
NOTE: si n θ i s u s ed i n p l ace o f
tan θ to p e rm i t e val u - cu rvatu re vari e s fro m p o i n t to p o i n t. Th e val u e o f th i s
°
f f
ati o n fo r θ f
= 90 .
rad i u s at an y poi n t is d e te rm i n e d by th e g e n e rati n g
Step 3.
acti o n o f th e p i tch p o i n t p o l ar rad i u s . Th e minimum
P o l ar co o rd i n ate s o f tro ch o i d p o i n t re l ati ve to

val u e i s u s e d i n th e s tre s s co n ce n trati o n cal cu l ati o n s
to o th ce n te rl i n e , g e ar ce n te r p o l ar rad i u s an d g e ar
o f an n e x C. Th i s minimum val u e , R fN
, co rre s p o n d s
 
ce n te r p o l ar an g l e :
to th i s rad i u s at th e s tart of th e tro ch o i d , wh e re th e
tro ch o i d is tan g e n t to th e ro o t ci rcl e an d th e p i tch
v = d
2
+  Ã  − d Ã 
2
si n θ  (A. 2 5 )
poi n t p o l ar an g l e , θ f
, is e q u al to 90 ° . See fi g u re
f f f f
2 A. 3 (a) .
Ã  θ  =
h
2
+r
=ε− R
co s
d+ h
yfB R
α f f
arcs i n
f
v
f
rad i an s (A. 2 6 )
fN
0. 5
fB R
(A. 2 9 )
f yfBR
dfc
S p ace
ce n te rl i n e
d R
s R
θ fC
τ f
( x , y )
fC fC
r φ F
f
( x y
f
,
f
)
θ fC
θ F
d F
X
To o th ce n te rl i n e
Figure A.5 - Circular arc fillet
A.5 Circular-- arc in place of trochoid R e d u cti o n o f th e ro o t d i am e te r m ay h e l p i n avo i d i n g
i te m b) .
See fi g u re A. 5 . I t i s a co m m o n p racti ce in P /M g e ar
d esi g n to i n tro d u ce a fi l l e t in th e fo rm of a si n g l e C al cu l ati o n s fo r d e te rm i n i n g th e s i ze o f th i s fu l l -- fi l l e t
ci rcu l ar arc. In th i s p racti ce , th e arc wi l l s tart at a rad i u s fo r a s p e ci fi e d ro o t d i am e te r are g i ve n in
tan g e n t p o i n t o n th e ro o t ci rcl e an d g e n e ral l y e n d at a A. 5 . 2 . I f th e ro o t d i am e te r is s m al l e r th an th e b as e
tan g e n t poi n t on th e i n vo l u te p ro fi l e at e ach si d e of ci rcl e d i am e te r, i t i s n o t al ways possi bl e to fi t s u ch a
th e to o th s p ace . A fi l l e t of th i s fo rm s i m p l i fi e s th e fi l l e t to th e s p e ci fi e d co n d i ti o n s . Th e cal cu l ati o n s
m an u factu re o f th e co m p acti n g to o l . Th e s e l e cti o n o f i n d i cate i f th i s l i m i ti n g co n d i ti o n h as been re ach e d .
th e
fi g u re
fi l l e t
A. 6 ) :
typ e sh ou l d co n s i d e r th e fo l l o wi n g (s e e
A.5.1 Test for minimum fillet radius

Th i s te s t is re q u i re d on l y if th e ro o t d i am e te r is
a) A s m al l rad i u s m ay i n cre as e s tre s s co n ce n trati o n
s m al l e r th an th e b as e ci rcl e d i am e te r. If th e ro o t
an d re d u ce to o th ben d i n g s tre n g th ;
d i am e te r is l arg e r, fi l l e t rad i i ap p ro ach i n g ze ro wi l l
b) A l arg e rad i u s m ay i n tro d u ce i n te rfe re n ce wi th

m e e t th e g e o m e try co n d i ti o n o f tan g e n cy to b o th th e
th e ti p o f th e m ati n g g e ar;
i n vo l u te to o th fl an ks an d th e ro o t ci rcl e .
c) A l arg e rad i u s m ay l e ad to fi l l e t arcs i n te rs e cti n g

Minimum fi l l e t rad i u s
−d
o u ts i d e o f th e ro o t ci rcl e ;
d
=
2 2
d) Fo r ro o t d i am e te rs s m al l e r th an th e b as e ci rcl e d i -
r B R
d
; bu t g re ater th an zero
fN
4
am e te r, a s m al l rad i u s m ay n ot g i ve tan g e n t R
(A. 3 0 )
p o i n ts at b o th th e ro o t ci rcl e an d th e i n vo l u te p ro -
fi l e ; A.5.2 Full-- fillet radius

e) Fo r p ro fi l e s th at m u s t b e u n d e rcu t to avo i d i n te r- C al cu l ati o n of th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s al s o s e rve s as a
fe re n ce wi th th e ti p o f th e m ati n g to o th , th e re can - te s t fo r m axi m u m fi l l e t rad i u s . If th e o ri g i n al l y
n o t b e tan g e n cy to th e i n vo l u te . A m o re co m p l e x s p e ci fi e d fi l l e t rad i u s fal l s b e twe e n th e m i n i m u m fi l l e t
fi l l e t fo rm is p re fe rre d if i n te rfe re n ce , on on e
rad i u s of A. 5 . 1 an d th e m axi m u m fi l l e t rad i u s
h an d , or e xce s s i ve u n d e rcu tti n g , on th e o th e r,
are to be
avo i d e d .
cal cu l ate d b e l o w, th e cal cu l ati o n of fi l l e t fe atu re s
m ay p ro ce e d . I f th e o ri g i n al fi l l e t i s s m al l e r th an th e
minimum, i t m u s t b e i n cre as e d to th at val u e s u b j e ct
C i rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t (s h o wn to th e te s t in A. 8 . 4. If it is l arg e r th an th e fu l l -- fi l l e t
s h al l o w fo r cl ari ty) rad i u s fi l l e t, th e fi l l e t rad i u s m u st be re d u ce d to th at
Fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s
m axi m u m .
Tro ch o i d fi l l e t wi th o u t u n d e rcu tti n g
Step 1 .
 
Tro ch o i d fi l l e t wi th u n d e rcu tti n g Te s t fo r th e fi t o f a fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s fi l l e t:
 BT  = ff
π+ d
N d
R
− α− (i n v φ ) (A. 3 1 )
If BT ff
i s l e s s th an 1 , th e ro o t d i am e te r i s s m al l e r th an
th e b as e ci rcl e d i am e te r an d a fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s fi l l e t
wi l l n ot fi t th e s p e ci fi e d g e ar d ata.
Step 2. P re s s u re an g l e al o n g i m ag i n ary i n vo l u te at
th e cen te r o f th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s fi l l e t, φ bC
:
φ bC
= arc s ev
 BT  ff
(A. 3 2 )
NOTE: Th i s e q u ati o n i n tro d u ce s a n ew tri g o m e tri c
Figure A.6 - Fillets fu n cti o n , th e s evo l u te fu n cti o n , d e fi n e d as fo l l o ws:
sev φ= s evo l u te φ= co s
1
φ− inv φ (A. 3 3 )
Th e fi l l e t rad i u s m ay b e s e l e cte d s o th at th e two fi l l e ts
on ad j ace n t te e th fo rm a si n g l e co n ti n u o u s arc, Th e “ arc s e v” o r i n ve rs e o f th i s fu n cti o n m ay b e fo u n d
co n s ti tu ti n g a fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s fi l l e t. Th i s fe atu re wi l l fro m tab l e s of th e fu n cti o n [9 ] or by th e cal cu l ati o n
d i spose o f ab o ve i te m s a) , c) an d in som e cas e s d) . p ro ce d u re in an n e x E.
20 © AG M A 2005 -- -- Al l ri g h ts re s e rve d
Step 3. D i am e te r at th e ce n te r o f th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s A.5.5 Bottom land

fi l l e t, dbC
:
Th e b o tto m l an d is th e l e n g th al o n g th e ro o t ci rcl e
d
=
b e twe e n th e s tart p o i n ts o f th e two s ym m e tri cal fi l l e ts
d B
φ
(A. 3 4 )
π − θ 
bC p o s i ti o n e d in th e s am e to o th s p ace .
co s
bC
Step 4. Val u e o f th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s (m axi m u m fi l l e t s R

= d R
N fC
(A. 4 4 )
r
A.5.6 Coordinates of points spaced along fillet
rad i u s ) ,
fX
r fX
= 0. 5 d bC
−d R
 (A. 3 5 )
Som e of th e s e p o i n ts wi l l be u sed in cal cu l ati o n s
A.5.3 Fillet radius center s p e ci fi e d in an n e x B . Th e y m ay al s o b e u s ed in th e
g rap h i c co n s tru cti o n o f th e co m p l e te to o th o u tl i n e .
Th e co o rd i n ate s of th e ce n te r of fi l l e t rad i u s are
Step 1 . P o l ar an g l e at th e fo rm d i am e te r
− 
fo u n d as fo l l o ws :
Step 1 .
θ F
= α+ (i n v φ ) inv φ F
(A. 4 5 )
Step 2.
D i am e te r o f g e ar ce n te r ci rcl e g o i n g th ro u g h
Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at th e fo rm d i am e te r
fi l l e t ce n te r
d fC
= d R
+ 2 r f
(A. 3 6 )
τ fF
= π+ θ − φ 2
F F
(A. 4 6 )
Step 2. P re s s u re an g l e al o n g i m ag i n ary i n vo l u te
Step 3. Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at th e ro o t d i am e te r
τ = θ

th ro u g h fi l l e t ce n te r (A. 4 7 )
fR fC
d Step 4.
=
Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e s at s p aced p o i n ts
φ arcco s
d
B
(A. 3 7 )
al o n g th e fi l l e t
 n − k + τ
fC
k−
fC
τ
Step 3. =
( 1 )
τ
−
fR f fF
P o l ar rad i u s at fi l l e t ce n te r (A. 4 8 )
f
n f
1
d
Ã fC
= 2
fC
(A. 3 8 ) fo r k = 1 to n f
Step 4.
wh e re
P o l ar an g l e at fi l l e t ce n te r (re l ati ve to to o th

is th e n u m ber o f p o i n ts al o n g th e fi l l e t.
ce n te r l i n e) f
Step 5.
− +
C o o rd i n ate s o f s p ace d p o i n ts al o n g fi l l e t
r
θ = α+ φ φ  
2
= −r τ
f
fC
(i n v ) inv
fC
d x x co s (A. 4 9 )
 τ
f fC f f
B
= −r
(A. 3 9 )
y y (A. 5 0 )
Step 5.
si n
f fC f f
C o o rd i n ate s at fi l l e t ce n te r
n
 
Th e co o rd i n ate s at th e -- th poi n t sh ou l d m atch
f
x = Ã co s θ (A. 4 0 ) e xactl y th e fi rs t poi n t of th e i n vo l u te as cal cu l ate d
 
fC fC fC
=
b e l o w.
y Ã θ
A.6 Involute profile data (see figure A.7)
si n (A. 4 1 )
fC fC fC
A.5.4 Form diameter In A. 3 , th e ti p rad i u s g e o m e try is d e fi n e d wi th i ts
Th e fo rm d i am e te r co rre s p o n d s to th e d i am e te r at
val u e of e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r, d OE
. In A. 4 or
A. 5 , th e fi l l e t g e o m e try is d e fi n e d wi th i ts val u e of
d
wh i ch th e fi l l e t en d s an d th e “ tru e fo rm ” i n vo l u te
fo rm d i am e te r, . (Fo r u n d e rcu t g e ars , s e e A. 6 . 2 . ) It

F
p ro fi l e beg i n s.
i s n o w p o s s i b l e to d e fi n e th e g e o m e try o f th e i n vo l u te
Step 1 . d
 
p ro fi l e l o cate d b etwe e n th e s e two d i am e te rs , an d
F
P re s s u re an g l e at th e fo rm d i am e ter
d OE
.
φ = φ −
2r f A.6.1 Spaced points on the involute profile
d
arctan tan (A. 4 2 )
F fC
B
After ch o o s i n g th e n u m ber of p o i n ts , n i
, wh i ch
Step 2. Fo rm d i am e te r
i n cl u d e s th e s tart an d en d p o i n ts , th e fo l l o wi n g
cal cu l ati o n s e l e cts co n ve n i e n tl y s p ace d p o i n ts an d
d
d F
= co s
B
φ
(A. 4 3 )
d e te rm i n e s th e i r co o rd i n ate s o n th e s am e axe s u s e d
F fo r th e ti p rad i u s an d fi l l e t g e o m e try.
d s
d
2 ( x ys
,
s
)
t φ
α s
s
s
X
α
α t
B
2
φ
inv φ
B as e
ci rcl e S tan d ard
p i tch ci rcl e
Figure A.7 - Tooth profile data

Step 1 . R o l l an g l e s at th e fo rm an d e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e Step 6. C o o rd i n ate s o f th e “ i -- th ” poi n t
d i am e te rs , wh i ch co rre s p o n d to th e s tart an d en d
d
= α
 
p o i n ts . x i
i
co s
i
(A. 5 7 )
d d
ε = B
d
y = i
si n α (A. 5 8 )
 
tan arcco s (A. 5 1 )
F i i
2
NOTE:
F
Th e co o rd i n ate s at th e i = 1 poi n t sh ou l d co rre -
d
ε OE
= tan arcco s
d
B
(A. 5 2 )
spon d
th e
e xactl y wi th
fi l l e t, e xce p t
th e co o rd i n ate s
fo r u n d e rcu t
o f th e
tro ch o i d s ,
j =
as
n j
poi n t on
n o te d in
OE
Step 2.
A. 6 . 2 .
i
A.6.2 Start point on undercut profiles
Rol l an g l e s at th e “ -- th ” poi n t al o n g th e
i n vo l u te wh e re i = 1 co rre s p o n d s to th e fo rm
d i am e te r p o i n t an d i n =
i
to th e e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e p o i n t. As e xp l ai n e d in A. 4 . 3 , fo r u n d e rcu t tro ch o i d fi l l e ts ,
ε n  − i + ε i−
th e d i am e te r at th e e n d o f th e fi l l e t an d th e s tart o f th e
=
( 1 )
ε
n −
F i OE
(A. 5 3 ) i n vo l u te i s n o t re ad i l y cal cu l ate d . H o we ve r, i t can b e
i
1
i d e te rm i n e d g rap h i cal l y b y fi n d i n g th e i n te rs e cti o n of
Step 3. P re s s u re an g l e at th e “ i -- th ” poi n t th e two cu rve s wi th th e i n vo l u te e xte n d e d to ward th e
φ i
= arctan ε i
(A. 5 4 )
b as e
d i am e te r
ci rcl e .
val u e
Th i s
u sed
is
in
d on e
A. 6 . 1 ,
by
s te p
m aki n g
1 , e q u al
th e
to
fo rm
th e
Step 4. D i am e te r at th e “ i -- th ” poi n t
b as e ci rcl e d i am e te r, or
d =
d B d ≈d (A. 5 9 )
φ
(A. 5 5 ) F B
i
co s
i
Step 5.
Th i s wi l l m ake
i
P o l ar (o r h al f-- to o th ) an g l e at th e “ -- th ” p o i n t
ε ≈
− 
0 (A. 6 0 )
= dt +
F
α i
(i n v φ ) inv φ i
(A. 5 6 )
O th e r s te p s i n th e cal cu l ati o n wi l l fo l l o w acco rd i n g l y.
A.6.3 Selected point on the involute profile Th e ci rcl e s o f e ach g e ar p as s i n g th ro u g h th i s poi n t
are th e o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e s . Th e i r d i am e te rs can
I f a s e l e cte d poi n t i s i d e n ti fi e d b y th e d i am e te r at i ts be cal cu l ate d as fo l l o ws :
l o cati o n , fu rth e r i n fo rm ati o n ab o u t th e i n vo l u te
C
=
2
p ro fi l e can be fo u n d as fo l l o ws :
d A
d
+d
AP
(A. 6 7 )
Step 1 .
BG
1
P re s s u re an g l e at th e s e l e cte d poi n t
BP
C
=
d =
2
φ B
d A
d d
+d
arcco s (A. 6 1 ) AG
s
s BP (A. 6 8 )
1
BG
A.8 Contact conditions

wh e re
d is th e s e l e cte d d i am e te r an d
≤ ≤
s
( d F
d s
d OE
).
Th e cal cu l ati o n d e s cri b e d bel ow ap p l i e s to g e ar
p ai rs o p e rati n g wi th co n tact rati o val u e s g reate r th an
Step 2. H al f -- to o th th i ckn e s s an g l e at th e s e l e cte d

on e an d s m al l e r th an two .
poi n t
A.8.1 Contact limit points on the line of action
α s
= dt + (i n v φ ) − inv φ s
 (A. 6 2 )
Th e cal cu l ati o n fo r e ach g e ar ’ s d i am e te r at th e
h i g h est poi n t of si n g l e to o th co n tact s tarts wi th
Step 3. C i rcu l ar to o th th i ckn e s s at th e s e l e cte d p o i n t fi n d i n g th e co n tact limit p o i n ts al o n g th e line of
=
acti o n . See fi g u re A. 8 . Th e s e p o i n ts are :
t d α (A. 6 3 )
Point 1 .
s s s
Step 4.
-- S tart o f co n tact o n a to o th , wh i l e co n tact
C o o rd i n ate s o f th e s e l e cte d poi n t

co n ti n u e s on th e p re ce d i n g to o th .
d Point 2.
= α
-- S tart o f “ s i n g l e to o th co n tact” , as co n tact
x s
s
co s
s
(A. 6 4 )
ce as e s on th e p re ce d i n g to o th .
2
y = d s
si n α (A. 6 5 )
-- Point 3. E n d o f s i n g l e to o th co n tact, wi th n o m i n al
s s
2 co n tact s tarti n g on th e fo l l o wi n g to o th .
A.7 Operating line of action and pitch circle data -- Point 4. En d o f co n tact, wi th co n tact co n ti n u i n g
on th e fo l l o wi n g to o th .
Th e s p e ci fi e d o p e rati n g ce n te r d i s tan ce , C A
, an d th e
d d
Th e s e p o i n ts can be l o cate d on e ach g e ar wi th
b as e ci rcl e d i am e te rs , an d , o f th e two g e ars
BP BG
cal cu l ati o n s u si n g th e as s o ci ate d ro l l an g l e s . Th e

d e te rm i n e s th e s e d ata i te m s .
fo l l o wi n g cal cu l ati o n of th e s e an g l e s u ses d ata
A.7.1 Operating pressure angle, φA al re ad y fo u n d i n A. 3 fo r th e d ri vi n g an d d ri ve n g e ars
an d in A. 7 .
Th i s i s th e an g l e o f th e l i n e o f acti o n , th e l i n e tan g e n t
Step 1 . Rol l an g l e s , ε AP
an d ε AG
at th e o p e rati n g
 
to th e b as e ci rcl e s o f th e two g e ars . S e e fi g u re A. 8 .
p i tch d i am e te r o f e ach g e ar, wh i ch are th e s am e as
ε
d +d th e ro l l an g l e ,
A
, at th e p i tch poi n t wh e re th e two
φ A
= arcco s
BP
2 C
BG
(A. 6 6 ) o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e s are tan g e n t:
ε = ε = ε = φ
A
tan (A. 6 9 )
A.7.2 Operating pitch diameters, dAP, dAG

AP AG A A
Step 2. Rol l an g l e s at e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te rs ,
ε OEP
, ε OEG
(s e e s te p 5, A. 3 . 1 , fo r val u e s of φ OEP
,
φ
Th e p i tch p o i n t i s th e p o i n t al o n g th e l i n e o f acti o n at
):
OEG
wh i ch th e to o th sl i d i n g re ve rs e s d i re cti o n , ch an g i n g
fro m ap p ro ach to re ce s s acti o n . At th i s p o i n t, th e re i s

ε OEP
= tan φ OEP
(A. 7 0 )
=
no sl i d i n g an d th e to o th co n tact is i n s tan tl y p u re
ro l l i n g .
ε OEG
tan φ OEG
(A. 7 1 )
GEAR (driven)
B as e ci rcl e
(g e ar)
d AG
d BG
O p e rati n g
p i tch ci rcl e
P
(g e ar)
d OEG
p i tch
poi n t
d OG
Li n e of
4
acti o n
3 φ A
Ap p ro ach acti o n : 2
p o i n ts 1 to P
d
1
R e ce s s acti o n :
OP
p o i n ts P to 4
p B
dOEP
dBP O p e rati n g
d AP
p i tch ci rcl e
PINION (driver)
(p i n i o n )
1 . S tart o f co n tact (l o ad
B as e ci rcl e
s h are d wi th p re vi o u s p ai r)
(p i n i o n )
2. S tart of si n g l e to o th co n tact
P. P i tch poi n t (n o sl i d i n g )
3. En d of si n g l e to o th co n tact
4. En d
o f co n tact (l o ad s h are d
wi th fo l l o wi n g p ai r)
Figure A.8 - Gear mesh conditions

Step 3. Step 5.
 
Rol l an g l e s at p o i n t 1 , ε ,
1 P
ε 1 G
: P i tch an g l e s , β β
P
,
G
:
N N β = π
ε = ε + −ε
2
N
G G
(A. 7 2 ) (A. 7 6 )
N N
1 P
1 P A O EG
P
P P
β = 2 π
N
bu t n ot s m al l e r th an ze ro .
(A. 7 7 )
G
ε = ε Step 6.
 
1 G OEG
(A. 7 3 ) Rol l an g l e s at poi n t 2, ε 2P
, ε 2G
:
N ε = ε −β
ε +N
(A. 7 8 )
P 2P 4P P
ε
bu t n ot g re ate r th an : 1
A
bu t n ot s m al l e r th an :
G 1 P
Step 4. Rol l an g l e s at poi n t 4, ε , ε :

ε 2G
= ε 4G
+β G
(A. 7 9 )
ε
4P 4G
=
 
ε ε
bu t n ot g re ate r th an :
1 G
(A. 7 4 )
4P OEP
ε +
NG Step 7. Rol l an g l e s at p o i n t 3, ε 3P
, ε 3G
:
N
bu t n ot g re ate r th an : 1
ε = ε +β
A
 
P
(A. 8 0 )
3P 1 P P
bu t n ot g re ate r th an : ε
N N
4P
ε = ε + −ε
= −β
P P
(A. 7 5 )
N N ε ε
1
4G A OEP
G G (A. 8 1 )
3G 1 G G
bu t n ot s m al l e r th an ze ro . bu t n ot s m al l e r th an : ε 4G
.
A.8.2 Diameters at contact points diP, diG A.8.4 Profile contact ratio
Th e d i am e te rs at e ach co n tact p o i n t, wi th “i ”
Th e p ro fi l e co n tact rati o , m p
, is n ot re q u i re d fo r th e
cal cu l ati o n s of an n e x B. It is i n cl u d e d h e re fo r
re p re s e n ti n g e ach of th e p o i n ts 1 , 2, 3 an d 4, is
re fe re n ce b e cau s e i t can b e re ad i l y cal cu l ate d fro m

cal cu l ate d as fo l l o ws :
d ata in A. 8 . 1 :
d
d = 
BP
 (A. 8 2 ) Step 1 . Ap p ro ach p o rti o n o f th e p ro fi l e co n tact rati o ,
ε
iP
m
co s arctan
iP
:
pa
=
d ε −ε
d iG
co s  arctan
BG
ε  (A. 8 3 ) m pa
= AP
β
1 P
(A. 8 4 )
iG P
Step 2. R e ce s s p o rti o n , m pr
:
−ε
Th e d i am e te rs at th e h i g h est poi n t of si n g l e to o th
ε
co n tact are :
m pr
= 4P
β
AP
(A. 8 5 )
d P
Step 3.
-- fo r th e pi n i on , ;
m
3P
P ro fi l e co n tact rati o , :
p
d
-- fo r th e g e ar,
2G
.
m p
= m pa
+m pr
(A. 8 6 )
A.8.3 Limit diameters G e n e ral l y, th e ap p ro ach an d re ce s s p o rti o n s are
p o s i ti ve val u e s . H o we ve r, in som e s p e ci al d esi g n s,

Li m i t d i am e te r re fe rs to th e d i am e te r at th e i n n e rm o s t
o n e o f th e two m ay b e ze ro o r n e g ati ve as l o n g as th e
limit o f co n tact by th e m ati n g g e ar, see fi g u re A. 8 .
o th e r val u e is l arg e en ou g h to m ake th e to tal
-- fo r th e pi n i on p o s i ti ve . Fo r m ost g e ar d esi g n s, th e to tal p ro fi l e
dLP
= d1 P
co n tact rati o i s m ad e g re ate r th an s o m e e s tab l i s h e d
minimum val u e l arg e r th an on e.
-- fo r th e g e ar
dLG
= d 4G
A.9 Symbols and terms
Table A.1 - Symbols and terms
Where
Symbol Definition Units first used
b BR
B as i c rack d ed en d u m (fo r g e n e rate d tro ch o i d fi l l e t) mm A. 2 . 2
b fB R
B as i c rack fo rm d ed en d u m mm A. 4 . 1 . 2
C A
E ffe cti ve o p e rati n g ce n te r d i s tan ce mm A. 2 . 3
d S tan d ard p i tch d i am e te r mm A. 3 . 1
d AP
, d AG
O p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r, pi n i on , g e ar mm A. 7 . 2
d B
B as e ci rcl e d i am e te r mm A. 3 . 1
d bC
D i am e te r at ce n te r o f fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s fi l l e t mm A. 5 . 2
d F
Fo rm d i am e te r mm A. 5 . 4
d fC
D i am e te r o f g e ar ce n te r ci rcl e g oi n g th ro u g h fi l l e t ce n te r mm A. 5 . 3
d i
D i am e te r at co n tact poi n t mm A. 8 . 2
d L
Li m i t d i am e te r mm A. 8 . 3
d O
O u ts i d e d i am e te r mm A. 2 . 2
d OE
E ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r mm A. 3 . 1
d R
Root d i am e te r (fo r ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t) mm A. 2 . 2
d rC
D i am e te r at ce n te r o f ti p ro u n d mm A. 3 . 1
g fB R
C o o rd i n ate al o n g G -- axi s mm A. 4 . 1 . 2
h fB R
C o o rd i n ate al o n g H -- axi s (m e as u re d fro m G -- axi s ) mm A. 4 . 1 . 2
h yfB R
C o o rd i n ate al o n g H -- axi s (m e as u re d fro m G y -- axi s ) mm A. 4 . 2
m M od u l e mm A. 2 . 1
m p
P ro fi l e co n tact rati o -- -- A. 8 . 4
Where
Symbol Definition Units first used
m pa
Ap p ro ach p o rti o n o f p ro fi l e co n tact rati o -- -- A. 8 . 4
m pr
R e ce s s p o rti o n o f p ro fi l e co n tact rati o -- -- A. 8 . 4
N N u m ber o f te e th -- -- A. 2 . 2
n f
N u m ber o f p o i n ts al o n g fi l l e t -- -- A. 4 . 4
n i
N u m ber o f s p ace d p o i n ts on i n vo l u te p ro fi l e -- -- A. 6 . 1
R fN
Minimum rad i u s al o n g tro ch o i d cu rve mm A. 4 . 6
rf
Fi l l e t rad i u s (fo r ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t) mm A. 2 . 2
rfB R
B as i c rack fi l l e t rad i u s (fo r g e n e rate d tro ch o i d fi l l e t) mm A. 2 . 2
rfB R X
M axi m u m b as i c rack fi l l e t rad i u s mm A. 4 . 1 . 1
rfN
Minimum fi l l e t rad i u s mm A. 5 . 1
rfx
R ad i u s o f th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s fi l l e t mm A. 5 . 2
rr
Ti p rad i u s mm A. 2 . 2
sR
B o tto m l an d mm A. 5 . 5
t To o th th i ckn e s s (at re fe re n ce d i am e te r) mm A. 2 . 2
tBR
B as i c rack to o th th i ckn e s s mm A. 4 . 1 . 1
tOR
R e m ai n i n g to p l an d mm A. 3 . 2
x y
fC
,
fC
C o o rd i n ate s at fi l l e t ce n te r mm A. 5 . 3
yRS
R ack s h i ft mm A. 4 . 2
α To o th th i ckn e s s h al f-- an g l e rad i an s A. 3 . 2
α f
P o l ar co o rd i n ate o f tro ch o i d poi n t rad i an s A. 4 . 5
β P i tch an g l e rad i an s A. 8 . 1
εA Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
Rol l an g l e at o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r rad i an s A. 8 . 1
εF
Rol l an g l e at fo rm d i am e te r rad i an s A. 6 . 1
εf
G e n e rati n g ro l l an g l e rad i an s A. 4 . 5
εOE
Rol l an g l e at e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r rad i an s A. 6 . 1
θ F
P o l ar an g l e at fo rm d i am e te r rad i an s A. 5 . 6
θ f
P i tch -- p o i n t p o l ar an g l e d e g re e s A. 4 . 3
θ fC
P o l ar an g l e at fi l l e t ce n te r rad i an s A. 5 . 3
θ fF
P i tch -- p o i n t p o l ar an g l e at fo rm d i am e te r co n tact d e g re e s A. 4 . 3
θ fR
P i tch -- p o i n t p o l ar an g l e at ro o t d i am e te r co n tact d e g re e s A. 4 . 3
νf
P o l ar co o rd i n ate o f tro ch o i d poi n t mm A. 4 . 5
ρ f
P i tch poi n t p o l ar rad i u s mm A. 4 . 5
ρ fC
P o l ar rad i u s at fi l l e t ce n te r mm A. 5 . 3
τf
Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at s p ace d p o i n ts al o n g fi l l e t d e g re e s A. 5 . 6
τfF
Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at fo rm d i am e te r d e g re e s A. 5 . 6
τfR
Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at ro o t d i am e te r d e g re e s A. 5 . 6
φ P re s s u re an g l e d e g re e s A. 2 . 1
φ bC
P re s s u re an g l e al o n g i m ag i n ary i n vo l u te d e g re e s A. 5 . 2
φ A
O p e rati n g p re s s u re an g l e d e g re e s A. 7 . 1
φ fC
P re s s u re an g l e al o n g i m ag i n ary i n vo l u te th ro u g h fi l l e t ce n te r d e g re e s A. 5 . 3
φ OE
P re s s u re an g l e at e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r d e g re e s A. 3 . 1
φ rC
P re s s u re an g l e at ce n te r o f ti p ro u n d rad i an s A. 3 . 1
φ F
P re s s u re an g l e at fo rm d i am e te r rad i an s A. 5 . 4
Annex B
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Calculation of spur gear factor, Y

B.1 Introduction Tan g en ti al
to o th fo rce ,W A
B.1 .1 Description
Th e fo rm facto r is a q u an ti ty th at re l ate s g e ar to o th
g e o m e try to th e cap aci ty of th e g e ar to o th to re s i s t

Tran s m i tte d
th e b e n d i n g m om en t d e ve l o p e d b y th e l o ad ap p l i e d to rq u e, T O p e rati n g p i tch
d
=
to th e to o th . I t d e al s o n l y wi th g e o m e try (m o s tl y to o th
T
d i am e te r,
A
W 2
g e o m e try, bu t al s o som e as p e cts of g e ar m esh A

d A
Figure B.1 - Transmitted torque at operating

g e o m e try) wi th o u t re fe re n ce to m ate ri al p ro p e rti e s .
Th e ro l e o f s tre s s co n ce n trati o n ,
by o th e r facto rs in ad d i ti o n to
wh i ch
to o th
i s i n fl u e n ce d
g e o m e try, is
pitch diameter
tre ate d s e p arate l y in ben d i n g s tre n g th cal cu l ati o n s ,
B.1 .3 Application
see cl au s e 8 an d an n e x C.
A fo rm facto r is cal cu l ate d fo r e ach of th e p ai r of
B.1 .2 Definition m ati n g e xte rn al spu r g e ars . Th e fo rm facto rs are
u s e d i n th e cal cu l ati o n o f th e co rre s p o n d i n g ben d i n g
Th e d e fi n i ti o n g i ve n h e re re l ate s to th e d e fi n i ti o n
s tre n g th g e o m e try facto rs , s e e cl au s e 8. Th e s e are
u sed in o th e r AG M A l i te ratu re . See re fe re n ce 3.

th e n u s e d i n th e fu n d am e n tal fo rm u l as fo r cal cu l ate d
Th i s p e rm i ts th e co m p ari s o n o f fo rm facto r val u e s as

to rq u e cap aci ty, see cl au s e 3.
B.1 .4 Alternate methods of determining the form

cal cu l ate d fro m th e p ro ce d u re s d e s cri b e d h e re wi th
factor
val u e s fro m th e o th e r AG M A s o u rce s .
Th e fo rm facto r fo r a g e ar to o th o f s p e ci fi e d o u tl i n e i s
Th e re are e xp e ri m e n tal an d n u m e ri cal m e th o d s fo r
th e rati o of a fo rce to a s tre s s . Wh e n th e g e ar

d ete rm i n i n g th e re l ati o n s h i p b e twe e n th e to o th l o ad
g e o m e try is e xp re s s e d in te rm s of u n i t m od u l e an d
an d th e m axi m u m s tre s s i n d u ce d at th e to o th fi l l e t.
u n i t face wi d th , th i s rati o b e co m e s a n o n -- d i m e n s i o n -
On e o f th e e xp e ri m e n tal m e th o d s h as been p h o to --
al q u an ti ty. Th e fo rce re fe re n ce d in th i s d e fi n i ti o n is
e l as ti ci ty s tu d i e s wh i ch re ve al s tre s s p atte rn s an d
d e s cri b e d b e l o w. Th e s tre s s in th e d e fi n i ti o n is th e
re l ati ve s tre s s l e ve l s . An o th e r is th e u se of s trai n
b e n d i n g s tre s s at th e cri ti cal s e cti o n o f th e g e ar to o th

g ag e s vari o u s l y p o s i ti o n e d at th e g e ar to o th fi l l e t to
fi l l e t. Th i s s e cti o n is l o cate d wh e re th e ben d i n g

re ve al s tre s s l e ve l s at e ach p o s i ti o n . Th e n u m e ri cal
s tre s s is d e te rm i n e d to be at a m axi m u m .
m e th o d s , m ad e p racti cal by co m p u te rs , co n s i s t of
fi n i te el em en t an al ys i s an d i ts an al yti cal vari ati o n s .
To rq u e tran s m i tte d b y a g e ar m ay b e re p re s e n te d by
Al l of th e s e al te rn ate m e th o d s d e te rm i n e th e co m -
a tan g e n ti al fo rce acti n g at a s e l e cte d rad i u s . It is
b i n ati o n o f th e g e n e ral ben d i n g s tre s s an d th e e ffe ct

co m m o n p racti ce to s e l e ct th e rad i u s o f th e o p e rati n g
of s tre s s co n ce n trati o n , wi th o u t cl e arl y d i s ti n g u i s h -

p i tch ci rcl e . Th i s ci rcl e d e ri ve s fro m th e vi e w o f th e
i n g b e twe e n th e two . As n o te d ab o ve , th e fo rm facto r

g e ar an d i ts m ate as co n tacti n g cyl i n d e rs wh i ch ro l l
atte m p ts to e val u ate on l y th e i n fl u e n ce of g e ar

wi th o u t sl i ppi n g wi th a speed rati o e q u al to th e g e ar
g eo m e try o n th e re l ati o n s h i p b e twe e n th e to o th l o ad

rati o . See fi g u re s A. 8 an d B. 1 .
an d th e g e n e ral ben d i n g s tre s s . Th i s re l ati o n s h i p is
Th e tan g e n ti al fo rce , W A,
cal cu l ate d fro m th e tran s - take n as i n d epen d en t o f th e typ e o f l o ad i n g an d th e
m i tte d to rq u e an d th e rad i u s , 0. 5 dA
, is u sed as th e p ro p e rti e s of th e m ate ri al . Th e e ffe ct on ben d i n g
fo rce i n th e fo rm facto r d e fi n i ti o n . Th e fo rce acti n g at s tre n g th o f th e h i g h l y l o cal i ze d s tre s s co n ce n trati o n
th e co n tact to o th s u rface s d i ffe rs fro m th e fo rce in wi th i ts high s tre s s g rad i e n t is re co g n i ze d as
l o cati o n an d d i re cti o n , as d i s cu s s e d bel o w i n B. 2 . 3 . 1 d ep e n d e n t on l o ad typ e (s te ad y or re p e ate d ) an d
an d B. 2 . 6. 2 . m ate ri al (d e g re e o f d u cti l i ty, b ri ttl e n e s s o r p o ro s i ty) .
As a re s u l t, th e s e al te rn ate m e th o d s are n o t re ad i l y u sed bel ow u ses actu al g e ar g e o m e try d ata an d is
ad ap te d to d e te rm i n i n g th e fo rm facto r. I n s te ad , th e y fo l l o we d by a si m pl e co n ve rs i o n to th e trad i ti o n al
are s o m e ti m e s u sed to d e te rm i n e th e s tre s s co rre c- n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al fo rm .
ti o n
l ate d
(co n ce n trati o n )
fo rm facto r, l i ke
facto r
th e
by
on e
s u b tracti n g
d e s cri b e d
a
h e re ,
cal cu -
fro m
B.2.2 Calculation stages
th e m e as u re d or co m p u te d co m b i n e d e ffe ct. See Th e cal cu l ati o n p ro ce s s co n s i s ts of th e fo l l o wi n g
fi g u re B. 2. s tag e s :
-- cri ti cal l o ad : s e l e cti o n o f l o cati o n al o n g th e co n -
tacti n g to o th s u rface an d s e l e cti o n o f d i re cti o n ;
To o th
l o ad -- cri ti cal s e cti o n : fi l l e t d e fi n i ti o n an d s e cti o n l o ca-
ti o n ;
-- b e n d i n g m o m e n ts an d s tre s s : cal cu l ati o n fo r u n i t
cri ti cal l o ad ;
-- fo rm facto r rati o : cal cu l ati o n o f fo rce -- s tre s s rati o
fo r cri ti cal l o ad wi th ad j u s tm e n t fo r tan g e n ti al l o ad
C ri ti cal
re fe re n ce d in th e fo rm facto r d e fi n i ti o n ;
s e cti o n
-- n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al facto r: co n ve rs i o n to n o n -- d i -
Com bi n ed s tre s s
m e n s i o n al u si n g m od u l e.
S tre s s
Te n s i o n
S tre s s co n ce n trati o n
B.2.3 Critical load, Wc
d i s tri b u ti o n
Ben d i n g s tre s s
Th e cri ti cal l o ad i s th e l o ad (o n th e to o th fl an k) wh i ch
at fi l l e t
wi l l p ro d u ce th e m axi m u m te n s i l e s tre s s at th e ro o t
fi l l e t. Th e facto rs wh i ch d e te rm i n e th i s cri ti cal l o ad
C o m p re s s i o n
are th e d i re cti o n of th e l o ad re l ati ve to th e to o th
o u tl i n e an d th e l o cati o n of th e l o ad al o n g th e to o th
W
o u tl i n e . Th e re l ati o n s h i p b e twe e n th e m ag n i tu d e of
Figure B.2 - Combined bending stress with

stress concentration
th i s l o ad , , an d th e tran s m i tte d to rq u e i s d e s cri b e d
c
in B. 2 . 6. 2 an d B. 3 . 6.
B.2 Standard calculation procedure B.2.3.1 Load direction

B.2.1 Relationship to AGMA standard gear Th e l o ad d i recti o n i s d e te rm i n e d fi rs t b y th e g e o m e -
rating calculation try of th e acti ve p o rti o n of th e to o th fl an k, h e re
u n d e rs to o d to be an i n vo l u te cu rve as s o ci ate d wi th
Th e cal cu l ati o n p ro ce d u re p re s e n te d in th i s an n e x th e b as e ci rcl e o f th e g e ar. U n d e r ce rtai n o p e rati n g
fo l l o ws th e b as i c p ri n ci p l e s u sed in th e AG M A g e ar co n d i ti o n s co m m o n in P /M g e ar ap p l i cati o n s , th e
rati n g p ro ce d u re . S e e [3 ] an d [4 ] i n th e b i b l i o g rap h y. sl i d i n g acti o n b e twe e n th e m ati n g g e ar te e th wi l l
Th i s AG M A p ro ce d u re i s s u p p l e m e n te d h e re b y n e w i n fl u e n ce th e l o ad d i re cti o n .
fe atu re s
o p e rati n g
ap p l i cab l e
co n d i ti o n s .
to typ i cal P /M g e ar d esi g n
Th e i n fl u e n ce o f e ach o f th e s e
an d
B.2.3.1 .1 Load force normal to tooth flank

co n d i ti o n s is e xp l ai n e d bel ow as e ach n e w cal cu l a- Th e d i re cti o n of th e l o ad tran s m i tte d b e twe e n g e ar
ti o n fe atu re is i n tro d u ce d . te e th is n o rm al to th e i n vo l u te s u rface of th e to o th
fl an k. If a ci rcl e (wi th i ts ce n te r at th e g e ar axi s ) is
An o th e r d i ffe re n ce fro m th e AG M A s tan d ard fo rm
d rawn th ro u g h th e l o ad p o i n t, th e an g l e b e twe e n th i s
facto r cal cu l ati o n h as b e e n i n tro d u ce d fo r re as o n of
n o rm al an d a tan g e n t to th i s ci rcl e is th e i n vo l u te
φ
cal cu l ati o n co n ve n i e n ce . Th e AG M A p ro ce d u re , as
p re s s u re an g l e , , at th at p o i n t. As a n o rm al to th e
Wc
p art of o b tai n i n g a n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al fo rm facto r,
i n vo l u te , th i s d i re cti o n is al s o tan g e n t to th e g e ar
re q u i re s th at al l re l ate d g e ar g e o m e try d ata fi rs t be
b as e ci rcl e . S ee fi g u re B. 3 .
s cal e d to unit m od u l e e q u i val e n ts . Th i s is a
carry -- o ve r fro m th e d ays th at g rap h i cal m e th o d s Th i s l o ad fo rce d i re cti o n i s as s u m e d i n AG M A rati n g
were u s e d fo r s u ch cal cu l ati o n s an d th i s i n cre as e in cal cu l ati o n s . It is al s o u sed in th e fi rs t set of
s cal e h el ped in g rap h i cal accu racy. Th e p ro ce d u re cal cu l ati o n s b e l o w. See fi g u re B. 4.
B.2.3.1 .2 Friction force tangent to tooth flank th e s e l u b ri cati o n co n d i ti o n s is n ot p re s e n t an d a
s i g n i fi can t fri cti o n fo rce acco m p an i e s th e n o rm al
Th e re l ati ve m o ti o n b e twe e n m ati n g g e ar te e th is a

to o th fo rce , s e e fi g u re B . 4 (b ) . Th e ro l e o f th e fri cti o n
co m b i n ati o n o f ro l l i n g an d sl i d i n g . Th e ro l l i n g acti o n
fo rce s is d e s cri b e d in B. 3.
i s g e n e ral l y as s u m e d to o ffe r n e g l i g i b l e re s i s tan ce to
th e re l ati ve m o ti o n an d is i g n o re d as a d i re ct Lo ad , W c
co n tri b u to r to th e l o ad tran s m i tte d b e twe e n th e
te e th . Th e sl i d i n g acti o n re q u i re s fu rth e r φ Wc
co n s i d e rati o n b e cau s e i t m ay i n tro d u ce a s i g n i fi can t
fri cti o n fo rce .
B as e ci rcl e
Th e AG M A g e ar rati n g cal cu l ati o n [3 ] is p ro p e rl y
u sed on l y fo r th o s e o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s in wh i ch
som e ap p ro xi m ati o n of i d e al l u b ri cati n g co n d i ti o n s Tan g e n cy

d Wc
1 )
e xi s t. Th e s e o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s i n cl u d e an
ad e q u ate s u p p l y o f cl e an l u b ri can t at th e g e ar te e th ,
B as e
an ad e q u ate p i tch line ve l o ci ty, an d to o th s u rface

ci rcl e
g e o m e try accu rate en ou g h to p e rm i t a we l l d i s tri b - rad i u s , r B
u te d co n tact are a. Wh e n th e s e co n d i ti o n s are m e t, a
fi l m o f l u b ri can t i s fo rce d i n to th e to o th co n tact are a at
a p re s s u re wh i ch n e arl y o r co m p l e te l y s e p arate s th e
co n tacti n g s u rface s . Th e re s u l ti n g fri cti o n fo rce is
th e n s m al l e n o u g h to b e i g n o re d i n th e g e ar b e n d i n g
s tre n g th cal cu l ati o n s . In m an y g e ar ap p l i cati o n s ,
an d e s p e ci al l y i n P /M g e ars wi th l o w m ate ri al d e n s i ty Figure B.3 - Load normal to involute tooth

an d wi th o u t s e al i n g o f th e p o re s , a fu l l co m p l e m e n t o f flank and tangent to base circle
at dOE
R es u l tan t
(s e e B. 2. 3. 2. 1 ) Fri cti o n
fo rce
fo rce
δφ
N o rm al fo rce
at H P S TL
c
(s e e B. 2. 3. 2. 3)
φ c
R ad i al φ c
is l o ad poi n t p re s su re an g l e
line δφ c
is l o ad d e vi ati o n an g l e
a) No fri cti o n , n o rm al fo rce o n l y, b) Wi th fri cti o n , n o rm al an d tan g en t fo rce s , s h o wn wi th
al te rn ate l o cati o n s sl i d i n g i n ward s (typ i cal o f d ri ve n g ear d u ri n g ap p ro ach
acti o n )
Figure B.4 - Gear tooth forces

B.2.3.2 Critical location p o s s i b l e fro m th e fi l l e t. Th i s wo u l d l o cate th e cri ti cal
l o ad at th e o u ts i d e d i am e te r o f th e g e ar. H o we ve r,
Wi th th e g e ar to o th tre ate d as a l o ad e d can ti l e ve r
b e am , th e l o cati o n of th e l o ad p ro d u ci n g th e som e co m m o n m esh g e o m e try co n d i ti o n s h el p
m axi m u m fi l l e t b e n d i n g s tre s s wi l l te n d to b e as far as m o ve th e l o cati o n s o m e wh at fu rth e r d o wn on th e
_______________________
1 )
Th e l u b ri cati o n p o rt i o n o f th e ap p l i cati o n cl au se s tate s , “ Th e rati n g s d ete rm i n ed b y th e s e fo rm u l as are o n l y val i d wh e n
th e g ear te e th are o p e rate d wi th a l u b ri can t o f p ro p e r vi s co si ty fo r th e l o ad , g e ar to o th s u rface fi n i sh , te m p eratu re , an d
p i tch line vel o ci ty. ”
to o th wi th a co rre s p o n d i n g re d u cti o n i n th e re s u l ti n g m i ssi n g . I n o th e r d e s i g n s , i d e n ti fi ed b y co n tact rati o s o f
m o re th an two , th e re are co n tact i n te rval s at wh i ch

ro o t fi l l e t s tre s s e s . S ee fi g u re B. 5.
th re e p ai rs o f te e th are e n g ag e d , wi th th e re m ai n i n g in-
te rval h avi n g two p ai rs o f tee th en g ag e d . Th e fo l l o wi n g
rem arks d o n o t ap p l y to th e se co n d i ti o n s, fo r wh i ch th e
X ap p ro p ri ate an al yse s are b eyo n d th e s co p e of th i s
d o cu m e n t.
C ri ti cal
Tran s l ate d
l o ad , W c
Wh e n th e typ i cal o ve rl ap p i n g co n tact is p re s e n t,
φ
th e re is th e p o te n ti al fo r th e tran s m i tte d l o ad to be
l o ad
Wc
C o m p re s s i ve
s h are d b e twe e n th e two ad j ace n t m esh i n g p ai rs . If
l o ad
th e s h ari n g we re e q u al , th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n
B en d i n g
d Wc
wo u l d n ot be at th e o u te rm o s t en d of th e to o th
l o ad
i n vo l u te s i n ce , at th i s l o cati o n , th e l o ad i ts e l f h as
C o n s tan t
d ro p p e d to o n e -- h al f. Th e actu al n atu re of s u ch
s tre s s
p arab o l a
h fc
s h ari n g d epen d s on th e accu racy of th e i n vo l u te
α Wc
p ro fi l e s an d th e re l ati ve s ti ffn e s s o f e ach p ai r o f te e th
at th at poi n t in th e i r e n g ag e m e n t cycl e . A d e tai l e d
R ad i al
an al ys i s o f s u ch co n d i ti o n s i s g e n e ral l y to o co m p l e x
line
fo r co m m o n g e ar d e s i g n p ro ce d u re s . As a s i m p l i fi -
x y
cati o n , s h ari n g i s as s u m e d wh e n b o th th e d ri ve r an d
C ri ti cal ( , )
fc fc
d ri ve n g e ar ’ s to o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te vari ati o n
se cti o n at cri ti cal fi l l e t
w fc
m e e ts Q8 or b e tte r re q u i re m e n ts , or in th e cas e
Figure B.5 - Data for stress calculation wh e re l esser accu racy p re ve n ts l o ad s h ari n g u n ti l
i n i ti al we ari n g take s p l ace .
Th e l o cati o n i s i d e n ti fi e d b y th e d i am e te r, d Wc
, at th e
I f s u ch l o ad s h ari n g i s n o t l i ke l y (s e e B . 2 . 3 . 2 . 3 ) , th e n
th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n fo r e ach g e ar is at i ts

cri ti cal l o ad p o i n t. Th e facto rs wh i ch d e te rm i n e th i s
e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r, as n o te d i n B . 2 . 3 . 2 . 1 , an d
d i am e te r are d i s cu s s e d b e l o w.
B.2.3.2.1 Outer load location limit
th e d i am e te r at th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n fo r e ach g e ar
i s:
Th e fi rs t g e o m e try co n d i ti o n wh i ch s h i fts th e cri ti cal

d Wc
= d OE
(B . 1 )
l o ad l o cati o n fro m th e o u ts i d e d i am e te r is th e ti p
B.2.3.2.3 Highest point of single tooth loading
ro u n d wh i ch i s p re s e n t o n n e arl y al l P /M g e ars . S ee
In th e typ i cal m esh i n g cycl e of a p ai r of te eth , th e

fi g u re s A. 1 an d B . 4 (a) . Wi th th i s ti p ro u n d , th e o u te r
s tag e s o f th e m e s h i n g can b e i d e n ti fi e d b y a s e ri e s o f
l o ad l o cati o n l i m i t m o ve s to th e p o i n t o n th e to o th at
p o i n ts an d th e i r co rre s p o n d i n g d i am e te rs o n th e two
wh i ch th e i n vo l u te fl an k en d s an d th e ti p ro u n d
beg i n s, co rre s p o n d i n g to th e e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am -

g e ars , h e re l ab e l l e d as th e “ p i n i o n ” , P , fo r th e d ri vi n g
e te r, d . Th e cal cu l ati o n of th i s d i am e te r is
g e ar an d th e “ g e ar” , G , fo r th e d ri ve n g e ar, s e e fi g u re
OE
A. 8 :
d e s cri b e d in A. 3 . 1 .
B.2.3.2.2 Tooth load sharing -- poi n t 1 ,
ce d i n g
th e s tart o f th e m e s h
p ai r s ti l l in m esh ;
cycl e ,
d i am e te rs
wi th
d
th e p re -
an d d ;
1 P 1 G
Wi th m ost spu r g e ar d esi g n s, th e re are two m esh

-- poi n t 2, th e s tart o f th e s i n g l e p ai r m e s h , wi th th e
co n d i ti o n s at wh i ch two ad j ace n t p ai rs of te e th are

p re ce d i n g p ai r ou t of m esh ; d i am e te rs d 2P
an d
n o m i n al l y in s i m u l tan e o u s co n tact. (A p ai r co n s i s ts
d 2G
;
of th e m ati n g te e th fro m e ach of th e two m esh i n g

-- poi n t 3 , th e e n d o f th e si n g l e p ai r m e s h , wi th th e
g e ars . ) O n e s u ch co n d i ti o n co rre s p o n d s to o n e p ai r
fo l l o wi n g p ai r j u s t s tarti n g to m e s h ; d i am e te rs d 3P
of te e th j u st s tarti n g to co n tact wi th th e p re ce d i n g
an d d 3G
;
p ai r s ti l l en g ag e d . Th e s e co n d co rre s p o n d s to th e
-- p o i n t 4 , th e e n d o f th e m e s h cycl e ; d i am e te rs d 4P
d
s am e p ai r o f te e th n e ari n g th e en d o f co n tact wh i l e
an d .
4G
th e fo l l o wi n g p ai r is al re ad y e n g ag e d .
NOTE:
Fo r th e cal cu l ati o n fo r th e s e d i am e te rs , s e e an n e x A.
In so m e g ear d e s i g n s , i d e n ti fi e d b y co n tact ra-
Th e s e l e cti o n of p o i n ts (i . e . , 1 , 2, 3 or 4) u sed in
ti o s of on e or l ess, th e s e co n d i ti o n s of p arti al o ve rl ap -
pi n g of co n tact b e twe e n ad j ace n t p ai rs of te e th is cal cu l ati n g th e h i g h est poi n t on e ach to o th at wh i ch
fu l l l o ad is tran s m i tte d by on l y a si n g l e p ai r is re p re s e n te d by th e to o th . Th e l o cati o n of th e
d epen d en t u pon th e accu racy o f th e to o th -- to -- to o th tran s l ate d fo rce , e xp re s s e d as i ts d i s tan ce , x WcC

,
co m p o s i te vari ati o n (s e e B . 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 ) . I f b o th th e d ri ve r fro m th e g e ar ce n te r al o n g th e ce n te rl i n e , m ay be
an d th e d ri ve n g e ar ’ s to o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te cal cu l ate d b y:
Step 1 .
vari ati o n m e e ts Q8 o r b e tte r re q u i re m e n ts , th e n th e
O n ce th e d i am e te r o f th e cri ti cal l o ad poi n t

p o i n ts u sed are Poi n t 3 an d Poi n t 2 re s p e cti ve l y.
dWc
, is e s tab l i s h e d , th e x Wc
an d y Wc
co o rd i n ate s
O th e rwi s e , P o i n t 4 an d P o i n t 1 are re s p e cti ve l y u s e d .
m ay b e fo u n d as d e s cri b e d b y th e e q u ati o n s i n A. 6 . 3 .
Th e re fo re if b o th d ri ve r an d d ri ve n g e ars m eet or In th e s e e q u ati o n s , th e poi n t on th e i n vo l u te is
e xce e d Q8 to o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te vari ati o n re - re fe re n ce d b y th e s u b s cri p t “ s ” wh i ch , fo r th e cri ti cal
q u i re m e n ts , l o ad p o i n t, wi l l be re p l ace d by th e s u b s cri p t “ Wc” .
d Wc P
= d 3P
(B . 2 )
Step 2. D i re cti o n an g l e o f cri ti cal to o th fo rce , γ Wc
:
an d γ Wc
= φ Wc
−α Wc
(B . 6 )
d Wc G
= d 2G
(B . 3 ) wh e re
I f e i th e r d ri ve r o r d ri ve n g e ars d o n o t m e e t o r e xce e d φ Wc
is p re s s u re an g l e at cri ti cal l o ad p o i n t;
Q8 to o th -- to -- to o th co m p o s i te vari ati o n req u i re -

α Wc
i s h al f to o th th i ckn e s s an g l e at cri ti cal l o ad
m e n ts ,
p o i n t.
d Wc P
= d 4P
(B . 4 )
Step 3. D i s tan ce fro m g e ar ce n te r of tran s l ate d
an d
cri ti cal to o th fo rce , x WcC
:
d Wc G
= d 1 G
(B . 5 ) x WcC
= x Wc
−y Wc
 tan γ Wc
 (B . 7 )
B.2.3.3 Translation to tooth centerline B.2.3.4 Force components

To beg i n th e p ro ce s s of cal cu l ati n g th e b en d i n g Th e tran s l ate d cri ti cal to o th fo rce can be res o l ve d
m o m e n t (s e e fi g u re s B . 5 an d B . 6 ) , th e cri ti cal l o ad i s i n to two co m p o n e n ts , o n e n o rm al to th e to o th ce n te r
tran s l ate d to th e to o th ce n te rl i n e . Th e ce n te rl i n e line an d th e o th e r rad i al al o n g th e to o th ce n te rl i n e .
s e rve s as th e n e u tral axi s of th e can ti l e ve r b e am See fi g u re B. 6.
y Wc
γ W
W cy
Wc
c
W
W c
cx
x Wc
s BS
x s
h
WcC t
fc
w fc
s CS
Figure B.6 - Bending and compressive stress

B.2.3.4.1 Bending component W = W  γ  cy c
co s
Wc
(B . 8 )
Th e fo rce co m p o n e n t, W cy
, acts to ap p l y a ben d i n g
wh e re
m o m e n t to th e to o th , p ro d u ci n g a te n s i l e s tre s s at th e
to o th fi l l e t on th e s am e si d e as th e cri ti cal l o ad . W c
is n o rm al l o ad at cri ti cal l o ad p o i n t, N.
B.2.3.4.2 Compressive component B.2.4.2 Bending stress factor, fBS

Th e fo rce co m p o n e n t, W cx
, acts to ward th e ro o t,
Th i s facto r is th e rati o b e twe e n th e ben d i n g s tre s s ,
p ro d u ci n g a co m p re s s i ve s tre s s in th e fi l l e t are a.
s BS
, an d th e o ri g i n al cri ti cal to o th l o ad , W c
, fo r a g e ar
 
of u n i t face wi d th . Th e cal cu l ati o n i s:
W cx
= W c
si n γ Wc
(B . 9 )
Step 1 . H e i g h t o f th e tran s l ate d l o ad fo rce ab o ve th e
B.2.4 Critical fillet section fi l l e t s e cti o n , h f
h f
= x WcC
−x f
(B . 1 0 )
Step 2.
E ach poi n t on th e fi l l e t wi l l d e fi n e a fi l l e t s e cti o n
n o rm al to th e to o th ce n te rl i n e . Th e b e n d i n g co m p o -
Wi d th o f th e fi l l e t s e cti o n , w f
n e n t o f th e tran s l ate d cri ti cal to o th l o ad wi l l p ro d u ce a

w f
= 2 y f
(B . 1 1 )
ben d i n g s tre s s at th i s
vary wi th th e l o cati o n o f th e s e cti o n

fi l l e t s e cti o n . Th i s
an d i ts s i ze.
s tre s s wi l l
Th e
Step 3. Ben d i n g s tre s s at th e fi l l e t s e cti o n , s BS
s e cti o n wi th th e g re ate s t ben d i n g s tre s s is d esi g - Fo l l o wi n g th e b as i c ben d i n g s tre s s e q u ati o n ,
=
n ate d as th e cri ti cal s e cti o n .
Ben d i n g M o m en t
B.2.4.1 Types of fillet

S tre s s
S ecti o n M od u l u s
fo r a spu r g e ar of u n i t face wi d th :
D e te rm i n ati o n of th e cri ti cal s e cti o n re q u i res th e
h
l o cati o n o f th e fi l l e t p o i n ts re l ati ve to th e g e ar to o th
s BS
= 6 W cy
w
f
2
(B . 1 2 )
co o rd i n ate s ys te m . Th e l o cati o n of p o i n ts on two

f
typ e s o f fi l l e t g e o m e tri e s are d e fi n e d in th i s an n e x:

S u b s ti tu ti n g fro m e q u ati o n B. 8,
-- rack g e n e rate d tro ch o i d (s e e AG M A 9 0 8 -- B 8 9 ) ;
s BS
= 6 W c
 co s γ Wc
 wh f
2
(B . 1 3 )
-- ci rcu l ar arc. f
Th e g e n e rate d typ e of fi l l e t h as been o m i tte d

Step 4. Ben d i n g s tre s s facto r, f BS
b e cau s e it is n ot co m m o n l y u sed in P /M g e ars .

f =
s
W
BS
= 6 co s γ
w
h f
= 6  co s γ  [ BT ]
B.2.4.1 .1 Rack
Getgenerated trochoid
BS Wc 2 Wc
c
f
more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats (B . 1 4 )
wh e re
Th e d e s cri p ti o n o f th i s fi l l e t typ e i s g i ve n i n A. 4 . I n th e
h
cal cu l ati o n s h o wn , th e fo l l o wi n g d ata is p ro vi d e d , [ BT ] = w
f
2
(B . 1 5 )
see fi g u re s A. 4 (b ) an d A. 4 (c) : f
B.2.4.3 Maximum bending stress factor, fBSX

-- an g l e u sed to l o cate p o i n ts on th e fi l l e t, θ fR
;
Th e ben d i n g s tre s s facto r wi l l vary wi th th e fi l l e t
-- re ctan g u l ar co o rd i n ate s o f fi l l e t p o i n ts , x y
,
f f
;
s e cti o n s e l e cte d . I ts m axi m u m val u e co rre s p o n d s to
τ
th e m axi m u m val u e of th e b racke te d te rm in
-- an g l e at th e fi l l e t p o i n t, .
f
e q u ati o n B. 1 5. Fo r e i th e r typ e o f fi l l e t, th i s m axi m u m
B.2.4.1 .2 Circular arc can be fo u n d by a tri al -- an d -- e rro r p ro ce s s , as
fo l l o ws :
Th e d e s cri p ti o n o f th i s fi l l e t typ e i s g i ve n i n A. 5 .
cal cu l ati o n s h o wn , th e fo l l o wi n g d ata is p ro vi d e d :

I n th e
Step 1 . S e l e ct an i n i ti al tri al val u e of θ f

(tro ch o i d al
m e th o d ) or τ f
(fu l l ci rcu l ar fi l l e t) , th e an g l e u s e d i n th e
-- an g l e u sed to l o cate p o i n ts on th e fi l l e t, θ fC
;
cal cu l ati o n to l o cate p o i n ts on th e fi l l e t. Th i s tri al
val u e m ay be ze ro , i n d i cati n g a s tart at th e fi l l e t
-- re ctan g u l ar co o rd i n ate s o f fi l l e t p o i n ts , x y
,
f f
;
tan g e n cy on th e ro o t ci rcl e . A m o re e ffi ci e n t tri al
τ val u e i s th e o n e as s o ci ate d wi th a sl ope an g l e , θ or
°
f
-- co n s tru cti o n an g l e at th e fi l l e t p o i n t, .
τ
f
, e q u al to 30 .
B.2.4.1 .3 Fillet section

f
Step 2. C al cu l ate th e fi l l e t d ata fro m th i s l o cati o n
Th e co o rd i n ate s o f th e fi l l e t p o i n ts al s o d e s cri b e th e
an g l e , p arti cu l arl y th e co o rd i n ate s , x f
an d y ,
f
an d th e
fi l l e t s e cti o n :
co rre s p o n d i n g d i m en si on s, h f
an d w f
, u sed in
d e te rm i n i n g ben d i n g s tre s s .
x
--
f
g i ve s th e l o cati o n o f th e s e cti o n ;
Step 3. C al cu l ate th e b racke te d te rm , BT , in
-- y f
g i ve s th e h al f -- wi d th o f th e s e cti o n . e q u ati o n B. 1 5.
Step 4. S e l e ct a s l i g h tl y l arg e r l o cati o n an g l e , re p e at B.2.6.1 Ratio for the critical tooth force, AWsc
s te p s 2 an d 3, an d n o te th e ch an g e in th e BT val u e .
Th i s ch an g e wi l l b e an i n cre as e u n l e s s th e i n i ti al tri al Th i s rati o m ay b e cal cu l ate d d i re ctl y fro m th e re s u l ts
val u e h as been to o l arg e , in wh i ch cas e th e o f e q u ati o n B. 1 8:
cal cu l ati o n sh ou l d be re s tarte d wi th a l o we r i n i ti al
W
val u e .
A = s
c
Step 5.
Ws c
t
Wi th s u cce s s i ve l y l arg e r l o cati o n an g l e s ,
re p e at s te p s 2, 3 an d 4 u n ti l ch an g e in BT val u e s =  γ  h 
1
(B . 1 9 )
γ
−
6 co s si n
re ve rs e s s i g n fro m p o s i ti ve , re p re s e n ti n g i n cre as i n g Wc fc Wc
BT , to n e g ati ve , re p re s e n ti n g d e cre as i n g BT val u e s . w 2

w fc
fc
Step 6. BTX
B.2.6.2 Tooth force adjustment
Th e m axi m u m val u e , wi l l lie wi th i n th e
ran g e of th e l as t th re e cal cu l ati o n s an d m ay be
fu rth e r i d e n ti fi e d to th e d e s i re d accu racy by fu rth e r
B e fo re s u ch a rati o can be u sed to cal cu l ate th e

tri al s wi th i n th at ran g e .
Y
Step 7.
-- facto r, s o m e ad j u s tm e n t i n th e to o th fo rce i s m ad e .
C al cu l ate th e m axi m u m ben d i n g s tre s s

S i n ce th e Y -- facto r is e xp re s s e d in te rm s of a
facto r, fBSX
, u si n g e q u ati o n B. 1 4 an d BTX , th e
tan g e n ti al fo rce acti n g at th e o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e ,
BTX
W
m axi m u m b racke te d te rm , , u si n g e q u ati o n
th e ad j u s tm e n t i n vo l ve s th e rati o o f th i s fo rce , , to
A
W
B. 1 5.
B.2.4.4 Critical section location and size

th e cri ti cal to o th fo rce , . Th e two fo rce s act
c
tan g e n t to two d i ffe re n t ci rcl es b u t m u s t tran s m i t th e
Th e d ata, h fc
an d w fc
, d e s cri b i n g th e l o cati o n an d s i ze s am e to rq u e . Th e fo rce rati o i s i n ve rs e to th e rati o o f
o f th e cri ti cal s e cti o n are th e co rre s p o n d i n g val u e s , h f

th e i r d i am e te rs . Th e s e d i am e te rs are th e o p e rati n g
an d w ,
f
u sed in th e cal cu l ati o n of BTX . p i tch d i am e te r, dA
, fo r th e re fe re n ce fo rce , W A
(s e e
B.2.5 Stress calculation B. 1 . 2 an d fi g u re B. 1 ) , an d th e b as e ci rcl e d i am e te r,
dB
, fo r th e cri ti cal to o th fo rce , W c
. Th e d i am e te r rati o
Th e s e s tre s s cal cu l ati o n s are b as e d on th e cri ti cal

is e q u al to th e co s i n e of th e o p e rati n g p re s s u re
to o th l o ad , W c
.
an g l e , φ , wh i ch is cal cu l ate d in A. 7 . 1 . Th e re fo re :
B.2.5.1 Bending tensile stress, sBS

A
W d
Th e b e n d i n g te n s i l e s tre s s fo r th e cri ti cal to o th l o ad i s
Ad j u s tm e n t rati o , m cA
= W
A
c
= d
B
= co s φ A
A
cal cu l ate d fro m e q u ati o n B. 1 3 :
 w
(B . 2 0 )
h
s BS
= 6 W c
co s γ Wc
fc
2
(B . 1 6 )
B.2.6.3 Adjusted force-- stress ratio, AWsA

fc
B.2.5.2 Compressive stress, sCS Wi th th i s ad j u s tm e n t:
 
Th e co m p re s s i ve s tre s s u n d er th e s am e co n d i ti o n s
is cal cu l ate d fro m th e rad i al co m p o n e n t of th e A Ws A

= A Ws c
×m = cA
A Ws c
co s φ A
tran s l ate d cri ti cal to o th fo rce acti n g o ve r th e cri ti cal

φ
=
co s (B . 2 1 )
A
  wh γ
fi l l e t s e cti o n are a (wi th unit g e ar face wi d th ) :
 γ  6 co s γ fc
−
si n
w
Wc
=
si n Wc 2
s W
Wc fc
CS
c
w fc
(B . 1 7 ) fc
B.2.5.3 Combined tensile stress, st B.2.7 Non-- dimensional Y- factor

A
Th e co m b i n e d te n s i l e s tre s s is th e d i ffe re n ce be-
To co n ve rt th e rati o , , i n to a n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al
Ws A
Y
twe e n th e ben d i n g te n s i l e an d th e co m p re s s i ve
-- facto r, al l d i m en si on s u sed to cal cu l ate th e rati o
s tre s s e s , see fi g u re B. 6:
m u st be m ad e n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al . Th i s was al re ad y
s t
= 6 W c
 co s γ Wc
 wh fc
2
−W c
si n
w
γ
fc
Wc
(B . 1 8 )
d on e
ab o ve
wi th th e
cal cu l ati o n s .
unit g e ar face
H o we ve r,
wi d th s p e ci fi e d
th e d i m e n s i o n s
in th e
of h fc
fc
B.2.6 Form factor force-- stress ratio, AWs an d w fc

are actu al d i m e n s i o n s o f th e g e ar to o th . Th e
m od u l e, m , is u sed to co m p l e te th e co n ve rs i o n .
Th i s rati o re l ate s a fo rce acti n g o n th e to o th , W , to th e
s A
Y=
re s u l ti n g co m b i n e d te n s i l e s tre s s , . Th e p arti cu l ar
t
Ws A
val u e d epen d s on th e to o th fo rce s el e cte d . m (B . 2 2 )
B.3 Calculation procedure with friction forces o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e s , s e e fi g u re A. 8 . O n th at fi g u re ,
wi th th e pi n i on d ri vi n g , ap p ro ach acti o n take s p l ace
Wh e n fri cti o n fo rce s are co n s i d e re d , th e s am e b as i c

wh e n th e co n tact g o e s fro m p o i n t 1 to th e p i tch p o i n t.
cal cu l ati o n p ro ce d u re is fo l l o we d wi th som e

D u ri n g ap p ro ach acti o n , th e s l i d i n g d i re cti o n o n e ach
ch an g e s :
g e ar to o th i s to ward i ts ro o t an d th e s i g n i n e q u ati o n
B. 23 is pl u s (+ ) , see fi g u re B . 4 (b ) . R e ce s s acti o n
-- th e cri ti cal l o ad d i re cti o n , re l ati ve to th e i n vo l u te
take s p l ace wh e n th e co n tact g oes fro m th e p i tch

to o th fl an k, wi l l ch an g e ;
poi n t to poi n t 4. D u ri n g re ce s s acti o n , th e sl i d i n g
-- th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n m ay ch an g e ; d i re cti o n on e ach g e ar to o th i s to ward i ts ti p an d th e
si g n in e q u ati o n B. 23 is minus ( -- ) .
-- th e cri ti cal l o ad m ag n i tu d e , an d th e re fo re th e
“ to o th fo rce ad j u s tm e n t” wi l l ch an g e .
In som e g e ar d esi g n s, th e o u ts i d e d i am e te rs are
ch o s e n s o th at th e p i tch p o i n t l i e s o u ts i d e th e ran g e
To e s tab l i s h th e ap p ro p ri ate cri ti cal l o ad i n fo rm ati o n ,
i t m ay b e n e ce s s ary to s tart wi th two tri al co n d i ti o n s o f co n tact. In th e s e d esi g n s th e re is no re ve rs al of
th e s l i d i n g d i re cti o n an d th e acti o n i s al l ap p ro ach or

an d th e n p e rfo rm d ou bl e s e ts o f cal cu l ati o n s .
al l re ce s s , g e n e ral l y th e l atte r.
B.3.1 Coefficient of friction

Wh e n th e sl i d i n g acti o n in e i th e r of th e co n tacti n g
In al l th e e q u ati o n s d e al i n g wi th fri cti o n e ffe cts , th e

te e th is to ward th e ro o t, th e to o th fo rce d i re cti o n is
s i m p l i fyi n g as s u m p ti o n i s m ad e th at th e co e ffi ci e n t o f
s u ch th at th e b e n d i n g co m p o n e n t i s re d u ce d an d th e
fri cti o n is co n s tan t o ve r th e to o th m esh i n g cycl e .

co m p re s s i ve co m p o n e n t i s i n cre as e d . Th e s e act to
Val u e s wi l l d epen d on th e m ate ri al co m b i n ati o n

re d u ce th e te n s i l e s tre s s at th e to o th fi l l e t. Wh e n th e
(i n cl u d i n g re l ati ve h ard n e s s ) , d e g re e o f l u b ri cati o n ,

sl i d i n g acti o n is to ward th e to o th ti p , th e fo rce
to o th fl an k s u rface te xtu re , to o th sl i d i n g ve l o ci ty,

co m p o n e n ts u n d e rg o re ve rs e ch an g e s an d th e fi l l e t
to o th co n tact p re s s u re , an d o th e r facto rs . Val u e s fo r

te n s i l e s tre s s is i n cre as e d . B as e d on th i s e ffe ct
co e ffi ci e n t o f fri cti o n m ay b e d e te rm i n e d i n s tan d ard

al o n e , th e cri ti cal l o ad d i re cti o n wo u l d co m e fro m th e
te s ts , bu t on l y ap p l y to th e co n d i ti o n s s p e ci fi e d in
th o s e te s ts .
Th e s e m ay n ot cl o s e l y m atch th e
re ce s s p o rti o n o f th e m esh i n g cycl e an d th e si g n in
e q u ati o n B. 2 3 wo u l d be n e g ati ve . H o we ve r, th i s
o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s o f th e g e ar m e s h . Wi th typ i cal

ch o i ce is n ot n e ce s s ari l y co rre ct fo r al l m esh i n g
g e ar m ate ri al s an d wi th som e co n ti n u i n g fo rm of
co n d i ti o n s , as e xp l ai n e d in B. 3. 3.
l u b ri cati o n , th e co e ffi ci e n t o f fri cti o n m ay fal l as l ow
B.3.3 Critical load location

as 0. 1 0, rare l y l o we r. U n d er l ess favo rab l e
co n d i ti o n s , i t m ay b e as h i g h as 0 . 3 0 , o r e ve n h i g h e r.
B.3.2 Critical load direction Wi th o u t th e fri cti o n e ffe ct, th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n is
take n as cl o s e to th e to o th ti p as ap p ro p ri ate fo r th e
Wi th o u t fri cti o n , th e cri ti cal l o ad d i re cti o n is al ways

co n d i ti o n s d e fi n e d i n B . 2 . 3 . 2 . Th i s l o cati o n p ro d u ce s
n o rm al to th e i n vo l u te fl an k an d i ts d i re cti o n re l ati ve
th e m axi m u m ben d i n g m om en t at th e b as e of th e
to th e to o th ce n te rl i n e is d e te rm i n e d by th e l o ad
can ti l e ve re d to o th an d th e m axi m u m te n s i l e s tre s s at
l o cati o n d i am e te r, as d i s cu s s e d in B. 2. 3 an d i ts
th e fi l l e t.
s u b -- cl au s e s . Wi th fri cti o n , th e l o ad d e vi ate s fro m
th i s n o rm al d i re cti o n . Th e am o u n t of d e vi ati o n is
D u ri n g ap p ro ach acti o n , fri cti o n wi l l re d u ce th e
re p re s e n te d by th e l o ad d e vi ati o n an g l e , δφ c
d e-
ben d i n g s tre s s l e ve l co m p are d to th e fri cti o n l e s s
s cri b e d in fi g u re B . 4 (b ) , wh i ch is d e te rm i n e d b y th e
co n d i ti o n . Th e o p p o s i te i s tru e d u ri n g re ce s s acti o n
co e ffi ci e n t o f fri cti o n , m , as fo l l o ws :

wh e re th e i n cl u s i o n o f fri cti o n al e ffe cts wi l l i n cre as e
δφ c
= arctan m (B . 2 3 )
th e ben d i n g s tre s s as co m p are d to th e fri cti o n l e s s
e val u ati o n .
Th e d i re cti o n of th e d e vi ati o n is o p p o s i te to th e
d i re cti o n of re l ati ve sl i d i n g . Th e sl i d i n g d i re cti o n As a re s u l t, wh e n d o i n g th e an al ys i s wi th fri cti o n , th e
g e n e ral l y ch an g e s d u ri n g th e m esh i n g cycl e , wi th s e l e cti o n of th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n an d th e co rre -
th e ch an g e -- o ve r taki n g p l ace wh e n th e te e th are spon d i n g si g n (+ o r -- ) of δφ c

to u s e i n e q u ati o n B. 23
co n tacti n g at th e p i tch p o i n t, or tan g e n t poi n t o f th e is b as e d on th e cri te ri a as e s tab l i s h e d in tab l e B. 1 .
Table B.1 - Selection of critical load location points for Y-- factor calculation under friction
conditions
Critical Test to de- Sign of δφc
Tooth-- to-- load termine Type of ac- Effect of Sign of δ 2nd in equa-
Gear to be tooth location to type of action at crit- action on in equa-φc location tion B.23
evaluated accuracy be tion at critical load bending to be
tion B.23 evaluated for 2nd
level evaluated ical load location stress 1 ) location
(see A.8.1 ) location evaluation
≤ε
B o th d ri ve r
an d d ri ven
ε 3P A
Ap p ro ach R ed u ce s + NA
m eet
t or e
ex-
x
Poi n t 3
ce ed Q8
re q u i re - ε 3P
> ε A
R e ces s I n cre as e s -- NA
m e n ts
D ri ve r E i th e r d ri v-
er or d ri ve n
ε 4P
≤ε A
Ap p ro ach R ed u ce s + NA
do n ot
m e e t o r ex-
e x- Poi n t 4
ce ed Q8
re q u i re -
ε4 P
> ε A
m e n ts
B o th d ri ve r
an d d ri ven
ε 2G
> ε A
Ap p ro ach R ed u ce s + P i tch poi n t --
m eet
t or e
ex-
x
Poi n t 2
≤ε
ce ed Q8
re q u i re - ε 2G A
m e n ts
D ri ve n E i th e r d ri v-
er or d ri ve n
ε 1 G
> ε A
Ap p ro ach R ed u ce s + P i tch poi n t --
do n ot
m e e t o r ex-
e x- Poi n t 1
≤ε
ce ed Q8
re q u i re -
ε 1 G A
m e n ts
NOTE:
1 )
I f th e eval u ati o n poi n t on th e d ri ve r h ap p en s to be in ap p ro ach zo n e , th e n th e s e co n d ary cal cu l ati o n is n ot re q u i red fo r
th e d ri ven g e ar s i n ce th e re ce ss co n d i ti o n wi l l n ot be p res e n t n e ar th e p i tch p o i n t.
N o te th at o n th e d ri vi n g g e ar, o n l y o n e p o s i ti o n n e e d s d u re is th e s am e up to s te p 2 of B. 2. 3. 3. H e re ,
to b e e val u ate d cl o s e to th e to o th ti p ; e i th e r P o i n ts 3 e q u ati o n B. 6, fo r th e d i re cti o n an g l e of th e cri ti cal
or 4 d epen d i n g o n th e to o th -- to -- to o th accu racy l e ve l to o th fo rce , is ch an g e d to th e fo l l o wi n g :
of th e
e i th e r
g e ar
P o i n ts
(s e e
1 or 2
B. 2. 3. 2. 3) .
cl o s e to th e
Fo r
to o th
th e
ti p
d ri ve n
n eed
g e ar,
to be
γ Wc
= φ Wc
+ δφ − α c Wc
(B . 2 4 )
e val u ate d d epen d i n g u p o n th e to o th -- to -- to o th accu - wh e re
racy l e ve l of th e g e ar. In ad d i ti o n , th e d ri ve n g e ar
δφ c
is l o ad d e vi ati o n an g l e (s e e B. 3. 2,
m ay n eed a s e co n d ary p o s i ti o n e val u ate d , wh i ch is

e q u ati o n B. 23) , d e g re e s .
j u st i n si d e o f th e o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e at th e s tart o f
Th e re m ai n i n g cal cu l ati o n s are th e s am e e xce p t fo r

re ce s s acti o n wh e re h i g h e r fri cti o n l e ve l d o m i n ate s .
th e to o th fo rce ad j u s tm e n t rati o d e s cri b e d i n B. 2 . 6. 2

B o th p o s i ti o n s (wh e re n e ce s s ary) n e e d to b e u s e d i n
s e p arate Y -- facto r cal cu l ati o n s . Th e p o s i ti o n wh i ch

fo r n o n -- fri cti o n co n d i ti o n s an d d e s cri b e d i n B . 3 . 5 fo r
re s u l ts i n th e l o we s t Y -- facto r val u e wi l l b e u s e d i n al l
fri cti o n co n d i ti o n s .
su bseq u en t cal cu l ati o n s .

B.3.5 Tooth force adjustment for friction
conditions
B.3.4 Calculation of Y- factor for friction
conditions In B. 2 . 6. 2, a to o th fo rce ad j u s tm e n t is n e ce s s ary to
al l o w fo r th e d i ffe re n ce b e twe e n th e to o th fo rce val u e
O n ce th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n an d d i re cti o n are u s e d i n th e s tre s s cal cu l ati o n s an d th e fo rce val u e i n
s e l e cte d , as d i s cu s s e d ab o ve , th e cal cu l ati o n p ro ce - wh i ch Y -- facto rs are g e n e ral l y e xp re s s e d , th e fo rm e r
acti n g n o rm al to th e to o th s u rface an d th e l atte r wh e re
tan g e n t to th e o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e . U n d er fri cti o n
co n d i ti o n s , th e to o th fo rce u sed fo r s tre s s cal cu l a-

d A
is o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r (s e e A. 7 . 2 ) ,
ti o n s i s n o l o n g e r n o rm al to th e to o th s u rface an d th i s
mm;
d i ffe re n ce i s re fl e cte d i n a m o d i fi e d ad j u s tm e n t rati o .
Th e ad j u s tm e n t rati o , as d e fi n e d i n e q u ati o n B. 20, is

φ A
is o p e rati n g p re s s u re an g l e (s e e A. 7 . 1 ) ,
m o d i fi e d to acco u n t fo r fri cti o n as fo l l o ws :
 φ + δφ  
d e g re e s .
W d
m = =
   φ
A Wc
W d B.4 Symbols
co s
cA Wc c

c
A
φ
= + δφ
co s
A
co s φ Wc
co s
Wc c
(B . 2 5 )
See tab l e B. 2 .
Table B.2 - Symbols, terms and definitions

Where first
Symbol Definition Units found
A Ws
Fo rm facto r fo rce -- s tre s s rati o -- -- B. 2. 6
d Wc
D i am e te r at cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n mm B. 2. 3. 2. 2
d WcP
, dWcG
H i g h est poi n t at wh i ch fu l l l o ad is tran s m i tte d by si n g l e p ai r mm B. 2. 3. 2. 3
fBS
Ben d i n g s tre s s facto r -- -- B. 2 . 4. 2
fBS X
M axi m u m ben d i n g s tre s s facto r -- -- B. 2 . 4. 3
h f
H ei g h t o f tran s l ate d l o ad fo rce ab o ve fi l l e t s e cti o n mm B. 2 . 4. 2
m M od u l e mm B. 2. 7
m cA
To o th fo rce ad j u s tm e n t rati o -- -- B. 2 . 6. 2
s BS
Ben d i n g te n s i l e s tre s s at fi l l e t s e cti o n N /m m
2
B. 2. 4. 2
s CS
C o m p re s s i ve s tre s s N /m m
2
B. 2. 5. 2
s t
Com bi n ed te n s i l e s tre s s N /m m
2
B. 2. 5. 3
W A
Tan g e n ti al fo rce acti n g at o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e N B. 2 . 6. 2
W c
C ri ti cal l o ad N B. 2. 3
W cx
Fo rce co m p o n e n t p aral l e l to to o th axi s N B. 2 . 3 . 4. 2
W cy
Fo rce co m p o n e n t n o rm al to to o th axi s N B. 2 . 3 . 4. 1
w f
Wi d th o f fi l l e t s e cti o n mm B. 2 . 4. 2
x WcC
D i s tan ce fro m g e ar ce n te r o f tran s l ate d cri ti cal to o th fo rce mm B. 2. 3. 3
x Wc
, y Wc
C o o rd i n ate s o f cri ti cal l o ad poi n t mm B. 2. 3. 3
Y N o n -- d i m e n s i o n al Y -- facto r -- -- B. 2. 7
α Wc
H al f to o th th i ckn e s s an g l e d e g re e s B. 2. 3. 3
δφ c
Lo ad d e vi ati o n an g l e d e g re e s B. 3. 2
γ Wc
D i re cti o n an g l e o f cri ti cal to o th fo rce d e g re e s B. 2. 3. 3
φ Wc
P re s s u re an g l e at cri ti cal l o ad poi n t d e g re e s B. 2. 3. 3
φ Wc
I n vo l u te p re s s u re an g l e d e g re e s B. 2. 3. 1 . 1
m C o e ffi ci e n t o f fri cti o n -- -- B. 3. 2
Annex C
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Calculation of the stress correction factor, Kf

C.1 Introduction C.2.2.1 Rack generated trochoid calculation

fillet radius, rfc
Th e s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r, K f
, wh i ch co n s i d e rs th e
Th e rad i u s of cu rvatu re of th e tro ch o i d fi l l e t vari e s
e ffe ct o f s tre s s co n ce n trati o n at th e s h arp l y ch an g i n g
al o n g th e cu rve , s tarti n g fro m a minimum rad i u s at
cro s s -- s e cti o n o f th e to o th at i ts ro o t fi l l e t, i s an o th e r
th e p o i n t o f tan g e n cy to th e ro o t ci rcl e . Th i s m i n i m u m
co m p o n e n t fo r d e te rm i n i n g th e ben d i n g s tre n g th
rad i u s , R , wh i ch i s cal cu l ate d i n A. 4 . 6 , i s u s e d i n th e
g e o m e try facto r, J . Th e g e o m etry el em en t in s tre s s

fN
fu rth e r cal cu l ati o n s :
=
co n ce n trati o n i s th e cu rvatu re (rad i u s ) at th e fi l l e t i n
re l ati o n to th e o ve ral l to o th s i ze an d s h ap e an d th e
r fc
R fN
(C . 1 )
l o cati o n o f th e l o ad . Th e cal cu l ati o n p re s e n te d h e re

C.2.2.2 Circular-- arc calculation fillet radius, rfc
fo r th i s e l e m e n t i s th e D o l an an d B ro g h am e r m e th o d
Wi th th i s typ e o f fi l l e t, th e arc rad i u s is u sed :
=
as u sed in o th e r AG M A g e ar rati n g cal cu l ati o n s .
r fc
r f
(C . 2 )
In cal cu l ati n g th e i n fl u e n ce of s tre s s co n ce n trati o n

C.2.3 Elastic stress concentration factor, Kfs
o n g e ar to o th b e n d i n g s tre n g th , e l e m e n ts o th e r th an
  
Th e e m p i ri cal e q u ati o n u sed fo r th i s cal cu l ati o n i s:
g e o m e try m u s t al s o b e co n s i d ere d . Th e s e n o n -- g e -
w w
o m e try e l e m e n ts are th e typ e o f l o ad i n g (re p e ate d or
= H+
L
K
fc fc
r
o ccas i o n al ) an d th e m ate ri al co n d i ti o n (d e g re e of (C . 3 )
fs
fc
h fc
d u cti l i ty o r b ri ttl e n e s s ) . To g e th er, th e y can i n fl u e n ce
th e l o n g te rm s e n s i ti vi ty o f th e g e ar to th e i n i ti al l e ve l wh e re
o f s tre s s co n ce n trati o n .
H = 0. 331 -- 0. 43 6 φ ;
Th e s e e l e m e n ts are al s o co n s i d e re d in th e AG M A
L = 0. 324 -- 0. 492 φ ;
g e ar rati n g cal cu l ati o n s . Th e i r tre atm e n t h e re M = 0. 2 61 + 0. 545 φ ;
fo l l o ws a d i ffe re n t fo rm at.
φ is th e s p e ci fi e d p re s s u re an g l e , rad i an s .
C.2 Elastic stress concentration factor, Kfs C.3 Stress correction factor, Kf
Th i s facto r is fo u n d by m o d i fyi n g th e e l as ti c s tre s s
Th i s facto r is b as e d on th e as s u m p ti o n of p u re l y
co n ce n trati o n facto r to re fl e ct th e i n fl u e n ce s of
e l as ti c co n d i ti o n s in th e m ate ri al . Th e e m p i ri cal
l o ad i n g an d m ate ri al .
e q u ati o n
p h o to e l as ti ci ty
u sed in th e
e xp e ri m e n ts .
cal cu l ati o n is d e ri ve d fro m
C.3.1 Notch sensitivity index, q
Th i s i n d ex h as been d e fi n e d to re l ate :
C.2.1 Data from form factor calculation a) th e actu al e ffe ct o f a n o tch (s h arp ch an g e i n o u t-
l i n e) on th e s tre n g th o f a m ate ri al ; to
Th e fo l l o wi n g d ata i te m s are u sed in th e Y fo rm
b) th e e ffe ct th at might be p re d i cte d sol el y on th e

cal cu l ati o n in an n e x B:
b as i s o f e l as ti c th e o ry.
-- n o m i n al p re s s u re an g l e , φ ;
If th e actu al e ffe ct is re p re s e n te d by th e s tre s s
co rre cti o n facto r, K f

, an d th e e l as ti c th e o ry p re d i cti o n
-- h ei g h t of th e tran s l ate d cri ti cal fo rce ab o ve th e
by th e e l as ti c s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r, K , th e n
cri ti cal to o th s e cti o n , h ;

fs
q
fc
th e n o tch s e n s i ti vi ty i n d e x, , is d e fi n e d as fo l l o ws :
w K −
=
-- wi d th o f th e cri ti cal fi l l e t s e cti o n , .
fc 1
q
−
f
(C . 4 )
K
C.2.2 Calculation fillet radius, rfc fs
1
I f th e re is no actu al e ffe ct fro m th e n o tch (th at i s, if
Th e fi l l e t rad i u s is d e te rm i n e d by th e typ e o f fi l l e t. l o cal yi e l d i n g or o th e r i n te rn al m e ch an i s m in th e
m ate ri al e l i m i n ate s an y we ake n i n g due to i n i ti al K i s d e te rm i n e d fro m q“ re p e ate d ” d ata i n tab l e C . 1 .
q K q
ft
el as ti c s tre s s co n ce n trati o n ) , wi l l e q u al ze ro . I f, o n i s d e te rm i n e d fro m “ o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad ” d ata

fg
th e o th e r h an d , th e fu l l we ake n i n g due to s tre s s in tab l e C. 1 .
co n ce n trati o n is p re s e n t, q wi l l e q u al on e.
Ap p ro p ri ate val u e s of q can be s e l e cte d fro m tab l e

Table C.1 - Notch sensitivity index, q
C. 1 .
Type of load Type of material
C.3.2 Calculation of stress correction factor, Kf As-- sintered Heat-- treated
(ductile) (brittle)
R ep e ate d 0. 5 1 .0
Th i s cal cu l ati o n is m ad e wi th th e fo l l o wi n g :
K = + q K − 
O ccas i o n al 0. 0 0. 8
1 1 (C . 5 ) o ve rl o ad
f fs
Annex D
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Procedure for initial design

D.1 Introduction 1 0 ) i f th e i n i ti al d e s i g n d i m e n s i o n s e xce e d s p ace l i m -
i ts o r are o th e rwi s e i n ap p ro p ri ate , re p e at th e p ro -
Th i s i n fo rm ati o n sh eet is e l s e wh e re d e vo te d to
ce s s wi th a n ew m ate ri al s e l e cti o n or o th e r
cal cu l ati n g ben d i n g l o ad cap aci ty fo r a co m p l e te d

ch an g e s in th e b as i c s e l e cti o n s .
D.1 .1 Iterative design process

d e s i g n o f a p ai r o f P /M g e ars . H o we ve r, th e re i s o fte n
a n eed fo r a re ve rs e of th i s p ro ce s s . Fo r th i s , th e
o b j e cti ve of a s p e ci fi e d ben d i n g l o ad cap aci ty h as

Th i s d esi g n p ro ce d u re can d e ve l o p i n to an i te rati ve
al re ad y been e s tab l i s h e d . Th e re q u i re d p ro ce d u re
p ro ce s s . D esi g n re s u l ts fro m o n e s e t o f cal cu l ati o n s
th e n co n s i s ts o f fi n d i n g th e d e s i g n o f th e p ai r o f P /M
m ay l e ad to ch an g e s wh i ch cal l fo r a n ew ro u n d of
g e ars wh i ch wi l l m eet th i s o b j e cti ve . Th i s an n e x

cal cu l ati o n s . As n o te d in s te p 9, i n i ti al s i m p l i fi e d
d e s cri b e s s u ch a d esi g n p ro ce d u re . Li ke th e o th e r
d esi g n as s u m p ti o n s , wh e n ch e cke d at d esi g n
p arts of th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t, it is l i m i te d to
co m p l e ti o n , m ay p ro ve to b e s i g n i fi can tl y i n ap p ro p ri -
co n s i d e rati o n o f to o th b e n d i n g s tre n g th an d d o e s n o t
ate , th e re b y re q u i ri n g re vi s i o n of som e or al l o f th e
d e al wi th i ssu es o f we ar or o th e r p o te n ti al l i m i ts on
d esi g n p ro ce s s . Al s o , as n o te d in s te p 1 0, an i n i ti al
g e ar p e rfo rm an ce .
d e s i g n s e l e cti o n , s u ch as th e P /M m ate ri al , m ay l e ad
to a d esi g n of g e ars wh i ch are si m pl y to o l arg e , or

Th e g e n e ral m e th o d fo r th i s d esi g n p ro ce d u re
o th e rwi s e i n ap p ro p ri ate , fo r th e ap p l i cati o n . Th i s wi l l

co n s i s ts o f th e fo l l o wi n g :
re q u i re a n ew d esi g n s e l e cti o n an d a n ew set of
1 ) s e l e ct th e ap p ro p ri ate e q u ati o n fro m cl au s e 3,

d esi g n cal cu l ati o n s .
D.1 .2 Guidance from previous designs

wh i ch re l ate s al l th e e l e m e n ts th at d e te rm i n e
to o th ben d i n g to rq u e cap aci ty;
2) i n tro d u ce a val u e fo r d e s i re d to rq u e ; S i n ce th e d esi g n p ro ce s s wi l l m ake u se of som e
i n i ti al as s u m p ti o n s , it wi l l be ad van tag e o u s i f th e s e
3) i n tro d u ce an ap p ro xi m ate s tre n g th val u e fo r th e
as s u m p ti o n s can be b as e d on d ata fro m p re vi o u s

s e l e cte d m ate ri al ;
d e s i g n s o f P /M g e ars fo r s i m i l ar ap p l i cati o n s . Wh e re
4) i n tro d u ce e s ti m ate d val u e s fo r ad j u s tm e n t an d

s u ch g u i d an ce is n ot avai l ab l e , th e d esi g n er wi l l be
g e o m e try facto rs ;
ab l e to u se e s ti m ate s p ro vi d e d in th i s an n e x.
5) u si n g ap p ro p ri ate g u i d el i n es, e s tab l i s h re l ati o n - H o we ve r, as n ew d esi g n s are co m p l e te d , som e
sh i ps am o n g th e re m ai n i n g g e o m e tri c e l e m e n ts re s u l ts sh ou l d re p l ace th e d ata cal cu l ate d h e re .
in th e e q u ati o n : cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r, e ffe cti ve S u ch ch an g e s wi l l ai d in fu tu re wo rk.
D.2 Operating conditions

face wi d th , an d m od u l e;
6) as s i g n p re l i m i n ary val u e s to th e s e e l e m e n ts , ap -
As wi th an y g e ar d e s i g n p ro ce d u re , i t i s n e ce s s ary to
p l yi n g ap p ro p ri ate ro u n d i n g an d p re fe rre d
s tart wi th i n fo rm ati o n on th e o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s

val u e s ;
an d as s o ci ate d p e rfo rm an ce re q u i re m e n ts .
7) re e val u ate th i s p re l i m i n ary d esi g n by re p l aci n g
e s ti m ate d val u e s wi th th o s e cal cu l ate d by th e D.2.1 Loads

vari o u s p ro ce d u re s in th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t, to
Two typ e s o f l o ad i n g are co n s i d e re d in th i s i n fo rm a-
arri ve at a cal cu l ate d l o ad cap aci ty;

ti o n s h e e t, re p e ate d l o ad i n g an d o ccas i o n al p e ak
8) fo r s m al l d i ffe re n ce s b e twe e n th i s l o ad cap aci ty l o ad i n g . Wh e n s tarti n g wi th co m p l e te d g e ar d e-
an d th e o ri g i n al s p e ci fi e d l o ad , i n tro d u ce m i n or
si g n s, e ach h as i ts o wn l o ad cap aci ty cal cu l ati o n
ch an g e s to th e d esi g n g e o m e try;
i n cl u d i n g s e p arate s tre n g th p ro p e rti e s fo r th e se-
l e cte d m ate ri al . I t m ay n o t b e o b vi o u s fro m th e s tart

9) fo r m aj o r d i ffe re n ce s b e twe e n th e two l o ad val -
u es, u se th e n e wl y cal cu l ate d facto rs in p l ace of wh i ch l o ad co n d i ti o n wi l l co n tro l a n ew d esi g n . Th e
th e o ri g i n al e s ti m ate s an d re p e at th e re m ai n d e r m o re co m m o n d esi g n co n tro l is fro m re p e ate d
o f th i s i n i ti al d esi g n p ro ce d u re ; l o ad i n g an d th i s typ e o f l o ad i n g i s g i ve n p ri o ri ty i n th e
p ro ce d u re d e s cri b e d b e l o w. O n ce an i n i ti al d e s i g n i s re q u i re an e xact val u e , wh i ch m ay s u b s e q u e n tl y
es tab l i s h e d b as e d on re p e ate d l o ad i n g , it m ay be i m pose re s tri cti o n s on th e s e l e cti o n of th e e xact
ch e cke d fo r o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g . On th e o th e r n u m b e rs o f te e th i n th e two g e ars . S u ch re s tri cti o n s
h an d , if th e o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad s are e s p e ci al l y m ay carry o ve r to th e ch o i ce o f m o d u l e . M o re o fte n ,
s e ve re o r are e s s e n ti al l y th e on l y l o ad s , th e d esi g n on l y an ap p ro xi m ate val u e of g e ar rati o is n eed ed ,
p ro ce d u re b e l o w can b e s wi tch e d o ve r wi th ap p ro p ri - p e rm i tti n g g re ate r fre e d o m in th e s e s e l e cti o n s .
ate ch an g e s i n m ate ri al d e s i g n s tre s s an d ap p l i cab l e
facto rs .
G e ar rati o , m G
, is e xp re s s e d as th e rati o of i n pu t
speed to o u tp u t s p e e d , o r as th e rati o o f th e n u m b e r
Th e re q u i re d l o ad cap aci ty i s typ i cal l y e xp re s s e d as o f te e th o n th e o u tp u t g e ar to th o s e o n th e i n p u t g e ar.
a d esi g n to rq u e o n th e g e ar o r o u tp u t m e m b e r o f th e Fo r s p e e d re d u ci n g d ri ve s , g e ar rati o i s g re ate r th an
g e ar p ai r, Ttd G
fo r re p e ate d l o ad s or T yd G
fo r p e ak on e. Fo r s p e e d i n cre as i n g d ri ve s , g e ar rati o is l ess
l o ad i n g . Th e re q u i re d d e s i g n to rq u e o n th e p i n i o n o r th an on e.
T T
D.3.3 Materials
i n pu t m em ber of th e g e ar p ai r, or , can be
td P yd P
d e te rm i n e d fro m th e g e ar to rq u e val u e by ap p l i ca-
ti o n of th e an ti ci p ate d g e ar rati o . S ee D. 3. 2. Th e
M an y co n s i d e rati o n s e n te r i n to th e i n i ti al s e l e cti o n o f
re l ati o n s h i p b e twe e n th e o u tp u t an d i n pu t to rq u e
m ate ri al s . G e n e ral l y, l o we r s tre n g th m ate ri al s of
val u e s is al s o i n fl u e n ce d by th e fri cti o n in th e g e ar

l o we r co s t wi l l b e s e l e cte d wh e n l o ad co n d i ti o n s an d
m esh . Fo r th e i n i ti al d esi g n p ro ce s s , th i s d i ffe re n ce

co n s trai n ts on g e ar s i ze p e rm i t. P ri o r e xp e ri e n ce
m ay be i g n o re d or an e s ti m ate d val u e of m esh

wi th s i m i l ar ap p l i cati o n s wi l l o fte n p ro vi d e g u i d an ce
i n e ffi ci e n cy m ay be ap p l i e d to s l i g h tl y i n cre as e th e
as to wh i ch m ate ri al s wi l l b e s t b al an ce s tre n g th an d
i n pu t to rq u e .
co s t an d s ti l l m eet an y o th e r m ate ri al p ro p e rty
D.2.2 Speeds re q u i re m e n ts .
S peed s of th e g e ars are typ i cal l y s p e ci fi e d s tarti n g D.3.4 Gear quality level
wi th th e speed of th e d ri vi n g m em ber an d th e n , by
Th i s cal l s fo r a g e n e ral u n d e rs tan d i n g of th e

ap p l yi n g th e an ti ci p ate d g e ar rati o , to arri ve at th e
speed o f th e Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
d ri ve n m e m b e r. E xact g e ar rati o m ay
an ti ci p ate d l e vel o f g e ar q u al i ty. Th i s wi l l p l ay a ro l e
in e s tab l i s h i n g on e of th e d esi g n facto rs . See

n o t b e kn o wn at th e s tart o f th e d esi g n cal cu l ati o n s ,
D . 6. 2 . 3 .
b u t an y e rro r in i ts e s ti m ate is l i ke l y to be s m al l an d
wi l l h ave l i ttl e e ffe ct on th e d esi g n re s u l ts . Speed

D.4 Space constraints
d ata wi l l be u sed in e s ti m ati n g on e o f th e facto rs in
th e d esi g n p ro ce s s . See D . 6. 2 . 3 . Wh e n s tarti n g th e d e s i g n p ro ce s s , th e re are g e n e ral -
D.2.3 Other conditions

ly som e l i m i ts on th e s p ace avai l ab l e fo r th e set of
g e ars . Th e d i m en s i o n s i m p l i e d b y th e s e l i m i ts wi l l b e
u sed to h el p e s ti m ate som e of th e d esi g n facto rs .

A n u m b e r o f o th e r o p e rati n g co n d i ti o n s p l ay a ro l e i n
Th e s e wi l l n o t n ece s s ari l y d e fi n e th e g e ar s i ze s i n th e
e s tab l i s h i n g vari o u s d esi g n facto rs . Th e s e are
co m p l e te d d esi g n .
d i s cu s s e d as re q u i re d fo r e s ti m ati n g val u e s fo r e ach
facto r. See D . 6.
D.4.1 Diameter limits

D.3 Primary selections of design features
D i am e te r l i m i ts m ay be e xp re s s e d in a vari e ty of
A n u m b e r o f s e l e cti o n s , s o m e p e rm an e n t an d s o m e ways :
te n tati ve , are n eed ed to co n ti n u e th e d esi g n
p ro ce s s .
1 ) m axi m u m d i am e te r of l arg e r g e ar, d OG X
fo r
s p e e d re d u ci n g d ri ve s o r d fo r s p e e d i n cre as -
D.3.1 Type of gears

OPX
ing d ri ve s ;
To co n fo rm to th e s co p e o f th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t, th e 2) m axi m u m ce n te r d i s tan ce o f m ati n g g e ars , C AX

;
M
spu r typ e o f g e ars h as been s e l e cte d .
3) m axi m u m o ve ral l s i ze o f m ati n g g e ars , .
D.3.2 Gear ratio

oPG
Th e ap p ro xi m ate m axi m u m p i tch d i am e te rs of th e
G e ar rati o is g e n e ral l y on e o f th e p ri m ary s p e ci fi ca- two m ati n g g e ars , d PX

an d d G X,
can be e s ti m ate d
ti o n s fo r th e g e ar d esi g n . Th e ap p l i cati o n m ay fro m e ach o f th e s e l i m i ts , u si n g th e g e ar rati o , m G

.
Fo r th e fi rs t fo rm o f d i am e te r l i m i t. n u m ber of te e th . H o we ve r, a ve ry l ow n u m ber of
te e th m ay b ri n g wi th i t s o m e d e tri m e n tal g e ar d e s i g n
Fo r th e speed re d u ci n g d ri ve :
fe atu re s s u ch as re d u ce d ben d i n g s tre n g th an d
d GX
is s l i g h tl y s m al l e r th an d OG X
; (D . 1 )
re d u ce d co n tact rati o . It is th e re fo re i m p o rtan t to
d
≈
i n i ti al l y e s tab l i s h a limit on th e minimum n u m ber of
d m
GX
N
(D . 2 )
PX
te e th , , fo u n d m ost ap p ro p ri ate fo r th e typ e of
G N
ap p l i cati o n . Al th o u g h th e s co p e of th i s d o cu m e n t
Fo r th e speed i n cre as i n g d ri ve :
re fe rs to a minimum n u m ber of te e th of s e ve n ,
d PX
is s l i g h tl y s m al l e r th an d OPX
(D . 3 )
≈d ×m
p racti cal co n s i d e rati o n s wi l l o fte n rai s e th i s l i m i t.
d
D.5.2 Finest pitch
(D . 4 )
GX PX G
Fo r th e s e co n d fo rm o f d i am e te r l i m i t:
As p art of th e g e n e ral o b j e cti ve of m aki n g g e ar
C
≈ +m
2
d PX
AX
(D . 5 )
s ys te m s as s m al l as possi bl e, th e re is o fte n a
1
G p re fe re n ce fo r u s i n g th e fi n e s t p i tch co m p ati b l e wi th
d GX
≈d ×m PX G
(D . 6 )
to o th ben d i n g s tre n g th re q u i re m e n ts . H o we ve r,
th e re m ay be d esi g n an d m an u factu ri n g i ssu es
Fo r th e th i rd fo rm o f d i am e te r l i m i t:
wh i ch e s tab l i s h a co ars e r l i m i t o n th i s p i tch . D esi g n
M i ssu es m ay i n cl u d e co n ce rn fo r l ow co n tact rati o
C AX
is s l i g h tl y s m al l e r th an
oPG
(D . 7 )
2 u n d er som e d e g re e of s i ze an d ce n te r d i s tan ce
dPX
an d d GX
are as d e te rm i n e d b y e q u ati o n s D . 5 an d vari ati o n s . A m an u factu ri n g l i m i t m ay b e i m p o s e d b y
D . 6. th e P /M m an u factu ri n g p ro ce s s . Th e m an u factu ri n g
D.4.2 Packaging considerations faci l i ty wi l l o fte n s e t i ts o wn l i m i t o f m i n i m u m m od u l e,
m x
, as th e fi n e s t p i tch to be u sed in d esi g n . Th e
Th e o ve ral l g e ar b o x p ackag e wi l l al s o b e l i m i te d by s co p e re fe rs to a minimum m od u l e val u e of 0. 4 fo r
ce rtai n d esi g n i ssu es. As n o te d in 1 . 3, P /M g e ars th e l o ad cap aci ty cal cu l ati o n s , bu t th i s m ay be
h ave i n h e re n t s i ze l i m i tati o n s fo r b o th face wi d th an d re p l ace d by a l arg e r val u e , or co ars e r p i tch , to
d i am e te r. Du e to m an u factu ri n g co n s trai n ts , P /M co m p l y wi th th e s e co n s i d e rati o n s .
g e ars are al s o l i m i te d
rati o , u s u al l y l ess th an
i n th e face wi d th -- to -- d i am e te r
8: 1 .
D.5.3 Minimum pitch diameter
An o th e r g e ar d e s i g n l i m i t m ay b e i n d i re ctl y i m p o s e d
Th e g e ar box p ackag e m ay al s o be co n s trai n e d by
b y th e d i am e te r o f th e b o re th ro u g h th e g e ar o r o f an
th e typ e of s u p p o rt p ro vi d e d fo r th e g e ar an d s h aft
ad j ace n t h u b. Th e s e te n d to d e fi n e a minimum ro o t
as s e m b l i e s . Th e ch o i ce of b e ari n g s an d m o u n ti n g
d i am e te r an d , th e re b y, s o m e wh at l arg e r minimum
d d
ap p ro ach e s m ay limit th e wi d th o f th e g e ar b o x.
p i tch d i am e te r, or . In th e cas e o f th e b o re ,
PN GN
Fi n al l y th e g e ar b o x p ackag e m u s t fi t i n to an o ve ral l th e minimum ro o t d i am e te r m u st al l o w s u ffi ci e n t
p ro d u ct as s e m b l y. C e rtai n d esi g n s wi l l favo r a m ate ri al in th at are a. In th e cas e of a h u b, P /M
n arro w wi d th wi th l arg e r d i am e te r g e ars (“ p an cake to o l i n g p racti ce wi l l d i ctate th e minimum d i ffe re n ce
d esi g n s”) as co m p are d to m o re trad i ti o n al or wi d e r b e twe e n hub an d ad j ace n t ro o t d i am e te r. Th e
g e ar b o xe s wi th s m al l e r d i am e te r g e ars , s u ch as minimum ro o t d i am e te r m ay al s o be d e te rm i n e d by
p l an e tary d ri ve s ys te m s or speed re d u ce rs . th e co m b i n ati o n of minimum n u m ber of te e th an d
D.5 Preliminary geometry restrictions and fi n e s t p i tch . See D. 5. 1 an d D. 5. 2.
guidelines D.5.4 Preferred face-- pitch ratio

In ad d i ti o n to s i ze l i m i ts , th e re are o th e r re s tri cti o n s Th e s e l e cti o n of face wi d th in P /M g e ar d esi g n is
an d g u i d el i n es th at m ay be ap p l i e d . Th e s e are o fte n e xp re s s e d i n te rm s o f a p re fe rre d o r m axi m u m
n eed ed fo r s u cce s s fu l g e ar d esi g n s wh i ch are al s o face -- p i tch rati o , m Fm

. Th i s rati o re l ate s face wi d th , F ,
co m p ati b l e wi th P /M m an u factu ri n g p ro ce s s e s . to m od u l e, m , as fo l l o ws :
D.5.1 Minimum number of teeth m Fm

= F
m (D . 8 )
It is o fte n th e o b j e cti ve to i n tro d u ce th e h i g h est Th i s rati o e xp re s s e s an ap p ro ach to s e l e cti o n o f g e ar
p o s s i b l e rati o i n e ach g e ar s e t. Th i s typ i cal l y l e ad s to p ro p o rti o n s . In th i s ap p ro ach , i n cre as e s in l o ad
a d esi g n o f th e s m al l e r g e ar wi th th e fe we s t p o s s i b l e cap aci ty sh ou l d be m ad e b y p ro p o rti o n al i n cre as e s
i n to o th o u tl i n e an d face wi d th , wh e re to o th o u tl i n e i s Accu rate d e te rm i n ati o n o f th e s e facto rs fo r e ach of
d e te rm i n e d by m od u l e. Th i s is b as e d in p art on an th e m ati n g g e ars re q u i re s d e tai l e d g e ar g e o m e try
o b j e cti ve o f l i m i ti n g th e o ve ral l vo l u m e o f th e g e ar. A i n fo rm ati o n th at i s g e n e ral l y n o t avai l ab l e at th e i n i ti al
co ars e r p i tch , wh e n al s o m ai n tai n i n g th e s am e d esi g n p ro ce s s . Th e fo l l o wi n g s i m p l i fi e d e s ti m ate s
n u m ber of te e th , o fte n re s u l ts in a l arg e r d i am e te r m ay be u sed in p l ace o f p re d e te rm i n e d val u e s .
an d a l arg e r cro s s -- s e cti o n al are a. Th e re fo re , an

D.6.2.1 Form factor
i n cre as e of l o ad cap aci ty by a co ars e r p i tch al o n e
Fo rm facto r i s typ i cal l y ti e d to th e n u m b e r o f te e th in

re s u l ts i n a g re ate r i n cre as e i n g e ar vo l u m e th an if it
th e g e ar. In th e pi n i on , or s m al l e r m em ber of th e
i s s h are d b y a co rre s p o n d i n g i n cre as e i n face wi d th .
m ati n g g e ars , th e n u m ber of te e th is o fte n ti e d to
A val u e fo r th i s rati o fo r u s e in d esi g n m ay b e take n

g e ar rati o , m G
, wi th a h i g h e r rati o (g re ate r th an on e)
fro m o th e r s u cce s s fu l g e ar d e s i g n s . I t g e n e ral l y fal l s

l e ad i n g to fe we r te e th an d l o we r fo rm facto r, as
in th e ran g e of 5 to 1 0, wi th th e s m al l e r val u e u sed

re fl e cte d in th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n fo r th e pi n i on
wi th ti g h te r axi al s p ace l i m i tati o n s .

(s m al l e r m e m b e r) :
D.6 Preliminary estimates of factors for repeated Y = 0. 6

+
m
bending
0. 4 (D . 9 )
P
G
Fo r th e g e ar (l arg e r m e m b e r) ,
=
E q u ati o n 3. 1 , fo r cal cu l ate d l o ad cap aci ty fo r to o th
ben d i n g u n d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g , cal l s fo r th e

YG
1 .0 (D . 1 0 )
fo l l o wi n g facto rs : Th e fi n al d e s i g n o f th e two g e ars can b e o p ti m i ze d to
K
cl o s e l y b al an ce th e fo rm facto rs of th e two g e ars ,
1 ) co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r s tre n g th , ;
ts
an d th e ave rag e o f th e val u e s fro m th e two e q u ati o n s
2) g e o m e try facto r, J t
;
m ay be u sed fo r b o th g e ars .
3) co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r to o th l o ad i n g ,
D.6.2.2 Stress correction factor
K tw
.
Th i s facto r is d e ri ve d fro m two co m p o n e n ts :
Th e si m pl est way to s e l e ct th e s e facto rs fo r i n i ti al
-- s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r, K ft

;
d esi g n is by re fe re n ce to val u e s fo u n d in p ri o r l o ad
Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our
q. chats -- n o tch s e n s i ti vi ty i n d e x,
cap aci ty cal cu l ati o n s fo r s i m i l ar ap p l i cati o n s . Wh e n
th i s o p ti o n i s n o t avai l ab l e , val u e s m ay b e d e ve l o p e d S tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r can be e s ti m ate d , as
by fo l l o wi n g th e cal cu l ati o n p ro ce d u re s in th e fo l l o ws :
co rre s p o n d i n g cl au s e s 5, 8, an d 9. E ach of th e s e
K ft
= 1 . 5 fo r fu l l ro u n d fi l l e ts , as i n tro d u ce d i n th e P /M
p ro ce d u re s cal l fo r m u l ti p l e co m p o n e n ts , m ost of
to o l i n g ;
wh i ch are b as e d o n ap p l i cati o n re q u i re m e n ts an d d o
K ft
= 2. 0 fo r rack g e n e rate d fi l l e ts , wi th n e ar s h arp
n ot re q u i re an y d e tai l e d i n fo rm ati o n on th e g e ar
co rn e rs on th e g e n e rati n g rack.
p ro p o rti o n s th at h ave n ot ye t been d e te rm i n e d .
Th e val u e fo r n o tch s e n s i ti vi ty i n d e x i s b as e d on th e
S i m p l i fi e d p ro ce d u re s fo r e s ti m ati n g val u e s of th e
typ e of l o ad i n g an d m ate ri al . It m ay be s e l e cte d

re m ai n i n g facto r co m p o n e n ts are d e s cri b e d b e l o w.
d i rectl y fro m tab l e C. 1 .

Val u e s su ppl i ed in th e s e d e s cri p ti o n s sh ou l d be
take n as tri al val u e s an d sh ou l d be re p l ace d fo r D.6.2.3 Combined adjustment factor for tooth
su bseq u en t e s ti m ati n g n eed s as i n d i cate d by n ew loading
l o ad cap aci ty cal cu l ati o n s .
Of th e vari o u s co m p o n e n ts of th i s facto r, on l y th e
D.6.1 Combined adjustment factor for strength fo l l o wi n g h ave s o m e re l ati o n s h i p to g e ar p ro p o rti o n s
an d re q u i re som e g u i d an ce in m aki n g e s ti m ate s .
Al l co m p o n e n ts o f th i s facto r are i n d e p e n d e n t o f g e ar
Ri m th i ckn e s s facto r e s ti m ate :

p ro p o rti o n s (s e e cl au s e 5) .
D.6.2 Geometry factor, Jt K B

= 1 .0 (D . 1 1 )
Lo ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r e s ti m ate :
Th e re
d e fi n e d
are
in
two
8. 2:
co m p o n e n ts of g e o m e try facto r, as
K mt
= 1 .3 (D . 1 2 )
D yn am i c facto r, K , m ay be cal cu l ate d by e q u ati o n
Y
v
-- fo rm facto r, , as fo u n d in an n e x B;
39, u si n g e s ti m ate s of i ts two vari ab l e s , g e ar
-- s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r, K f

, as fo u n d in an n e x C . accu racy to l e ran ce an d p i tch l i n e ve l o ci ty.
Th e val u e o f g e ar accu racy to l e ran ce , V qT

, i s ch o s e n By s u cce s s i ve l y u si n g two d i ffe re n t val u e s fo r
b as e d on th e an ti ci p ate d l e ve l of q u al i ty. It wi l l cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r in th i s e q u ati o n , a ran g e of
g e n e ral l y ran g e fro m 7 9 m i cro m e te rs fo r l arg e g e ars m od u l e is fo u n d . Th e two d i am e te rs are minimum
wi th n o to o th p ro fi l e fi n i s h i n g , d o wn to 8 m i cro m e te rs pi n i on p i tch d i am e te r, d PN
, of D. 5. 3 an d m axi m u m
fo r s m al l g e ars wi th p ro fi l e fi n i s h i n g . pi n i on p i tch d i am e te r, d PX
, of D . 4. 1 . I f th e fi rs t val u e
of m od u l e i s fo u n d to b e s m al l e r (o r fi n e r p i tch ) th an
m
P i tch l i n e ve l o ci ty m ay b e e s ti m ate d fro m th e o p e rat-
th e minimum m od u l e, , of D. 5. 2, it sh ou l d be
x
ing speed s, see D. 2. 2, an d m axi m u m p i tch d i am e -
re p l ace d by th e minimum m od u l e.
te rs , see D . 4. 1 .
D.7 Calculation of pinion proportions

Desi g n m od u l e, g e n e ral l y of som e s tan d ard or
co m m o n val u e , m ay th e n be s e l e cte d fro m th i s
ran g e . U si n g th i s m od u l e in e q u ati o n D. 1 5, a n ew
I n th e cal cu l ati o n o f b e n d i n g l o ad cap aci ty, th e p i n i o n
co rre s p o n d i n g cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r m ay be fo u n d .

i s g e n e ral l y th e cri ti cal m em ber o f th e g e ar p ai r. Fo r
Th i s d i am e te r can th e n be u sed , al o n g wi th th e
m atch i n g m ate ri al s , th i s re s u l ts fro m th e pi n i on ’s
m od u l e val u e , to e s tab l i s h n u m ber of te e th in th e

l o we r g e o m e try facto r an d th e h i g h e r n u m b e r o f l o ad
pi n i on .
cycl e s . Th e re fo re , th e p ro p o rti o n s o f th e pi n i on are
N= m
d
co n s i d e re d fi rs t in th e i n i ti al d esi g n p ro ce s s .
(D . 1 6 )
Th e s e p ro p o rti o n s wi l l b e s e l e cte d b y u s i n g e q u ati o n

A d e ci m al n u m ber of te e th n eed s to be ro u n d e d to
1 in wh i ch :
th e n e xt l arg e r i n te g e r, an d al s o b e co m p are d to th e
-- pi n i on d esi g n to rq u e , T , re p l ace s to rq u e l o ad
minimum n u m ber o f te e th , N N
, d e s cri b e d in D. 5. 1 .
td P
cap aci ty; An ad j u s te d n u m b e r o f te e th can th e n b e u s e d to fi n d
-- d esi g n fati g u e s tre n g th , s t

, is d e ri ve d fo r th e
th e co rre s p o n d i n g p i tch d i am e te r. Wi th th e s e
s e l e cte d val u e s o f m o d u l e an d cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r,

s e l e cte d m ate ri al as d e s cri b e d in cl au s e 4;
e q u ati o n D . 1 3 can b e u s e d to s o l ve fo r th e m i n i m u m
F
-- co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto rs an d g e o m e try
face wi d th , .
D.8 Calculation of gear proportions

facto r are e s ti m ate d as d e s cri b e d in D . 6;
-- re m ai n i n g facto rs , cal cu l ati o n d i am e te r, d c

, face
wi d th , F , an d m od u l e, m , al l d e fi n e th e g e ar p ro -
In m ost ap p l i cati o n s , m ate ri al s tre n g th an d o th e r
ben d i n g l o ad cap aci ty facto rs o f th e g e ar are l arg e r

p o rti o n s an d are th e u n kn o wn s in s o l vi n g th e
th an th o s e of th e pi n i on . In s u ch cas e s , d esi g n
e q u ati o n .
p ro p o rti o n s o f th e g e ar, s u ch as n u m b e r o f te e th an d
E q u ati o n 1 m ay be re wri tte n wi th a co n ven i e n t

p i tch d i am e te r, can be fo u n d fro m th e p i n i o n d esi g n
g ro u p i n g o f vari ab l e s :
b y ap p l yi n g th e g e ar rati o . I f th e s e facto rs are l o we r
s K J
md F
1
≤ 2000
t
T K
ts t
= K RS
(D . 1 3 )
in th e
re p e ate d
g e ar,
fo r
th e
th e
d esi g n
g e ar to
p ro ced u re
see if ch an g e s
of D. 7
in
can
m od u l e,
be
c
td P tw
Th e ri g h t si d e facto r, K RS
, can be e val u ate d as
p i tch d i am e te r, or face wi d th are n eed ed . S u ch
ch an g e s m ay re q u i re co rre s p o n d i n g ch an g e s to th e
d e s cri b e d ab o ve . An y co m b i n ati o n of l e ft si d e
pi n i on d esi g n p ro p o rti o n s , bu t wi th o u t re d u ci n g i ts
vari ab l e s th at e q u al s , o r i s s m al l e r th an , th e ri g h t s i d e
ben d i n g l o ad cap aci ty.

facto r, wi l l p ro vi d e ad e q u ate ben d i n g s tre n g th in an
i n i ti al d esi g n . D.9 Design adjustments

Afte r co m p l e ti n g th e l o ad cap aci ty cal cu l ati o n fo r
Th e fo l l o wi n g wi l l as s i s t in arri vi n g at i n d i vi d u al
e ach of th e g e ars , as d e s cri b e d in th i s i n fo rm ati o n

val u e s fo r th e g e ar p ro p o rti o n vari ab l e s .
s h e e t, it m ay be fo u n d th at th e i n i ti al d esi g n fal l s
Fi rs t, re p l ace face wi d th , F , by a co m b i n ati o n of

s h o rt of m e e ti n g th e re q u i re d l o ad cap aci ty. Fo r
p re fe rre d face -- p i tch rati o an d m od u l e, as in D . 5. 4:

s m al l d i ffe re n ce s , an i n cre as e i n th e face wi d th m ay
F= m Fm
m (D . 1 4 ) be th e on l y ad j u s tm e n t n e ed e d . Fo r a g re ate r
i n cre as e , a ch an g e u si n g a s tro n g e r m ate ri al wi l l

Th e n , re wri te th e e q u ati o n wi th on l y m od u l e as th e
avo i d m aj o r re cal cu l ati o n s . Wh e n th i s is n ot ad e -

u n kn o wn :

q u ate , a ch an g e to a co ars e r p i tch wi th co rre s p o n d -
=
2
i n g d i am e te r i n cre as e s m ay b e n e e d e d to s u p p l y th e
1
m d m c
Fm
K RS
(D . 1 5 )
ad d e d l o ad cap aci ty.
Annex E
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Calculation of inverse functions for gear geometry

E.1 Purpose p re s s u re an g l e e q u al to al m o s t 65 ° , an an g l e wh i ch
i s u n l i ke l y to b e e xce e d e d i n an y cal cu l ati o n s fo r s p u r
Som e of th e cal cu l ati o n s in an n e x A re fe r to n ew

g e ars . Fo r val u e s of th e i n vo l u te fu n cti o n g re ate r
tri g o n o m e tri c fu n cti o n s , n am e l y th e i n vo l u te fu n c-

th an 1 . 0, or if a cal cu l ati o n m e th o d th at u ses a
ti o n , d e fi n e d in A. 3 . 2 as :
g re ate r n u m ber of i te rati o n s is acce p tab l e , re p l ace
inv φ= tan φ− φ (wh e re φ in rad i an s ) (E . 1 ) e q u ati o n E. 3 wi th e q u ati o n E. 4.
φ = π+ I
 −
an d th e s e vo l u te fu n cti o n , d e fi n e d in A. 5 . 2 as : (E . 4 )
0. 2 0. 6 arctan
1
φ= 1
φ S e co n d ap p ro xi m ati o n , φ 2
:
φ
sev inv (E . 2 )
 
co s
I− φ
φ = φ +
inv
1
 
In a vari e ty of g e ar g e o m e try cal cu l ati o n s , it is (E . 5 )
2 1
φ
2
n e ce s s ary to s o l ve fo r th e i n ve rs e val u e s of th e s e tan

1
fu n cti o n s , th at i s, g i ve n th e val u e o f th e fu n cti o n , to
Fo r s u cce s s i ve ap p ro xi m ati o n s , u se e q u ati o n E. 5

fi n d th e val u e o f th e an g l e . S u ch cal cu l ati o n s m ay b e
m ad e wi th th e ai d of tab l e s avai l ab l e in pu bl i sh ed
afte r re p l aci n g φ 1
b y th e val u e o f th e an g l e fo u n d in
th e p ri o r ap p ro xi m ati o n .
g e ar l i te ratu re . H o we ve r, th i s p ro ce s s is g e n e ral l y
n ot s u i te d to cal cu l ati o n s m ad e in co m p u te r p ro -
Tab l e E. 1 l i s ts a ran g e of i n vo l u te val u e s up to 1 .0
g ram s . M o re co n ve n i e n t m e th o d s fo r fi n d i n g th e
an d th e “ e xact” val u e s o f th e co rre s p o n d i n g an g l e s ,
i n ve rs e val u e s of th e s e fu n cti o n s are d e s cri b e d
b e l o w.
Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats in b o th d e g re e s an d rad i an s . Al o n g s i d e e ach set of
th e s e val u e s are th e e rro rs , in rad i an s , as s o ci ate d
E.2 Inverse involute function wi th e ach of u p to fo u r s u cce s s i ve ap p ro xi m ati o n s .
NOTE: Th i s cal cu l ati o n is n ot req u i re d in an y of th e

N o te th at fo r an g l e s up to 36 ° , th e s e e rro rs are
n eg l i g i bl e afte r th e s e co n d ap p ro xi m ati o n , an d fo r
°
e q u ati o n s in an n e x A. I t i s p re s e n te d h ere as an ai d to
an g l e s up to ab o u t 55 , are n eg l i g i bl e afte r th e th i rd
th e re ad e r wh o wi l l e n co u n ter th e n ee d i n o th er typ e s o f
ap p ro xi m ati o n . In spu r g e ar cal cu l ati o n s , it is
°
g e ar g e o m e try cal cu l ati o n .
u n l i ke l y th at an g l e s wi l l e xce e d 45 .
M an y m e th o d s fo r p e rfo rm i n g th i s cal cu l ati o n can b e
fo u n d in th e g e ar l i te ratu re , wi th m o s t, bu t n ot al l ,
E.3 Inverse sevolute function
cap ab l e of p ro vi d i n g re s u l ts wi th th e accu racy
Th i s cal cu l ati o n is re q u i re d in e q u ati o n A. 3 2 , in

n eed ed i n m o d e rn cal cu l ati o n s . Th e m e th o d s h o wn
A. 5 . 2 . Th e m e th o d p re s e n te d h e re fo r th e i n ve rs e
h e re wi l l s u p p l y th e re q u i re d accu racy. I t co n s i s ts of
s e vo l u te i s s i m i l ar to th at s h o wn ab o ve i n E . 2 fo r th e
a s e ri e s o f ap p ro xi m ati o n s wh i ch m ay be e xte n d e d
i n ve rs e i n vo l u te .
to ach i e ve e ve n e xtre m e l e ve l s of accu racy. Tab l e
φ
E. 1 d e m o n s trate s th at ve ry fe w i te rati o n s are
Fi rs t ap p ro xi m ati o n , :
1
n eed ed fo r m ost ap p l i cati o n s .
Fi rs t ap p ro xi m ati o n , φ : φ = 0. 8 ( S− 1 ) + 1 .4 ( S− 1 )
1 ∕ 2
(E . 6 )
1
1
φ = 1 . 4 41 ( I )
1 ∕ 3
− 0 . 3 74 I (E . 3 )
wh e re
wh e re S is th e g i ve n val u e o f th e s e vo l u te fu n cti o n .
I is th e g i ve n val u e o f th e i n vo l u te fu n cti o n . NOTE: Th i s e q u ati o n i s s u i tab l e fo r val u e s o f th e s e vo -
l u te fu n cti o n up to 1 . 57. Th i s co rre s p o n d s to val u es of
E q u ati o n E. 3 is s u i tab l e fo r val u e s of th e i n vo l u te

th e p re s su re an g l e ap p ro ach i n g 90 ° . A 45 ° an g l e i s u n -
fu n cti o n u p to 1 . 0 . Th i s co rre s p o n d s to val u e s o f th e l i ke l y to b e e xce ed e d i n an y cal cu l ati o n s fo r s p u r g e ars .
Table E.1 - Errors in the calculation of the inverse involute function

Involute Exact angle Error (approximate - exact), radians
value Degrees Radians First Second Third Fourth
0. 001 0000 8. 2 40 62 42 0. 1 43 82 60 -- 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0. 0000001 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 0020000 1 0. 3 65 691 6 0. 1 8091 54 -- 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 8 8 0. 0000001 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 0050000 1 4. 01 66548 0. 2 4463 68 -- 0 . 0 0 0 0 9 9 2 0. 0000000 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 01 00000 1 7. 5767722 0. 3 0 6772 5 -- 0 . 0 0 0 0 5 8 5 0. 0000000 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 0200000 21 . 981 1 01 8 0. 3 8 3 642 6 0. 00002 50 0. 0000000 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 0500000 2 9. 3377203 0. 51 203 98 0. 0001 2 91 0. 0000000 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 1 000000 3 6. 1 91 42 1 9 0. 63 1 65 95 -- 0 . 0 0 0 2 0 6 5 0. 0000001 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 2000000 44. 1 3 79468 0. 77035 25 -- 0 . 0 0 2 4 5 0 6 0. 00001 21 0. 0000000 0. 00 000 00
0. 5000000 5 5. 8643 701 0. 97501 72 -- 0 . 0 1 8 2 9 4 7 0. 0007329 0. 000001 2 0. 00 000 00
1 . 0000000 64. 8741 61 9 1 . 1 3 22677 -- 0 . 0 6 5 2 6 7 7 0. 01 1 5850 0. 000 3 466 0. 00 000 03
 
S e co n d ap p ro xi m ati o n , : Tab l e E. 2 l i s ts a ran g e o f s e vo l u te val u e s up to 1 .5
2
an d th e “ e xact” val u e s o f th e co rre s p o n d i n g an g l e s ,
+ S −   + 
in b o th d e g re e s an d rad i an s . Al o n g s i d e e ach set of
φ = φ sev φ 1
1

φ
th e s e val u e s are th e e rro rs , in rad i an s , as s o ci ate d
2 1 1
si n
1
wi th e ach o f u p to th re e s u cce s s i ve ap p ro xi m ati o n s .
(E . 7 )
N o te th at fo r an g l e s u p to 4 5 ° , th e s e e rro rs are ve ry
s m al l , possi bl y n eg l i g i bl e afte r th e s e co n d ap p ro xi -
Fo r s u cce s s i ve ap p ro xi m ati o n s , u se e q u ati o n E. 7 m ati o n an d fo r al l an g l e s e ffe cti ve l y ze ro afte r th e
afte r re p l aci n g φ b y th e val u e o f th e an g l e fo u n d in th i rd ap p ro xi m ati o n . In spu r g e ar cal cu l ati o n s , it is
°
1
th e p ri o r ap p ro xi m ati o n . u n l i ke l y th at an g l e s wi l l e xce e d 45 .
Table E.2 - Errors in the calculation of the inverse sevolute function

Sevolute Exact angle Error (approximate - exact), radians
value Degrees Radians First Second Third
1 . 001 00000 2. 600901 25 0. 045 3 942 9 -- 0 . 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 0 0. 000001 1 0 0. 00000000
1 . 00200000 3 . 701 1 1 645 0. 06459667 -- 0 . 0 0 0 3 8 6 7 6 0. 000001 09 0. 00000000
1 . 00500000 5. 92 462 045 0. 1 03 4041 3 -- 0 . 0 0 0 4 0 9 1 8 0. 00000073 0. 00000000
1 . 01 000000 8. 4963 8966 0. 1 482 8997 -- 0 . 0 0 0 2 8 9 9 7 0. 00000025 0. 00000000
1 . 02 000000 1 2 . 2 562 3 61 0 0 . 2 1 3 91 1 67 0. 00007822 0. 00000001 0. 00000000
1 . 05000000 2 0 . 1 62 8 81 71 0. 3 51 908 67 0. 001 1 4084 0. 000001 31 0. 00000000
1 . 1 0000000 2 9. 8 3 6601 74 0. 52 074694 0. 001 971 93 0. 000002 25 0. 00000000
1 . 20000000 45 . 053 693 01 0. 786335 28 -- 0 . 0 0 0 2 3 6 2 5 0. 00000002 0. 00000000
1 . 50000000 81 . 8 73 68867 1 . 42 8 965 44 -- 0 . 0 3 9 0 1 5 9 4 0. 000 065 02 0. 00000000
Annex F
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Test for fillet interference by the tooth of the mating gear

F.1 Introduction -- to o th th i ckn e s s at re fe re n ce d i am e te r, t MG

(o n l y
fo r cal cu l ati o n o f ti g h t m esh ce n te r d i s tan ce) .
Th i s an n e x i s p ro vi d e d as an ai d to th e g e ar d e s i g n e r,
to b e u s e d to d e te rm i n e i f i n te rfe re n ce at th e fi l l e t o f
F.3 Center distance and operating pressure
on e g e ar by th e ti p of th e to o th of th e m ati n g g e ar
angle
e xi s ts .
F.3.1 Tight mesh center distance
An n e x A p ro vi d e s m e an s fo r cal cu l ati n g th e p o i n t b y
Th e ti g h t m esh ce n te r d i s tan ce can be cal cu l ate d
p o i n t s h ap e o f th e fi l l e t o f a g e ar. Th i s s h ap e m ay b e
fro m th e g e ar d ata ab o ve . Th e e q u ati o n s m ay be
a tro ch o i d g e n e rate d by th e fi l l e t of a g e n e rati n g

m ad e s i m p l e r b y m e an s o f s o m e p re l i m i n ary cal cu l a-
b as i c rack or it m ay be a ci rcu l ar -- arc of s p e ci fi e d

ti o n s .
Step 1 .
rad i u s tan g e n t to th e ro o t ci rcl e an d to th e i n vo l u te
P i tch (o r re fe re n ce ) d i am e te rs of th e two
to o th fl an k.
g e ars :
Th i s an n e x
n e arb y p ath ,
p ro vi d e s
p o i n t b y p o i n t,
m e an s fo r
fo l l o we d
cal cu l ati n g
b y th e ti p o f th e
th e
d G
=N m G
(F. 1 )
m ati n g g e ar to o th . I n te rfe re n ce is i n d i cate d if th e d MG

=N MG
m (F. 2 )
co m b i n e d g rap h i cal pl ot of th e fi l l e t an d ti p p ath

Step 2. R e fe ren ce ce n te r d i s tan ce :
+d
s h o ws an o ve rl ap b e twe e n th e two cu rve s . C l e ar-
d
an ce is i n d i cate d if th e re is a g ap b e twe e n th e two
C= G MG
(F. 3 )
2
cu rve s al o n g th e i r e n ti re co rre s p o n d i n g l e n g th . I f th e
fi l l e t i s a ci rcu l ar -- arc, a cal cu l ati o n m e th o d

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Step 3. C i rcu l ar p i tch :
i n te rfe re n ce or cl e aran ce is p ro vi d e d , avo i d i n g th e

p c
= πm (F. 4 )
n eed fo r g rap h i cal p l o ts .
Step 4.
 
P re s s u re an g l e at ti g h t m esh ce n te r
F.2 Input data for the graphical plots d i s tan ce :
F.2.1 Data common to the two gears

−
p −t −t 
-- m od u l e, m ;
φ T
= inv
1
(i n v φ ) + c
2
G
C
MG
(F. 5 )
φ
Step 5.
-- p re s s u re an g l e , ;
Ti g h t m esh ce n te r d i s tan ce :
-- minimum ce n te r d i s tan ce , C .
C φ
AN
F.2.2 Data for the gear whose fillet is defined C = 

( co s

)
(F. 6 )
T
φ
(with G as the final subscript)
co s
T
F.3.2 Specified minimum center distance

-- n u m ber o f te e th , N G
;
t
Th e te s t fo r ti p -- fi l l e t i n te rfe re n ce can b e m ad e at an y
-- to o th th i ckn e s s at refe re n ce d i am e te r, ;
G
ce n te r d i s tan ce , ke e p i n g in mind th at a ce n te r
-- co o rd i n ate s o f th e p o i n t b y p o i n t d ata o f th e fi l l e t, d i s tan ce s m al l e r th an th e ti g h t m e s h ce n te r d i s tan ce
re fe re n ce d to an X -- axi s on th e to o th ce n te rl i n e ,
i s n ot possi bl e. Th e s e l e cte d ce n te r d i s tan ce s h o u l d
x fG
, y fG
. See A. 4 . 5 o r A. 5 . 6 .
re fl e ct th e m i n i m u m val u e , C AN
, to b e e n co u n te re d in
F.2.3 Data for the mating gear (with MG as the th e as s e m b l y o f th e p ro d u ct. I f i t h as b e e n p re vi o u s l y
final subscript) e s tab l i s h e d th at th i s is th e s am e as th e ti g h t m esh
ce n te r d i s tan ce , o r i f th e i n te rfe re n ce an al ys i s i s to b e
-- n u m ber o f te e th , N MG
;
co n s e rvati ve , th e n th e ti g h t m esh ce n te r d i s tan ce
-- o u ts i d e d i am e te r, d OM G
; b e co m e s th e s p e ci fi e d minimum val u e , o r:
-- ti p rad i u s , r rM G
; C AN
≥ C T
(F. 7 )
F.3.3 Operating pitch diameters

φ =   d BM G
 
(F. 1 4 )
d
arcco s
rC M G
Th e re l ati ve m o ti o n b e twe e n th e two g e ars can be rC M G
r
= +
re p re s e n te d b y two tan g e n t cyl i n d e rs ro l l i n g o n e ach
φ φ
2
rM G
d
arctan tan
o th e r wi th o u t sl i ppi n g . Th e d i am e te rs of th e s e
OEM G rC M G
BM G
cyl i n d e rs are th e two o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te rs (F. 1 5 )
t
=
wh i ch m eet th e fo l l o wi n g co n d i ti o n s :
α BM G
d
BM G
(F. 1 6 )
-- as tan g e n t cyl i n d e rs , th e su m o f th e i r rad i i m u st MG
m atch th e s p e ci fi e d ce n te r d i s tan ce ; R e fe rri n g to e q u ati o n A. 8 an d re arran g i n g term s :
-- as cyl i n d e rs th at ro l l wi th o u t s l i p p i n g wh i l e m ai n -
α rC B M G
= α BM G
+ inv φ− tan φ O EM G
+φ rC M G
tai n i n g th e i r ro l l i n g rati o , th e d i am e te rs m u s t b e i n
(F. 1 7 )
th e s am e rati o as th e i r n u m b e rs o f te e th .
F.4 Path of tip of mating gear

Th e s e d i am e te rs are th e re fo re d e fi n e d as fo l l o ws :
In fi g u re F. 2 , th e g e ar is re p re s e n te d as fi xe d in
N C
=
p o s i ti o n wh i l e th e m ati n g g e ar i s s h o wn in a ro tate d
N 
2
d G AN
+N
(F. 8 )
AG p o s i ti o n . Th i s arran g e m e n t i s fo r co n ve n i e n ce , s i n ce
G MG
th e an al ys i s i s co n ce rn e d wi th re l ati ve p o s i ti o n o n l y.
N C
= N 
2 Th e fi g u re al s o s h o ws th e p i tch p o i n t, P P, th e poi n t
d MG AN
+N
(F. 9 )
AM G
wh e re th e o p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e s of th e two g e ars
G MG
F.3.4 Adjustments for minimum center distance

co m e to g e th e r. A line d rawn fro m th i s p i tch poi n t
th ro u g h th e ce n te r of th e ti p rad i u s , poi n t RCM G ,
e s tab l i s h e s a p o i n t o n th e ti p rad i u s , p o i n t R M G . Th i s
Wh e n th e minimum ce n te r d i s tan ce is g re ater th an
poi n t b e co m e s a poi n t on th e p ath of th e ti p of th e

th e ti g h t m esh ce n te r d i s tan ce , th e d i ffe ren ce is
 
m ati n g g e ar. Th i s p ath is a cu rve m ad e up fro m a
re fl e cte d in th e o p e rati n g p re s s u re an g l e :
co l l e cti o n o f s u ch p o i n ts , p l o tte d as i f th e y we re fi xe d
φ
φ A
= arcco s C
( co s
C
)
(F. 1 0 )
on th e g e ar an d l o cate d n e ar i ts fi l l e t.
are s i m i l arl y d e fi n e d as th e m ati n g g e ar co n ti n u e s i ts

Th e s e p o i n ts
AN
ro tati o n aro u n d th e g e ar.
Fu rth e rm o re , th e two g e ars wi l l o p e rate wi th b ack-
l as h . D e al i n g wi th th i s b ackl as h in th e an al ys i s is
F.4.1 Limits of the path
avo i d e d b y ad j u s ti n g th e to o th th i ckn e s s val u e i n th e
Th e en d p o i n ts of th e p ath are d e fi n e d by th e en d
m ati n g g e ar. Th i s b ackl as h ad j u s te d to o th th i ckn e s s p o i n ts of th e ti p ro u n d on th e m ati n g g e ar, p o i n ts
i s: OEM G an d O RM G , s h o wn in fi g u re F. 2 . Fo r e ach
t BM G
= p c
−t + G
2 C  inv φ A
− (i n v φ )  p o i n t,
th e
th e
m ati n g
co rre s p o n d i n g
g e ar h as ro tate d
p ath poi n t
u n ti l th e
ap p e ars
p i tch
wh e n
poi n t is
co rre s p o n d i n g l y p o s i ti o n e d . At th i s p o s i ti o n , a
(F. 1 1 )
s trai g h t line co n n e cts th re e p o i n ts :
Fi g u re F. 1 s h o ws th e two g e ars p o s i ti o n e d wi th o u t
-- th e p i tch p o i n t, PP;
an y re l ati ve ro tati o n , wi th th e ce n te rl i n e o f th e m ati n g
-- th e ce n te r of th e m ati n g g e ar ti p rad i u s ce n te r,
g e ar to o th s p ace in line wi th th e ce n te rl i n e of th e
poi n t RCM G ; an d
to o th o f th e g e ar. I t al s o s h o ws th e ti p rad i u s o f th e
m ati n g g e ar an d i ts p o i n ts of tan g e n cy to th e -- th e s e l e cte d poi n t on th e m ati n g g e ar ti p ro u n d ,
i n vo l u te , poi n t OEM G , an d to th e re m ai n i n g to p l an d , RM G .
poi n t O RM G , al s o s h o wn i n fi g u re F. 2 . Th e ce n te r o f
Th e ro tati o n an g l e of th e m ati n g g e ar, γ MG
, th at
th e ti p rad i u s is l o cate d on th e m ati n g g e ar by i ts

co rre s p o n d s wi th e ach of th e p o i n ts can be d e te r-
rad i al d i s tan ce fro m th e g e ar ce n te r, r rC M G

, an d b y i ts
m i n ed fro m th i s re q u i re m e n t.
F.4.1 .1 Limit for point OE

an g u l ar l o cati o n re l ati ve to th e ad j u s te d to o th
ce n te rl i n e , α rC B M G
. Th e s e m ay be cal cu l ate d as
s h o wn i n A. 3 . 1 an d A. 3 . 2 . U s i n g th e n e w s u b s cri p ts , Th e co n d i ti o n s fo r th i s l i m i t are b as e d on th e m ati n g
e q u ati o n s A. 1 , A. 3 , A. 4 , A. 5 , A. 7 an d A. 8 b e co m e : g e ar co n tacti n g th e fi xe d g e ar at th e p o i n t O E M G at a
d rC M G
=d OMG
− 2 r rM G
(F. 1 2 )
s l i g h tl y ro tate d p o s i ti o n co m p are d to fi g u re F. 2 . A
=d
s trai g h t line co n n e cts th e th re e p o i n ts as n o te d
d BM G MG
( co s φ ) (F. 1 3 )
ab o ve .
To o th C
L
r rC M G
To m ati n g
Poi n t ORM G at
g ear ce n te r
re m ai n i n g to p l an d
α rC B M G
Ti p rad i u s, r rM G
To m ati n g
Poi n t OEM G at e ffecti ve

g ear ce n te r
o u ts i d e d i am ete r
To o th p i tch
Poi n t RCM G -- C e n te r
an g l e , β MG
o f ti p ro u n d
To o th C S p ace C (m ati n g g e ar)

L L
(g e ar)
C i rcu l ar to o th
th i ckn e s s (m ati n g
g e ar) , t
BM G
S tan d ard p i tch
ci rcl e (m ati n g g e ar)
O p e rati n g p i tch
ci rcl e (g e ar) , d AG
O p e rati n g p i tch ci rcl e
(m ati n g g e ar) , dAM G
Figure F.1 - Gear and mating gear (with tooth thickness increased) in tight mesh at specific center
distance
P i tch poi n t To m ati n g
PP g e ar cen te r
Poi n t
γ MG
R o tati o n an g l e , To o th C MG
L
RCM G
MG
To m ati n g
α
To o th C
L g e ar ce n te r
rC B M G
(m ati n g g e ar)
Poi n t
β MG
O RM G
2
γ G
Com m on ce n t-
Poi n t
RM G
e rl i n e ro tati o n
S p ace C MG
L
an g l e (G ) Poi n t OEM G
To o th C
L
(g e ar)
d i am e te r (g e ar)
d i am ete r (m ati n g
g e ar)
Figure F.2 - Mating gear rotated around a fixed gear
Th e m ati n g g e ar ro tati o n an g l e th at co rre s p o n d s to Step 2. Fi n d th e x y , co o rd i n ate s o f th e p i tch poi n t
th e l i m i t p o i n t O E M G i s d e fi n e d as γ OEM G
s u ch th at: an d m ati n g g e ar ce n te r re fe re n ce d to th e g e ar axe s .
γ = φ −φ −α (F. 1 8 )
x = 0. 5 d co s γ (F. 2 6 )
=
PPj AG rj G
γ
O EM G OEM G A OEBM G
y 0. 5 d si n (F. 2 7 )
=
PPj AG rj G
γ
wh e re
x C co s (F. 2 8 )
α =
CM G j AN rj G
OEBM G
i s th e h al f to o th th i ckn e s s an g l e at th e e f-
y CM G j
C AN
si n γ rj G
(F. 2 9 )
Step 3.
fe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r s u ch th at:
x y
= + φ−
Fi n d th e , co o rd i n ate s o f th e ce n ter o f th e
α O EBM G
α BM G
inv inv φ OEM G
(F. 1 9 )
m ati n g g e ar ti p rad i u s .
F.4.1 .2 Limit for point OR x =x − d

γ 
0. 5
rC M G j CM G j rC M G
At th i s limit co n d i ti o n , th e m ati n g g e ar h as been × co s

rj G
+γ rj M G
+α rC B M G
(F. 3 0 )
ro tate d to a p o s i ti o n wh i ch p l ace s th e poi n t O RM G

y =y − 0. 5 d
γ 
o n th e s trai g h t l i n e co n n e cti n g th e ce n te rs o f th e two
g e ars . Th e ro tati o n an g l e o f th e m ati n g g e ar fo r th i s × si n

rj G
+γ rj M G
+α rC B M G
(F. 3 1 )
limit i s:
wh e re
γ ORM G
=−α rC B M G
(F. 2 0 )
d rC M G
is th e d i am e te r to th e ti p rad i u s ce n te r --
F.4.2 Path point selection see e q u ati o n A. 1 .
Step 4. Fi n d th e x y , co o rd i n ate s o f th e p o i n t o n th e
A co n ve n i e n t co m p l e m e n t of p ath p o i n ts m ay be
m ati n g g e ar ti p rad i u s .

cal cu l ate d fro m th e s e limit val u e s of m ati n g g e ar
D i s tan ce o f ce n te r o f ti p rad i u s fro m p i tch poi n t

ro tati o n an g l e s wi th ap p ro xi m ate l y e q u al l y s p ace d
i n te rm e d i ate val u e s .
th e val u e o f e ach ro tati o n an g l e

Th e fo l l o wi n g
γ rj M G
e q u ati o n
fo r e ach val u e
g i ve s
j Ã rP P j
= x PP j
−x rC M G j
 +2
y PP j
−y rC M G j
 2
n.
 
to th e to tal n u m ber o f an g l e s ,
(F. 3 2 )
Th e re fo re
γ =
at
γ
th e OR p o i n t, wh e re j =1
(F. 2 1 )
x rj
= x PPj
−
Ã rP P j
Ã
+r
rP P j
rM G
x PPj
−x rC M G j

r1 M G ORM G
 
j n
(F. 3 3 )

an d at th e OE p o i n t, wh e re =
γ = γ Ã +r
rn M G ORM G
(F. 2 2 )
y rj
= y PPj
− rP P j
Ã rP P j
rM G
y PPj
−y rC M G j
At al l i n te rm e d i ate p o i n ts ,
(F. 3 4 )
γ n− j + γ j− F.5 Test for path point interference

=
( ) ( 1 )
γ
n−
r1 M G rn M G
(F. 2 3 )
rj M G
( 1 )
As n o te d i n F. 1 , th e te s t fo r i n te rfe re n ce can b e m ad e
fo r ( j = 2 to n -- 1 ) by g rap h i cal l y p l o tti n g th e s e p o i n ts al o n g s i d e th e
F.4.3 Calculation of path points projected on the

p o i n ts u sed to d e fi n e th e g e ar fi l l e t. I f th e fi l l e t was
r
“fixed” gear
d e fi n e d b y a ci rcu l ar -- arc o f rad i u s , wi th i ts ce n te r at
f
x fC
, y fC
as d e s cri b e d in A. 5 . 3 , a n u m e ri cal te s t m ay
Step 1 . γ Fo r e ach
rj M G
, cal cu l ate th e co rre s p o n d i n g
be ap p l i e d .
val u e o f th e ro tati o n an g l e o n th e g e ar, γ rj G

, u s i n g th e
Fo r e ach o f th e p ath p o i n ts fro m F. 4 . 3 , cal cu l ate i ts
  
fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n :
d i s tan ce fro m th e fi l l e t arc ce n te r:
γ rj G
= γ rj M G
+
β MG
2
N
N
MG
G
(F. 2 4 ) z fC j
= x rj
−x fC
 + y − y 
2
rj fC
2
(F. 3 5 )
I f an y o f th e s e d i s tan ce val u e s i s l arg e r th an th e fi l l e t

wh e re
rad i u s , r ,
f
i n te rfe re n ce is p re s e n t.
β MG
is th e to o th p i tch an g l e at th e m ati n g g e ar.
If th e fi l l e t was d e fi n e d by a tro ch o i d cu rve as
β MG
= 3 60
N
(F. 2 5 )
d e s cri b e d in A. 4 , th e n u m e ri cal te s t wo u l d be m o re
MG co m p l e x an d i s b e yo n d th e s co p e o f th i s d o cu m e n t.
Annex G
(i n fo rm ati ve )
Calculation examples
G.1 Purpose C -- 2 S tre s s co rre cti o n facto r (s e e G . 4. 2 )
Th e cal cu l ati o n e xam p l e s in th i s an n e x s e rve th e

D -- cal cu l ate th e d e s i g n s tre n g th , s t
, e q u ati o n s 3
th o u g h 1 0 (s e e G . 5) .
d u al p u rp o s e of h el pi n g to cl ari fy th e p ro ce d u re s
e xp l ai n e d i n th i s d o cu m e n t an d p ro vi d i n g a te s t cas e
E -- cal cu l ate th e co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r
fo r an y co m p u te r p ro g ram s p re p are d fo r th e s e
s tre n g th , K s
, e q u ati o n s 1 1 th ro u g h 1 8 (s e e G . 6 ) .
p ro ce d u re s . Th e fo l l o wi n g s e cti o n s b e g i n wi th a fl o w
d i ag ram i l l u s trati n g th e vari o u s s te p s an d th e i r

F -- cal cu l ate th e o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te r, d c
,
e q u ati o n 1 9 (u s e re s u l ts fro m e q u ati o n s A. 6 7

p ro p e r o rd e r to d e te rm i n e th e l o ad cap aci ty o f a P /M
an d A. 6 8 , see G . 7) .
g e ar. Th i s is fo l l o we d wi th a d e tai l e d e xam p l e
p ro b l e m u si n g a g e ar m e s h as s u m i n g fri cti o n in th e G -- cal cu l ate th e e ffe cti ve face wi d th , F e

, e q u a-
s ys te m . Th e fi n al e xam p l e d e s cri b e s th e cal cu l a- ti o n s 20 th ro u g h 21 (s e e G . 8) .
J
ti o n s to te s t fo r fi l l e t i n te rfe re n ce .
H -- cal cu l ate th e g e o m e try facto r, , e q u ati o n s
G.1 .1 Sequence of calculations 2 2 th ro u g h 2 4 (u s e re s u l ts fro m s te p B an d s te p
C ab o ve , see G . 9) .
D u e to th e m u l ti p l e s te p s re q u i re d i n d e te rm i n i n g th e
l o ad cap aci ty, th e fo l l o wi n g s e q u e n ce o u tl i n e s th e s e I -- cal cu l ate th e co m b i n e d ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r
s te p s in a p re fe rre d o rd e r to e n s u re al l e l e m e n ts of l o ad i n g , Kw
, e q u ati o n s 2 5 th ro u g h 3 3 (s e e G . 1 0 ) .
m
th e cal cu l ati o n are co n s i d e re d . Th e g o al is to
J -- d e te rm i n e th e m o d u l e , , fro m th e g e ar d ata
cal cu l ate al l s e ve n facto rs re q u i re d fo r d e te rm i n i n g

tab l e .
th e re s u l t o f e q u ati o n 1 or 2.
Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats K -- cal cu l ate th e l o ad cap aci ty u si n g th e s e ve n
B e fo re an y cal cu l ati o n s beg i n , l i s t al l p e rti n e n t g e ar

i te m s d e te rm i n e d in s te p s D, E, F, G, H, I, J
d ata as i l l u s trate d by th e d ata e n tri e s in tab l e G. 1 .

ab o ve (s e e G. 1 1 ) .
A -- cal cu l ate
e q u ati o n s A. 1
g e ar
th ro u g h
g e o m e try
A. 8 5 .
per an n e x A,
G.1 .2 Source of example data

Th e fi rs t e xam p l e u s e s te s t g e ar d ata p ro vi d e d b y th e
A-- 1 Ti p rad i u s g e o m e try (s e e G . 2. 1 )
C e n te r fo r P o wd e r M e tal l u rg y Te ch n o l o g y (C P M T) .
A-- 2 G e n e rate d tro ch o i d fi l l e t p o i n ts (s e e
CPM T co n d u cted a th re e ye ar s i n g l e to o th ben d i n g

G . 2. 2)
fati g u e te s t p ro g ram u si n g P /M g e ars m an u factu re d

A-- 3 C i rcu l ar -- arc in p l ace of tro ch o i d (s e e
wi th a vari e ty o f m ate ri al s an d p ro ce s s i n g co n d i ti o n s .
G . 2. 3)
O n e s u ch s e t o f p ro ce s s i n g co n d i ti o n s was s e l e cte d
A-- 4 I n vo l u te p ro fi l e d ata (s e e G . 2 . 4)
fo r th i s cal cu l ati o n e xam p l e .
A-- 5 O p e rati n g l i n e o f acti o n an d p i tch ci rcl e
d ata (s e e G . 2. 5) G.2 Annex A - Calculation of spur gear

A-- 6 C o n tact co n d i ti o n s (s e e G . 2 . 6)
geometry features
B -- cal cu l ate fo rm facto r, Y , e q u ati o n s B. 1
G e ar fro m g e ar te s t p ro g ram (s e e tab l e G. 1 ) .
th ro u g h B. 1 9.
B -- 1 C ri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n (s e e G . 3. 1 )
G.2.1 Tip radius geometry (see A.3).
B -- 2 C ri ti cal fi l l e t s e cti o n (s e e G . 3. 2)
G.2.1 .1 Effective outside diameter (see A.3.1 ):
Step 1 .
B -- 3 M axi m u m ben d i n g s tre s s (s e e G . 3. 3)
d
B -- 4 N o n -- d i m e n s i o n al Y facto r (s e e G . 3 . 4)
(fi g u re
D i am e te r
G. 1 )
at th e ce n te r o f th e ti p ro u n d ,
rC
K
=d −
C -- cal cu l ate th e s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r, ,
d r
f
2 (A. 1 )
e q u ati o n s C. 1 th ro u g h C. 5. r
rC O
= 85. 3440 − 2 ( 0 . 7 62 0 )
=
C -- 1 E l as ti c s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r (s e e
G . 4. 1 ) 83. 8200 mm
Table G.1 - Gear data

Feature Symbol Pinion Gear Mesh
N u m ber o f te e th N 24 40
M od u l e m 3. 1 750 3 . 1 750
P re s s u re an g l e φ 2 0. 000 2 0. 000
O u ts i d e d i am e te r d O
85. 3 440 1 31 . 241 8
Root d i am e te r d R
69. 92 62 1 1 6. 53 52
Ti p rad i u s r r
0. 762 0 0. 7620
Arc to o th th i ckn e s s t 5. 7277 4. 2 469
Fi l l e t rad i u s r f
1 . 351 3 1 . 6993
C e n te r d i s tan ce C A
1 01 . 7270
Face wi d th F 1 2 . 7000 1 2 . 0000
To o th -- to -- to o th V qT
25. 4 m i cro m e te rs
Ri m th i ckn e s s t R
9. 9441
M ate ri al FL -- 44 0 5 -- 1 2 5 H T
Fati g u e limit G -- 1 0 s tT
290 N /m m
2
U l ti m ate te n s i l e s uT
930 N /m m
2
s tre n g th
Yo u n g ’ s M od u l u s E 1 3 5, 000 N /m m
2
N u m ber o f l o ad n 5. 0 × 1 0
6
cycl e s
(u n i d i re cti o n al )
N u m ber o f u n i ts fo r n u
1 0, 000
wh i ch on e fai l u re wi l l
be to l e rate d
AG M A Q u al i ty Q v
9
Pi n i on is m o u n te d in a m ach i n e d h o u si n g wi th s l e e ve b e ari n g s
B e ari n g s p an = 2 4. 0 0
P i tch line ve l o ci ty = 7. 62 m /s e c
Step 2. S tan d ard p i tch d i am e te r, d Step 3. B as e ci rcl e d i am e te r, d

B
(fi g u re G . 2)
d= Nm (A. 2 ) d = d ( co s φ ) (A. 3 )
=
B
=
(2 4 ) (3 . 1 7 5 0 )
76. 2 000 mm
= 7 6 . 2 0 0 0 co s ( 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
= 7 1 . 60 4 6 mm
r r
d /2 d B
/2
d φ
d rc
O
Figure G.1 Figure G.2
Step 4. P re s s u re an g l e at ce n te r of ti p ro u n d , φ rC a = r B
tan φ  rC
φ  = a+ r

(fi g u re G . 3)
( )
r
r
r φ  + r 
tan
d
OE
=
B
φ d
B
=
arcco s (A. 4 ) tan
rC r
B rC
r
 
rC
 φ  + rr
B
= arcco s
7 1 . 60 46
83 . 82 00
= tan
rC
r
φ  + d r
B
= = 2
 
r
arcco s ( 0 . 8 5 42 7 )
tan
=
rC
B
31 . 321 3 d e g re es
= 0. 5467 rad i an s
φ OE
= arctan tan  φ  + dr
rC
2
r
φ
r
=
rC
co s φ rC r
B
Step 6.
rC
d
d
E ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e te r,
=
OE

B
r rC
co s
rC
d rC
d
r B
φ =
d B d = φ 
B
(A. 6 )
d
OE
arcco s
φ co s
rC
OE
rC
rC
= 71 . 6 0 4 6
co s ( 3 2 . 2 0 2 8 )
Figure G.3 = 8 4 . 62 2 2 mm
Step 5.
G.2.1 .2 Remaining top land, tOR (see A.3.2)
P re s s u re an g l e at e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e d i am e -
 
te r, (fi g u re G . 4)
OE
φ = φ + StepSharing
Get more FREEr standards from Standard 1.2
Group and our chats α
r
To o th th i ckn e s s h al f an g l e ,
d
arctan tan (A. 5 )
 
OE rC
= arctan tan ( 3 1 . 3 2 1 3 ) + 2 (0 . 7 6 2 )
α = dt (A. 7 )
71 . 6 0 4 6
= arctan (0 . 6 2 9 8 0 ) = 5 . 72 77
=
76. 2000
32. 2028 d e g re es
= 0. 0751 7 rad i an s
Step 2. t
φ
R e m ai n i n g to p l an d ,
OR
OE
φ rC
a
t OR
= d O
α + (i n v φ ) − tan φ OE
+ φ rC

= +
(A. 8 )
85. 3440 [0 . 0 7 5 1 7 i n v (2 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
φ OE
− tan (3 2 . 2 0 2 8 ) + 0. 541 7]
= 0. 5 91 3 mm
r B G.2.2 Generated trochoid fillet points (see A.4)

NOTE: Th e e xam p l e g ear s e l e cte d fo r th e s e cal cu l a-
ti o n s h as a ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l et. Th e fo l l o wi n g tro ch o i d fi l -
l e t cal cu l ati o n s are u s e d to d e m o n s trate th e u s e o f th e
fo rm u l as in th i s s ecti o n an d are n ot u sed e l se wh ere in
Figure G.4 th e exam p l e cal cu l ati o n s.
G.2.2.1 Specified basic rack proportions (see M axi m u m b as i c rack fi l l e t rad i u s , r (fi g u re G . 6)
A.4.1 .1 )
fB R X
 φ
πm −b φ
co s
t
=
si n
r
BR (A. 1 1 )
−
B as i c rack to o th th i ckn e s s , (fi g u re G . 5) 4
 
BR
fB R X
φ
= πm
1 si n
t  
−
(A. 9 )
π
BR co s 2 0 . 0 0 0 0
2
π
3. 1 750 4 . 1 5 4 0 (s i n 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
= =
(3 . 1 7 5 0 ) 4
2
1 − si n 20. 0000
= 4. 9873 mm
= 2 . 3 43 3 − 1 . 42 0 8
0. 6580
b
=
B as i c rack d ed en d u m ,
 
BR
1 . 402 0 mm
t− t
b = Nm+ BR
−d G.2.2.2 Calculated basic rack data (see A.4.1 .2)
φ
(A. 1 0 )
0. 5
Br R

tan
b
= + 5 . 72 77 − 4. 9873
B as i c rack fo rm d ed en d u m ,
fB R
(fi g u re G . 7)
= −r −
( 3 . 1 75 0 )
φ
0. 5 24
b b

tan 2 0. 0 000 (1 )
si n (A. 1 2 )
−
fB R BR fB R
69. 92 62
= − (1 − s i n (2 0 . 0 0 0 0 ) )
= + −
4. 1 540 1 . 351 3
0 . 5 (7 6 . 2 0 0 2 . 03 42 69 . 9 2 6 2 )
= − (0 . 6 5 8 0 )
=
4. 1 540 1 . 351 3
4. 1 540 mm
= 3 . 2 64 9 mm
t t− t
b=
BR
BR
2
2 tan φ
N o m i n al p i tch line
φ G e n e rati n g p i tch line
t b BR
d
c= R
a = d= 2
Nm
2
2
Figure G.5
N o m i n al
= b − r − r 
p i tch line
G e n e rati n g
b fB R BR fB R fB R
si n φ
=b −r −
p i tch line
b fB R BR fB R
(1 si n φ )
b
φ
fB R
b BR
r fB R X
r fB R
Figure G.6
Figure G.7
C o o rd i n ate al o n g th e G -- axi s , g fB R
(fi g u re G . 8) G.2.2.3 Rack shift (see A.4.2 and figure G.1 0)
t− t
+ b − r 
t r
g fB R
= BR
2
BR fB R
tan φ+ co s
fB R
φ (A. 1 3 ) y RS
= 2 tan
BR
φ (A. 1 5 )
= 4 . 9 8 73
2
+ 4. 1 540 − 1 . 351 3
 tan
 2 0 . 000 0
 = 5. 7277 − 4. 9 8 7 3
2 tan (2 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
+ co s

1 . 351 3
20. 0000
 = 1 . 01 71 mm
= 2 . 4937 + 1 . 02 01 + 1 . 43 80
= 4. 951 8 mm
t BR
g fB R
φ N o m i n al p i tch line
t BR
G e n e rati n g p i tch line

2
y
φ RS
t
b r fB R
a
2
φ
Figure G.1 0
Figure G.8 C o o rd i n ate al o n g H -- axi s (m e as u re d fro m G y -- axi s ) ,
h
t
(fi g u re G.1 1 )
= + a+ b
yfB R
g BR
h =h −y
b 
fB R yfBR fB R RS (A. 1 6 )
= −
2
a= −r tan φ 2 . 8 02 7 1 . 01 71
=
BR fB R
r
b=
1 . 7856 mm
fB R
co s φ Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
+ b − r 
t r
g = BR
tan φ+ fB R
φ
y
fB R BR fB R
2 co s
RS G e n e rati n g p i tch line
C o o rd i n ate al o n g th e H -- axi s , h fB R
(fi g u re G . 9)
h fB R
= b BR
−r fB R
(A. 1 4 )
= 4. 1 540 − 1 . 351 3
h fB R h
=
yfB R
2 . 802 7 mm
Figure G.11
h fB R
b
 >  d 
BR Te s t fo r u n d e rcu tti n g :
If b fB R
−y RS
2
si n
2
φ  ; th e re is
 ≤  d 
r
b 
u n d e rcu tti n g .
−y
fB R
If
fB R RS
si n
2
φ ; th e re is no
Figure G.9
2
u n d e rcu tti n g . (A. 1 7 )
d  si n
2
φ = 76 . 2 0 0 0
( s i n (2 0 . 0 0 0 0 ) )
2 G.2.2.5 Fillet point coordinates (see A.4.5)
2
=
2
Step 1 . P i tch ρ poi n t p o l ar rad i u s , (fi g u re G. 1 2)
b =
f
4. 4569
−y 3 . 2649 − 1 . 0 1 71
Ã =
h yfB R
+r
=
fB R RS
θ
(A. 2 3 )
f fB R
2 . 2 47 8 si n
f
th e re fo re , th e re is no u n d e rcu tti n g .
f
G.2.2.4 Fillet point selection (see A.4.4)
1 :
θ n  − k + θ k−
Ã = 1 . 7856
+ 1 . 3 51 3 = 3 . 1 3 69 mm
=
f1
( 1 ) s i n (9 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
θ
n −
f1 f fn
(A. 2 2 )
f
1
f
5:
f
Fo r k = 1 to n f
Ã f1 5
= 1 . 7856
s i n (5 8 . 8 8 8 9 )
+ 1 . 351 3 = 3 . 43 6 9 mm
n = 1 0
f
f
=
1 0:
θ 90. 0000 d e g ree s (A. 2 0 )
= φ= = + =
f1
θ 20. 0000 d e g re es (A. 2 0 )

Ã f1 0
1 . 7856
1 . 351 3 6. 5 7 2 0 mm
fn s i n (2 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
Step 2.
 
k = 1 :
G e n e rati n g ro l l an g l e , ε f
(fi g u re G. 1 3)
θ = 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 (1 0 − + 1 ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 (1 − 1 )
h θ
− +
co s
g
yfB R f
θ
f1
1 0 1
=
2
fB R
si n
ε =
f
90. 000 0 d e g re es
(A. 2 4 )
k f
d
  
= 5:
f
θ = 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 (1 0 − + 5) 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 (5 − 1 )
1 :
f5
−  
+
1 0 1
=
co s 90. 00 00
58. 888 9 d e g re es 2 4. 9 5 1 8 1 . 7856
si n  90. 0000 
k = 1 0:
ε =
− + −
f1
7 6. 2 0 0 0
θ = 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 (1 0 1 0)
−
2 0 . 0 0 0 0 (1 0 1 )
= 0. 1 300 rad i an s
= =
f1 0
1 0 1
2 0. 0000 d e g re es 7 . 4 46 6 d e g re e s
h yfB R
θ f
P i tch poi n t
r fB R
ρ f
B as i c rack
G e n e rati n g
Poi n t on
p i tch line on
tro ch o i d
X
b as i c rack
G e n e rati n g
G e ar ce n te r
ci rcl e on g e ar
Figure G.1 2
h yfB R
θ f
Y d P i tch poi n t
ε
d
2
f
ε
g fB R
f B as i c
ε
rack L
X
G e n e rati n g
G e ar G e n e rati n g
p i tch line on
ce n te r ci rcl e on g e ar
b as i c rack
Figure G.1 3
   
f
5: f 1 :
  = +2
−

+ v
co s 58. 8889 7 6. 2 0 0 0 2
 
3 . 1 3 69 76 . 2 0 0 0
f1
2 4. 9 5 1 8 1 . 7856 2
si n 5 8. 88 89
1 /2
ε f5
= 7 6. 2 0 0 0
× (3 . 1 3 6 9 ) (s i n 9 0 . 0 0 0 ) = 3 4. 9 6 3 1
= 0. 1 583
rad i an s
= 9 . 0 67 2 d e g re e s α f1
= 7. 44 66 − arcs i n
3 . 1 3 6 9 co s ( 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
3 4. 9631
  
f
1 0:
7 . 4 46 6 d e g re e s
 

f
+
co s 20. 0000 5:
 
+
2 4. 9 5 1 8 1 . 7856
si n 2 0. 00 00
= = −
2

ε f3
v f5
7 6. 2 0 0 0
3 . 43 69
2
76 . 2 0 0 0
7 6. 2 0 0 0 2
= 1 /2
× =
0. 2587 rad i an s
= 1 4. 82 43 d e g re es
(3 . 4 3 6 9 ) (s i n 5 8 . 8 8 8 9 ) 35 . 2 02 3
Step 3.
α = −
P o l ar co o rd i n ate s of tro ch o i d re l ati ve to
3 . 4 3 6 9 co s ( 5 8 . 8 8 8 9 )
v α 9 . 0 6 72 arcs i n
  
to o th ce n te rl i n e an d g e ar ce n te r, , (fi g u re G . 1 4) f5
f f 35. 2023
1 ∕ 2
= 6 . 1 75 6 d e g re e s

f
= d + Ã − dÃ
2
θ
1 0:
v 2
(A. 2 5 )
+
si n
 
f f f f
2
= −
2

v 7 6. 2 0 0 0 2
φ
6. 5720 76. 2000
=ε−
f1 0
2
α
co s
arcs i n Ã v
f
(A. 2 6 ) 1 /2
× =
f f f
 
f
(6 . 5 7 2 0 ) (s i n 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 ) 36. 3 802
θ
NOTE:
co s
Ã  
f
arc s i n
v cal cu l ate s a val u e in
α = −
f
6 . 5 7 2 0 co s 2 0. 0 000
f
1 4. 82 43 arcs i n
ε f5
36. 3802
=
d e g re e s. Th i s m u s t b e co n ve rte d to rad i an s or m u st
f
be co n ve rte d to d e g re e s b e fo re u si n g in th e fo rm u l a. 5. 0507 d eg re e s
θ f
Y d x P i tch poi n t
a
b
Ã
θ
f
β f
ε f
v
B as i c rack
α
f
X
G e n e rati n g
G e n e rati n g
G e ar p i tch line on
ci rcl e on g e ar
ce n te r b as i c rack
v =a +b ∕
= a + b 
2 2 2
f
1 2
v f
2 2
a = d− x
x= Ã
2
θ si n
a= − Ã
d
f f
θ si n
b= Ã
f f
2
θ
 
co s
f f
a + b = d− Ã
2 2
si n θ +Ã 2
co s
2
θ
= 
f f f
2
2
d − d − d +Ã +Ã
2
2 2
θ 2 2
θ
θ θ
si n co s
= 
f f f f
2 2 si n 2 si n
 
f f
d − dÃ +Ã +
2
si n θ 2
si n
2
θ co s
2
θ
= 
f f f f f
2
d + Ã − dÃ
2
  
2
si n θ
∕
f f f
2
1 2
= d + Ã − dÃ
2
v f
2
f f
si n θ f
2
α f
=ε−β
β =
f f
  Ã
θ f
 
f
arc s i n
f
co s
v f
θ
α f
=ε− f
arcs i n Ã f
co s
v
f
Figure G.1 4
Step 4. Rectangular coordinates of trochoid, G.2.2.6 Minimum radius along trochoid curve
xf, y f (figure G.1 5) (table G.2) (see A.4.6)
x  = v co s α  (A. 2 7 )
R =
h
2
+r
d+ h
yfB R
f f f
(A. 2 9 )
y = v  α
fN fB R
0. 5
yfBR
si n (A. 2 8 )
= +
f f f
2
+
1 . 7856
1 . 351 3
f
1 :
0 . 5 ( 76 . 2 ) 1 . 78 5 6
= 1 . 431 2 mm
x f1
= 34. 963 1 co s ( 7 . 4 4 6 6 ) = 3 4 . 6 68 2 mm
G.2.3 Circular-- arc in place of trochoid (see
y = 34. 9631 s i n ( 7 . 44 6 6 ) = 4. 53 1 3 mm
A.5)
f1
f
G.2.3.1 Test for minimum fillet radius (see
5:
A.5.1 )
x = 3 5 . 2 0 2 3 co s ( 6 . 1 7 5 6 ) = d −d
=
3 4. 998 0 mm 2 2
f5
r B R
(A. 3 0 )
y = 3 5 . 2 0 2 3 s i n (6 . 1 7 5 6 ) = 3 . 7 8 69 mm
fN
4 d R
−
f5
f
1 0:
= 7 1 . 60 4 6
2
4 ( 69 . 9 2 62 )
69 . 9 2 6 2
2
=
= =
0. 8493 mm
x 3 6 . 3 8 0 2 co s ( 5 . 0 5 0 7 ) 3 6. 2 390 mm
f1 0
G.2.3.2 Full-- fillet radius (see A.5.2):

y = =
Step 1 .
3 6 . 3 8 0 2 s i n (5 . 0 5 0 7 ) 3 . 2 02 8 mm
 
f1 0
Te s t fo r th e fi t o f a fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s
 BT  = ff
π+ d
N d
R
− α− inv φ (A. 3 1 )
 
B
Y = πGroup
Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing + and our
Poi n t
− chats
on 24
69. 9262
71 . 6046
0. 0751 7 − i n v 20 °
G e ar
x f
ce n te r
tro ch o i d
B as i c = 1 . 01 739
rack
[ BT ff
] > 1 ; Fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s wi l l wo rk.
α y
f
f
X Step 2. P re s s u re an g l e at th e ce n te r o f th e fu l l fi l l e t
v f
rad i u s , φ (fi g u re G . 1 6)
bC
φ bC
= arc s ev
 BT  ff
(A. 3 2 )
Figure G.1 5 = arc s e v (1 . 0 1 7 3 9 )
Table G.2
θf (deg) θ f (rad) ρf ε f (deg) ε f (rad) vf αf (rad) α f (deg) xf yf
90. 0000 1 . 570796 3. 1 36900 0 . 1 2 9 9 69 7 . 4 4 66 4 7 34. 963 1 0 0. 1 2 9969 7 . 4 4 66 4 7 3 4 . 66 8 2 2 4. 53 1 32 0
82. 2222 1 . 43 5048 3 . 1 5 3 4 79 0 . 1 3 6 3 70 7. 81 341 8 34. 9781 4 0 . 1 2 41 6 9 7. 1 1 43 39 3 4 . 70 8 8 4 4. 33 2 03 6
7 4 . 44 4 4 1 . 2 993 00 3. 2 04792 0 . 1 43 0 1 5 8 . 1 9 41 3 4 35. 02 3 1 4 0. 1 1 8473 6. 788001 3 4 . 77 7 64 4. 1 3 9596
6 6 . 66 6 7 1 . 1 63553 3 . 2 9 5 9 40 0. 1 501 85 8 . 6 0 49 4 1 35 . 09790 0. 1 1 2981 6. 4733 54 34. 8741 3 3 . 95 6977
58. 8889 1 . 0 2 78 0 5 3 . 4 3 6 8 74 0. 1 58252 9 . 0 6 71 9 2 35. 20228 0 . 1 0 77 8 4 6. 1 75596 34. 99800 3 . 78 6 9 1 7
51 . 1 1 1 1 0. 892057 3 . 6453 4 0 . 1 67 7 70 9. 61 2497 3 5 . 3 3 6 78 0. 1 02959 5 . 8991 3 3 3 5 . 1 4 9 65 3 . 63 1 8 2 6
43 . 33 3 3 0 . 7 5 63 0 9 3. 953 3 01 0 . 1 79 6 44 1 0. 292 83 0 3 5 . 5 0 3 72 0. 098563 5 . 6 4 72 2 4 3 5 . 3 3 1 41 3 . 49 3 67 8
35. 5556 0. 62 0562 4. 4 2 2 0 1 8 0. 1 95 5 38 1 1 . 2 0 3 49 0 3 5 . 71 0 3 0 0 . 0 9 46 2 4 5. 42 1 567 35. 55055 3 . 37401 8
2 7 . 77 7 8 0 . 4 8 48 1 4 5. 1 82 699 0 . 2 1 8 9 42 1 2 . 5 4 4 43 0 35 . 97804 0. 091 1 43 5. 222084 3 5 . 8 2 8 71 3 . 274593
2 0. 0000 0. 3 49066 6. 5 72 0 45 0. 258732 1 4. 82 4260 36. 38024 0. 0881 52 5. 05072 6 36. 23 898 3 . 202 83 2
I m ag i n ary i n vo l u te
Step 4.
th ro u g h fi l l e t ce n te r
R ad i u s o f th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s (m axi m u m fi l l e t
B as e rad i u s ) , r fX
d 
ci rcl e
Root r fX
= 0. 5
bC
−d R
(A. 3 5 )
φ
d i am e te r
= 0. 5 ( 73 . 0 3 9 6 − 6 9 . 9 2 62 )
=
bC
1 . 5567 mm
G.2.3.3 Fillet radius center (see A.5.3):

Step 1 . D i am e te r o f g e ar ce n te r ci rcl e g o i n g th ro u g h
fi l l e t cen te r, d fC
(fi g u re G . 1 7)
d fC
= d R
+ 2 r f
(A. 3 6 )
= 69. 92 62 + 2 (1 . 3 5 1 3 )
= 7 2 . 62 8 8 mm
Figure G.1 6
Fi rs t ap p ro xi m ati o n :
∕ r r
φ 1
= 0. 8 ( S− 1 ) + S− 1 . 4( 1 )
1 2
(E . 4 )
f f
= 0 . 8 ( 1 . 0 1 73 9 − + 1 ) 1 . 4 ( 1 . 0 1 73 9 − 1 )
1 ∕ 2
= 0 . 1 985 32 =
rad i an s 1 1 . 3 75 0 d e g re e s
Figure G.1 7
S is th e g i ve n val u e o f th e s e vo l u te fu n cti o n
Step 2.
 
P re s s u re an g l e al o n g i m ag i n ary i n vo l u te
φ
S e co n d ap p ro xi m ati o n :

th ro u g h fi l l e t ce n te r, (fi g u re G . 1 8)
+ S −  φ 
fC
φ = φ s ev 1 + 1
φ
(E . 5 )
d
φ =
2 1 1
si n
B
1
d
arcco s (A. 3 7 )
fC
= + −
 
fC
+ 
0. 1 9853 2 ( 1 . 0 1 73 9 0 s ev 0. 1 98 5 32 rad )
× 1
1 = arcco s
7 1 . 60 46
7 2 . 62 8 8
si n 1 1 . 3750
= +
= 9. 633 6 d e g re e s

Step 3. ρ
0. 1 9853 2 ( 1 . 0 1 73 9 0
 −
P o l ar rad i u s at fi l l e t ce n te r,
fC
− 1
d
= = =
inv (0 . 1 9 8 5 3 2 rad )
co s 0 . 1 9 8 5 3 2 rad
Ã fC 7 2 . 62 8 8
3 6. 31 44 mm (A. 3 8 )
×
fC
2 2
Step 4.
6. 0702 33
= = P o l ar an g l e at fi l l e t ce n te r (re l ati ve to to o th
θ
0. 1 985 52 rad i an s 1 1 . 3 762 d e g ree s
Step 3.
ce n te rl i n e ) ,
fC
D i am e te r at th e ce n te r o f th e fu l l -- fi l l e t rad i u s ,
d r
= α+ φ− +
2
bC
θ inv inv φ d
f
(A. 3 9 )
d
fC fC
=
B
d B
= + ° − °
bC
co s φ bC
(A. 3 4 )
0 . 0 75 1 7 i n v (2 0 ) i n v (9 . 6 3 3 6 )
= 71 . 6 0 4 6
co s 1 1 . 3 7 62
+ 2 (1 . 3 5 1 3 )
71 . 6046
= 73 . 03 96 mm
= 0. 1 262 rad i an s = 7. 231 4 d e g re e s
I m ag i n ary i n vo l u te G.2.3.6 Coordinates of points spaced along

th ro u g h fi l l e t ce n te r fillet (see A.5.6)
B as e
Step 1 . θ
P o l ar an g l e at th e fo rm d i am e te r,
− 
F
ci rcl e
Root
θ F
= α+ (i n v φ ) inv φ F
(A. 4 5 )
φ fC
d i am e te r
= 0 . 0 75 1 7 + i n v 20 °− i n v 7. 5 1 9 4 °
= 0. 0893 rad i an s = 5 . 1 1 72 d e g re e s
Step 2. Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at th e fo rm
d i am ete r, τ fF
τ = π+ θ −φ (A. 4 6 )
fF F F
2
= π+ 2
0. 0893 − 0. 1 3 1 2 4
= 1 . 5289 rad i an s = 87. 5 977 d e g re es
Step 3. Fi l l e t co n s tru cti o n an g l e at th e ro o t d i am e te r,
Figure G.1 8 τ fR
τ = θ = 7. 231 4 d e g re es (A. 4 7 )
Step 5.
fR fC
C o o rd i n ates at fi l l e t ce n te r, x fC
, y fC
Step 4 . Fi l l et co n s tru cti o n an g l e s at s p ace d p o i n ts
τ
x =Ã  θ  al o n g th e fi l l et,
 n − k + τ
f
k−
co s (A. 4 0 )
fC fC fc
τ
= = =
( 1 )
τ
−
fR f fF
(7 . 2 3 1 4 ) (A. 4 8 )
n
3 6. 31 44 co s 36. 02 56
f
1
 
f
y fC
=Ã fC
si n θ fc
(A. 4 1 ) Fo r k = 1 to n n f
,
f
= 1 0
= 3 6. 31 44 si n (7 . 2 3 1 4 ) = 4. 571 1 k = 1 :
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G.2.3.4 Form diameter (see A.5.4) τ f1
= 7 . 2 3 1 4 (1 0 1 )
1 0 −
8 7 . 5 9 7 7 (1
1
1 )
Step 1 . φ
= 7. 231 4 d eg re e s
 
P re s s u re an g l e at th e fo rm d i am e te r,
k
F
= 5:
− + −
r  τ = 7 . 2 3 1 4 (1 0
−
5) 8 7 . 5 9 7 7 (5 1 )
= −
2 f5
φ φ
1 0 1
=
f
d
arctan tan (A. 4 2 )
F fC
42 . 9498 d e g re es
 
B
k = 1 0:
= arctan tan (9 . 6 3 3 6 ) − 2 (1 . 3 5 1 3 )
τ = 7 . 2 3 1 4 (1 0 − 1 0) + 8 7. 5 9 77 ( 1 0 − 1 )
7 1 . 60 4 6
f1
1 0 − 1
= 0. 1 31 24 rad i an s = 7. 5 1 94 d e g re es = 87. 5977 d e g re es
Step 5. C o o rd i n ate s o f s p ace d p o i n ts al o n g fi l l e t, x ,
Step 2.
f
Fo rm d i am e te r, d y (tab l e G . 3)
− r 
F f
d
x = x co s τ (A. 4 9 )
= = = − r τ
f fC f f
d =
B 7 1 . 60 46
F
co s φ F
co s 7. 5 1 9 4
72. 225 7 mm
y f
y fC f
si n
f
(A. 5 0 )
(A. 4 3 )
f1 :
G.2.3.5 Bottom land (see A.5.5) x f1

= 36. 0256 − 1 . 3 5 1 3 ( co s 7 . 2 3 1 4 ) = 34. 6850 mm
= − =
π − θ 
y f1
4 . 5 71 1 1 . 3 5 1 3 ( si n 7. 2 3 1 4 ) 4. 401 0 mm
s = d
N
(A. 4 4 ) f5:
π − =
R R fC
x = −  =
=
3 6. 02 5 6 1 . 3 5 1 3 co s 4 2 . 9 4 9 8 3 5 . 0 3 65 mm
f5
= − =
69. 92 62 0. 1 262 0. 3286 mm
24 y f5
4 . 5 71 1 1 . 3 5 1 3 ( si n 42 . 9 49 8 ) 3 . 65 0 4 mm
f 1 0: i 5
:
x = −  =
ε = 0 . 1 3 2 0 (1 0 − + 5) 0 . 62 9 8 ( 5 − 1 )
−
36. 0255 1 . 3 5 1 3 co s 8 7. 5 9 77 3 5. 9689 mm
f1 0
= − =
1
=
1 0 1
y f1 0
4 . 5 71 1 1 . 3 5 1 3 ( si n 8 7 . 5 9 77 ) 3. 221 0 mm
0. 353 2 rad i an s
i :
Table G.3
1 0
ε = 0 . 1 3 2 0 (1 0 − 1 0) + 0 . 6 2 9 8 (1 0 − 1 )
f τf xf yf 1
−
=
1 0 1
0. 62 98 rad i an s
1 7. 2 31 4 3 4. 68 50 4. 401 0
Step 3. P re s s u re an g l e at th e “ i -- th ” P o i n t, φ i
ε 
2 1 6. 1 61 0 3 4. 72 76 4. 1 950
3 2 5. 0906 3 4. 801 8 3 . 9981

φ i
= arctan
i
(A. 5 4 )
4 3 4. 02 02 3 4. 9055 3. 81 51
i 1
:
φ = =
5 42 . 9498 3 5. 03 65 3 . 6504
arctan (0 . 1 3 2 0 ) 7. 5 1 95 d e g re e s
i
6 5 1 . 8794 35. 1 91 4 3 . 5081
i 5
:
7 60. 8090 3 5. 3 665 3 . 3 91 5
8 69. 7385 35. 55 76 3 . 3 035 φ 5

= arctan (0 . 3 5 3 2 ) = 1 9. 4555 d e g re e s
9 78. 6681 35. 7600 3 . 2 462 i 1 0

:
1 0 87. 5 977 35. 9689 3. 221 0

φ 1 0
= arctan (0 . 6 2 9 8 ) = 32 . 2 02 8 d e g re es
Step 4. D i am e te r at th e “ i -- th ” p o i n t, d i
G.2.4 Involute profile data (see A.6) d =

d B
φ
(A. 5 5 )
i
co s
G.2.4.1 Spaced points on the involute profile

i
i
(see A.6.1 ) 1
:
Step 1 . R o l l an g l e s at th e fo rm an d e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e

d i
= 7 1 . 60 4 6
co s ( 7 . 5 1 9 5 )
= 72. 2257 mm
ε ε
 
d i am e te rs ,
F
,
OE i 5
:
ε =
d B
d i
= 71 . 6 0 4 6
= 75. 9407 mm
d
tan arcco s (A. 5 1 ) co s ( 1 9 . 4 5 5 5 )
F
i
 
F
:
1 0
= tan arcco s
71 . 6 0 4 6
72 . 2 2 5 7
d = 71 . 6 0 4 6
= 84. 62 22 mm
i
=
co s ( 3 2 . 2 0 2 8 )
Step 5.
 
0. 1 32 0 rad i an s
P o l ar (o r h al f to o th ) an g l e at th e “ i -- th ” p o i n t,
d α
=
i
ε
= dt + φ−
B
d α φ
tan arcco s (A. 5 2 )
OE
inv inv
 
OE (A. 5 6 )
i i
= tan arcco s
71 . 6 0 4 6
= 5 . 72 7 7
76. 2000
+ i n v (2 0 ° −
) inv φ i
84. 62 2 2
= = +
− φ 
0 . 0 75 2 0. 01 49
0. 6298 rad i an s
Step 2. Rol l an g l e s at th e “ i -- th ” p o i n t, ε i
tan
i
−φ i
rad i an s
ε n  − + ε i−
= 0. 090 1 − tan φ +φ
=
i i
1 ( 1 )
ε
−
F i OE
i
n 1
(A. 5 3 )
i 1
:
= − +
i
Fo r i = 1 to n n , = 1 0
α 1
0. 0901 tan ( 7. 5 1 9 5 ) 0. 1 3 1 2 4
i i
i :
= 0. 0893 rad i an s = 5 . 1 1 72 d eg ree s
i
1
− + −
5
ε 1
= 0 . 1 3 2 0 (1 0
−
1 ) 0 . 62 9 8 ( 1 1 )
α 5
= 0. 0901 − tan ( 1 9 . 4 5 5 5 ) + 0 . 3 3 95 6
=
1 0 1
0. 1 320 rad i an s = 0 . 0 76 4 rad i an s = 4 . 3 7 68 d eg ree s
i 1 0
: Step 1 . Pressure angle at the selected point, φ S
α =
1 0
0. 0901 − tan ( 3 2 . 2 0 2 8 ) + 0 . 5 62 0 4
φ =
d B
(A. 6 1 )
d
arcco s
= =
S
S
0. 0223 rad i an s 1 . 2 785 d eg ree s
S1 :
Step 6. Coordinates of the “i-- th” point, xi , yi
(table G.4) φ = arcco s
71 . 6046
= 7. 5 1 9 6 d eg ree s
S1
72. 225 7
d
x i
= 2
i
co s α i
(A. 5 7 ) S 2
:
y =
d i
si n α (A. 5 8 )
φ S2
= arcco s
71 . 6046
7 5 . 9 40 7
= 1 9. 455 4 d e g re e s
i i
S
2
i1 :
:
3
φ = 71 . 6046
=
= =
arcco s 32 . 2 02 7 d e g re e s
x
S3
72. 22 57 84. 622 2
Step 2.
co s 5 . 1 1 72 3 5. 9689 mm
1
2
H al f-- to o th th i ckn e s s an g l e at th e s e l e cte d
y 1
= 72. 22 57
2
s i n 5 . 1 1 72 = 3. 221 0 mm
p o i n t, α S
i5 : α S
= dt + inv φ− inv φ S
(A. 6 2 )
x 5
= 75. 9407
2
co s 4. 3 7 68 = 3 7. 8 5 9 6 mm = 5 . 72 77
76. 200 0
+ i n v (2 0 ° − ) inv φ S
y = 75. 9407
= = +
− 
s i n 4 . 3 76 8 2 . 8977 mm 0 . 0 75 2 0. 01 49
−φ
5
2
i1 0:
tan φ S S
rad i an s
= 0. 0901 − tan φ +φ
= =
S S
x 1 0
84. 622 2
co s 1 . 2 78 5 42. 3 006 mm
S :
2 1
y = 84. 622 2
= − +
si n 1 . 2785 = 0. 9441 mm
α 0. 0901 tan ( 7. 5 1 9 6 ) 0. 1 31 24
= Group and our

= chats
S1
1 0
2
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G.2.4.2 Selected point on the involute profile
0. 0893 rad i an s 5 . 1 7 72 d eg ree s
(see A.6.3) S 2
:
Selected diameters, dS1 , dS2 , dS3:

α = 0. 0901 − tan (1 9 . 4 5 5 4 ) + 0. 33956
= =
S2
=
0 . 0 76 4 rad i an s 4 . 3 7 68 d eg ree s
d S1
72. 225 7 mm
S :
=
3
d S2
7 5 . 9 40 7 mm
α = 0. 0901 − tan (3 2 . 2 0 2 7 ) + 0. 562 04
= = =
S3
d S3
84. 622 2 mm
0. 0223 rad i an s 1 . 2 785 d eg ree s
Table G.4
f εf (rad) φf df αf (rad) αf (deg) xf yf
1 0. 1 3 20 7. 51 95 72. 225 7 0. 0893 5. 1 1 72 3 5. 9689 3. 221 0
2 0. 1 873 1 0. 6091 72 . 8499 0. 0879 5. 0378 3 6. 2 842 3. 1 986
3 0. 2426 1 3 . 6377 73 . 682 0 0. 0855 4. 8972 3 6. 7065 3. 1 450
4 0. 2979 1 6. 5905 74. 71 5 0 0. 081 7 4. 6809 37. 2329 3. 0486
5 0. 3532 1 9. 4555 75. 9407 0. 0764 4. 3 768 37. 8596 2. 8977
6 0. 4086 22. 2227 77. 3501 0. 0694 3 . 9749 38. 5820 2 . 68 09
7 0. 463 9 24. 8850 78. 933 2 0. 060 5 3 . 4681 3 9. 3 943 2. 3874
8 0. 51 92 27. 4374 80. 6798 0. 0498 2. 851 3 40. 2 900 2 . 00 67
9 0. 5745 2 9. 8 769 82. 5796 0. 0370 2. 1 21 8 41 . 2 61 5 1 . 5287
1 0 0. 62 98 32 . 2 028 84. 62 2 2 0. 022 3 1 . 2 785 42 . 3 006 0. 9441
Step 3. C i rcu l ar to o th th i ckn e s s at th e s e l e cte d G.2.5.2 Operating pitch diameters (see A.7.2)
p o i n t, t
S
C
= =
2
t d α d A
(A. 6 3 )
d
+d
AP
S S S (A. 6 7 )
BG
1
S 1
:
BP
t S1
= 72 . 2 2 5 7 × 0. 0893 = 6. 4 5 0 6 mm
= 2 (1 0 1 . 7 2 7 0 )
S 2
: 1 + 1 1 9 . 3 41 0
71 . 6046
t S2
= 75 . 9 40 7 × 0. 0764 = 5. 801 0 mm
= 76. 2953
S C
=
: 2
d
3
A
t S3
= 84. 622 2 × 0. 02 2 3 = 1 . 8 883 mm
AG
1 +d
d BP
(A. 6 8 )
Step 4. C o o rd i n ate s o f th e s e l e cte d p o i n t, x S

, y S
BG
d = 2 (1 0 1 . 7 2 7 0 )
x S
= 2
S
co s α S
(A. 6 4 )
1 + 71 . 6046
1 1 9 . 3 41 0
d
y S
= S
si n α S
(A. 6 5 ) = 1 2 7. 1 5 8 8 mm
G.2.6 Contact conditions (see A.8)

2
S 1
:
= =
Poi n t 1 = S tart o f co n tact at an y on e to o th
x S1
72 . 2 2 5 7
co s 5 . 1 1 7 2 3 5. 9689 mm
2
Poi n t 2 = S tart of si n g l e to o th co n tact
y S1
= 72 . 2 2 5 7
2
si n 5. 1 1 72 = 3. 221 0 mm
Poi n t 3 = En d of si n g l e to o th co n tact
S 2
:
Poi n t 4 = En d o f co n tact o f an y on e to o th
x S2
= 75 . 9 4 0 7
co s 4 . 3 76 8 = 3 7. 8 5 9 6 mm
G.2.6.1 Contact limit points on the line of
action (see A.8.1 )
2
y = 75 . 9 4 0 7
s i n 4 . 3 76 8 = 2. 8977 mm
Step 1 .
S2
2
R o l l an g l e s at th e o p e rati n g p i tch d i am e te rs ,
S 3
:
ε an d ε
AP AG
x S3
= 84. 62 22
co s 1 . 2 78 5 = 42. 3006 mm ε A
= ε AP
= ε AG
= tan φ A
(A. 6 9 )
= =
2
y S3
= 84. 62 22
2
s i n 1 . 2 78 5 = 0. 9441 mm
Step 2.
tan
Rol l
2 0. 1 956
an g l e s at
0 . 3 67 8
e ffe cti ve
rad i an s
o u ts i d e d i am e te rs ,
G.2.5 Operating line-- of-- action and pitch circle ε OEP

, ε OEG
data (see A.7) ε = tan φ = tan 3 2 . 2 0 2 8 (A. 7 0 )
=N
OEP OEP
d G G
m (A. 2 )
= 0. 6298 rad i an s
= 40 (3 . 1 7 5 )
D e te rm i n e φ
=
OEG
1 2 7. 0000 mm
Step a. D i am e te r at ce n te r of ti p ro u n d fo r th e
d BG
=d G
co s φ (A. 3 ) g e ar, d rC
= 1 2 7. 0 0 0 0 co s 2 0 ° d = d − 2 r (A. 1 )
=
r
rC O
1 1 9. 3 41 0 mm
= 1 3 1 . 2 41 8 − 2 (0 . 7 6 2 0 )
G.2.5.1 Operating pressure angle (see A.7.1 ) =

 
1 2 9. 71 78 mm
d +d Step b. P re s s u re an g l e at ce n te r of ti p ro u n d ,
φ = arcco s
BP
C
BG
(A. 6 6 )
φ
 
rC
A
2
d
A
+ φ = B
= d
arcco s (A. 4 )
71 . 6 0 4 6 1 1 9. 341 0 rC
arcco s rC
2 (1 0 1 . 7 2 7 0 )
= 20. 1 956 d e g re es
= arcco s
1 1 9. 3 41 0
1 2 9. 71 78
= 2 3 . 0 73 2 d e g re es
Step c. P re s s u re an g l e at e ffe cti ve o u ts i d e

β = 2 π= π= 2
 
(A. 7 7 )
N
0. 1 571 rad i an s
G
d i am e te r, 40
OEG G
r Step 6. ε ε
= +
Rol l an g l e s at p o i n t 2, ,
φ φ
2P 2G
2
= −β = −
r
d ε ε
arctan tan (A. 5 )
 
O EG rC
0 . 62 9 8 0 . 2 61 8 (A. 7 8 )
B 2P 4P P
=
= +
0 . 3 68 0 rad i an s
2 (0 . 7 6 2 0 )
arctan tan 2 3 . 0 7 3 2
1 1 9. 3 41 0 B u t n o t s m al l e r th an ε 1 P
(0 . 2 4 9 7 ) ; R e m ai n s th e
= 2 3 . 68 9 6 d e g re es
s am e (0 . 3 6 8 0 )
ε = tan φ (A. 7 1 )
ε 2G
= ε 4G
+β = G
0. 21 07 + 0 . 1 5 71 (A. 7 9 )
=
OEG OEG
= tan 2 3. 6896 = 0. 4388 rad i an s

0 . 3 67 7 rad i an s
Step 3. ε ε ε
 
B u t n o t g re ate r th an (0 . 4 3 8 8 ) ; R e m ai n s th e
1 G
Rol l an g l e s at p o i n t 1 , ,
1 P 1 G
s am e (0 . 3 6 7 7 )
N N
ε = ε + G
−ε G
Step 7. Rol l an g l e s at p o i n t 3, ε , ε
N N
1 (A. 7 2 ) 3P 3G
= +β = +
1 P A O EG
 −  
ε ε
P P
0. 2497 0 . 2 61 8 (A. 8 0 )
= + =
3P 1 P P
40 40
0 . 3 67 8 1 0. 43 88 0. 51 1 5 rad i an s
ε
24 24
=
B u t n o t g re ate r th an (0 . 6 2 9 8 ) ; R e m ai n s th e s am e
4P
0 . 2 49 7 rad i an s
(0 . 5 1 1 5 )
Bu t n ot s m al l e r th an ze ro ; R e m ai n s th e s am e
ε = ε −β = 0. 4388 − 0 . 1 5 71 (A. 8 1 )
=
3G 1 G G
(0 . 2 4 9 7 )
= =
0. 2 81 7 rad i an s
ε ε
ε
0 . 43 8 8 rad i an s (A. 7 3 )
1 G OEG
Bu t n ot s m al l e r th an (0 . 2 1 0 7 ) ; R e m ai n s th e
4G
 
Bu t n ot g re ate r th an :
s am e (0 . 2 8 1 7 )
ε 1 +N
N P
G.2.6.2 Diameters at contact points (see A.8.2)
A
d
=
 +Getmore
G
= FREE standards from Standard Sharing Groupεand

 our chats d iP
BP
(A. 8 2 )
24 co s arctan
iP
0. 3678 1 0. 58850
d
40
R e m ai n s th e s am e (0 . 4 3 8 8 ) d = 
BG
 (A. 8 3 )
iG
ε
Step 4.
co s arctan
Rol l an g l e s at p o i n t 4, ε 4P
, ε 4G
iG
= =
Poi n t 1 :
ε ε 0. 62 98 rad i an s (A. 7 4 )
= =
4P OEP
d 7 1 . 6 0 46
 
73. 8023 mm
Bu t n ot g re ate r th an : 1 P
co s ( arctan 0. 2497 )
ε +
N G
d 1 G
= 1 1 9 . 3 40 9
= 1 30. 3226 mm
N
1 co s ( arctan 0. 43 88 )
A
 =
P
Poi n t 2:
0. 3678 1 + 40
24
0. 98083
d = 7 1 . 60 46
= 76 . 2 9 9 2 mm
2P
co s ( arctan 0 . 3 68 0 )
  = =
R e m ai n s th e s am e (0 . 6 2 9 8 )
d 1 1 9 . 3 40 9
1 2 7 . 1 5 48 mm
N N
2G
= + −ε
co s ( arctan 0 . 3 6 77 )
ε 4G
ε A
1
N
P
OEP
N
P
(A. 7 5 )
Poi n t 3:
 −  
G G
= 0 . 3 67 8 1 + 24
0. 62 98
24 d 3P
= co s ( arctan
7 1 . 60 46
0. 51 1 5 )
= 80. 4264 mm
40 40
= 0. 21 07 rad i an s
d 3G
= co s ( arctan
1 1 9 . 3 40 9
0. 281 7 )
= 1 23 . 9849 mm
Bu t n ot s m al l e r th an ze ro ; R e m ai n s th e s am e
Poi n t 4:
(0 . 2 1 0 7 )
Step 5. P i tch an g l e s , β β
P
,
G
d 4P
= co s ( arctan
7 1 . 60 46
0. 6298 )
= 84. 622 2 mm
β = 2 π= π= 2
(A. 7 6 )
d = 1 1 9 . 3 40 9
=
N
0. 2 61 8 rad i an s 1 21 . 9604 mm
P 4G
24 co s ( arctan 0. 2 1 07 )
P
Th e d i am e te rs of th e h i g h est poi n t of si n g l e to o th H al f -- to o th th i ckn e s s an g l e of dWc

; α Wc
:
= dt + φ−
co n tact are :
α inv inv φ (A. 6 2 )
d
Wc Wc
Fo r th e pi n i on , (8 0 . 4 2 6 4 )
= + °−
3P
Fo r th e g e ar, d (1 2 7 . 1 5 4 8 )
5 . 72 7 7
i n v 20 inv φ Wc
2G 76. 2000
G.2.6.3 Limit diameters (see A.8.3) = +

− φ 
0 . 0 75 2 0. 01 49
Fo r th e pi n i on , d LP
= d 1 P
(7 3 . 8 0 2 3 )
tan
Wc
−φ Wc
( rad i an s )
Fo r th e g e ar, d = d (1 2 1 . 9 6 0 4 )
= 0. 090 1 − tan (2 7 . 0 8 7 6 ) + 0 . 4 72 8
=
LP 4G
G.2.6.4 Profile contact ratio (see A.8.4) 0. 051 39 ( rad i an s )
=
Step 1 .
2 . 9 44 2 d e g re e s
Ap p ro ach p o rti o n o f th e p ro fi l e co n tact rati o ,
m C i rcu l ar to o th th i ckn e s s at d Wc
; tWc
:
=
pa
ε −ε t d α
=
(A. 6 3 )
m
Wc Wc Wc
AP 1 P
pa
β P
(A. 8 4 )
= 8 0 . 42 6 4 (0 . 0 5 1 3 9 )
= 0 . 3 67 8 − 0. 2 497
= 0. 45 1 4
= 4. 1 328 mm
 
0 . 2 61 8
d x y
Step 2.
C o o rd i n ate s at ; , :
Wc Wc Wc
R e ce s s p o rti o n o f th e p ro fi l e co n tact rati o ,
m d
pr
x = Wc
α
−ε
co s (A. 6 4 )
ε Wc Wc
=
2
m
 
4P AP
β (A. 8 5 )
=
pr
P 80. 42 64
−
co s ( 2 . 9 44 2 )
= =
2
0. 6298 0. 3 678
=
1 . 00 06
 
0 . 2 61 8
Step 3.
40. 1 601 mm
P ro fi l e co n tact rati o , m
d
p
m p
=m +m pa pr (A. 8 6 )
y Wc
= Wc
2
si n α Wc
(A. 6 5 )
= + =
0. 451 4
G.3 Annex B - Calculation of spur gear form

factor, Y
1 . 0006 1 . 45 21
=  80. 42 64
2
 s i n ( 2 . 9 44 2 )
G.3.1 Highest point of single tooth loading

= 2 . 0655 mm
(see B.2.3.2.3) I f co n s i d e ri n g th e e ffects o f fri cti o n , see G . 1 2.
Fro m tab l e G. 1 , th e to o th -- to -- to o th q u al i ty l e ve l of
Step 2: D i re cti o n an g l e o f cri ti cal to o th fo rce , γ Wc:
e ach g e ar is Q9 wh i ch e xce e d s th e Q8 l eve l per

γ Wc
= φ Wc
−α Wc
(B . 6 )
= −
B. 2. 3. 2. 3. Th e re fo re :
d =d 2 7. 0876 2 . 9 4 42
=
(B . 2 )
WcP 3P
= 24. 1 433 d e g re e s
Step 3:
8 0 . 42 6 4 mm
d =d D i s tan ce of tran s l ate d cri ti cal to o th fo rce ,
x
(B . 3 )
WcG 2G
=
WcC
 
1 2 7. 1 5 48 mm
G.3.1 .1 Translation to tooth centerline (see x WcC

= x Wc
−y Wc
tan γ Wc
(B . 7 )
B.2.3.3) = 40. 1 601 − 2 . 0655 tan ( 2 4 . 1 43 3 )
Step 1 : D e te rm i n e x y co o rd i n ate p o i n ts ,
Wc
,
Wc
:
= 3 9. 23 43 mm
G.3.1 .2 Force components (see B.2.3.4)

 
P re s s u re an g l e at d Wc
; φ Wc
:
d W
φ = BP
Ben d i n g co m p o n e n t,
cy
:
d
 
arcco s (A. 6 1 )
=W
Wc
 
W γ
Wc
co s (B . 8 )
cy c
=
Wc
arcco s
7 1 . 60 46
8 0 . 42 64
=W c
co s ( 2 4 . 1 43 3 )
= 0 . 4 72 8 rad i an s = 2 7. 0876 d e g re es = 0. 91 2 5 W c
C o m p re s s i ve co m p o n e n t, W cx
: Step 4: Ben d i n g s tre s s facto r, f
BS
:
W cx
=W c
 si n γ Wc
 (B . 9 )
f
BS
= 6  co s γ Wc
 wh f
2
(B . 1 4 )
=W
f
h
=
s i n (2 4 . 1 4 3 3 )
c
f
=
6 ( co s ( 2 4 . 1 4 3 3 ) )
0 . 4090 W c
w 2
h
G.3.2 Critical fillet section (see B.2.4) = 5 . 4752
w
f
G.3.2.1 Bending stress factor, fBS (see B.2.4.2) G.3.2.2 Maximum bending stress factor (see
B.2.4.3)
Step1 : H e i g h t o f th e tran s l ate d l o ad fo rce ab o ve th e
Step 1 : τ
S e l e ct an i n i ti al tri al val u e of :
f
h
°
fi l l e t s e cti o n , :
f
τ S e l e ct
f
= 30
h f
= x WcC
−x f
(B . 1 0 )
Step 2: C al cu l ate fi l l e t d ata fro m th i s l o cati o n an g l e ,
= −x x y h
f
, ,
f f
, w f
:
= x − r  τ
3 9 . 2 3 43
f
x co s (A. 4 9 )
x vari e s d e p e n d i n g o n th e l o cati o n i n th e fi l l e t.
f fC f f
= −
f
R e fe re n ce e q u ati o n A. 4 9 an d tab l e G. 5 fo r 3 6. 02 5 5 1 . 351 3 ( co s 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
=
y = y − r  τ
val u e s .
3 4. 8553 mm
Step 2:
si n (A. 5 0 )
w f fC f f
= −
Wi d th o f th e fi l l e t s e cti o n , :
f
4 . 5 71 1 1 . 351 3 (s i n 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
w = 2 y = (B . 1 1 )
h = x −x
3 . 895 5 mm
f f
(B . 1 0 )
y
f WcC f
= −
vari e s d e p e n d i n g o n th e l o cati o n i n th e fi l l e t.
f
39. 2343 34. 8553

R e fe re n ce e q u ati o n A. 5 0 an d tab l e G. 5 fo r
val u e s . =
w =
4 . 3 79 0 mm
y 2 (B . 1 1 )
Step 3:
f f
Ben d i n g s tre s ss
=
at th e fi l l e t s e cti o n ,
BS
:
2 (3 . 8 9 5 5 )
=
 w
7. 791 0 mm
s BS
= 6 W c
co s γ Wc
h f
(B . 1 3 )
Step 3: C al cu l ate th e b racke te d te rm , BT:
h
=
f
BT
f
h
=
(B . 1 5 )
6 W ( co s ( 2 4 . 1 4 3 3 ) )
f
w 2
w
f
2
=
f
h
4. 3 790
= 5 . 4 75 2 W c
w
f
2
7. 791 0
2
= 0 . 0 72 1
Table G.5
f xf yf hf wf sBS fBS
1 3 4. 6850 4. 401 1 4. 5493 8. 8021 0. 321 5 W c
0. 321 5
2 3 4. 72 76 4. 1 950 4. 50 67 8. 3901 0. 3505 W c

0. 3 505
3 3 4. 801 8 3 . 9981 4. 43 2 5 7. 9963 0. 3796 W c

0. 3 796
4 3 4. 9055 3. 81 51 4. 3 2 88 7. 63 0 2 0. 4071 W c
0. 4071
5 3 5. 03 65 3 . 6504 4. 1 978 7. 3009 0. 43 1 2 W c

0. 431 2
6 3 5. 1 91 4 3 . 5081 4. 042 9 7. 01 61 0. 4497 W c

0. 4497
7 3 5. 3 665 3 . 3 91 5 3. 8678 6. 782 9 0. 4603 W c

0 . 4603
8 3 5. 5576 3 . 3 035 3 . 6767 6. 6069 0. 461 2 W c

0 . 461 2
9 3 5. 7600 3 . 2 462 3 . 4743 6. 492 4 0. 451 3 W c

0. 451 3
10 3 5. 9689 3. 221 0 3. 2654 6. 442 1 0. 43 08 W c

0. 4308
Step 4: S e l e ct a s l i g h tl y l arg e r l o cati o n an g l e an d Step 7: C al cu l ate th e m axi m u m ben d i n g s tre s s
re p e at s te p s 2 an d 3: facto r, fBS X
:
τ = °
f
35 f BSX
= 6  co s γ Wc
 BTX (B . 1 4 )
x = 3 6. 0 2 5 5 − 1 . 3 51 3 ( co s 3 5 . 0 0 0 0 )
= 6 ( co s 2 4 . 1 43 3 ) 0 . 0 8 43 9 4
=
f
3 4. 91 86 mm
=
y = −
0. 462 1
4 . 5 71 1 1 . 351 3 (s i n 3 5 . 0 0 0 0 )
G.3.3 Stress calculation (see B.2.5)
=
f
3 . 7961 mm
s
h = − Ben d i n g te n s i l e s tre s s , :
BS
39. 2 3 43 3 4. 9 1 8 6
= = W  γ  wh
f
s
4. 3 1 57 mm fc
6 co s (B . 1 6 )
w =
c
BS Wc 2
=f W
( 3 . 79 6 1 ) fc
2
=
f
c
BS X
=
7. 5 92 1 mm
W
BT =
0 . 4 62 1
c
4. 31 5 7
7. 5921
2 C o m p re s s i ve s tre s s , s CS
:
= 0. 0749
γ
=
si n
s W
Wc
BT
(B . 1 7 )
Is l arg e r th an th e p re vi o u s val u e ? CS
c
w fc
Ye s .
= W c
si n 2 4. 1 43 3
Step 5:
6. 6 7 3 3
an g l e s
R e p e at
u n ti l BT
s te p s 2 -- 4
ch an g e s
wi th s u cce s s i ve l y
fro m
l arg e r
i n cre as i n g to
= 0 . 0 61 3 W c
 
d e cre as i n g (tab l e G . 6) .
Com bi n ed te n s i l e s tre s s , s t
:
Th e m axi m u m val u e of BT is b e twe e n 65 an d 70

s t
= 6 W c
 co s γ
Wc
 h
w
fc
2
−
si n γ
w
Wc
W c
(B . 1 8 )
 
d e g re e s . fc
fc
Step 6: R e p e at s te p 5 wi th s m al l e r an g l e i n cre m e n ts
= 6 W c
 co s 2 4 . 1 4 3 3
 3. 7584
− s i n 2 4 . 1 43 3
W c
2 6. 673 3
6. 673 3
b e twe e n 65 an d 70 d e g re e s (tab l e G . 7) .
= 0. 4621 W c
− 0. 0 61 3 W c
BT
=
Th e m axi m u m val u e o f i s at 6 6 . 0 d e g re e s . Th i s i s
th e l o cati o n o f th e cri ti cal s e cti o n . 0. 4008 W c
Table G.6
τf xf yf hf wf BT Decreasing?
35 34. 91 86 3 . 7961 4. 31 57 7. 5921 0 . 0 74 8 7 2 No
40 34. 9904 3 . 7025 4. 2439 7. 4051 0 . 0 77 3 9 4 No
45 35. 0700 3 . 61 56 4. 1 643 7. 231 3 0 . 0 79 6 3 6 No
50 35 . 1 5 70 3 . 5 3 60 4. 0774 7. 0720 0. 081 52 6 No
55 35. 2505 3 . 4642 3 . 9838 6. 92 85 0. 082 990 No
60 35. 3499 3 . 4009 3 . 8844 6. 801 8 0. 083 962 No
65 3 5 . 45 45 3 . 3 465 3 . 7798 6. 692 9 0. 0843 81 No
70 35. 5634 3 . 3 01 3 3 . 6709 6. 60 2 7 0. 0842 04 Ye s
Table G.7
τf xf yf hf wf BT Decreasing?
65.0 3 5 . 45 45 3 . 3 465 3 . 7798 6. 692 9 0. 0843 81 No
65.5 3 5 . 4652 3 . 3 41 5 3 . 7691 6. 68 3 0 0. 0843 91 No
66.0 3 5 . 4759 3 . 3 3 67 3 . 75 84 6. 673 3 0. 0843 94 No
66.5 3 5 . 48 67 3. 331 9 3 . 7476 6. 663 9 0. 0843 92 Ye s
G.3.3.1 Form factor force-- stress ratio (see B.2.6) K
  
E l as ti c s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r, :
fs
w w
= H+
L
R ati o fo r th e cri ti cal to o th fo rce , A :

K fc fc
r
Ws c (C . 3 )
fs
h
 
fc
fc
W
= = +
0. 1 5226
A Ws c s
c
(B . 1 9 )
0 . 1 78 8 1
6 . 67 3 3
 
t
1 . 351 3
W
= ×
0. 4 5 1 2 4
c
6. 6 7 3 3
0. 400 8 W c
3. 7584
= =
H= −
1 . 831 2
φ
2 . 495 1
0. 3 31 0. 43 6
Ad j u s tm e n t rati o , m : = 0. 3 31 − 0. 43 6 ( 0 . 3 49 0 7 )
=
cA
L= −
0 . 1 78 8 1
m = φ 0. 32 4 0. 492 φ
= −
co s (B . 2 0 )
cA A
= co s 2 0 . 1 9 5 6
=
0. 3 24 0. 492 ( 0 . 3 49 0 7 )
= 0. 9385
M=
0. 1 5226
0 . 2 61 + 0. 545 φ
A = 0 . 2 61 + 0. 545 ( 0 . 3 49 0 7 )
=
Ad j u s ted fo rce -- s tre s s rati o , :
Ws A
0. 451 2 4
A Ws A
=A Ws c
m cA
(B . 2 1 )
G.4.2 Stress correction factor (see C.3)
= 2 . 495 1 (0 . 9 3 8 5 )
N o tch s en s i ti vi ty i n d e x, q :
= 2 . 3 41 7
S e l e cte d fro m tab l e C. 1 :
q
G.3.4 Non-- dimensional Y-- factor (see B.2.7)
= 1 .0 fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g
= 0. 8 fo r o ccas i o n al p e ak o ve rl o ad i n g
A C al cu l ati o n o f s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r, K K , :
Y=
= + q K − 
ft fy
Ws A
m
(B . 2 2 )
K ft
1
fs
1 (C . 5 )
= 2 . 3 41 7
3 . 1 75 0
= + −
1 1 (1 . 8 3 1 2 1 )
= 0. 7375
= 1 . 831 2 fo r re p eate d l o ad i n g
or
G.4 Calculation of stress correction factor, Kf K = + 1 0. 8 (1 . 8 3 1 2 − 1 )
=
fy
G.4.1 Elastic stress concentration factor (see 1 . 6 65 0 fo r o ccas i o n al p eak o ve rl o ad i n g
C.2) G.5 Fundamental formulas for calculated

torque capacity
C al cu l ati o n fi l l e t rad i u s , r fc
: Tooth bending under repeated loading (see
3.1 ):
R ack g e n e rate d tro ch o i d cal cu l ati o n fi l l e t rad i u s ,
s K d F J m
r fc
: T t
= t
K
ts
2000
c e t
(1 )
tw
r = R (C . 1 ) Tooth bending under occasional peak loading

fc
= 1 . 431 2
fN
mm (fro m e q u ati o n A. 2 9 )
(see 3.2):
s K d F J m
NOTE: Th e exam p l e g e ar s e l ecte d fo r th es e
T y
= y ys
2 0 00 K
c e y
(2 )
yw
G.5.1 Design strength values (see clause 4):

cal cu l ati o n s h as a ci rcu l ar -- arc fi l l e t. Th i s val u e i s u s e d
fo r th e d e m o n s trati o n o f th e u s e o f th e fo rm u l a fo r a tro -
ch o i d fi l l e t an d is n ot u se d e l s e wh e re in th e e xam p l e
D esi g n fati g u e limit fro m pu bl i sh ed d ata, s t
:
= ∕
s 2 90 N mm
2
fro m M PI F S tan d ard 35
=s −s
tT
C i rcu l ar -- arc cal cu l ati o n fi l l e t rad i u s , r fc

: stG tT tTG
(3 )
r fc
= r f
(C . 2 )
= − 2 90 1 4
= 1 . 351 3 mm = ∕2 76 N mm
2
s =
s n × 6
  
Fo r = 5. 0 1 0 :
tG
(4 )
t
0. 7
= K = + K −
  
1 2. 1 21 1 (1 4 )
276 L Ly
− −
0. 7
= 394 N ∕ mm
2 0. 303 K Ly
1 l og n
= + 1 [2 . 1 2 1 ( 1 . 9 6 4 67 − 1 )]
 
Desi g n fati g u e l i m i t (e s ti m ate d fro m u l ti m ate te n s i l e
s tre s s ) , s t
:
− [0 . 3 0 3 ( 1 . 9 6 4 67 − 1 ) ] l og 5. 0 × 1 0
6
s =tT
∕ 930 N mm
2
fro m M PI F S tan d ard 35 = + 1 2 . 0 46 − 0. 2 92 ( 6. 69 9 )
s = k s (5 ) = 1 . 090
×
tT ut uT
= 0. 32 (9 3 0 )
Fo r n > 1 1 0
7
:
= ∕ 298 N mm
2
K L
= 1 (1 5 )
s = s − s (3 )
NOTE: Th e ab o ve l o ad cycl e is u sed fo r th e d em on -
= −
tG tT tTG
s trati o n of th e u se of th e fo rm u l a e xam p l e an d is n ot
2 98 1 4
= ∕
u se d e l s e wh e re in th e e xam p l e.
2
284 N mm
s Lo ad re ve rs al facto r, K :
s =
LR
tG
(4 )
t
0. 7 U n i d i re cti o n al l o ad i n g
= 284
0. 7
K LR
= 1 .0 (1 6 )
= 406 N ∕ mm
2
S i ze facto r, K S
:
NOTE: Th e m ate ri al s e l e cte d fo r th e s e cal cu l ati o n s K S

= 1 (1 8 )
h as avai l ab l e p u b l i s h e d d ata. Th i s val u e i s u se d fo r th e
d e m o n strati o n of th e u se of th e fo rm u l a fo r m ate ri al
Te m p eratu re facto r, K T
:
wi th o u t
wh e re in
p u b l i sh e d
th e e xam p l e
fati g u e d ata
an d is n ot u sed e l se -
K T
= 1 (1 9 )
R e l i ab i l i ty facto r, K :
s
R
= +
Yi e l d s tre n g th (fro m u l ti m ate te n s i l e s tre n g th ) , ,
y
s i n ce th e e xam p l e m ate ri al is h e at tre ate d :

K 0. 5 0. 25 l og n u
(2 0 )
= +
R
= ∕
0. 5 0 . 2 5 l o g (1 0 , 0 0 0 )
s
=
2
860 N mm (fro m M PI F S tan d ard 35)
uM
1 .5
s uG
=s = uM
8 60 N ∕ mm
2
(1 0 )
Com bi n ed facto r fo r ben d i n g fati g u e s tre n g th :
S y
=S = uG
860 N ∕ mm
2
(1 1 )
K =
K K L LR
K K K
(1 2 )
G.6 Combined adjustment factors for strength

ts
S T R
(see clause 5): = (1 . 0 9 0 ) (1 . 0 )
(1 ) ( 1 ) (1 . 5 )
K K
K = L LR
(1 2 )
= 0. 727
ts
K K K S T R
Yi e l d s tre n g th facto r, K y
:
K
K ys
= K K
y
(2 1 ) K y
= 0. 75 (h ard e n e d m ate ri al ) (2 3 )
K
S T
Com bi n ed facto r fo r yi e l d s tre n g th , :
K
ys
Li fe facto r, :
L
K
Fo r n < 0. 5 × 1 0
4
:
K ys
= K K
y
(2 1 )
S T
s
K =K = s
y
= 0. 75
 =
0. 9 (1 3 )
L Ly
t
(1 ) (1 )
= 0. 9
860
394
1 . 9 6 4 67
= 0. 75
NOTE: Th e ab o ve l o ad cycl e is u s ed fo r th e d em o n -
G.7 Calculation diameter (see clause 6)
s trati o n of th e u se of th e fo rm u l a e xam p l e an d is n ot
d C
=d AP
(2 4 )
=
u sed e l se wh ere in th e exam p l e cal cu l ati o n s o th er th an
fo r th e val u e of K Ly
. 76. 295 3 mm (fro m e q u ati o n A. 6 7 )
G.8 Effective face width (see clause 7) s i n ce m B

≥ 1 . 2, K B
= 1 (3 3 )
F F K
− 
Lo ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g , :
E ffe cti ve face wi d th e xte n s i o n s , , : mt
= +  q + q m 
xe 1 xe 2
F K m
=
1 ( ) (3 5 )
F F
mt m v ct w
x
− 
1 (2 7 )
x
f F
=
xe 1
2
q
qm o
S
(3 6 )
m
=
b
0 . 3 5 00
1 0. 3500
(2 ) (3 . 1 7 5 )
= 0 . 2 (1 2 . 0 0 0 0 )
= − (1 0. 05 5 ) 0. 3500
=
24. 0000
= 0. 331 mm
f
0. 1 00
F
=F =
(3 7 )
F q
qv o
xe 2 xe 1 v
d
=
=
0. 331 mm
0 . 3 (1 2 . 0 0 0 0 )
E ffe cti ve face wi d th , F : 76 . 2 0 0 0
=
e
= +F +F

F e
F (2 6 )
0 . 0 47
= + +
O xe1 xe 2
s 0. 5
1 2 . 00 00 0. 3 31 0. 331
m = − t
(3 8 )
= E
1 5
ct
 
1 2 . 662 0 mm
G.9 Geometry factor for bending strength (see = − 394

0. 5
clause 8)
1 5
1 35 000
=
= Y
0. 730
J t
K ft
(2 8 )
m w
= 1 .0
K
= 0. 7375 Lo ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g ,
mt
:
= +  q + q m 
1 . 831 2
K m
= mt
1 (
m v
)
ct w
(3 5 )
= + + ×
0. 403
J = K
Y K mt
1 [( 0 . 1 0 0 0 . 0 4 7 ) ( 0 . 73 0 1 . 0) ]
=
y (3 0 )
fy
1 . 1 07
= 0. 7375
K and our chats
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+ 
D yn am i c facto r, :
v
1 . 6 65 0
= ∕
v  ∕
1 2
=
0 . 4 43
G.1 0 Combined adjustment factors for loading

1 2
K v
1 0. 0055 V (3 9 )
+ 
qT t
(see clause 9) ∕
= × × ∕
1 2
=S
1 2
K tw
K K K
ot mt
K (3 1 )
1 0. 005 5 25. 4 ( 7. 62 )
=S
F B V
K yw
F
K oy
K K B
my
K V
(4 0 )
= 1 . 1 77
S afe ty facto r S F
:
Lo ad d i s tri b u ti o n facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s ,

:
S
my
= 1 fo r th i s e xam p l e .
F
0. 5
S
O ve rl o ad facto r fo r re p e ate d l o ad s , K ot
:
m cy
= − 1 5
E
y
(4 2 )
 
K ot
= 1 fo r th i s e xam p l e
= −
0. 5
K
8 60
O ve rl o ad facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad i n g , : 1 5
oy
1 35 0 00
K oy
= 1 fo r th i s e xam p l e
=
= +q +q 
0. 6009
Ri m th i ckn e s s facto r, K B
:
K my
1 (
m u
) m cy
(4 1 )
m =
t R
= + +1 [( 0 . 1 0. 047 ) 0. 6009 ]
h
(3 2 )
=
B
t
=
1 . 088
d 
R
−d Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r l o ad i n g :
=S
0. 5
K K K K K
O R
(3 1 )
=
tw F ot B mt V
− =
9 . 9 44 1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 . 1 0 7 ) (1 . 1 7 7 )
0. 5 ( 8 5 . 3 4 40 6 9 . 9 2 62 )
= 1 . 2 90 = 1 . 3 03
Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto r fo r o ccas i o n al o ve r- A s e co n d ary l o cati o n wi l l n ot n eed to be
l o ad s e val u ate d .
K yw
=S Koy
K K my
K v
(4 0 )
NOTE: Fo r th i s exam p l e , we wi l l co n ti n u e th e
F B
=
cal cu l ati o n s fo r th e d ri ve r o n l y.
Step 2.
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 . 0 8 8 ) (1 . 1 7 7 )
=
=−
1 . 281
G.11 Returning to the fundamental formula for δφ c

arctan 0. 25 (B . 2 3 )
calculating torque capacity =− 1 4. 0362 4 d e g re es
U se e q u ati o n B. 24 i n s te ad of B. 4 to d e te rm i n e th e
γ
To o th ben d i n g u n d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g :
d i re cti o n an g l e o f cri ti cal to o th fo rce , .

Wc
S K d F J m
T t
= t
K
ts
2 000
c e t
(1 ) γ Wc
= φ Wc
+ δφ − α c Wc
(B . 2 4 )
= − −
tw
2 7. 0876 1 4. 03624 2 . 9 44 2
= ( 3 9 4 ) ( 0 . 72 7 ) ( 76 . 2 9 5 3 ) ( 1 2 . 6 6 2 ) ( 0 . 4 0 3 ) ( 3 . 1 7 5 )
2 0 0 0 (1 . 3 0 3 ) = 1 0. 1 072 d e g re es
= 1 35. 9 Nm Step 3.
=x −y  γ 
To o th ben d i n g u n d er o ccas i o n al o ve rl o ad s
x tan (B . 7 )
S K d F J m
WcC Wc Wc Wc
T y
= y ys
2000
c
K
e t
= − 40. 1 601 2 . 0655 tan (1 0 . 1 0 7 2 )
=
yw
     
=
=W  γ 
3 9 . 79 1 9 d e g re es
860 0. 75 76 . 2 9 5 3 1 2 . 662 0. 443 3. 1 75
  2000 1 . 281
W co s (B . 8 )
=
cy c
Wc
342. 1 Nm
=W
G.1 2 Calculation of load capacity - effect of
co s ( 1 0 . 1 0 7 2 )
c
friction = W
=W  γ 
0. 9845
c
W cx c
si n
Wc
(B . 9 )
U si n g th e g e ar d ata an d l o ad co n d i ti o n s fro m th e
p re vi o u s e xam p l e i n s e cti o n G . 2 , th e e ffe ct o f fri cti o n =W c

s i n (1 0 . 1 0 7 2 )
is n ow
e ffe ct
ad d e d .
o f a co e ffi ci e n t
Th e fo l l o wi n g
o f fri cti o n
cal cu l ati o n s
of 0. 25.
ad d th e
= W 0 . 1 75 5
c
Step 1 .
C al cu l ate th e ben d i n g s tre s s facto r,
=x −x
D e te rm i n ati o n o f cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n s an d
si g n of δφ in e q u ati o n B. 23 per tab l e B. 1 .

h f WcC f
(B . 1 0 )
= −x
c
3 9 . 79 1 9
Fo r b o th g e ars , th e minimum to o th -- to -- to o th f
accu racy l e ve l is Q9, wh i ch e xce e d s th e Q8 wh e re x f

vari e s d epen d i n g on th e l o cati o n on th e
re q u i re m e n ts . As a re s u l t, fi l l e t.
Fo r th e d ri ve r w f
= 2 y f
(B . 1 1 )

Th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n is at p o i n t 3. wh e re vari e s d epen d i n g on th e l o cati o n on th e
f
ε A
= 0. 3 678 rad i an s fro m G . 2. 6. 1 , s te p 1 ,
fi l l e t.
e q u ati o n A. 6 9
h
s = W γ

f
ε 6 co s (B . 1 3 )
w
c
BS Wc
= 0. 51 1 5 rad i an s fro m G . 2 . 6. 1 , s te p 7, 2
3P
ε ε h
= W

S i n ce > , we h ave re ce s s acti o n at th e f
3P A
6 co s 1 0 . 1 0 7 2
δφ w
c
2
cri ti cal p o i n t an d th e si g n of wi l l b e n e g ati ve .
c
f
h
=
Fo r th e d ri ve n
5 . 9070 W f
w
c
2
Th e cri ti cal l o ad l o cati o n is at p o i n t 2.
f
ε 2G
= 0 . 3 677 rad i an s fro m G . 2 . 6. 1 , s te p 6,
f = 6 co s γ [ BT ] (B . 1 4 )
BS Wc
=
BT
ε ε
6 co s 1 0 . 1 0 7 2 [ ]
S i n ce < , we h ave re ce s s acti o n at th e
=
2G A
cri ti cal poi n t an d th e si g n of δφ c

wi l l be n e g ati ve 5. 9070 [ BT ]
C al cu l ate
Step 1 .
S e l e ct
th e
S e l e ct
τ =
m axi m u m
30
an
°
i n i ti al
ben d i n g
tri al
s tre s s ,
val u e of τ f
.
BT =  w
h f
f
(B . 1 5 )
=
f
Step 2.
4. 9366
C al cu l ate fi l l e t d ata fro m th i s l o cati o n an g l e , 2
(7 . 7 9 1 0 )
x y h w
=
, , , :
=x −r 
f f f f
0. 081 3 28
x f fC f
co s τ f
(A. 4 9 )
= − 3 6. 02 55 1 . 3 5 1 3 co s ( 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
Step 4. R e p e at th e s e cal cu l ati o n s fo r s l i g h tl y h i g h e r
= val u e s o f th e l o cati o n an g l e , re p e ati n g s te p s 2 an d 3
y = y − r  
3 4. 85 52 mm
ab o ve . C o n ti n u e th i s i te rati ve p ro ce s s wi th s u cce s -
f fC f
si n τ f
(A. 5 0 )
s i ve l y l arg e r val u e s of th e l o cati o n an g l e u n ti l th e
= − 4 . 5 71 1 1 . 351 3 (s i n 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 )
b racke te d te rm , BT , ch an g e s fro m i n cre as i n g to
=
d e cre as i n g . Th e an g l e wh e re th i s ch an g e o ccu rs is
3 . 895 5 mm
h = x −x
th e l o cati o n o f th e cri ti cal s e cti o n . See tab l e G . 8.
(B . 1 0 )
°
f WcC f
= − 3 9 . 79 1 9 34. 8552
Th e m axi m u m
is th e l o cati o n
val u e fo r
of th e
BT o ccu rre d
cri ti cal
at 6 8 . 7 9
s e cti o n . Fo r
. Th i s
best
= 4. 9367 mm accu racy, s e l e ct an al g o ri th m wh i ch i n cre m e n ts τ by
w =
f
f
y 2
f
(B . 1 1 ) 0. 01 d e g re e s o r s m al l e r. .
= 2 (3 . 8 9 5 5 )
Step 5. C al cu l ate th e m axi m u m ben d i n g s tres s
= 7. 791 0 mm
facto r
Th e i n cl u s i o n o f th e e ffe ct o f fri cti o n h as ch an g e d th e
val u e fo r h .
f BS X
= 6 co s γ Wc
[ BTX ] (B . 1 4)
=
f
Step 3. C al cu l ate th e b racke te d te rm , BT, fro m

6 ( co s 1 0 . 1 0 7 2 ) ( 0 . 0 9 70 2 1 3 7 )
e q u ati o n B. 1 4: = 0. 5 73 1
Table G.8
τf xf yf hf wf BT Decreasing
30 3 4. 855 2 3. 8955 4. 93 67 7. 791 0 0. 081 3 2 8
35 3 4. 91 86 3 . 7960 4. 8733 7. 5 920 0. 084549 No
40 3 4. 9903 3. 7025 4. 801 6 7. 4050 0. 087566 No
50 35. 1 569 3. 5359 4. 63 50 7. 071 8 0 . 0 92 68 1 No
60 3 5. 3 499 3 . 4008 4. 442 0 6. 8 01 6 0 . 0 9601 9 No
65 3 5. 4544 3 . 3 464 4. 33 75 6. 692 8 0 . 0 9683 3 No
67 3 5. 4975 3. 32 72 4. 2 944 6. 6544 0 . 0 9698 1 No
68 35. 51 93 3. 31 82 4. 2726 6. 63 64 0 . 0 9701 2 No
68. 3 35. 5259 3. 31 56 4. 2 660 6. 63 1 2 0 . 0 9701 5 No
68. 6 35. 5324 3. 31 30 4. 2595 6. 62 60 0 . 0 9701 9 No
68. 7 35. 5346 3. 31 21 4. 25 73 6. 62 42 0 . 0 9702 1 No
68. 8 35. 5368 3. 31 1 3 4. 2551 6. 62 2 6 0 . 0 9701 8 Ye s
68. 79 35. 5366 3. 31 1 3 4. 2553 6. 62 2 6 0 . 0 9702 3 M ax BT
Step 6. K
  
C al cu l ate th e s tre s s e s fo r th e cri ti cal to o th C al cu l ate th e e l as ti c s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto r,
fs
l o ad
M
w w
= H+
L
s K r
fc fc
(C . 3 )
h
Ben d i n g te n s i l e s tre s s , fro m e q u ati o n B. 1 3

BS
fs
fc
fc
ab o ve :
Th e val u e s fo r r fc
, H, L an d M are as i n th e p re vi o u s
h
s BS
= 6 W c
co s γ Wc
w
f
(B . 1 3 )
cal cu l ati o n fro m G . 4. 1 .
 
2
Th e re fo re
   
f
= = +
0. 1 5 2 26 0 . 45 1 2 4
6 W c
co s ( 1 0 . 1 0 72 )
4. 25 53
K fs
0. 1 7881
6. 6 2 2 6 6. 6 2 2 6
2 1 . 351 3 4. 2 5 5 3
=
6. 6 2 2 6
= 0 . 5 73 1 W c
Fi n d th e
1 . 7340
s tre s s co n ce n trati o n facto rs K an d K

ft fy
 
C o m p re s s i ve s tre s s , s CS
:
fo l l o wi n g th e m e th o d s h o wn in G . 4. 2 .
γ q
=
si n Ag ai n , u si n g = 1 .0 fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g
s W c
w
Wc
(B . 1 7 )
= 0 . 8 fo r o ccas i o n al p e ak o ve rl o ad i n g
 
CS
fc
=
Fo r re p e ate d l o ad i n g
= + q K − 
W c
s i n 1 0 . 1 0 72
6 . 62 2 6
K 1 1 (C . 5 )
=
ft fs
W
0 . 0 265
c
= + 1 − 1 ( 1 . 73 4 0 1 )
s
Com bi n ed te n s i l e s tre s s ,
t
:
= 1 . 734
s =s −s (B . 1 8 )
Fo r o ccas i o n al p e ak o ve rl o ad i n g
= + q K − 
t BS CS
= W −
0 . 5 73 1
c
0 . 0 2 65 W c K fy
1
fs
1 (C . 5 )
= W0. 5466
c = + 1 0. 8 ( 1 . 73 40 − 1 )
Step 7. C al cu l ate th e fo rm facto r fo rce -- s tre s s rati o

= 1 . 5872
R ati o fo r th e cri ti cal to o th fo rce , A Ws c

C al cu l ate th e g e o m e try facto r fo l l o wi n g G . 9.
A = W c
J = Y
K
s
t
(B . 1 9 ) (2 9 )
Ws c ft
t
= W c
= 0. 5 91 7
0 . 5 46 6 W 1 . 73 4
=
c
= 1 . 8295
0 . 3 41 2 fo r re p eate d l o ad i n g
m J = Y
 
K
Ad j u s tm e n t rati o , (3 0 )

cA y
φ
fy
φ
= + δφ =
co s
m A 0 . 5 91 7
φ co s (B . 2 5 )
cA Wc c
 
co s 1 . 5 872
Wc
= co s 2 0 . 1 9 5 6

co s 2 7 . 0 8 7 6 − 1 4. 03 62 4
 = 0. 3728 fo r o ccas i o n al p eak o ve rl o ad i n g
co s 2 7 . 0 8 7 6
C al cu l ate to rq u e cap aci ty fo l l o wi n g G . 5.
= 1 . 02 69
To o th ben d i n g u n d er re p e ate d l o ad i n g :
A S K d F J m
=
Ad j u s te d fo rce -- s tre s s rati o ,
Ws A
T
c e
=A
t ts t
(1 )
A Ws A Ws c
m cA
(B . 2 1 )
t
K 2 0 00
tw
= 1 . 8295 ( 1 . 0 2 69 )
Th e on l y te rm s affe cte d by fri cti o n co m p are d to th e
J K
=
fri cti o n l e s s co n d i ti o n are an d
t fs .
1 . 878 7
Step 8. C al cu l ate th e n o n -- d i m e n s i o n al Y facto r T t

= ( 3 9 4 ) ( 0 . 7 2 7 ) ( 7 6. 2 9 5 3 ) ( 1 2 . 6 6 2 ) ( 0 . 3 4 1 2 ) ( 3 . 1 7 5 )
2000 (1 . 3 0 3 )
A =
Y=
1 1 5. 0 Nm
Ws A
m (B . 2 2 )
Th e i n cl u s i o n of th e 0. 25 co e ffi ci e n t of fri cti o n h as
= 1 . 8 78 7
3. 1 75
re d u ce d th e l o ad cap aci ty o f th i s g e ar to o n l y 8 4 . 6 %
of th e cap aci ty cal cu l ate d wi th o u t th e e ffe ct of th i s
= 0. 591 7 fri cti o n facto r.
G.1 3 Test for fillet interference:

G e ar s p e ci fi cati o n s as d e fi n e d b y tab l e G. 1 .
φ T
= inv
− 1
  inv φ +
p c
−t −t
G
2 C
MG

 (F. 5 )
Co n si d er
fi l l e t we
th e te s t
are
th e
cas e
24 to o th
e xam i n i n g
wh e re
pi n i on
in
th e
th i s
to be
e xam p l e .
fi l l e t was
th e p art
We
cre ate d
wh o s e
wi l l
as
u se
a
= inv
−  1
 i n v 20 ° +
 9 . 9 74 6 − 5 . 72 77
2
 1 01 . 6
−

4 . 2 46 9


ci rcu l ar -- arc. Al s o , fo r th e p u rp o s e o f th i s e xam p l e ,
= inv
−  1
0. 01 49

we wi l l i n cre as e th e o u ts i d e d i am e te r o f th e m ati n g
g e ar (4 0 to o th ) fro m 1 3 1 . 2 4 1 8 as s h o wn i n tab l e G . 1 = 20 d e g ree s
to 1 33. 3 mm in o rd e r to cre ate i n te n ti o n al fi l l e t
i n te rfe re n ce . NOTE: I n th i s e xam p l e , th e s u m o f th e th i ckn e ss o f th e
te e th fo r b o th g e ars i s e q u al to th e ci rcu l ar p i tch . Th e re -
Th e re fo re
fo re , th e p re s s u re an g l e at th e ti g h t m esh ce n ter d i s-
d OM G
= 1 33. 3 mm
tan ce is e q u al to th e p re ss u re an g l e of th e m esh , an d
G.1 3.1 Center distance and operating pressure

th e ti g h t m esh cen te r d i s tan ce h ap p e n s to be e q u al to
th e re fe re n ce ce n ter d i s tan ce .
angle
Step 5. Ti g h t m esh ce n te r d i s tan ce
G.1 3.1 .1 Find tight mesh center distance

C φ
Step 1 . C = 
( co s

)
(F. 6 )
P i tch d i am e te rs o f b o th g e ars T
co s φ T
Fro m tab l e G. 1
= ( co s 20 ° )
m = 3. 1 75
1 01 . 6
( co s 2 0 ° )
N G
= 24
= 1 01 . 6 mm
N = 40 G.1 3.1 .2 Select center distance, CAN , to perform

the evaluation
MG
d G
=N m G
(F. 1 )
= Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
(2 4 ) (3 . 1 7 5 )
Fro m tab l e G. 1 , th e o p e rati n g ce n te r d i s tan ce C A
is
=
1 01 . 727 mm. Tab l e G. 1 d oes n ot s p e ci fy wh e th er
76. 2 mm
th i s ce n te r d i s tan ce is a minimum th at th e m esh is
d MG
=N m MG
(F. 2 ) l i ke l y to e n co u n te r. Fo r th e p u rp o s e o f th i s e xam p l e,
= (4 0 ) (3 . 1 7 5 )
l et
S i n ce
us as s u m e
th i s is
it
g re ate r
is th e minimum
th an th e
ce n te r
ti g h t m esh
d i s tan ce .
ce n ter
= 1 27. 0 mm C d i s tan ce ,
T
, we wi l l ch o o s e to do th e e val u ati o n at
Step 2. R e fe re n ce ce n te r d i s tan ce
th i s d i s tan ce .
d +d
C=
Th e re fo re ,
G MG
=
(F. 3 )
2
C 1 0 1 . 72 7 mm (F. 7 )
+
AN
= 76. 2
2
1 2 7. 0
G.1 3.1 .3 Find operating pitch diameters

= N C
= N 
1 01 . 6 mm 2
d G AN
Step 3. +N
(F. 8 )
AG
C i rcu l ar p i tch
= πm
G MG
p
=
c (F. 4 )
=π
(2 ) (2 4 ) (1 0 1 . 7 2 7 )
(3 . 1 7 5 )
(2 4 + 40 )
= 9 . 9 74 6 mm
= 76. 2953 mm
Step 4. P re s s u re an g l e at ti g h t m e s h ce n te r d i s tan ce
N C
= N 
2
d MG AN
+N
(F. 9 )
Fro m tab l e G. 1 AM G
G MG
t
=
= 5 . 7277 mm
G
(2 ) (4 0 ) (1 0 1 . 7 2 7 )
t MG
= 4. 2 469 mm (2 4 + 40 )
φ = 20 ° = 1 2 7. 1 588 mm
G.1 3.1 .4 Adjustments for center distance G.1 3.1 .4.6 Find the pressure angle at the
effective outside diameter of the mating gear
G.1 3.1 .4.1 Find operating pressure angle
=  +
r

 
φ φ
2
rM G
(F. 1 5 )
d
arctan tan
 
OEM G rC M G
φ
BM G
φ = C
( co s )
= °+
(F. 1 0 )
C
arcco s
 
A 2 ( 0 . 7 62 )
AN arctan tan 2 5 . 0 9 1
°
1 1 9. 3 41
= arcco s 1 01 . 6
( co s 2 0
1 01 . 727
)
= 2 5 . 68 8 2 d e g re es
G.1 3.1 .4.7 Find the half tooth angle for the
= 2 0. 1 9561 d e g ree s
backlash adjusted tooth thickness of the mating
gear
G.1 3.1 .4.2 Find the backlash adjusted tooth t
thickness α BM G
= d
BM G
(F. 1 6 )
MG
t BM G
=p −t + c
G
2 C  inv φ A
− (i n v φ )  (F. 1 1 )
= 4. 3 398
1 27. 0
= −
9 . 9 74 6 5 . 7 2 77 = 0. 0341 7 rad i an s
+ 2 (1 0 1 . 6 ) [( i n v ( 2 0 . 1 9 5 6 1 ° − ) i n v (2 0 ° )] G.1 3.1 .4.8 Find the angular location relative to

= +
4. 2 46 9 2 03 . 2 [( 0 . 0 1 5 3 6 1 ) − ( 0 . 0 1 49 0 4 ) ] the adjusted tooth centerline
= 4. 3 398 mm
α rC B M G
= α BM G
+ inv φ −  tan φ OEM G
+ φ rC M G
Fro m tab l e G.1 fo r th e m ati n g g e ar . = 0. 03 41 7 + i n v (2 0 ° −

) tan ( 2 5 . 6 88 2 ° +
)
(F. 1 7 )
0. 43792
r rM G
= 0 . 7 62 0 mm
= 0. 00598 rad i an s
G.1 3.1 .4.3 Find the diameter of the center of the = 0. 342 6 d e g ree s
tip round of the mating gear G.1 3.2 Path of tip of gear
G.1 3.2.1 Find the half tooth thickness angle at
d rC M G
=d OMG
− 2 r rM G
(F. 1 2 )
the effective outside diameter of the mating gear
= 1 33. 3 − ( 2 ) ( 0 . 7 62 0 )
α = α + inv φ− inv φ (F. 1 9 )
=
O EBM G BM G O EM G
1 31 . 776 mm
= 0. 0341 7 + i n v(2 0 ° −
) i n v (2 5 . 6 8 8 2 ° )
G.1 3.1 .4.4 Find the base circle diameter of = 0. 01 6404 rad i an s
mating gear = 0. 93996 d e g re es
G.1 3.2.2 Find the limit point for OE

d = d φ (F. 1 3 )
=φ −φ −α
co s
γ
BM G MG
= °
(F. 1 8 )
OEM G OEM G A O E BM G
= °− °−
1 2 7. 0 co s 2 0
= 2 5 . 68 8 2 2 0 . 1 9 5 61 0 . 93 996 °
=
1 1 9. 3 41 0 mm
4. 552 63 d e g re es
G.1 3.1 .4.5 Find the pressure angle at the center G.1 3.2.3 Find the limit point for OR
of the tip round for the mating gear
γ =−α
 
(F. 2 0 )
O RM G rC B M G
d =−
=
0. 00598 rad i an s
φ rC M G
arcco s
d
BM G
(F. 1 4 )
G.1 3.2.4 Point path selection
 
rC M G
j
=
Fo r th i s e xam p l e p i ck 5 to tal p o i n ts o n p ath , = 1 to 5 .
1 1 9. 3 41
arcco s
(A g re ate r n u m b e r m ay b e n e e d e d to b e s tu d i e d in a
1 31 . 776
=
s p e ci fi c ap p l i cati o n to e n s u re th at th e re are no
0. 43792 rad i an s
=
o ve rl ap p i n g co n d i ti o n s . )
n
25. 091 d e g re e s
Th e re fo re , = 5.
At p o i n t O RM G G e n e ral fo rm
γ r1 M G
=γ ORM G
=− 0. 00 5 98 rad i an s (F. 2 1 )
x PPj
= 0. 5 d AG
co s γ rj G
(F. 2 6 )
=− 0. 3 426 d e g re e s = 0. 5 ( 76 . 2 9 5 3 ) co s γ rj G
At poi n t OEM G
y = 0. 5 d si n γ (F. 2 7 )
= =
PPj AG rj G
γ r5 M G
γ O EM G
4 . 5 5 2 63 d eg ree s (F. 2 2 )
= 0. 5 ( 76 . 2 9 5 3 ) s i n γ rj G
j
=
Fo r p o i n ts = 2 to 4
x C γ (F. 2 8 )
n− j + γ j−
co s
γ
CM G j AN rj G
= =
( ) ( 1 )
γ γ
n−
r1 M G rn M G
(F. 2 3 ) ( 1 0 1 . 7 2 7 ) co s
rj M G rj G
( 1 )
Fo r j = 2
y CM G j
= C AN
si n γ rj G
(F. 2 9 )
= γ
=− ° − + ° − (1 0 1 . 7 2 3 7 ) s i n
γ
0. 3 426 (5 2) 4. 552 63 (2 1 ) rj G
r2 M G
(5 − 1 )
S u b s ti tu te in fo r e ach val u e of γ fro m tab l e G . 9.

rj G
= 0. 8 81 1 d eg re es
R e s u l ts are s h o wn in tab l e G . 9.
Fo r o th e r val u e s of j , see tab l e G . 9.

Step 3. Fi n d th e x, y co o rd i n ate o f th e m ati n g g e ar ti p
j
G.1 3.2.5 Find the tooth pitch angle at the mating
rad i u s fo r e ach p o i n t, .
gear G e n e ral fo rm
° x = x − d
β =
γ 
0. 5
(F. 3 0 )
3 60 rC M G j CM G j rC M G
N (F. 2 5 )
× +γ +α
MG
MG
°
co s
=
rj G rj M G rC B M G
3 60
40 y = y − d
γ 
0. 5
(F. 3 1 )
= 9. 0 d e g ree s
× si n +γ +α
G.1 3.2.6 Calculation of path points projected on
rj G rj M G rC B M G
the “fixed” gear j

Get more FREE standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats Fo r = 1
Step 1 . x = −
 
(1 0 0 . 9 8 4 1 ) 0 . 5 (1 3 1 . 7 7 6 )
G e n e ral fo rm o f th e e q u ati o n . rC M G j
β N
× °+ − ° + co s ( 6 . 9 2 8 6 6 ( 0. 3 428 ) 0. 3 426 ° )
γ = γ + = MG
− ° MG
(F. 2 4 )
rj G
N rj M G
2
(1 0 0 . 9 8 4 1 ) 6 5 . 8 8 8 co s ( 6. 9 2 8 4 6 )
=
G
3 5 . 5 7 72 mm
 
Fo r = 1
an d
γ = − °+ °
= −
9. 0 40
r1 G
0 . 3 42 6
2 24
(F. 2 4 )
y rC M G j
(1 2 . 2 7 1 7 ) 0 . 5 (1 3 1 . 7 7 6 )
= 6. 928 65 d e g re es
× si n ( 6 . 9 2 8 6 °+ − ( 0. 3428 ° +
) 0. 342 6 ° )
Fo r o th e r val u e s of j , see tab l e G . 9.

= (1 2 . 2 7 1 7 ) − 6 5 . 8 8 8 co s ( 6 . 9 2 8 4 6 ° )
Step 2. Fi n d th e x, y co o rd i n ate s o f th e p i tch poi n t

= 4. 3 2 3 6 mm
an d m ati n g g e ar ce n te r re fe re n ce d to th e g e ar axe s . Fo r o th e r val u e s of j , see tab l e G . 9.
Table G.9 - Summarized table of steps - results rounded off

γ rj M G
γ rj G
x PPj
y PPj
x CM G j
y CM G j
x rC M G j
y rC M G j
ρ rP P j
x rj
y j
z
p fC j
Does
i n terfe re n ce
e xi s t
-- 0 . 3 4 2 6 ° 6. 9287 ° 3 7 . 8 69 0 4. 601 9 1 00. 9841 1 2. 271 7 35. 5772 4. 3 2 36 2 . 3 086 3 4. 82 09 4. 2 3 1 5 1 . 251 6 No
0. 881 1 ° 8 . 9 68 4 ° 3 7. 681 2 5. 9468 1 0 0 . 48 3 3 1 5. 8582 3 5. 63 51 4. 1 992 2 . 6909 35. 0557 3 . 7043 1 . 3 007 No
2 . 1 049 ° 1 1 . 0082 ° 3 7 . 4 45 7 7. 2 843 99. 8552 1 9. 42 47 35. 7759 4. 0928 3 . 601 9 3 5. 42 2 6 3 . 41 76 1 . 301 6 No
3. 3288 ° 1 3 . 0480 ° 3 7 . 1 62 7 8. 61 2 5 99. 1 006 2 2. 9666 35. 9980 4. 01 1 4 4 . 7 46 2 35. 81 1 0 3. 2727 1 . 3 1 60 No
4. 552 6 ° 1 5 . 0877 ° 3 6. 832 6 9. 9297 98. 2203 2 6. 4 7 9 3 3 6. 2 992 3 . 9625 5. 991 1 3 6. 2 3 1 4 3. 2035 1 . 3830 Yes
Step 4.
m ati n g
Fi n d
g e ar
th e x,
ti p rad i u s
y co o rd i n ate s
fo r e ach
o f th e p o i n t o n
poi n t j.
th e
y rj
= 4. 601 9 −  2 . 3 08 6
2. 3086
+ 0 . 76 2

× (4 . 6 0 1 9 − 4. 3 2 3 4 )

=
G e n e ral fo rm o f th e e q u ati o n s
4. 2 31 5 mm
Ã rP P J
= x
PP j
−x rC M G j
 +2
y
PP j
−y rC M G j
 2
Fo r o th e r val u e s
G.1 3.3 Test for path point interference

of j, see tab l e G . 9.
 
(F. 3 2 )
As i n d i cate d i n th e p ro b l e m s tate m e n t, i t i s as s u m e d
Ã +r

i n th i s e xam p l e th at th e 2 4 to o th g e ar h as a fu l l ro u n d
x rj
= x PPj
− rP P j
Ã rP P j
rM G
x P Pj
−x rC M G j
fi l l e t reg i o n i n s te ad o f a tro ch o i d s h ap e d re g i o n .
Th e co o rd i n ate ( x , y ) fo r th e fi l l e t rad i u s ce n te r h as
 
(F. 3 3 ) fc fc
p re vi o u s l y been cal cu l ate d (s e e A. 4 0 an d A. 4 1 ) as
y rj
= y PPj
−
Ã rP P j
Ã
+r rM G
y P Pj
−y rC M G j
 (3 6 . 0 2 5 6 ,
To te s t
4. 571 1 ) .
fo r p ath poi n t i n te rfe re n ce , we u se th e

rP P j
(F. 3 4 ) fo l l o wi n g :
Fo r j = 1
z = x −x  +2
y −y  2
(F. 3 5 )

fC j rj fC rj fC
Ã = − 2
+ − 2
j

( 3 7 . 8 69 0 Fo r = 1
3 5 . 5 7 73 ) ( 4 . 60 1 9 4. 32 3 4 )
rP P j
= 2. 3086 mm
z
fC 1
=  3 4. 8 2 0 9 − 3 6. 0 2 5 6
 +2
4. 2 3 1 5 − 4 . 5 71 1
 2
−  =
+
1 . 251 6
x rj
= 3 7. 8 6 9 0
2. 3086
2 . 3 086
0 . 7 62
S i n ce ( z
fC 1
= 1 . 2 5 1 6) < ( r f
= 1 . 351 3) , no fi l l e t
j
× −
i n te rfe re n ce e xi s ts at th e poi n t = 1 .
( 3 7. 8 6 9 0 3 5 . 5 7 72 )
j,
=
Fo r o th e r val u e s of see tab l e G . 9. N o ti ce th at
3 4. 82 09 mm i n te rfe re n ce d oes e xi s t at j = 5.
Bibliography
Th e fo l l o wi n g d o cu m e n ts are e i th e r re fe re n ce d in th e te xt of AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5 , Calculated Bending Load

Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External Spur Gears, o r i n d i cate d fo r ad d i ti o n al i n fo rm ati o n .
1 . M PI F S tan d ard 35, Material Standards for culating Geometry Factors for Spur and Helical
P/M Structural Parts, 1 997 e d i ti o n . Gears
2. S an d e ro w, H.I., S p i rko , J . R. an d Fri e d h o ff,
Gear Classification and
Fatigue Properties ofP/M Materials: Relation-
6. AG M A 2 0 0 0 -- A8 8 ,
T. B . ,
Inspection Handbook - Tolerances And Measuring
ship ofRBFand AFResults to Material-- Processing Methods For Unassembled Spur And Helical Gears
Parameters , Ad van ce s in P o wd e r M e tal l u rg y an d
(Including Metric Equivalents)
P arti cu l ate M ate ri al s , 1 9 9 7 , Vo l . 2 , M P I F, P ri n ce to n ,
NJ, 1 997, pg s. 1 3 -- 1 1 7 . 7. AN S I /AG M A Gear Nomencla-

1 0 1 2 -- F9 0 ,
3. AN S I /AG M A Fundamental Rat-

2 0 0 1 -- D 0 4 ,
ture, Definitions of Terms with Symbols
ing Factors And Calculation Methods For Involute Style Manual for the Prep-
Spur And Helical Gear Teeth
8. AG M A 9 0 0 -- G 0 0 ,
aration of Standards, Information Sheets and

4. AG M A Geometry Factors for De-
9 0 8 -- B 8 9 , Editorial Manuals
termining the Pitting Resistance and Bending
Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear 9. AN S I B 9 2 . 1 -- 1 9 7 0 , Involute Splines and
Teeth. Inspection, tab l e 1 09.
5. AG M A A Summary of Numerical
9 1 8 -- A9 3 , 1 0. 9 8 FTM 2 , Mesh Friction in Gearing , C. M .
Examples Demonstrating the Procedures for Cal- D e n n y, O cto b e r 1 998.
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
500 MONTGOMERY STREET, SUITE 350
ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 2231 4

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AGMA 930- A05

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Calculated Bending Load Capacity of

AGMA INFORMATION SHEET

te ch n i cal p u b l i cati o n s h o u l d b e s u re th at th e p u b l i cati o n i s th e l ate s t avai l ab l e fro m th e As -

[Tab l e s o r o th e r s e l f -- s u p p o rti n g s e cti o n s m ay b e re fe re n ce d . C i tati o n s s h o u l d re ad : S ee

AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5 , Calculated Bending Load Capacity ofPowder Metallurgy (P/M) External

e ry S tre e t, S u i te 350, Al e xan d ri a, Vi rg i n i a 2231 4, h ttp : //www. ag m a. o rg . ]

(P /M ) e xte rn al s p u r g e ars b as e d o n to o th b e n d i n g s tre n g th . Two typ e s o f l o ad i n g are co n s i d e re d : 1 ) re p e ate d

l o ad i n g o ve r m an y cycl e s ; an d 2 ) o ccas i o n al p e ak l o ad i n g . I n a s e p arate an n e x, i t al s o d e s cri b e s an e s s e n ti al l y

re ve rs e p ro ce d u re fo r e s tab l i s h i n g an i n i ti al d esi g n fro m s p e ci fi e d ap p l i e d l o ad s . As p art o f th e l o ad cap aci ty

cal cu l ati o n s , th e re i s a d e tai l e d an al ys i s o f g e ar te e th g e o m e try. Th e s e h ave b e e n e xte n d e d to i n cl u d e u s e fu l

d e tai l s on o th e r as p e cts o f g e ar g e o m e try s u ch as th e cal cu l ati o n s fo r d e fi n i n g g e ar to o th p ro fi l e s , i n cl u d i n g

American Gear Manufacturers Association

No p art o f th i s p u b l i cati o n m ay be rep ro d u ced in an y fo rm , in an e l e ctro n i c

re tri e val sys tem o r o th e rwi s e , wi th o u t p ri o r wri tte n p erm i s s i o n o f th e p u b l i sh e r.

3 Fu n d am e n tal fo rm u l as fo r cal cu l ate d to rq u e cap aci ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4 D esi g n s tre n g th val u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5 Com bi n ed ad j u s tm e n t facto rs fo r s tre n g th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

7 E ffe cti ve face wi d th , F e

8 G e o m e try facto r fo r ben d i n g s tre n g th , J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

B C al cu l ati o n of spu r g e ar facto r, Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

C C al cu l ati o n o f th e s tre s s co rre cti o n facto r, K f

E C al cu l ati o n o f i n ve rs e fu n cti o n s fo r g e ar g e o m e try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3 M an u factu ri n g vari ati o n ad j u s tm e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

i n fo rm ati o n al p u rp o s e s on l y an d are n ot to be co n s tru e d as a p art of AG M A I n fo rm ati o n

Sh eet 9 3 0 -- A0 5 , Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External

Th i s i n fo rm ati o n s h e e t was p re p are d b y th e AG M A P o wd e r M e tal l u rg y G e ari n g C o m m i tte e

as an i n i ti al re s p o n s e to th e n e e d fo r a d e s i g n e val u ati o n p ro ce d u re fo r p o wd e r m e tal l u rg y

(P /M ) g e ars . Th e co m m i tte e an ti ci p ate s th at, afte r ap p ro p ri ate m o d i fi cati o n an d

co n fi rm ati o n b as e d o n ap p l i cati o n e xp e ri e n c e , th i s p ro ce d u re wi l l b e co m e p art o f a s tan d ard

g e ar rati n g m e th o d fo r P /M g e ars . As s u ch , i t wi l l s e rve th e s am e fu n cti o n fo r P /M g e ars as

th e rati n g p ro ce d u re i n AN S I /AG M A 2 0 0 1 -- C 9 5 fo r wro u g h t m e tal g e ars . To ward th i s e n d ,

th e d esi g n e val u ati o n p ro ce d u re d e s cri b e d h e re cl o s e l y fo l l o ws AN S I /AG M A 2 0 0 1 -- C 9 5 ,

wi th ch an g e s m ad e fo r th e s p e ci al p ro p e rti e s o f P /M m ate ri al s , g e ar p ro p o rti o n s , an d typ e s

of ap p l i cati o n s . Th e s e d esi g n co n s i d e rati o n s h ave m ad e it possi bl e to i n tro d u ce som e

s i m p l i fi cati o n s in co m p ari s o n to th e ab o ve m e n ti o n e d s tan d ard .

Th e fi rs t d raft o f AG M A 9 3 0 -- A0 5 was m ad e in June 1 996. I t was ap p ro ve d b y th e AG M A

Te ch n i cal D i vi s i o n E xe cu ti ve C o m m i tte e in J an u ary 2 005.

Am e ri can G e ar M an u factu re rs As s o ci ati o n , 5 0 0 M o n tg o m e ry S tre e t, S u i te 3 5 0 , Al e xan d ri a,

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Powder Metallurgy Gearing Committee

Vi ce C h ai rm an : Wal te r D. B ad g e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n e ral M o to rs C o rp o rati o n

D. Bobby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n n o vati ve S i n te re d M e tal s

S . T. H aye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B u rg e s s N o rto n M fg . Co.

J . T. Ri l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B l ack & D e cke r, I n c.

D. S e rd yn s ki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M i l wau ke e E l e ctri c To o l C o rp o rati o n

i n cl u d i n g P /M g e ars , m ay fai l in a vari e ty of m od es

d oes n ot ad d re s s d esi g n fe atu re s to re s i s t th e s e

ings of wro u g h t m e tal g e ars , e ve n th o u g h th e re are

1 Scope 1 .2 Types of gears

Th i s i n fo rm ati o n sh eet d e s cri b e s a p ro ce d u re fo r

m e tal l u rg y (P /M ) g e ars b as e d on to o th ben d i n g

s tre n g th . Two typ e s of l o ad i n g are co n s i d e re d : 1 )

re p e ate d l o ad i n g o ve r m an y cycl e s ; an d 2 ) o ccas i o n -

p re p are d g e ar d esi g n s wh i ch m eet th e cu s to m ary -- M axi m u m acti ve face wi d th : 1 5 ¢ m od u l e, wi th

g e ar g e o m e try re q u i re m e n ts s u ch as ad e q u ate a 65 mm m axi m u m ;

b ackl as h , co n tact rati o g re ate r th an 1 . 0, an d ad e -

1 .1 .2 Strength properties 1 .4 Gear mesh limitations

i n th e s e cal cu l ati o n s m ay b e take n fro m p re vi o u s te s t co n d i ti o n s e xp re s s e d as a co n tact rati o g re ate r th an