Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

Mohamed Wael Galal

E502
NC1210 1588

El Salam Technical Integrated Cluster

Unite (63)

Report include :
Refrigeration
1. Definition
2. Components
3. The ideal cycle of refrigeration
4. Summary of the refrigerant state
5. The theory and formulas (ideal cycle)
6. The actual cycle of refrigeration

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 Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

1. Refrigeration cycle is:

• Refrigeration cycle is heat absorption and heat rejection.
• you can't make cold, you can just remove heat.
• The refrigeration cycle, sometimes called a heat pump cycle, is a means of routing heat
away from the area you want to cool.
2. Components of Refrigeration cycle:
There are four fundamental elements of a basic cycle are as follows:

1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Expansion Device
4. Evaporator
1-2Compressors :
• Compression is the first step in the refrigeration cycle, and a compressor is the piece of
equipment that increases the pressure of the working gas.

• Refrigerant enters the compressor as low-pressure, low-temperature gas, and leaves the
compressor as a high-pressure, high-temperature gas.

Types of Compressors:
1.Reciprocating compressors 2. Scroll compressors 3. Rotary compressors

Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3

Main parts of a reciprocating Main parts of a Scroll Main parts of a Rotary
compressor compressor compressor
(Reference: instructables.com) (Reference: instructables.com) (Reference: instructables.com)

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 Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

2-3The condenser
• The condenser, or condenser coil, is one of two types of heat exchangers used in a basic
refrigeration loop.

• It used to cool the refrigerant sent from the Compressor which This refrigerant is a gas
state with high temperature and pressure.

• Condenser works to cool down to condensate the refrigerant into a liquid. The
temperature is lower but the pressure is still high.

Fig.4 Fig.5

After condensing, the refrigerant is a high-pressure, low-temperature liquid, at which point

it’s routed to the loop’s expansion device.

3-4The expansion device

Expansion devises are used in between evaporator and condenser in
refrigeration system. These devices regulates the flow of liquid
refrigerant to an evaporator. And it used to
1. To reduce the pressure of liquid refrigerant coming from condenser.
2. To maintain desired pressure difference between high pressure and
low pressure side of the system.
3. Capacity expansion devices are used to maintain the desired rate of Fig.6
flow and pressure drop across the system. (TXV) or thermal expansion valves
(pictured above)
These components come in a few different designs. Popular
configurations include fixed orifices, thermostatic expansion valves (TXV)

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 Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

4-1The evaporator

Fig.8
The evaporator is the second heat exchanger in a standard refrigeration circuit, and like the
condenser, it’s named for its basic function. It serves as the “business end” of a refrigeration
cycle, given that it does what we expect air conditioning to do – absorb heat

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 Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

3. The cycle of refrigeration

Cycle Refrigeration Vapor-Compression ldial
Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Process Description Part

1-2 Isentropic compression (1-2Compressors)
2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser (2-3 Condenser)
3-4 Throttling in an expansion valve lowering pressure (3-4 Expansion device)
4-1 Constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator (4-1 Evaporator)

Fig.9 Fig.10
The P-h diagram of the refrigerator Fig.11 The T-S diagram of the refrigerator

The diagram of the refrigerator cycle

• 1-2 Compressor: This part compresses the low-pressure, low-temperature refrigerant gas
making it a high-pressure, high-temperature gas.

• 2-3 Condenser: The high pressure, high-temperature gas then enters the condenser.
Here, heat is removed from the gas, causing it to condense into a high pressure,
moderate-temperature liquid.

• 3-4 Expansion valve: This valve decompresses the liquid refrigerant, turning it into a
low-pressure, low-temperature liquid.

• 4-1 Evaporator: In the evaporator, the low fever temperature liquid refrigerant absorbs
heat from its surroundings (the area to be cooled), boiling it off into a gas once again.
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 Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

4. Table. Summary of the refrigerant state during the refrigeration

cycle
states 4-element parts Refrigerant state Temperature
Low temperature and low pressure
gas → High temperature and high Low temperature
(1-2)
Compressor pressure gas → high
Compression
temperature
High temperature and high High
(2-3) pressure gas → High temperature
Condenser temperature
Condensation and high pressure liquid (constant)
High temperature and high
pressure liquid → Low High
(3-4)
Expansion valve temperature and low pressure temperature →
Expansion
liquid Low temperature
Low temperature and low pressure
(4-5) liquid → Low temperature and Low temperature
Evaporator
Evaporation low pressure gas (constant)

5. formulas for each state in the refrigerant cycle:

1-2 (Compressor):
The work done by the compressor, W_c, can be calculated as:
W_c = h_2 - h_1
2-3 (Condenser):
The heat rejected in the condenser, Q_out, can be calculated as:
Q_out = h_3 - h_2
3-4 (Expansion device):
The work done by the expansion device, W_e, can be neglected since it is usually small
compared to other components. The enthalpy change in the expansion device is typically
negligible. Therefore, we can write:
W_e ≈ 0
h_4 = h_3
4-1 (Evaporator):
The heat absorbed in the evaporator, Q_in, can be calculated as:
Q_in = h_1 - h_4

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 Mohamed Wael Galal NC 1210 1588 E 502 Unite (63) (Mechanical Engineering)

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