MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

Mohamed Wael Galal

E502
NC1210 1588

El Salam Technical Integrated Cluster

Unite (64)
Report include :
1. Introduction
2. Executive Summary
3. Carnot cycle (theoretical):
4. Otto cycle (gasoline engines):
5. Diesel cycle (diesel engines):
6. Rankine cycle (steam power plants):
7. Summary
8. Conclusion
9. References

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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

1. Introduction
A heat engine is a device that extracts heat from a source (such as burning fuel
or nuclear reactions) and converts it into mechanical work. The fundamental
principle is based on the second law of thermodynamics, which sets limits on the
efficiency of heat-to-work conversion. Heat engines operate by taking a working
substance through a cycle, where it undergoes specific processes.

2. Executive Summary
Key points about heat engines:

• Working Substance: Heat engines use a working substance (often a gas or

liquid) with a non-zero heat capacity.
• Temperature Difference: The engine operates between a high-temperature
source (heat input) and a low-temperature sink (heat output).
• Thermodynamic Cycles: Heat engines follow specific thermodynamic
cycles, each with distinct processes.
• Efficiency Limit: Carnot’s theorem sets an upper limit on efficiency,
emphasizing that no engine can be more efficient than a reversible Carnot
engine.

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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

3. Carnot cycle (theoretical):

Most efficient cycle, but impractical. Involves
isothermal heat addition and removal, with
adiabatic compression and expansion for
maximum efficiency.
The Carnot cycle is an idealized cycle that
operates between two thermal reservoirs,
typically a high-temperature source and a low-
temperature sink. It is reversible and operates in
a series of four processes:

• Process 1-2: Isentropic expansion of steam in turbine (steam turbine

work, wt )
• In this process, dry saturated steam at temperature T1 (=TH) enters the
steam turbine at state ‘1’ (dry saturated vapor)and expands
isentropically to state ‘2’(wet steam) at sink temperature T2 (=TL)thus
doing the useful work.
• Process 2-3: Constant pressure, constant temperature heat rejection in
condenser (Condensation)
• In this process, the exhaust steam from the turbine at state ‘2’ (wet
steam) is condensed and cooled to state ‘3’ (wet steam)in the condenser
by rejecting heat ‘qR’ to heat sink at the temperature TL.
• Process 3-4: Isentropic compression of steam in compressor (Pump
work, wp)
• In this process, the water and vapor from condenser at state ‘3’ (wet
steam) are pumped by feed pump to state ‘4’(saturated liquid).
• Process 4-1: Constant pressure, constant temperature heat addition in
boiler (boiling)
• In this process, the saturated liquid at state ‘4’ (Saturated liquid) is
converted into dry and saturated steam in the boiler by adding heat ‘qA’
from heat source at the temperature TH.
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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

4. Otto cycle (gasoline engines): Spark-ignition engines that use

constant volume heat addition, adiabatic expansion and compression, and constant
volume heat removal.
• The Otto cycle is commonly used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines, such as
gasoline engines. It consists of four processes: intake, compression, combustion, and
exhaust.
Process 0-1: Suction process
• Process 1-2: (compression stroke)
Isentropic Compression
• Process 2-3: (ignition and combustion
of fuel) Constant Pressure Heat
Addition
• Process 3-4: (power stroke) Isentropic
Expansion
• Process: 4-1: (coolant comes in contact
with cylinder walls) Constant Volume
Heat Rejection
Process: 1-0: (Exhaust stroke) Exhaust
Process

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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

5. Diesel cycle (diesel engines): Compression-ignition engines with

adiabatic compression, constant pressure heat addition, adiabatic expansion, and
constant pressure heat removal. More efficient than Otto cycle due to controlled burning.
• Diesel cycle is considered as the ideal cycle for diesel engines or compression ignition
engine. In this cycle heat addition is at constant pressure
The cycle consists of four processes :
• Process 1 – 2 isentropic
compression from V1 to V2
• Process 2 – 3 addition of heat Qin at
constant pressure
• Process 3 – 4 isentropic expansion
to the original volume
• Process 4 – 1 rejection of heat Qout
at constant volume

6. Rankine cycle (steam power plants): Uses water as the working

fluid, which boils and condenses during the cycle. Involves constant pressure heat
addition (boiling), adiabatic expansion, constant pressure heat removal (condensing), and
adiabatic compression.
There are four processes in the Rankine cycle. The states are identified by numbers (in
brown) in the T-s diagram.
• 1 – 2 : Isentropic Compression in a Pump.
• 2 – 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Addition in a Boiler.
• 3 – 4 : Isentropic Expansion in a Turbine.
• 4 – 1 : Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser.

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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

• Process 1–2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. As the fluid is a
liquid at this stage, the pump requires little input energy. Process 1-2 is isentropic
compression.

• Process 2–3: The high-pressure liquid enters a boiler, where it is heated at constant
pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapour. The input energy
required can be easily calculated graphically, using an enthalpy-entropy chart (h-s chart,
or Mollier diagram), or numerically, using steam tables or software. Process 2-3 is
constant pressure heat addition in boiler.

• Process 3–4: The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine, generating power.
This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapour, and some condensation may
occur. The output in this process can be easily calculated using the chart or tables noted
above. Process 3-4 is isentropic expansion.

• Process 4–1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser, where it is condensed at a constant
pressure to become a saturated liquid. Process 4-1 is constant pressure heat rejection in
condenser.

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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

7. Summary
Common heat engine cycles include:

1. Otto Cycle: Used in gasoline engines, it involves isentropic compression, constant-

volume combustion, isentropic expansion, and exhaust.
2. Diesel Cycle: Employed in diesel engines, it includes isentropic compression,
constant-pressure combustion, isentropic expansion, and exhaust.

8. Conclusion
Heat engines are essential for our modern world, powering everything from cars to power
plants. Understanding their cycles helps engineers design efficient systems.

9. References
1. [Heat Engine - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine)
2. [Cycles of Heat Engines](https://en.demotor.net/heat-engine/cycles)
3. [Heat Engines - Physics
LibreTexts](https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_
%28OpenStax%29/Book%3A_University_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_%28OpenStax%29/04%3A_The_Second_L
aw_of_Thermodynamics/4.03%3A_Heat_Engines)
4. [Heat Engines – University Physics Volume
2](https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osuniversityphysics2/chapter/heat-engines/)

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MOHAMED WAEL GALAL NC 1210 1588 E 502 UNITE : (64) (MECHANICAL TICHNOLOGY )

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